Physics For Scientists and Engineers Foundations and Connections Extended Version With Modern 1st Edition Katz Solutions Manual - Copy 1

Solution Manual for Physics for Scientists and
Engineers Foundations and Connections Extended

Version with Modern 1st Edition Katz 1305259831
9781305259836
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5
Newton's Laws of Motion
1. It is easier to lift the beach ball because it is lighter than a small lead ball. Other
properties, such as its size and shape, are less important. The object with the greater mass
will be the most difficult to lift.
2. The soccer ball is easier to stop because it has less mass and less inertia. It is less likely
to break your toe.
3. The light block has less mass and thus is easier to accelerate than the heavy block. The
same amount of push will make the light block go faster, and it will travel farther as
friction, which is larger for the heavier block, eventually stops each object.
4. The egg’s inertia keeps it moving in its initial direction until it hits a sidewall of the
pan (Newton’s first law). When she pushes or pulls the pan in the opposite direction of
the egg’s motion, the egg hits the side of the pan and is pushed back in the other
direction. According to Newton’s second law, this changes the motion of the egg by
accelerating it.
5. The answer is (b), about the same speed at which he left the other ship. While he is
floating through space, there are no forces acting on the astronaut, so his velocity remains
constant.
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6. This would be possible if the car began the 90 minute time span with some initial
velocity and maintained that constant velocity throughout the 90 minutes. While many
forces may be acting on the car during this time, if the net force on the car is zero, the car
may maintain a constant velocity (both speed and direction) throughout the journey.
7. (a) No force is needed. (b) A force is required to explain the deceleration. (c) A force
is required to explain the particle’s change in direction of motion.
8. It is a field force. The magnet does not need to touch the keys to exert a force on the
keys. You may watch the keys move toward the magnet before they eventually come into
contact.
5-1
Chapter 5 – Newton's Laws of Motion 5-2
9. The net force can be found by determining the vector sum of the two forces.
F→tot = F1 + F2ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
( ) (
F→tot = 7.263i +ˆ 8.889 j N+
ˆ −13.452i + 7.991 j N )
Ftot = (−6.189i + 16.880 j )N
We can then find the magnitude from the components of the net force.
Ftot =
Ftot = 17.98 N
10. If the force is either parallel or antiparallel to any initial velocity the object might
have (or if the object starts from rest), then the object will continue to travel along that
same line. If the force is directed perpendicular to some initial velocity of the object, the
object will move in a circular motion. If the force is directed in any other way, the motion
of the object will be along a curved path that is not circular.
11. The third vector can be found by recognizing that the vector sum must equal 0.
F1 + F2 + F3 = 0
→
(6.03iˆ − 10.64 ˆj )N+(−3.71iˆ − 12.93 ˆj )N + F = 0 3
We can now rearrange the equation to solve for the unknown force.
→
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
( ) (
F3 = − 6.03i − 10.64 j N − −3.71i − 12.93 j N
→ ˆ
)
 ˆ 
F3 = (−6.03 + 3.71)i + (10.64 + 12.93) j N
→
F3 =
12. It is a contact force. You exert a contact force on the air when you are blowing, and
the air exerts a contact force on the paper.
13. The fish exerts a contact force. It pushes on the water, and the water pushes back. The
fish would also exert a gravitational force on the surrounding water, but the magnitude
would be much less than the contact force.
14. The major issues in this conversation stem from misconceptions concerning mass and
weight. One problem with the conversation is that Dallas answers the question about the
weight of the turkey by stating a mass in kg. Also, while it is true that the mass of the
turkey is the same on the Moon as it is on Earth, the weight would not be the same.
15. The inertia of an object only depends on its mass, not its motion. Thus, both the
rolling and stationary bowling ball would have the same inertia.
16. The inertia of an object only depends on its mass, not its motion. Thus, your inertia is
the same whether you are sitting or running.
17. The heavy man will have a greater mass than the child, and therefore, his inertia will
be greater.
18. The cart is a non-inertial reference frame because it is accelerating to the right in the
picture. There is no force responsible for the deflection of the ball. The deflection can be
explained using Newton’s first law – the ball will not move until subject to a net external
force. As the motion of the cart changes, the ball’s motion will not change until the string
pulls the ball in the direction the cart is moving. The angle of deflection of the ball could
be used to measure the acceleration of the cart because if the acceleration is greater, the
deflection angle of the ball will be greater.
19. The wind must be causing the deflection of the ball. If the cart moves with a constant
velocity, then it is an inertial reference frame.
20. The only event that might lead to the cup of tea being in your lap is (c). If the bus
speeds up rapidly so that your seat and the tray have forward accelerations and the
maximum friction force between the cup and the tray is not enough to accelerate the cup
at the same rate, then the cup would roughly stay in place as the tray slides out from
under it and eventually end up on your lap. Scenario (d) might make the cup move, but it
would move toward the seat in front of you, and thus should not spill in your lap, but spill
forward.
21. This problem requires us to use Newton’s second law to find the mass. This can be
done using either the x or y components of the acceleration and force.
F = F x tot x
= max
Ftot x 10.8 kg m/s2
m= =
ax 3.45 m/s2
m = 3.13 kg
22. (a) The net force on the particle can be found using Newton’s second law.
→ → →  ˆ ˆ 2
F = F tot
= ma = (3.50 kg) −3.00i + 2.00 j ( ) m/s  =
(b) We can then use the answer from part (a) to find the magnitude of the net force.
Fnet = = 12.6 N
23. To find the force, we differentiate the functions for the x and y positions of the
particle to obtain functions for the components of the particle’s acceleration, noting that
they will have units of m/s2 when the time is in seconds.
v =
x
dx
=
d
(t 4
)
− 6t = 4t3 − 6
dt dt
a =
x
dvx
=
d
(4t − 6) = 12t
3 2
dt dt
and
v =
y
dy
=
d
(4t + 1) = 8t
2
dt dt
dvy
a = =
d
(8t ) = 8 m s2
y
dt dt
Given the mass and that the time must be in s for the force to be in N, the components of
the force on the particle can now be written.
( )
Fx = (4.00 kg) 12.0t2 = 48.0t2 N
F = (4.00 kg)(8 m/s ) = 32.0 N

y
2
Then, the magnitude of the force can be found, when t = 4.00 s.
Fnet =  48.0 4.00  + 32.0 = 769 N

 
24. Since the graph of the arrow's position vs. time is a parabola, the position can be
→
written as r (t) = (ct 2 + dt + e) ĵ where c, d, and e are all constants, and c is not zero. The
particle's acceleration can be determined by taking the second derivative of its position
→
with respect to time. Here, the acceleration is a(t) = 2cĵ . Since c is a non-zero constant,
its acceleration isn't zero, but it is constant. Since the sum of the forces, or net force, is
equal to mass multiplied by acceleration, and the mass is assumed to be constant and non-
zero, then the net force is not zero, but it is constant. Also, the acceleration and the net
force are both in the vertical direction.
25. The net force can be found by summing the three force vectors. We draw a free-body
diagram for the debris and use the chosen coordinate system to write forces in component
form.
→
FE = 7.59  10 6 ˆj N
→ 6ˆ
Figure P5.25ANS
FR = −2.53  10 i N
→ 5ˆ
FK = 8.97  10 i N
(a) We can now perform a vector sum to find the net force.
F→tot = FE + FR + FK
6ˆ 6ˆ 5ˆ
(
F→tot = 7.59  10 j 6N + −2.53 5 10ˆ i N + 8.97 6 ˆ10 i N)
(
Ftot = −2.53  10 + 8.97  10 )i N + 7.59  10 jN
→
Ftot =
(b) The net acceleration of the debris can be found using Newton’s second law.
Ftot = ma→
( −1.63  10 iˆ + 7.59  10 ĵ ) N = (2549 kg) a→

6 6
→ (−2.53  10 + 8.97  10 )i N + 7.59  10

6 ˆ 5 6 ˆj N
a=
(2549 kg)
→
a=
26. Since the direction in which the race car is moving is constantly changing, its velocity
is not constant and its acceleration is not zero. Since its acceleration is not zero, there
must be a net force on the car and since it’s moving at constant speed, its acceleration
must be perpendicular to its velocity. In order for the race car to stay on the track, the
acceleration and net force must be toward the center of the circle. Note: if it was in the
opposite direction, radially outward away from the center of the circle, then it wouldn't
keep moving on the track.
27. For the same force F acting on two different masses, it must be true that both
F = m1a1 and F = m2a2 .
(a) The ratio then can be found by equating the two expressions and solving.
m1a1 = m2a2
m1 a2 1.25 m s2
= = = 0.294
m2 a1 4.25 m s2
(b) Subject to the same force F, F = ( m1 + m2 ) a . Equating this to either of the other
expressions for the force and using the ratio found in part (a) allows for a solution for a.
F = ( m1 + m2 ) a = ( 0.294m2 + m2 ) a = 1.294m2 a
1.294m2 a = m 2 a2
1.294a = a2
a 2
a = 2 = 1.25 m s = 0.966 m s2
1.294 1.294
28. Being told both a force and the acceleration due to that force, we can use Newton’s
second law to find the mass of the truck.
Ftot = ma
Ftot 3133 N
m= =
a 2.91 m/s2
m = 1.08  103 kg
29. (a) Once we find an expression for the total force, we use Newton’s second law to
find the particle’s acceleration.
F→tot = F1 + F2 ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
(
F→tot = 62.98i − 15.80 j ) N + (23.66i − 78.05 ˆj ) N
ˆ
F→tot = (62.98 +ˆ 23.66)i ˆN − (15.80 + 78.05) j N
(
Ftot = 86.64i − 93.85 j )N
→ →
→ tot 1 →
F = ma
a=
F
m tot
→
( )
1
a= 86.64iˆ − 93.85 ĵ N
14.23 kg
→
(
a = 6.089iˆ − 6.595 ˆj m/s2 )
(b) We can use the components of the acceleration to find the magnitude and direction.
a= m/s2
a = 8.976 m/s2
 ay 
 = tan−1
 
 ax 
 −6.595
 = tan−1
 6.089 
 = −47.28 or  = 312.7
30. Once we find an expression for the total force, we use Newton’s second law to find
the particle’s acceleration.
F→tot = F1 + F2 ˆ+ F3 ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
( ) (
F→tot = 62.98i − 15.80 j N + 23.66i − 78.05 j N + −86.64i + 233.4 j N
ˆ ˆ ) ( )
F→tot = (62.98
ˆ + 23.66 ˆ − 86.64)iN+ (−15.80 − 78.05 + 233.4) jN
(
Ftot = 0i + 139.55 j N
→
)
ˆ
Ftot = 139.55 j N
→
Ftot = ma
→ 1 →
a=
F
m tot
→
( )
1
a= 139.55 ĵ N
14.23 kg
→
a = 9.807 ˆj m/s2
31. (a) We can find the acceleration and then the force by using the change in velocity of
the puck.
→ v
→
(
6.00iˆ + 12.00 ˆj − 4.00iˆ m s )
2.00iˆ + 12.00 ˆj m s ˆ ( ˆ 2 )
a= = 4.00 s
= (
= 0.500i + 3.00 j ) m s
→ t→
4.00 s
ˆ ˆ 2 ˆ ˆ
(
F = ma = (0.160 kg) 0.500i + 3.00 j ) (
m s = 0.0800i + 0.480 j )N
The components then are Fx = 0.0800 N and Fy = 0.480 N .
(b) The magnitude of the force is F = = 0.487 N
32. The scalar components of the acceleration can be found by taking the second
derivative of the scalar components of position with respect to time.
d 2x d2  2 2
 2

ax = =
dt2 
(2.5 m/s )t  = 5.0 m/s
dt2
and
d2y d2  3 3
 3

dt 2 = dt2 (5.0 m/s )t  (

ay = = 30 m/s )t
The net force points in the same direction as the acceleration, and since we are looking
for the time when the angle between the net force and the x axis is 45°, the ratio of the
components of the acceleration must be equal to tan(45°).
ay
= tan = tan(45) = 1
ax
or
ay = ax
We can now solve for the time when this is true.
(30 m/s )t = 5.0 m/s

3 2
5.0 m/s2
t= = 0.17 s
30 m/s3
33. The scalar components of the acceleration can be found by taking the second
derivative of the scalar components of position with respect to time.
d 2x d 2 2
ax = = (bt ) = 2b
dt2 dt2
and
d2y d 2 3
ay = = (ct ) = 6ct
dt2 dt2
The acceleration points in the same direction as the net force, and since we are looking
for the time when the angle between the net force and the x axis is 45°, the ratio of the
components of the acceleration must be equal to tan(45°).
ay
= tan = tan(45°) = 1
ax
or
ay = ax
We can now solve for the time when this is true.
6ct = 2b
2b b
t= =
6c 3c
34. For the object in free fall, the acceleration is downward toward the Earth’s center.
→
a = − gĵ = −9.81 ˆj m/s2
Fg = mg = (15.0 kg) 9.81 m/s2 ( )
Fg = 147 N
For the object at rest, the acceleration is zero. The object’s weight is the same whether it
is in free fall or at rest.
35. There are only two forces to consider here: the gravitational force on the spider and
the tension. Given that these two forces point in opposite directions and that the net force
must be zero, the tension must equal the gravitational force.
Ftot = FT + Fg = 0
→
FT − mgjˆ = 0
→ ˆ
FT = mgj
We can now use the known values and solve for the tension.
→
ˆ ˆ 2
FT = mgj = (0.0015 kg)(9.81) j m/s

→
FT = 1.47  10−2 ˆj N
So, the tension is 1.47  10−2 N .
36. (a) The statement is false. An object's weight is never equal to its mass because
weight and mass measure different properties. Weight is the force of gravity acting on an
object while mass is a measure of how much an object resists acceleration.
(b) The statement is false. The force of tension always pulls and never pushes.
(c) The statement is false. The magnitude of the sum of the forces can be zero or any
other finite value greater than zero. There is no theoretical limit to the magnitude of the
sum of the forces.
37. The magnitude of the force exerted by the spring is equal to the weight of the
tomatoes, or FH = w . So,
FH = ky = w
w 2.5 lb
k= = = 1.7 lb in
y 1.5 in
Converting to SI units,
k = (1.7 lb in)
(1 N/0.225 lb)
(2.5410 −2
m/in )
k = 3.0102 N/m
38. The source of friction is the same as the source of the normal force—the surface.
Since the same source is involved it makes sense that there should be a mathematical
connection between the two forces. In a sense, they are really just the components of a
single force.
39. A free-body diagram aids in analyzing the forces on the student.
Figure P5.39ANS
Analyzing the forces from the diagram allows us to find the normal force on the student.
→ g +→FN = ma→
=F

→ F y → → → → ˆ 2
FN = ma − Fg = ma − mg = m(a − g) = (80.0 kg) 5.19 − (−9.81) j m s ( )

→
FN = 1.20  103 ˆj N
40. (a) Knowing both the normal force acting on the sleigh and the coefficient of kinetic
friction, we can find the magnitude of the frictional force.
Fk = k FN = (0.23) 6.37  103 N( )

Fk = 1.5  103 N
(b) Draw the free-body diagram for the sled.
Figure P5.40ANS
Note that the sleigh is moving at a constant speed. This means that the net force on the
sleigh must be zero. In the free-body diagram, the horses exert a pull force in one
direction (+x-direction) and the force due to friction points in the opposite direction.
These forces oppose one another and we know that the net force must be zero. Therefore,
the magnitude of the pull force from the horses must be equal in magnitude to the force
due to friction, 1.5×103 N.
41. Begin by drawing a free-body diagram for each block.
Figure P5.41ANS
Using the axes chosen in each diagram, the magnitudes of the forces can be used to
express the magnitude of the net force on each block, where each block will have the
same acceleration.
For m1:
F y = Fg1 − FT = m1a (1)
For m2:
F y = FT − Fg2 = m2a (2)
Solving for FT in equation (1) and substituting into equation (2) yields,
FT = Fg1 − m1a (3)
Fg − m1a − Fg = m2a
1 2
m2a + m1a = Fg − Fg
1 2
a=
Fg1 − Fg2
=
( m1 − m2 ) g
m1 + m2 m1 + m2
We can now substitute values and find the acceleration of the masses.
a=
(m1 − m2 ) g (15.93 kg −10.45 kg) 9.81 m s
=
2
= 2.00 m s2
( )
m1 + m2 15.93 kg +10.45 kg
This result can go back into equation (3) to find the tension.
(
FT = Fg1 − m 1a = (15.93 kg) 9.81 m s2 −(15.93 kg) 2.04 m s2 = 124 N ) ( )
42. Draw a free-body diagram for the ball, choosing an appropriate coordinate system.
Figure P5.42ANS
Applying Newton’s laws,

F = F x T sin = max = ma (1)
F y = FT cos − Fg = may = 0 (2)
Solving equation (2) for the tension and using the formula for the gravitational force,
mg
FT = (3)
cos
Then, substitute equation (3) into equation (1) and solve for the cart’s acceleration.
ma = FT sin 
mg
ma = sin 
cos
a = g tan 
43. Visualize the problem with a free-body diagram for the block.
Figure P5.43ANS
Using the coordinate system from the diagram, apply Newton’s laws, noting that the net
force should be 0.
 Fx = FT cos − Fk = max = 0 (1)
F y = FT sin + FN − Fg = may = 0 (2)
Using equation (1) for gravitational force and kinetic friction, solve for the magnitude of
the normal force.
FT cos − Fk = 0
FT cos − k FN = 0
FT cos = k FN
F cos
FN = T (5)

k
Equation (2) then becomes

F sin = F − F = mg − FT cos
k
T g N
Now, solve for the tension.

FT k sin = k mg − FT cos
FT k sin + FT cos = k mg
FT =
k sin + cos
44. Visualize the problem with a free-body diagram for the child.
Figure P5.44ANS
Using Newton’s laws and the coordinate system chosen in the free-body diagram, the
acceleration will be due to the net force on the child.
F y = FH − Fg = may = ma
Substituting the equations for the spring force and the gravitational force allows us to find
the acceleration of the child given the parameters in the problem statement.
FH − Fg = ma
ky − mg = ma
ky − mg (4617 N/m)(0.25 m) − (27.0 kg) 9.81 m/s
2
( )
a= = = 32.9 m s2
m (27.0 kg)
We can then write the final answer as a vector with regard to the chosen coordinate
system.
→
a = 32.9 ˆj m/s2
45. Drawing the free-body diagram of the situation, the sled will be accelerating in the
direction of the pull force.
Figure P5.45ANS
Using Newton’s laws and the chosen coordinate system,
F = F x pull − Fk = ma (1)
F = F y N − Fg = 0 (2)
The gravitational force is given in pounds and must be converted to newtons.

 4.448 N 
F = 2215 lb = 9852 N
g  1 lb 
 
We also need to know the mass that is being pulled, which is found using the equation for
the gravitational force.
Fg = mg = 9852 N
(
m 9.81 m/s2 = 9852 N )
9852 N
m=
9.81 m/s2
Substituting these forces and the other known quantities into equations (1) and (2), we
create two equations with two unknowns that we may now solve.
 9852 N 
3.50  103 N −  kF N =

(0.152 m/s ) 2
(3)
2
9.81m/s
and
FN − 9852 N = 0 (4)
Solving equation (4),
FN − 9852 N = 0
FN = 9852 N
Then, using this in equation (3),
 9852 N 
3.50  103 N −  k 9852 N = ( ) (0.152 m/s ) 2
 2
9.819852
m/s N 
 k (9852 N ) = 3.50  103 N − 
 2
0.152 m/s2 ( )
9.81m/s
k = 0.340
46. (a) Draw a free-body diagram, choosing an appropriate coordinate system.
Figure P5.46ANS
(b) From the x component of Newton’s second law,
F = F x T
cos − Fk = 0
FT cos = Fk
F
cos = k
FT
F 212 N
 = cos−1 k = cos−1 = 52.1
FT 345 N
(c) To find the normal force, we use the y component of Newton’s second law.
F = F + FT sin − mg = 0
(
FN = mg − FT sin = (50.0 kg) 9.81 m s 2 − (345 N)sin(52.1) = )
y N
218 N
47. Given the picture and the values of the masses, we expect that the 8.00-kg object will
accelerate downward, the 5.00-kg object to the right, and the 3.00-kg object upward.
Because of the connectivity between the objects, each object should have the same
magnitude of acceleration, but the tension in each rope may be different. We begin by
drawing free-body diagrams for each object in order to examine the net force, noting the
direction of the acceleration. We choose the positive y axis to point downward for the
object with mass m3, and the positive y axis to point to the right for the object with mass
m2, so that the acceleration points in the same direction for each object.
Figure P5.47ANS
Then, apply Newton’s laws to each free-body diagram resulting in the following set of
equations.
For m1:
F y = FT1 − Fg1 = m1a (1)
For m2:
F x = FT2 − FT1 = m2 a (2)
F y = FN − Fg2 = 0 (3)
For m3:
F y = Fg3 − FT2 = m3a (4)
The gravitational force on each object is
Fg1 = m 1g = (3.00 kg)(9.81 m/s2 )

Fg1 = 29.4 N
Fg2 = m 2 g = (5.00 kg)(9.81 m/s2 )

Fg2 = 49.1 N
Fg3 = m3 g = (8.00 kg)(9.81 m/s2 )

Fg3 = 78.5 N
Substituting known values into equation (1), (2), and (4), we generate three equations
with three unknowns that can then be solved for the tensions and the acceleration.
FT1 − 29.4 N = (3.00 kg)a (5)
and
FT − FT = (5.00 kg)a (6)

2 1
and
78.5 N − FT = (8.00 kg)a (7)

2
Solving equation (5) for the first tension and equation (7) for the second tension, these are
then substituted into equation (6).
FT1 = (3.00 kg)a + 29.4 N (8)

FT2 = 78.5 N − (8.00 kg)a (9)
FT − FT = (5.00 kg ) a
2 1
78.5
 N − (8.00 kg ) a − ( 3.00 kg ) a + 29.4 N = (5.00 kg ) a
49.1 N − (11.00 kg ) a = (5.00 kg ) a
49.1 N = (16.00 kg ) a
And then the acceleration is
49.1 N
a= = 3.07 m/s2
16.00 kg
We can then substitute this acceleration into equations (8) and (9) in order to find each of
the tensions.
(
FT1 = (3.00 kg) 3.07 m/s2 + 29.4 N )
FT = 38.6 N
1
FT2 = 78.5 N − (8.00 kg) 3.07 m/s2 ( )

FT = 53.9 N
2
48. Because the pulleys are ideal pulleys, the magnitude of the tension in the wire
connecting the bar and the weights will be the same everywhere along the wire. We begin
by sketching a free-body diagram of the weights. The two vertical forces are the
gravitational force and the tension in the wire, and we note that there is a net force
upwards.
Figure P5.48ANS
First, the weight, or gravitational force, should be converted

 4.448 N to newtons.
F = (120.0 lbs) = 533.8 N
g
 
 1 lbs 
The mass of the weights, then is
Fg = mg
Fg 533.8 N
m= = = 54.4 kg
g 9.81 m/s2
Now, apply Newton’s laws to the forces on the weights and substitute appropriate values
in order to solve for the magnitude of the tension.
F = F y T − Fg = ma
FT − 533.8 N = (54.4 kg) 0.250 m/s2 ( )

FT = 13.6 N + 533.8 N
FT = 547.4 N
49. We begin by drawing a free-body diagram for each block in the picture, choosing an
appropriate coordinate system in each case.
Figure P5.49ANS
Begin by writing expressions for Newton’s laws for each block along the expected
direction of motion.

F = F −F =ma
y g1
(1)
T 1
and
F x = FT − Fg2,x = m2a (2)
Then, calculate the gravitational force on each block.
Fg1 = m 1g = (7.00 kg)(9.81 m/s2 )

Fg1 = 68.7 N
Fg2 = m 2 g = (2.00 kg)(9.81 m/s2 )

Fg2 = 19.6 N
We would also like to have the components of the gravitational force on block 2 in our
coordinate system.
Fg2 ,x = Fg2 sin(20°) = (19.6 N)sin(20°)

Fg2,x = 6.70 N
Fg = Fg cos(20°) = (19.6 N)cos(20°)
2,y 2
Fg = 18.4 N
2,y
Substituting appropriate given and calculated information into equations (1) and (2)
yields,
68.7 N − FT = (7.00 kg)a (3)

FT − 6.70 N = (2.00 kg)a (4)
Solve equation (3) for the tension and substitute into equation (4) to find the acceleration.
FT = 68.7 N − (7.00 kg)a
68.7 N − (7.00 kg ) a − 6.70 N = (2.00 kg ) a

(9.00 kg ) a = 62.0 N
62.0 N
a=
9.00 kg
a = 6.89 m/s2
50. We begin by drawing a free-body diagram for each block in the picture, choosing an
appropriate coordinate system in each case.
Figure P5.50ANS
(a) Write expressions for Newton’s laws for each block along the expected direction of
motion.
 Fy = Fg1 − FT = m1a (1)
F x = FT − Fg2,x − Fk = m2 a (2)
Then, calculate the gravitational force on each block.

Fg1 = m 1g = (7.00 kg)(9.81 m/s2 )
Fg1 = 68.7 N
Fg2 = m 2 g = (2.00 kg)(9.81 m/s2 )

Fg2 = 19.6 N
We would also like to have the components of the gravitational force on block 2 in our
coordinate system.
Fg = Fg sin(20°) = (19.6 N)sin(20°)
2 ,x 2
Fg2,x = 6.70 N
Fg = Fg cos(20°) = (19.6 N)cos(20°)
2,y 2
Fg2 , y = 18.4 N
( )
Substituting appropriate given and calculated information into equations (1) yields
68.7 N − FT = (7.00 kg) 0.134 m/s 2
FT = 68.7 N − (7.00 kg) 0.134 m/s2 ( )

FT = 68.7 N − 0.938 N
FT = 67.8 N
Now, substitute this tension and the other appropriate values into equation (2) to find the
magnitude of kinetic friction.
67.8 N − 6.70 N − Fk = (2.00 kg)(0.134 m/s )2
67.8 N − 6.70 N − Fk = 0.268 N

Fk = 60.8 N
(b) Knowing the magnitude of the kinetic friction force from part (a), we recognize that if
we knew the magnitude of the normal force on the object, we could use the formula for
kinetic friction to get our answer. Expressing Newton’s laws for the y direction on block
2 yields
F = FN − Fg2, y = 0
y
FN = Fg
2, y
FN = 18.4 N
The coefficient of kinetic friction is then

Fk = k FN
60.8 N = k (18.4 N)
60.8 N
k =
18.4 N
k = 3.30
51. (a) We begin by drawing a free-body diagram for each object.
Figure P5.51ANS
(b) and (c) Apply Newton’s laws to each diagram.
F = m g − F
y 2 T = m2a
F = F = m a
x T 1
Substitution yields
m2 g − m1a = m2a
mg (8.50 kg)(9.81 m/s2 )
a= 2
= = 7.25 m/s2
m1 + m2 (3.00 + 8.50) kg
Then, the tension can be found.
(
FT = m 1a = (3.00 kg) 7.24 m/s2 = 21.8 N )
52. (a) Draw a free-body diagram for the piano, choosing an appropriate coordinate
system.
Figure P5.52ANS
(b) Begin by applying Newton’s laws to the piano.

F y = FN − mg cos = 0
F x = mg sin = ma
With the angle given, the acceleration would be,
mg sin = ma
( )
a = g sin = 9.81 m/s2 sin 20° = 3.35 m/s2
(c) This is an example of linear motion with constant acceleration and can therefore be
modeled using the kinematic equations to find the final speed if it started from rest.
v2f = vi2 + 2ax
v f = 2ax = = 5.79 m/s
53. By Newton’s third law, when you jump, you are pushing on the ground and the
ground pushes back on you with an equal but opposite force.
54. The boxer’s hand experiences an equal and opposite force, when punching someone.
If the force is too great, the boxer’s hand could break, even though this force might not be
strong enough to break whatever is being punched.
55. (a) and (b) Draw free-body diagrams for the block and the puck.
Figure P5.55ANS
(c) (1) The normal force of the puck on the block and the force of the block on the puck;
(2) the gravitational force of the Earth on the block and the gravitational force of the
block on the Earth, (3) the gravitational force of the Earth on the puck and the
gravitational force of the puck on the Earth, and (4) the normal force of the frozen lake on
the puck and the force of the puck on the frozen lake.
56. (a) We would always draw our coordinate axes with respect to the surface on which
an object rests. In this case, there are only two forces perpendicular to the surface: the
gravitational force and the normal force. In this situation, they are equal in magnitude.
(b) As you push down on the book, you are adding another vertical force, perpendicular
to the surface on which the book rests. This force is directed downward in addition to the
gravitational force. The normal force is the result of the surface pushing back on the book
in an amount equal to the total force the book exerts on the surface. Because you are
pushing down on the book, the force exerted on the surface is increased, and the normal
force will increase, as well.
(c) The normal force is the force that the surface exerts on the book. The third-law
partner of this force would be the force that the book exerts on the surface. We would
need to draw a free-body diagram of the surface to see this force. It will not appear in any
free-body diagram we would draw for the book, because it is exerted on the surface.
57. (a) Putting herself between the backpack and the spacecraft, when she pushes the
backpack, the backpack exerts an equal and opposite force on her according to Newton’s
third law. This means that when she accelerates the backpack away from the craft, the
backpack accelerates her towards the craft. This only happens while they are in contact
and the astronaut is pushing on the pack. Once they are no longer in contact, the force is
no longer exerted, but the acceleration will have been applied, and the astronaut will be
moving. According to Newton’s first law, given no other significant forces acting on the
astronaut, she will remain in motion at constant velocity towards the craft.
(b) Accounting for the mass of the backpack and the force it experiences, we use
Newton’s second law to determine the acceleration.
F = ma = (30.1 kg ) a
212 N = (30.1 kg ) a
212 N
a= = 7.04 m/s2
30.1 kg
(c) Accounting for the mass of the backpack we can find the mass of the astronaut and
the rest of her remaining gear, after she removes the pack. Newton’s second law allows
us to determine the acceleration experienced by the astronaut. First, we find the mass of
the astronaut and her remaining gear after the backpack is removed.
mastro = 106.4 kg − 30.1 kg
mastro = 76.3 kg
Now find the acceleration.
F = ma = (76.3 kg ) a
212 N = (76.3 kg ) a
212 N
a= = 2.78 m/s2
76.3 kg
58. The force he exerts on the cart is not balanced by the force exerted on him by the cart.
These are third-law pair forces. You need a free-body diagram on the wagon which does
not include forces exerted by the wagon, only forces exerted on the wagon.
Figure P5.58ANS
59. Since the force exerted by the Earth's gravity on your body is down, the force exerted
by your body's gravity on the Earth is upward (away from the center of the Earth). The
Earth accelerates upward, but not at 9.81 m/s2 because the mass of the Earth is so much
greater than your mass. In fact, the magnitude of the Earth's acceleration resulting from
your body's gravity pulling on it is so small that there exists no measuring device made
by humans which could measure such a small acceleration magnitude.
60. (a) The force of the palette on the ground is just its weight, which is equal to
(
Fg = mg = (55.0 kg) 9.81 m/s2 = 5.40102 N )
The ground therefore exerts an equal and opposite force of 5.40102 N upward on the
palette.
(b) The forces acting on the palette now are the 540 N force of gravity downward, and
the 295 N force acting upward through the rope. The net downward force is therefore
540 N – 295 N = 245 N. The ground therefore exerts an equal and opposite force of 245
N upward on the palette.
(c) The upward force on the palette exceeds the force of the gravity, so the palette
accelerates upward and the force exerted by the ground on the palette is zero.
61. By Newton’s third law, each train exerts a force of equal magnitude on the other
when they collide.
62. Gravity is the only fundamental force we have studied so far. All the other forces are
a result of microscopic electromagnetic forces.
Figure P5.62ANS
63. Using the equation of motion, v2f = v2i + 2ax , and substituting the given information,
the acceleration is
−vi2 − (110 m/s )
2
a= = 4
2x 2(0.125 m) =
2
−4.8410 m/s
Now,
 F = ma = (0.075 kg)(−4.84104 m/s2 ) = −3.63103 N

The force has a magnitude of 3.63103 N , and the negative sign that had been found
signifies that the force is directed opposite the direction of the initial velocity (to the
right).
64. Since the velocity of the plane is constant, its acceleration is zero, and the sum of the
forces on it is equal to zero. Since the sum of the forces is zero, it doesn't have a
direction.
65. Draw free-body diagrams for each box.
Figure P5.65ANS
Begin by applying Newton’s laws to each box.
F = F −F = m a
x T f 1
F = m g −F = m a
y 2 T 2
Now, solve for the tension in the cord.
m2 g − F
a=
m2
F −F  m2 g − FT 
=m
T f m2  1
 m2 g − F T   m2 g − FT 
F =m +F =m + mg
1  f 1  k 1
 m  m
T
2 2
m2 FT + m1FT = m1m2 g + k m2m1g
m m g (1+  ) (6.00 kg)(12.0 kg) 9.81 m/s2 ( )(1.220) =
FT = 1 m2 + m k = 18.0 kg 47.9 N
1 2
66. Since the object is initially at rest and stays at rest, then the sum of the forces on the
object must be zero. If one of the forces is removed, then that force is subtracted from the
sum. Subtracting a vector is the same as adding a vector of the same magnitude in the
opposite direction. After one of the forces is removed, the sum of the forces is no longer
equal to 0. Since the sum of the forces is in the opposite direction as the one removed,
then the object will accelerate in the direction opposite the force which was removed.
67. (a) Using the equation of motion, v2f = v2i + 2ax , acceleration can be expressed in
terms of the known quantities and combined with Newton’s second law, so that we may
write,
v2f − vi2
a=
2x
and
v2 − v2
 F = ma = m f i
( ) ( )
2x  1.50  108 m/s 2 − 2.50  108 m/s 2 
(
= 1.88  10−28 kg  )

 2(1200 m) 

= −3.13  10−15 N
The magnitude of the force is 3.1310−15 N .
(b) The weight of the muon is

(
Fg = mg = 1.8810−28 kg )(9.81 m/s2 ) =1.8410−27 N
The decelerating force is therefore 1.70 × 1012 times greater than the weight of the muon.
68. (a) The boulder is in equilibrium with the spring force equaling the gravitational force
on the boulder. Equate the forces and use the given information to solve for the
compression of the spring.
ky − mg = 0
mg (80.0 kg)(9.81 m/s )
2
y = = = 0.115 m
k 6850 N/m
(b) If the boulder is accelerating upwards, there must be a net force on the boulder
upwards. Applying Newton’s laws allows us to write an expression for the net force on
the boulder, and find the compression of the spring.
ky − mg = ma
(
mg (80.0 kg) 9.81 m/s + 5.19 m/s 
2 2
) ( )
y = =   = 0.175 m
k
6850 N/m
69. We can determine the direction of the acceleration of the object by determining the
direction of the sum of the forces. When we add the force to the north and the force to the
south, they cancel. When we add the other two forces, their west and east components
cancel, but their other components both point to the north. Thus, the net force points to
the north. Since the direction of the sum of the forces is to the north, the object will
accelerate to the north.
70. (a) We first write an expression for the acceleration of the particle, since F = ma.
→
→ F
a= = (
3.00tiˆ − 6.00 ˆj N ) (
= 2.00tiˆ − 4.00 ˆj m/s2 )
m 1.50 kg
To obtain an equation for the instantaneous velocity of the particle, we integrate the
above equation.
3 ˆ 2 ˆ
dv = (2.00 m/s )tdti −(4.00 m/s )dtj
( )
∫ d v = ∫ 2.00 m/s t dtiˆ − ∫ 4.00 m/s
3
( )dtjˆ
2
⎡
( ) ⎡
(
v = ⎢ 1.00 m/s t + c1 ⎥⎤iˆ − ⎢ 4.00 m/s t + c2 ⎥ ⎤ ˆj
⎣
3 2
⎦ ⎣
2
⎦
)
In order to evaluate the constants of integration, we note that the object is at rest at t =
0 s:
v (t = 0) = 0 = ⎢
⎣
(⎡ 1.00 m/s )(0) 3 2
⎦
⎡
⎣
2
(
+ c1 ⎥⎤iˆ − ⎢ 4.00 m/s (0) + c2 ⎥ ⎤ ˆj
⎦
)
so c1 = c2 = 0 . Then
(
v = 1.00 m/s t 2 iˆ − 4.00 m/s
3
) ( 2
)ˆtj
Thus, when v = 15.0 m/s,
v = 15.0 m/s =
(
225 m 2 /s 2 = 1.00 m 2 /s6 t 4 + 16.0 m 2 /s 4 t 2 ) ( )
or
(1.00 m /s )t +(16.0 m /s )t
2 6 4 2 4 2
− 225 m 2 /s 2 = 0
This equation can be factored as

(t 2
)(
− 9 t 2 + 25 = 0 )
The solution for t comes from
t 2 −9.00 = 0
t = ±3.00 s = 3.00 s
(b) In order to find the objects position at this time, we need to integrate the velocity
equation, using the assumption that the object starts at the origin (the constants of
integration will again be equal to 0, as before).
( )
dr = 1.00 m/s t dtiˆ − 4.00 m/s tdtj
3 2 2 ˆ
( )
2 ˆ
(
∫ d r = ∫ 1.00 m/s
3
)t 2
(
dtiˆ −∫ 4.00 m/s )t dt j
( ) (
r = 0.333 m/s 3 t 3iˆ − 2.00 m/s 2 t 2 jˆ )
We now substitute t = 3.00 s to find the magnitude of the displacement vector:
r = 0.333 m/s (3.00 s) (3.00 s)
r = 20.1 m
(c) We use the displacement vector found in part (b) and substitute t = 3.00 s:
( 3
) (
r = 0.333 m/s (3.00 s) 3iˆ− 2.00 m/s (3.00 s) 2 jˆ
2
)
r = (9.00 m)iˆ−(18.0 m) ˆj
71. Begin by drawing a free-body diagram for the block of ice, identifying the forces
acting on it, and choosing an appropriate coordinate system.
Figure P5.71ANS
(a) Applying Newton’s laws,

F = F x pull = ma (1)
F = F y N − Fg = 0 (2)
The pull force is given and the gravitational force can be calculated as
Fpull = 95.0 N
(
Fg = mg = (15.0 kg) 9.81 m/s2 = 147 N )
Now, solving equation (2) for the normal force results in
FN −147 N = 0
FN = 147 N
(b) Using equation (1), the acceleration of the ice is
Fpull = ma = (15.0 kg ) a
95.0 N = (15.0 kg) a
95.0 N
a= = 6.33 m/s2
15.0 kg
Then, given that the ice starts from rest, we can use the equations of motion for constant
acceleration to find the final speed after 1.54 s.
vx = v0 x + at
v x = 0 + (6.33 m/s2 )(1.54 s)
vx = 9.75 m/s
72. Begin by drawing a free-body diagram for the block of ice, identifying the forces
acting on it, and choosing an appropriate coordinate system.
Figure P5.72ANS
F = F x pull x = ma (1)
F = F y N + Fpull y − Fg = 0 (2)
The pull force is given and the gravitational force can be calculated as
Fpull = 95.0 N
(
Fg = mg = (15.0 kg) 9.81 m/s2 = 147 N )
And the pull force has components of
Fpull x = (95.0 N)cos(20°) = 89.3 N

Fpull y = (95.0 N)sin(20°) = 32.5 N
Now, solving equation (2) for the normal force results in
FN + 32.5 N −147 N = 0
FN = 115 N
(b) Using equation (1), the acceleration of the ice is
Fpull,x = ma = (15.0 kg ) a
89.3 N = (15.0 kg)a
89.3 N
a=
15.0 kg
Then, given that the ice starts from rest, we can use the equations of motion for constant
acceleration to find the final speed after 1.54 s.
vx = v0 x + at
 89.3 N 
(
v = 0+ 1.54 s)
x 
 15.0 kg 
vx = 9.17 m/s
73. A free-body diagram will aid in solving this problem.
Figure P5.73ANS
After including the necessary forces on the object, note that the sled is being pulled at a
constant speed. This means the net force on the sled is 0, and thus, this is a case of
equilibrium. By writing out the equilibrium conditions, it is possible to find a function for
θ in terms of the other quantities.
 F = F cos − F
x T k = ma = 0
FT cos − Fk = 0 (1)
 F = F sin + F
y T N − Fg = ma = 0
FT sin + FN − Fg = 0 (2)
Using the definitions of the gravitational and kinetic friction forces, equations (1) and (2)
can be written as
FT cos − k FN = 0 (3)
FT sin + FN − mg = 0 (4)
Solve equation (3) for the tension,

FT cos = k FN
F
F= k N
T cos
Now, substitute into equation (4) and solve for the angle.
FT sin + FN − mg = 0
k FN
sin + F − mg = 0
N
cos
k FN tan = mg − FN
mg − FN
tan =
k FN
 mg − FN 
 = tan−1  
  k FN 
74. (a) We are given m = 0.300 kg, x = 1.20 m, θ = 42.0, and t = 1.30 s. Since the block
starts from rest,
1
x= at2
2
2x 2(1.20 m)
a= = = 1.42 m/s2
2 2
t (1.30 s)
(b) Draw a free-body diagram for the block and choose an appropriate coordinate system.
Figure P5.74ANS
∑F x
= Ff − mg sin θ = ma
Ff = m(g sin θ − a)
∑F y
= FN − mg cosθ = 0
FN = mg cosθ
Using the definition of the kinetic friction force, the coefficient of kinetic friction is
Ff m(g sin θ − a) a 1.42 m/s2
0.706
µk = = = tan θ − = tan 42.0°− 2
=
FN mg cosθ g cosθ (9.81 m/s )cos 42.0°
(c) F f = µ k mg cosθ = (0.706)(0.300 kg)(9.81 m/s 2 )cos(42°) = 1.54 N This force is

directed up the incline.
(d) The final speed can be found from the equations of motion.
v2 = v2 + 2aΔx
f i
vf = = 1.85 m/s
75. (a) Draw a free-body diagram for the dress, choosing an appropriate coordinate
system.
Figure P5.75ANS
(b) The mass of the dress is m = 1.50 kg, and its weight is mg = 14.7 N. Then the angle
shown is
0.0500 m
tan =
3.75 m
 = 0.764°
Newton’s laws applied to the dress gives

∑F y = 2FT sin − mg = 0
= (1.50 kg)(9.81 m/s ) = 552 N

mg 2
F =
T
2sin 2sin(0.764°)
76. Draw a free-body diagram for the chest, choosing an appropriate coordinate system.
Figure P5.76ANS
First, convert the weight of the chest to SI units.

 4.448 N 
(
F = 207 lbs  ) = 921 N
g  1 lbs 
Then, apply Newton’s laws to the chest.

F x ( )
= FTD sin 30° − FTJ sin 25° = 0 ( )
( )
FTD sin 30° − FT J sin 25° = 0 ( ) (1)
F y ( )
= FTD cos 30° + FTJ cos 25° − Fg = 0 ( )
( ) ( )
FTD cos 30° + FT J cos 25° − 921 N = 0 (2)
Solving equation (1) for Dayo’s tension,
FTD sin(30°)− FT J sin(25°) = 0
F = FTJ sin(25°)
TD
sin(30°)
Then, substitute this into equation (2) to find the tension in Jamal’s handle.
 F sin(25°)
cos(25°)− 921 N = 0
TJ
cos(30°)+ F
 
 sin(30°) 
TJ
(0.732) F + (0.906) F
TJ T J
− 921 N = 0
(1.638) F = 921 N
TJ
921 N
FT = = 562 N
J
1.638
Now, solve for Dayo’s tension.
(562 N)sin(25°)
= =
sin(30°)
FTD 475 N
77. Draw a free-body diagram for the chandelier and the junction of the chains, choosing
an appropriate coordinate system.
Figure P5.77ANS
Since the chandelier is in equilibrium, FT 3 = Fg = (125 kg)(9.81 m/s 2 ) =

1.23×103 N
Applying Newton’s laws to the junction of the chains:
∑F y
= FT 1 sin θ1 + FT 2 sin θ2 − Fg = 0 (1)
∑F x = FT 2 cosθ2 − FT 1 cosθ1 = 0 (2)
Solving equation (2) for FT2 and substituting into equation (1) yields
F cosθ1
FT 2 = T 1
cosθ2
FT 1 cosθ1
F sin θ + sin θ − F = 0
T1 1
cosθ 2 g
2
F cosθ F cosθ (1.23×103 N)cos64°

FT 1 = sin θ cosθg +sin2θ cosθ = sing(θ + θ2 ) = sin(37°+ 64°) = 549 N
1 2 2 1 1 2
Then the other tension is
FT 1 cosθ1 (549 N)cos37°

FT 2 = = = 1.00×103 N
cosθ2 cos64°
78. (a) Draw a free-body diagram for each child-sled system, choosing an appropriate
coordinate system.
Figure P5.78ANS
(b) For Raffi, Newton’s laws result in the following:
∑F = F x T
− Ff 1 = m1a
FT = m1 (µk g + a)
For John, Newton’s laws result in the following:
∑F x = F − FT − Ff 2 = m2 a
F − FT −µk m2 g = m2 a
Substituting for FT from Raffi’s force equation:
F − m1 (µk g + a) −µk m2 g = m2 a
a ( m1 + m2 ) = F −µk g ( m1 + m2 )
F −(m1 + m2 )µk g 112 N −(42.0 kg + 51.0 kg)(0.08)(9.81 m/s2 )

a= = = 0.420 m/s
2
m1 + m2 (42.0 kg + 51.0 kg)
(c) F = m (µ g + a) = ( 42.0 kg) ⎡(0.08)(9.81 m/s 2 ) + 0.420 m/s 2 ⎤ =

50.6 N
T 1 k ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
79. (a) Draw a free-body diagram for each box, choosing an appropriate coordinate
system in each case.
Figure P5.79ANS
(b) Newton’s laws applied to the mass on the incline result in the following,
∑F x
= m2 g sin θ − FT = m2 a (1)
Whereas Newton’s laws applied to the hanging mass gives
∑F = F y T − m1g = m1a
FT = m1 (g + a)
Substituting this result into equation (1) allows us to find the acceleration.
m2 g sin θ − m1 (g + a ) = m2 a
a ( m1 + m2 ) = g ( m2 sin θ − m1 )
g ( m sin θ − m ) (9.81 m/s2)⎡(10.0 kg)sin(30.0°)− 4.00 kg⎤
= ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ = 0.701 m/s
2
a=
2 1
( m1 + m2 ) (4.00 kg +10.0 kg)
42.0 N
(c) FT = m ( g + a) = (4.00 kg)(9.81 m/s 2 + 0.700 m/s 2 ) =
1
(d) Since the boxes are initially at rest and the acceleration is constant,
v f = at = (0.700 m/s 2 )(3.00 s) = 2.10 m/s
80. (a) Draw a free-body diagram for each block choosing appropriate coordinate axes in
each case.
Figure P5.80ANS
(b) Applying Newton’s laws to the first block:

∑F y = FN1 − m1g = 0
∑F x = FT − Ff 1= m1a
Thus,
FN 1 = m1g = (1.50 kg)(9.81 m/s 2 ) = 14.7 N
and
FT = m1a + µk m1g (1)

1
Applying Newton’s laws to the second block:

∑F y
= FN2 − m2 g cosθ = 0
∑F x = m2 g sin θ − FT − Ff 2= m2 a
Thus,
FN 2 = m 2 g cosθ =(5.00 kg)(9.81 m/s2)cos35.0° = 40.2 N
and
FT = m2 g sin θ −µk m2 g cosθ − m2 a (2)

2
Now, equating equation (1) and equation (2),
m1a + µk m1g = m2 g sin θ −µk m2 g cosθ − m2 a

1 2
a( m1 + m2 ) = m2 g sin θ −µk m2 g cosθ −µk m1 g

2 1
(
g m2 sin θ −µk m2 cosθ −µk m1 )
a= 2 1
( m1 + m2 )
( 9.81 m/s ) (5.00 kg)sin 35.0°−(0.330)(5.00 kg)cos35.0°−(0.400)(1.50 kg)⎤
2 ⎡
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
a=
(1.50 kg + 5.00 kg)
a = 0.141 m/s2
(c) The tension can be found from either equation (1) or equation (2).
FT = m1a + µk m1 g =(1.50 kg)(0.141 m/s 2 ) + (0.400)(1.50 kg)(9.81 m/s 2 ) = 6.10 N
1
81. Draw a free-body diagram of the keepsake, choosing appropriate coordinate axes.
Figure P5.81ANS
Then calculate the magnitude of the acceleration of the plane using the given information.
v f = vi + at
v f − vi (145 − 95.0) m/s 2
a= = = 7.14 m/s
t 7.00 s
(a) Using Newton’s laws,
∑F x
= mg sin θ = ma
or
⎛⎜a ⎞⎟ −1 ⎛
−1
⎜ 7.14 ⎞⎟
46.7°
θ = sin ⎜ ⎟ = sin ⎜ ⎟=
⎝ g ⎟⎠ ⎝ 9.81⎟⎠
(b) Again, using Newton’s laws,
∑F y = FT − mg cosθ = 0
or
FT = mg cosθ =(0.150 kg)(9.81 m/s2)cos 46.7° = 1.01 N
82. Consider the painter and the scaffold as a system of objects and draw a free-body
diagram showing the external forces acting on the system. Choose an appropriate
coordinate system.
Figure P5.82ANS

∑F y
= FT + FT − Fgs − Fgp = ( ms + mp ) a
or
2F − g ( m + m ) 2(600.0 N ) −(9.81 m/s 2 )(52 kg + 63 kg)
s p
a= T
= = 0.62 m/s2
(m + m )
s p
(52 kg + 63 kg)
(b) The painter is being pushed upward by the normal force from the platform and being
pulled up directly by the rope she is holding. The painter also has a net acceleration
upward. Newton’s laws applied to the painter would suggest
∑F y
= FT + FN − Fgp = mpa
FN = m pa + F gp — FT = (63 kg)(0.62 m/s 2 ) + (63 kg)(9.81 m/s 2 ) −600 N = 57 N
83. Draw a free-body diagram for each of the crates and for the three-crate system,
choosing appropriate coordinate axes and noting forces that are related by Newton’s third
law.
Figure P5.83ANS
(a) Applying Newton’s laws to the three-crate system, there is a total mass of 18.22 kg
and a net external horizontal force of 205 N. Thus,
∑F x
= 205 N =(18.22 kg)a
205 N
a=
18.22 kg
Each crate must be experiencing this acceleration. Looking at the free-body diagram for
the first crate, there is only one horizontal force, the force of crate 2 on crate 1. Thus,
⎛
∑F =F =(5.45 kg)⎜ 205 N ⎞⎟
= 61.3 N
x 2 on 1 ⎜
⎝18.22 kg ⎟⎠
(b) Applying Newton’s laws to the second crate,
⎛ ⎞
∑F =F −F =(7.88 kg) ⎜ 205 N ⎟ = 88.7 N
x 3 on 2 1 on 2 ⎜
⎝18.22 kg ⎟⎠⎟
F3 on 2 −61.3 N = 88.7 N
F3 on 2 = 1.50×102 N
84. First, sketch the picture of the block at a certain angle away from the topmost point of
the bowl, accompanied by a free-body diagram of the block at that instant, choosing an
appropriate coordinate system. Note that the angle between the block’s position and the
vertical is the same as the angle between the gravitational force and the radial direction,
perpendicular to the surface of the bowl. The block will begin to slide when the
component of the gravitational force parallel to the tangent of the surface of the bowl is
equal to the maximum value of the static friction force.
Figure P5.84ANS
Applying Newton’s laws,
∑F y
= FN − Fg cosθ = 0
FN = mg cosθ
and
∑F x
= Ffs − Fg sin θ = 0
µs FN − mg sin θ = 0
Substituting for the normal force in the last equation, we can then solve for the angle.
µsmg cosθ − mg sin θ = 0

mg sin θ = µsmg cosθ
tan θ = µs
θ = tan µ

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Solution Manual for Physics for Scientists and

Engineers Foundations and Connections Extended

F = (4.00 kg)(8 m/s ) = 32.0 N

Then, the magnitude of the force can be found, when t = 4.00 s.

Fnet =  48.0 4.00  + 32.0 = 769 N

( −1.63  10 iˆ + 7.59  10 ĵ ) N = (2549 kg) a→

→ (−2.53  10 + 8.97  10 )i N + 7.59  10

(b) The magnitude of the force is F = = 0.487 N

dt 2 = dt2 (5.0 m/s )t  (

We can now solve for the time when this is true.

(30 m/s )t = 5.0 m/s

We can now solve for the time when this is true.

FT = mgj = (0.0015 kg)(9.81) j m/s

So, the tension is 1.47  10−2 N .

39. A free-body diagram aids in analyzing the forces on the student.

FN = ma − Fg = ma − mg = m(a − g) = (80.0 kg) 5.19 − (−9.81) j m s ( )

Fk = k FN = (0.23) 6.37  103 N( )

(b) Draw the free-body diagram for the sled.

41. Begin by drawing a free-body diagram for each block.

Applying Newton’s laws,

F y = FT cos − Fg = may = 0 (2)

 Fx = FT cos − Fk = max = 0 (1)

F y = FT sin + FN − Fg = may = 0 (2)

Equation (2) then becomes

Now, solve for the tension.

Using Newton’s laws and the chosen coordinate system,

The gravitational force is given in pounds and must be converted to newtons.

Solving equation (4),

Then, using this in equation (3),

46. (a) Draw a free-body diagram, choosing an appropriate coordinate system.

(b) From the x component of Newton’s second law,

The gravitational force on each object is

Fg1 = m 1g = (3.00 kg)(9.81 m/s2 )

Fg2 = m 2 g = (5.00 kg)(9.81 m/s2 )

Fg3 = m3 g = (8.00 kg)(9.81 m/s2 )

FT1 − 29.4 N = (3.00 kg)a (5)

FT − FT = (5.00 kg)a (6)

78.5 N − FT = (8.00 kg)a (7)

FT1 = (3.00 kg)a + 29.4 N (8)

And then the acceleration is

FT2 = 78.5 N − (8.00 kg) 3.07 m/s2 ( )

First, the weight, or gravitational force, should be converted

FT − 533.8 N = (54.4 kg) 0.250 m/s2 ( )

Then, calculate the gravitational force on each block.

Fg1 = m 1g = (7.00 kg)(9.81 m/s2 )

Fg2 = m 2 g = (2.00 kg)(9.81 m/s2 )

Fg2 ,x = Fg2 sin(20°) = (19.6 N)sin(20°)

68.7 N − FT = (7.00 kg)a (3)

FT = 68.7 N − (7.00 kg)a

68.7 N − (7.00 kg ) a − 6.70 N = (2.00 kg ) a

Then, calculate the gravitational force on each block.

Fg2 = m 2 g = (2.00 kg)(9.81 m/s2 )

FT = 68.7 N − (7.00 kg) 0.134 m/s2 ( )

67.8 N − 6.70 N − Fk = 0.268 N

The coefficient of kinetic friction is then

51. (a) We begin by drawing a free-body diagram for each object.

(b) and (c) Apply Newton’s laws to each diagram.