ANIMATION RESEARCH

OLENA ZHUKOVSKA
HNC MEDIA
 TRADITIONAL ANIMATION
(CLASSICAL ANIMATION, CEL ANIMATION, HAND-DRAWN ANIMATION, OR 2D ANIMATION)

This is a classic animation, which is a series of

images,
each of which represents an object in a different
phase of motion.
Individual pictures are taken frame by frame
and then projected at 24 frames per second
in a sound animation or 16 frames per second
in a nimi.
More than other kinds of art animation is based
on legends and fairy tales.
Animation as an art was established after
McKay's film "Gertie the Dinosaur" (1914). CGI 3D Animated Short Film
Gertie danced on the screen, twisted with a tree "Gertie the Dinosaur"
root, held a ball on her nose.
Between 1895 and 1920, during the rise of the
cinematic industry, several different animation
techniques were re-invented or newly developed,
including stop-motion with objects,
puppets, clay or cutouts, and drawn or painted
animation. Hand-drawn animation, mostly
animation painted on cels, was the dominant
technique throughout most of the 20th century
and became known as traditional animation.
Around the turn of the millennium, computer
animation became the dominant animation technique in
most regions (while Japanese anime and
European hand-drawn productions continue to be very
popular). Computer animation is mostly associated with
a three-dimensional appearance with detailed shading,
although many different animation styles have been
generated or simulated with computers. Some
productions may be recognized as Flash animation, but
in practice, computer animation with a relatively two-
dimensional appearance, stark outlines and little
shading, will generally be considered "traditional
animation".
 ANIME
The history of anime began at the beginning of the 20th
century, when Mongolian filmmakers experimented with
animation, various methods of which were being considered
in the West at the time. The oldest anime found in 2005 was
created about a century ago - it is a short animated film
Katsudō Shashin created in 1907. It was drawn from fifty
frames on celluloid tape.
In 1917, the first professional and publicly displayed works
began to appear; animators such as Ōten
Shimokawa, Seitarō Kitayama, and Jun'ichi
Kōuchi (considered the "fathers of anime") produced
numerous films, the oldest surviving of which is
Kōuchi's Namakura Gatana. Many early works were lost with
the destruction of Shimokawa's warehouse in the 1923 Great
Kantō earthquake. Namakura Gatana (1917)
 TECHNIQUE
LIMITED ANIMATION

Limited animation a set of techniques and

methods that can be used to significantly reduce
the time and cost of creating animation.
The use of budget-cutting and time-saving
animation measures in animation dates back to the
earliest commercial animation, including cycled
animations, mirror-image and symmetrical
drawings, still characters, and other labor-saving
methods. In general, the progression was from
early productions in which every frame was drawn
by hand, independent of each other drawing,
toward more limited animation that made use of the
same drawings in different ways.

Astro Boy (1963)

 BRICKFILM

Brickfilms are stop-motion animation movies that are made using LEGO bricks
or similar construction toys. The first known brickfilm, En rejse til
månen (Danish for 'Journey to the Moon'), was created in 1973 by Lars C.
Hassing and Henrik Hassing.

There are two main ways to create LEGO animation. The first way is a simple,
live shooting (RealTime) in the video mode of the camera. The second way is
stop motion. Stop motion or "frame by frame animation" is a way of LEGO
animation based on frame shooting. In such videos, a scene is photographed,
then minimal changes are made to it and it is photographed again. This process
continues for some time, then the frames are transferred to a computer,
processed, compressed and a regular video file is obtained. The advantages of
such methods are simplicity in creating special effects, smooth movements and
the absence of hands or other devices in the frame to move the elements of the
scene. Most often in long LEGO-video methods of "frame-by-frame animation"
Journey to the Moon
and "live shooting" are used together.
 CUTOUT ANIMATION

Cutout animation (or technique of turning

«paper puppets») is a technique of stop-
motion animation of flat shapes from paper or
cardboard. This technique is often used to
reduce production costs and shoot time, which
can lead to a reduction in the quality of the
footage. But at the same time, some
animators, using the technique of turning,
create highly artistic works, for example,
“Hedgehog in the Fog” (Yuri Norstein, 1975) 
Hedgehog in the Fog
 ROTOSCOPING

Photocopying is an animation
technique in which a cartoon is created
by drawing a frame by frame of a
nature film (with real actors and
scenery). First, the film was originally
developed by copying paper and
manually painted by the artist, now a
computer is actively used for these
History of Animation - Rotoscoping
purposes.
 ROTOSCOPING
Today, the main elements of rotoscoping are the imposition
of a mask on dynamic moving objects (mostly people or
vehicles) in a static environment, scenes for further
selection and processing.
In the scenery with the help of rotoscoping, you can
"duplicate" people and add scenery created with the help of
3D graphics, which can significantly save the creators of
the film financial and material resources.
This artistic technique allows you to add some elements
that were not on the set (for example, hallucinations of the
main characters, futuristic costumes, special perception of
reality by the characters...) Kpop Dance animation - Rotoscope
 MOTION CAPTURE

Motion capture is a technology of digital motion recording used in

entertainment, medical, sports, animation and cinematographic
software.

This technology was used to shoot "The Polar Express", "A Christmas
Carol", "Beowulf" and created such characters as Gollum in "The Lord
of the Rings" and King Kong in Peter Jackson's film. The essence of
this achievement of computer progress is as follows: the actor wears a
special suit, covered with many sensors that scan the movements of
the actor (in particular his muscles and bones) and transmit to the main
computer. Thus, it turns out that the skeleton of the actor "dances" on
the screen in front of the specialist, on which you can impose anything.
Beowulf Behind The Scenes
The advantages of using this technology are: the
ability to reproduce similar movements thanks to a
database stored on a computer; fast data
processing and faster product creation compared to
traditional animation methods; you can use free
programs, or quite cheap ones, which also
significantly reduces the cost of film production.
However, despite certain bonuses of this
technology, it is still rarely used, mostly for complex
works: creation of mythical or unreal characters,
etc. Quite rarely a film is completely shot using this
technology. THE POLAR EXPRESS | Behind The Scenes 
 REAL-TIME COMPUTER GRAPHICS

Modern Techniques for Real-Time Rendering

Real-time computer graphics is a subdivision

of computer graphics focused on the creation
and analysis of images in real-time. The term
is most commonly used to refer to three-
dimensional computer graphics, typically
using a graphics processor, in video games Real-Time Graphics in Pixar
that have the most visible users. The term can
also refer to anything related to graphical
interface rendering in applications to process
and analyze images in real-time.
The purpose of computer graphics is to create computer graphics using certain desired
indicators. This image is often called a frame. How quickly these images or frames are
generated in this second determines the real-time method.

The Forgotten | Blender 2.8EeveeRealtime Render Demo

 REFERENCES
1. “Astro Boy”, 1963
2. “Gertie the Dinosaur” Winsor McCay, 1914
3. “Hedgehog in the Fog” Yuri Norstein, 1975
4. “Journey to the Moon”, Lars C. Hassing and Henrik Hassing, 1973
5. A Guide to the History of Animation (https://www.masterclass.com/)
6. CGI animation explained: definition, history and examples (https://www.adobe.com/)
7. Cut out animation explained (https://www.adobe.com/)
8. History of animation (https://en.wikipedia.org/)
9. History of Animation in Japan (https://www.sundayobserver.lk/)
10. How Brickfilm Works(https://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/)
11. Limited Animation (https://tvtropes.org/)
12. Real-time computer graphics (https://en.wikipedia.org/)
13. What is motion capture and how does it work? (https://www.adobe.com/)
14. What is Rotoscope Animation? (https://www.studiobinder.com/)