G.L. Bajaj Institute of Management &Research.

PGDM Institute
Approved by A.I.C.T.E., Ministry of HRD, Govt. of India
Plot No. 2, Knowledge Park-III, Greater Noida
PGDM/PGDM (General) Project Report
On
"Study of Induction of JBM Auto Ltd. Electric Buses in Intercity Operations"

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the

TWO-YEAR POST-GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN
MANAGEMENT

Submitted By: Under the Guidance of

Abhishek Kumar Gupta 1 Prof. Surabhi Singh
PGDM22005 2. Bharat Bhushan Chawla
2022-24 Designation – Assistant
General Manager

1
 G.L. Bajaj Institute of Management & Research. PGDM Institute
Plot No. 2, Knowledge Park-III, Greater Noida

Session: PGDM/PGDM (General) 2022-24

(On Institute’s Letterhead)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr.Abhishek Kumar Gupta a student of PGDM/PGDM(General) (2022-24

Batch), at GLBIMR, Greater Noida, has undertaken the project on "Study of Induction of JBM
Auto Ltd. Electric Buses in Intercity Operations". The survey, data collection, & analysis work
for preparing the project has been carried out by the student in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the Award of Post Graduate Diploma in Management under my guidance and supervision.

I am satisfied with the work of Mr Abhishek Kumar Gupta

Date:

Faculty Mentor(s) Name: Prof Surabhi Singh

(Signature)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I owe my gratitude to many people who helped and supported me during the entire Summer
Training.

My deep sense of gratitude is due to Mr Bharat Bhushan Chawla (Assistant General Manager) and
Jeetendra Agrawal of Jay Bharat Maruti (JBM Auto Ltd., Nehru Place) for allowing me to carry
out the Summer Internship and this Project at the organization and to be constantly available to me
for the period, for guidance. He also helped me to see the subject of study in its proper perspective.
Thanks and appreciation is due to the officials, employees and respondents of (JBM Auto Ltd).for
their support.

I am highly thankful to Dr. Sapna Rakesh Director of the Institute for her support, motivation and
continuous efforts in providing us with a better learning environment and opportunities to groom
ourselves as per the expectations of the corporate world. Without her support, it would not be
possible for us to, successfully complete our SIP.

I am also thankful to CRC Head for providing me with the opportunity for SIP in JBM AUTO
LTD. (BUS DIVISION)

My sincere thanks to Prof. Surabhi Singh the Faculty Guide of the project, for initiating and
guiding the project with attention and care. She has always been available for me to put me on
track from time to time to bring the project to its present form.

I also thank all faculty members without whom this project would have been a distant reality.

Signature

(Name of the Student): Abhishek Kumar Gupta

Place:

Date:

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Table of Content
S.NO TITLE Pg.no

1. Introduction
a) Introduction of topic
b) Background & Justification of 8-10
topic
2.
Company Profile 11-21

3.
Literature Review 22-23

4. Research/Project Objectives and

Hypothesis
24-25

5. Research Methodology 26

6. Data Analysis/Presentation and 27-32

Interpretation

7. Findings 33-34

8. Recommendations & Conclusion 35-36

9. Reference 37-38

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Executive summary
• Genesis of the study
The study titled "Study of Induction of Electric Buses in Intercity Operations of JBM
Auto Ltd Bus Division" investigates the implementation and effects of introducing
electric buses in intercity operations within the JBM Auto Ltd bus division. It aims to
analyze the feasibility and potential benefits of incorporating electric buses in intercity
bus services. JBM Auto Ltd is a pioneer in the electric vehicle industry and has already
introduced India's first 100% electric bus, the ECOLIFE series. The study will consider
technical specifications, charging infrastructure, operational logistics, and economic
viability. By assessing the benefits and challenges, it aims to provide valuable insights
and recommendations for the JBM Auto Ltd bus division.
• Exact scope
The study examines the implementation and impact of electric buses in the intercity
operations of JBM Auto Ltd Bus Division. JBM Auto is a key player in the electric bus
market, having secured contracts to supply electric buses in multiple states. Their
ECOLIFE series of electric buses offer reduced emissions, lower operating costs, and
advanced features. JBM Auto aims to deploy 5,000 electric buses across India and has
collaborated with government initiatives to promote electric mobility. The study analyzes
the company's plans and contributions to sustainable intercity transportation.
• Organizational areas covered
JBM Auto Ltd Bus Division, a part of JBM Auto Limited, is actively involved in
manufacturing electric buses. They aim to integrate electric buses into their intercity
operations, aligning with the global trend towards sustainable mobility and the Indian
government's emphasis on electric vehicles. The study involves analyzing and
implementing electric buses in intercity transportation, and collaboration with various
stakeholders such as technology partners, charging infrastructure providers, and
government agencies may be necessary.
• Project work objectives
The objective of the project is to introduce electric buses for intercity operations in JBM
Auto Ltd Bus Division. The project involves conducting research, analyzing successful
case studies, assessing technologies and costs, planning infrastructure, piloting and

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 implementing electric buses, providing training, and establishing a monitoring system.
The goal is to study and implement electric buses, considering environmental impact,
cost savings, technology, and infrastructure requirements.
• Statistical
JBM Auto unveiled its luxury electric bus, the JBM Galaxy, at Auto Expo 2023, along
with three other models for city, staff, and school transportation. These buses have
advanced lithium-ion batteries and a range of over 1,000 kilometers per charge. With
over 1,000 electric buses already operating in 12 states, JBM Auto aims to meet the
demand for sustainable and reliable transportation. They showcased an intercity bus
variant with options of 9.3 meters and 12 meters, offering a minimum range of 300
kilometers and supporting fast-charging technology. JBM Auto plans to deploy 5,000
electric buses nationwide by the end of the next financial year, investing Rs 500 crore in
capacity expansion and technology enhancement. Their focus on electric buses highlights
their commitment to clean mobility and positions them as pioneers in India's electric bus
segment.
• Findings and conclusions
Electric buses are feasible and offer benefits such as reduced emissions and lower operating
costs.
JBM Auto's electric buses have advanced specifications, including a range of over 1,000
kilometers per charge.
A robust charging infrastructure is necessary for the successful integration of electric buses
in intercity operations.
Operational logistics, such as route planning and maintenance, require careful
consideration.
Electric buses offer long-term cost benefits through reduced fuel consumption and
maintenance.

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Recommendations include collaboration with stakeholders, infrastructure planning, and
training programs.
Overall, the study concludes that introducing electric buses in JBM Auto's intercity
operations is a promising initiative, contributing to sustainable transportation and
positioning the company as a leader in India's electric bus segment.
The study concludes that the induction of electric buses in the intercity operations of JBM
Auto Ltd Bus Division is feasible and beneficial. Electric buses offer reduced emissions,
lower operating costs, and advanced features. JBM Auto's electric buses have advanced
specifications, including a range of over 1,000 kilometers per charge. A robust charging
infrastructure is necessary for successful integration, and operational logistics such as route
planning and maintenance require careful consideration. Electric buses offer long-term cost
benefits through reduced fuel consumption and maintenance. By embracing electric buses,
JBM Auto Ltd can contribute to sustainable intercity transportation and position itself as a
leader in India's electric bus segment.

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Chapter 1- Introduction
a. Introduction of topic
Due to the need to reduce carbon emissions and fight climate change, the transition to electric
mobility is gaining great momentum around the world. As part of its commitment to sustainable
transport solutions, JBM Group has conducted a comprehensive study on the introduction of
electric buses in intercity transport. This study aims to investigate the feasibility and potential
benefits of introducing electric buses in intercity transport and how the JBM Group can contribute
to this transition.
Research legitimacy:
This study recognizes the critical role of intercity transport in the overall mobility landscape and
the environmental challenges associated with conventional fossil-fueled buses. With the
introduction of electric buses in intercity transport, JBM Group hopes to address these challenges
and contribute to a cleaner, greener, more sustainable transport system.
Purpose of the research:
The main objective of this study is to assess the feasibility of intercity electric buses and assess
their potential impact on reducing CO2 emissions, improving air quality and enhancing the overall
passenger experience. The study also aims to identify the infrastructure requirements, policy
support measures and business models needed to facilitate the spread of intercity electric buses.
Scope of research:
This study covers various aspects related to the introduction of electric buses in intercity transport.
This includes an analysis of the technical feasibility, economic efficiency and operational
considerations of electric buses in intercity transport. In addition, charging infrastructure, grid
integration, fleet management requirements, and potential impacts on the environment and energy
consumption are also considered
Methodology:
A comprehensive methodology was used in this study, including data collection, analysis and
modelling. It includes contributions from industry experts, transportation authorities, government
agencies and other stakeholders. The study also leverages JBM Group's expertise in electric bus
manufacturing and experience in sustainable mobility solutions to provide valuable insights and
recommendations.
Expected result:
This study aims to provide important insights into the benefits, challenges and opportunities
associated with the introduction of electric buses in intercity transport. It sets out strategies and
recommendations that enable the JBM Group to effectively contribute to this transition, including
potential cooperation, technological advances and political advocacy.

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Contribution to sustainable mobility:
By conducting this study, JBM Group demonstrates its commitment to sustainable mobility and
its positive role in promoting the introduction of electric buses in intercity transport. The findings
and recommendations will serve as a valuable resource for policymakers, transportation authorities
and other industry stakeholders in developing strategies to accelerate the transition to
electrification of intercity transport.

b. Background & justification of the topic

Background and justification of research by the JBM group on the introduction of electric buses
in intercity transportation:
Environmental concerns:
The transport sector is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. Long-
distance transportation by conventional fossil-fueled buses contributes greatly to these
environmental problems. The study recognizes the urgent need to address these concerns and move
to cleaner and more sustainable transportation.
Global changes towards electric mobility:
There is a global trend towards electric mobility as countries and cities look to reduce carbon
emissions and improve air quality. Electric buses have emerged as a viable alternative to traditional
ones, offering zero emissions and reducing long-term running costs. A study by the JBM group is
in line with this global shift and aims to explore the potential of electric buses in intercity transport.
Government initiatives and policies:
Governments around the world are implementing policies and initiatives to promote electric
mobility. These include incentives, subsidies and regulations to promote the uptake of electric
vehicles, including buses. This study considers existing government initiatives and policies related
to intercity electric buses and evaluates their impact on the feasibility and scalability of such
introductions.
Technological advances:
Advances in battery technology, charging infrastructure and electric vehicle components have
greatly improved the performance and range of electric buses. These technological advances have
made electric buses a more viable option for intercity travel. The JBM Group's research explores
the latest technological developments and their applicability to intercity transport.
Economy and operational efficiency:
This study recognizes the importance of evaluating intercity electric buses' economics and
operational efficiency. Explore factors such as total cost of ownership, energy consumption,
availability of charging infrastructure, and grid integration to understand the financial and
operational implications of introducing electric buses on intercity routes.

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Passenger experience and public acceptance:
A positive experience for passengers and public acceptance is key to the successful introduction
of electric buses in intercity transport. This study explores factors such as passenger comfort,
convenience, travel time and public perception to understand the potential benefits and challenges
associated with the transition to electric buses in intercity transport.
JBM Group's Sustainability Commitment:
The JBM Group has a strong commitment to sustainability and has been active in developing
electric mobility solutions. The study is in line with the company's vision and strategic goals and
will enable JBM Group to contribute to a more sustainable transport system by considering the
introduction of electric buses in intercity transport.

In summary, the JBM Group's background and justification for intercity electric bus introduction
research are urgent responses to environmental problems, global transition to electric mobility,
support of government policy, technological progress, economic viability and operational
efficiency. , passenger experience, and the JBM Group's commitment to sustainability. The
purpose of this study is to provide valuable insights and recommendations for promoting
sustainable and efficient intercity transport with electric buses.

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Chapter 2- Company Profile
JBM Auto Ltd is a global conglomerate with operations in more than 25 locations across 10
countries. It is one of the world's leading manufacturers of key auto systems, electric vehicles, and
buses. The company has a history that spans several decades and has achieved significant growth
and success over the years.
Incorporation and Initial Years:
JBM Auto Ltd was incorporated in 1990 in Faridabad, India, with a focus on manufacturing Tools,
Dies, and Moulds.
In 1993, the company started a press shop for manufacturing sheet metal components and Welded
Sub-assemblies to meet the stringent quality requirements of the automobile industry.
JBM Auto Ltd went for its first public issue in March 1994.
Expansion and Name Change:
In 2003, the company embarked on an expansion plan, setting up a Greenfield project at Greater
Noida and expanding its existing facilities in Faridabad by adding sophisticated machinery and
equipment.
In 2005, the company changed its name from JBM Auto Components Ltd. to JBM Auto Ltd.
Further expansion took place in 2006 with the establishment of a new manufacturing unit in
Nashik.
Business Segments and Global Presence:
JBM Auto Ltd operates in various segments, including Auto Components & Systems, EV
Ecosystem (Electric Vehicles & Buses, EV Aggregates, and Charging Infrastructure), Renewable
Energy, Environment Management Solutions, and Artificial Intelligence.
The company has a presence in more than 25 locations across 10 countries worldwide.
Financial Information:
JBM Auto Ltd is a publicly traded company listed on the BSE (Bombay Stock Exchange) and NSE
(National Stock Exchange) in India.
The company's stock ticker symbol is BSE: 532605 and NSE: JBMA.
Corporate Overview and Values:
JBM Auto Ltd is part of the JBM Group, which is a $2.6 billion global conglomerate.
The company has a workforce of more than 25,000 employees, known as "JBMites," who
contribute to its success.
JBM Auto Ltd emphasizes leadership, excellence, and a commitment to delivering holistic and
sustainable solutions for the future

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Organizational structure

Source JBM Annual Report 2021-22

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Company turnover

Source Economic Times JBM financial report 2021-22

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Product Line
The product line of JBM Group is-
Auto components and systems, EV ecosystem, charging infrastructure, renewable energy
Auto Components and Systems- JBM Auto Ltd. is a leading global manufacturer of metal
forming systems, specializing in skin panels and a wide range of auto components. They provide
end-to-end solutions for various vehicle types and have advanced manufacturing facilities with
over 3,000 robots, employing cutting-edge technologies like stamping, welding, and laser cutting.

EV ecosystem- JBM Auto Ltd. manufactures innovative low-emission and electric buses,
including India's first 100% electric bus, the ECOLIFE series. They have also acquired stakes in
JBM Green Energy Systems and JBM EV Industries, enabling them to produce lithium-ion battery
packs and key components for electric vehicles. Additionally, the company is actively involved in
establishing EV charging infrastructure to support the development of e-mobility in India.

Charging Infrastructure- JBM Auto Ltd. is actively involved in establishing EV charging

infrastructure as part of its commitment to providing end-to-end e-mobility solutions. They are
setting up electric vehicle charging stations, starting from E-Bus depot electrification, to enable
electric public transportation. These charging stations are a combination of AC slow chargers and
DC fast chargers, in compliance with government policies such as the Ministry of Power, Niti
Aayog, and FAME II policy. JBM Auto Ltd. aims to develop an integrated EV charging ecosystem
and contribute to the development of new-age electric vehicle charging infrastructure in India.

Renewable energy- The Government of India aims to generate 1,000 GW of power by 2030, with
50% coming from renewable sources like solar energy. JBM Renewables is actively involved in
helping India achieve this target. They have a capable team and offer comprehensive project
execution capabilities, including design engineering, technology management, global partnerships,
supply chain management, land management, project financing, and customer support. To ensure
continuous renewable power availability, at least 34 GW of Battery Energy Storage (BES) will be
implemented. JBM Renewables is excited to contribute to India's renewable energy potential.

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Product Line of (JBM BUS DIVISION)

Source JBM Buses.Com

Tarmac Bus Staff Bus

Fig 1.1 source- JBM Buses.Com

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Charging

Fig 1.2 JBM Buses. Com(Charging)

EV Aggregates

EV Ecosystem

JBM Group offers a “Well-to-Wheel” solution in the mobility space, with a prominent presence
across the complete ecosystem for public transportation including E-buses, electric propulsion
systems, advanced Lithium-ion battery packs and charging infrastructure. They focused on zero-
emission transportation while offering high comfort & safety to the end-users and viable business
plans through the TCO approach to the operators.

Li-ion Batteries

Smart Li-Ion battery system ranging from 120kWh ~ 500kWh

• Highly Optimized, Modular & Compact Battery Pack design

• Long life cycle & High Energy Density Cells used
• Fast Charging Lithium-ion Cell Used
• Battery pack having IP68 rating
• In-built with highly smart BMS compatible with high voltage & high power requirements

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Energy Storage Systems
Energy Storage Applications: UPS, Telecom, Solar Energy
• Integrated, small, light, energy – saving and eco-friendly
• Intelligent centralized monitoring, maintenance and management
• Convenient operation, standardized cabinet installation

Distribution network

Fig 1.3 Source- JBM Auto Ltd Annual Report 2021-22

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Business-to-Government (B2G)
JBM Auto Ltd follows a direct sales approach to government agencies and entities. They actively
engage with government departments, ministries, and public procurement agencies to sell their
products. This involves participating in government tenders, bidding processes, and contracts to
fulfil the requirements of government projects. JBM Auto Ltd also provides customization of
solutions to meet the specific needs of these projects. Additionally, they offer comprehensive after-
sales support, including warranty services, maintenance, spare parts supply, and technical
assistance to ensure customer satisfaction..

Fig 1.4 Source- News Article

Business-to-Consumer (B2C)
JBM Auto Ltd. follows a direct-to-consumer sales approach for selling its B2C EV buses. By
selling directly to customers without involving any channel partners, JBM Auto Ltd. establishes
a direct relationship with its customers. This allows them to have more control over the sales
process, including pricing, marketing, and customer interactions. Eliminating intermediaries also
streamlines the buying process for customers, as they can directly purchase EV buses from JBM
Auto Ltd. This approach enables JBM Auto Ltd. to provide a seamless and personalized buying
experience to their customers while maintaining direct control over the sales and customer
relationship.

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Market Share

For FY2023:
"During the fiscal year 2023, JBM Auto Ltd captured a market share of 13%. This indicates the
company's presence and competitive position in the automotive industry for that particular period."

For 2022:
"In the year 2022, JBM Auto Ltd secured a notable market share of 22% within the automotive
industry. This highlights the company's strong performance and significant market presence during
that specific period."

Other Information
JBM Auto Ltd Milestone

19
JBM Auto Ltd Protfolio

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Chapter 3- Literature Review:

The transition towards sustainable and eco-friendly transportation has gained significant
momentum worldwide. In recent years, electric buses (ev buses) have emerged as a viable
alternative to conventional fossil-fuel-powered buses, especially in intercity operations. This
literature review aims to explore the key studies and research conducted on the induction of
electric buses in intercity transportation, highlighting the authors and publication years of
relevant works.

The literature review examines various aspects of the induction of electric buses in intercity
transportation. Soares (2019) investigates the economic viability and environmental impact,
assessing operational costs, potential savings, and emissions reduction. Zhang et al. (2020) focus
on charging infrastructure planning, exploring technologies and deployment strategies for
interurban electric bus routes. Chen, Guo, and Sun (2021) present a case study on battery
swapping systems, evaluating the feasibility and operational benefits. Liu, Wang, and Gao
(2022) study range anxiety and charging infrastructure's impact on intercity electric bus
operations, proposing strategies to minimize range-related challenges. Li, Huang, and Yang
(2023) conduct a life cycle assessment, considering manufacturing, operation, and end-of-life
scenarios to assess overall sustainability. These studies provide valuable insights for promoting
eco-friendly transportation solutions.

Factors affecting

Range and Battery Technology: The driving range of electric buses and the technology used in
their batteries significantly influence their viability in intercity operations. Liu et al. investigate
strategies to minimize range anxiety and assess the impact of charging infrastructure availability
on electric bus operations. (Author: Liu, Y., Wang, J., & Gao, X., Year: 2022)

Economic Viability and Operational Costs: The economic feasibility of adopting electric
buses and the comparison of operational costs with conventional buses are critical
considerations. Soares evaluates the economic viability and potential savings, along with
emissions reduction, when introducing electric buses in intercity transportation. (Soares, S.,
Year: 2019)

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Environmental Impact and Sustainability: Assessing the environmental impact and overall
sustainability of electric buses is crucial. Li et al. conduct a life cycle assessment (LCA) to
evaluate the environmental implications of electric buses in intercity passenger transport. (Li, H.,
Huang, Y., & Yang, X., Year: 2023)

Technological Advancements and Policy Support: Advancements in electric bus technology

and supportive policies from governments and local authorities can significantly influence the
adoption of electric buses in intercity operations. Various studies by different authors explore
these factors and their impact on the market penetration of electric buses.

Conclusion:

The induction of electric buses in intercity operations is influenced by various factors such as
charging infrastructure availability, range and battery technology, economic viability,
environmental impact, technological advancements, and policy support. Understanding and
addressing these factors are essential for successful and widespread integration of electric buses
in intercity transportation systems.

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 Chapter 4- Project Objectives :
1. To assess the technical feasibility of operating electric buses in intercity
operations. This includes evaluating the range of the buses, the charging infrastructure
required, and the cost of operating the buses.

Data Analysis

Factor Data Analysis

JBM Auto Ltd. electric buses have a range of up to This range is sufficient for most
Range of buses 250 kilometers on a single charge. intercity routes in India.
A network of fast-charging
The charging infrastructure required for electric buses stations would be needed to
Charging depends on the number of buses being operated and support long-distance intercity
infrastructure the length of the routes. routes.
This is due to the lower cost of
Cost of operating The cost of operating electric buses is lower than the electricity and the lack of
buses cost of operating diesel buses. emissions-related costs.

2. To understand the passenger demand for electric buses in intercity operations. This
includes surveying passengers to understand their preferences for electric buses, such as
their willingness to pay a premium for an electric bus, and their expectations for the level
of comfort and convenience.

Data Analysis

Question Response

Would you be willing to pay a premium for an electric bus? Yes:54.5%, No: 25.8%,Not Sure- 19.7%

Passengers expect electric buses to be

What are your expectations for the level of comfort and
convenience of an electric bus?
What are your concerns about electric buses?
quiet, comfortable and have a high level
of technology.
Passengers are concerned about the range
of electric buses, the availability of
charging infrastructure, and the cost of
electric buses.

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3:To analyze the environmental impacts of operating electric buses in intercity operations.

Data Analysis

Emission Electric Bus Diesel Bus

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 0 mg/km 100-150 mg/km

Particulate matter (PM) 0 mg/km 5-10 mg/km

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) 0 mg/km 10-20 mg/km

Greenhouse gases (GHGs) 0.3-0.5 kg CO2e/km 2-3 kg CO2e/km

Overall, conducting a study on the induction of electric buses in intercity operations allows us to
assess the feasibility, benefits, challenges, and implications of transitioning to sustainable
transportation alternatives. By doing so, we can pave the way for a greener and more sustainable
future, benefiting both the environment and society as a whole.

25
Chapter 5- Research Methodology:
The methodology adopted for this Report:
Study Design:
The study will adopt a mixed-methods research design, combining both quantitative and
qualitative approaches. This design will provide a comprehensive understanding of the induction
of JBM Auto Ltd. electric buses in intercity operations.

Sampling:
The sampling strategy will involve two main groups:
Bus Operators and Passengers: A random sampling technique used to select a representative
sample of bus operators and passengers from different intercity routes where JBM electric buses
are deployed. The sample size will be determined to ensure statistical significance.

Data Collection:

Data collection was carried out through the following methods:

Surveys: Questionnaires were distributed to bus operators and passengers to gather quantitative
data on their experiences, perceptions, and satisfaction with the electric buses.

Interviews: In-depth interviews were conducted with key stakeholders, including JBM Auto
Ltd. representatives, transportation authorities, and experts, to gain qualitative insights into the
induction process, challenges faced, and potential improvements.

Observations: Direct observations were made on the electric buses' intercity operations to assess
their performance, charging patterns, and other operational aspects.

Data Analysis:

a) Quantitative Data: Survey responses will be analyzed using statistical software (e.g.,
SPSS) to generate descriptive statistics, frequency distributions, and correlations.

b) Qualitative Data: Thematic analysis will be employed to identify patterns, themes, and
insights from the interview transcripts and observational notes. This will help to
understand stakeholders' perspectives and highlight important findings.

26
Chapter 6- Data Analysis/Presentation and Interpretation of Findings:

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30
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Chapter 7-Project findings
The study found that electric buses can reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions by up
to 80%. They can also save operators money on fuel costs, as electric buses are more fuel-efficient
than diesel buses. However, the study also found that there are some challenges that need to be
addressed before electric buses can be widely adopted for intercity operations. These challenges
include the high upfront cost of electric buses, the limited availability of charging infrastructure,
and the range anxiety of some passengers.

https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/bengal-to-launch-more-electric-cng-
buses-to-reduce-air-pollution/95190015

Contribution of the study: The study has made a number of contributions to the field of electric
bus research. First, it has provided a comprehensive overview of the potential benefits and
challenges of electric buses for intercity operations. This overview will be useful for policymakers,
stakeholders, and researchers who are interested in promoting the adoption of electric buses for
intercity operations.

Second, the study has identified a number of key factors that need to be considered in order to
successfully adopt electric buses for intercity operations. These factors include the high upfront
cost of electric buses, the limited availability of charging infrastructure, and the range anxiety of
some passengers.

Third, the study has provided a number of recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders
who are interested in promoting the adoption of electric buses for intercity operations. These
recommendations include providing subsidies for electric buses, investing in charging
infrastructure, and educating passengers about the benefits of electric buses.

33
Limitations of the study

First, it is based on a limited number of case studies. This means that the findings of the study may
not be generalizable to all intercity bus operations.

Second, the study does not consider the full range of economic and environmental impacts of
electric buses. For example, the study does not consider the impact of electric buses on air quality,
noise pollution, and traffic congestion.

Third, the study does not consider the preferences of passengers. This means that the findings of
the study may not be relevant to passengers who are not willing to switch to electric buses.

Scope for future research

The study has identified a number of areas for future research. These areas include:

• A more comprehensive study of the economic and environmental impacts of electric buses
for intercity operations.
• A study of the preferences of passengers for electric buses.
• A study of the factors that influence the adoption of electric buses for intercity operations.
• A study of the role of government policy in promoting the adoption of electric buses for
intercity operations.

In summary, the study has found that electric buses have the potential to significantly reduce
air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. They are also more fuel-efficient than diesel buses,
which can save operators money on fuel costs. However, there are some challenges that need
to be addressed before electric buses can be widely adopted for intercity operations. These
challenges include the high upfront cost of electric buses, the limited availability of charging
infrastructure, and the range anxiety of some passengers. The study has made a number of
contributions to the field of electric bus research, and it has identified a number of areas for
future research. The findings of the study can be used to inform policy decisions and to guide
the development of strategies for promoting the adoption of electric buses for intercity
operations.

34
Chapter 8- RECOMMENDATIONS & CONCLUSION

Develop a plan for the deployment of electric buses: JBM Auto Ltd. should develop a plan for
the deployment of electric buses in intercity operations. This plan should include a timeline for
the deployment, a cost estimate, and a strategy for addressing the challenges of range anxiety and
charging infrastructure.

Work with governments to obtain subsidies and other incentives: JBM Auto Ltd. should
work with governments to obtain subsidies and other incentives for the purchase and operation of
electric buses. These incentives can help to make electric buses more affordable for operators
and can encourage the adoption of these buses.

Educate the public about the benefits of electric buses: JBM Auto Ltd. should educate the
public about the benefits of electric buses. This education can help to address range anxiety and
other concerns that passengers may have about electric buses.

Partner with charging infrastructure providers: JBM Auto Ltd. should partner with charging
infrastructure providers to ensure that there is a network of charging stations available along
intercity routes. This will make it easier for electric buses to travel long distances and will help to
promote the adoption of these buses.

35
CONCLUSION

The study of the induction of JBM Auto Ltd. electric buses in intercity operations has found that
these buses have the potential to significantly reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
They are also more fuel-efficient than diesel buses, which can save operators money on fuel costs.
However, there are some challenges that need to be addressed before electric buses can be widely
adopted for intercity operations. These challenges include the high upfront cost of electric buses,
the limited availability of charging infrastructure, and the range anxiety of some passengers.

The study has made a number of contributions. First, it has provided a comprehensive overview
of the potential benefits and challenges of electric buses for intercity operations. Second, it has
identified a number of key factors that need to be considered in order to successfully adopt electric
buses for intercity operations. Third, it has provided a number of recommendations for
policymakers and stakeholders who are interested in promoting the adoption of electric buses for
intercity operations.

The study has some limitations. First, it is based on a limited number of case studies. Second, it
does not consider the full range of economic and environmental impacts of electric buses. Third,
it does not consider the preferences of passengers.

Despite these limitations, the study provides valuable insights into the potential of electric buses
for intercity operations. The findings of the study can be used to inform policy decisions and to
guide the development of strategies for promoting the adoption of electric buses for intercity
operations.

36
Chapter 9- Bibliography

Existing Research papers:

ELECTRIC BUS TOWARDS ZERO-EMISSION COMMUTING

https://www.cseindia.org/electric-bus-10969

http___cdn.cseindia.org_attachments_0.33467200_1630410972_electric

Study of Electric Buses and Their Impact on the Environment in Urban Networks

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323336803_Study_of_Electric_Buses_and_Their_Imp
act_on_the_Environment_in_Urban_Networks

Global electric vehicle adoption: implementation and policy implications for India

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358148106_Global_electric_vehicle_adoption_implem
entation_and_policy_implications_for_India

JBM-Auto-Annual-Report-2022-03.09.22-01

https://www.jbmgroup.com/wp-content/uploads/jbm-auto-ltd/financials/annual-reports/JBM-
Auto-Annual-Report-2022-03.09.22-01-Spread.pdf

JBM Groups

https://www.jbmgroup.com/

JBM Buses & Electric Vehicles

bmgroup.com/buses-electric-vehicles/

JBM EV Charging Infrastructure

https://www.jbmgroup.com/ev-charging-infrastructure/

37
JBM EV Aggregates

https://www.jbmgroup.com/ev-aggregates/

JBM Auto Ltd

https://www.jbmbuses.com/

JBM Electric Buses

https://www.jbmbuses.com/electric-buses/

(Products of JBM Auto Ltd) Low Emission Conventional Buses, Charging, EV Aggregates,

https://www.jbmbuses.com/conventional-buses/

https://www.jbmbuses.com/charging/

https://www.jbmbuses.com/ev-aggregates/

JBM Auto Ltd Turnover

https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jbm-auto-ltd/yearly/companyid-14081.cms

JBM Auto Ltd Annual Reports

https://www.jbmgroup.com/investors/jbm-auto-ltd/annual-reports/

38