Integration by Parts

Even if making substitutions, we cannot solve many integral problems using the following basic integral
table we provided in previous lessons. For example, this table is useless for finding the integral of the
product of two functions such as ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. Moreover, the integral of the product of two functions is
not equal to the product of the integrals of these functions.

න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≠ න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 . න 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Integration by Parts

Therefore, there is a method we will use especially for the integration of functions in the product case
and for some logarithmic and inverse trigonometric functions. This method is known as the method of
integration by parts.

1
PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY
 The method of integration by parts is based on the product rule for differentiation:

which we can write like this:

Integration by Parts

Integrating we get:

i.e.:

Writing 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑣 = 𝑔(𝑥), we have 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥, 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑔′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥, hence:

2
PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY
 Example: Find න 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
Integration by Parts

3
PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY
 Our aim in using integration by parts is to obtain a simpler integral than the one we started with. Thus, in
this example we started with ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 and expressed it in terms of the simpler integral ‫ ׬‬cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. If
we had chosen 𝑢 = sin 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥𝑑𝑥, then 𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑥 2 /2, so integration by parts gives
Integration by Parts

Although this is true, ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is a more difficult integral than the one we started with. In general,
when deciding on a choice for 𝑢 and 𝑑𝑣, we usually try to choose 𝑢 = 𝑓 𝑥 to be a function that becomes
simpler when differentiated (or at least not more complicated) as long as 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑔′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 can be readily
integrated to give 𝑣.

4
PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY
 Guidelines for Selecting 𝒖 and 𝒅𝒗:
“L-I-A-T-E” Choose ‘u’ to be the function that comes first in this list:
L: Logarithmic Function
I: Inverse Trig Function
A: Algebraic Function
T: Trig Function
Integration by Parts

E: Exponential Function

Example: Find න 𝑥 3 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution: Since ln 𝑥 is a logarithmic function and 𝑥 3 is an algebraic function, let

1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = ln 𝑥
(Since L comes before A in LIATE) 𝑥4
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑣=‫׬‬ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 4

𝑥4 𝑥4 1 𝑥4 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥4
න 𝑥 3 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − න 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 = ln 𝑥 − න 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥 − න 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥 − +𝐶
4 4 𝑥 4 4 4 16

5
PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY
 Example: Find න ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution: Since ln 𝑥 is a logarithmic function and 1 is an algebraic function, let

1
𝑢 = ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(Since L comes before A in LIATE)
Integration by Parts

𝑑𝑣 = 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = ‫ ׬‬1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥

1
න ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − න 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − න 1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥

6
PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY
 Example: Find න 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution: Since 𝑥 is an algebraic function and 𝑒 𝑥 is an exponential function, let

𝑢=𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
(Since A comes before E in LIATE) 𝑣 = ‫𝑥 𝑒 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑒 ׬‬
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Integration by Parts

න 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − න 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − න 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶

7
PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY
 Example: Find න sin 𝑥 ln cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution: Since ln cos 𝑥 is a logarithmic function and sin 𝑥 is an trigonometric function, let

− sin 𝑥
𝑢 = ln cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 = − tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(Since L comes before T in LIATE) cos 𝑥
Integration by Parts

𝑑𝑣 = sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = ‫ ׬‬sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥

න sin 𝑥 ln cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − න 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 = − cos 𝑥 ln cos 𝑥 − න − cos 𝑥 − tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= − cos 𝑥 ln cos 𝑥 − න cos 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 ln cos 𝑥 − න sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= − cos 𝑥 ln cos 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + 𝐶

8
PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY
 Example: Find න arcsin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution: Since arcsin 𝑥 is an inverse trigonometric function and 1 is an algebraic function, let

1
𝑢 = arcsin 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
Integration by Parts

(Since I comes before A in LIATE) 1−𝑥 2

𝑑𝑣 = 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = ‫ ׬‬1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥

𝑥 𝑡 = 1 − 𝑥2
න arcsin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − න 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 arcsin 𝑥 − න 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
න 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 = −2𝑥𝑑𝑥
1− 𝑥2
1− 𝑥2 1
𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑡
2
= 𝑥 arcsin 𝑥 + 1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝐶 1
− න 𝑡 −1/2 𝑑𝑡
2

1 1
− 2𝑡 2 = − 𝑡 = − 1 − 𝑥 2
2

9
PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY
 Sometimes we need to use the formula more than once.

Example: Find න 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

First application of integration by parts: Second application of integration by parts:

Integration by Parts

𝑢 = 𝑥2 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑢=𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = ‫𝑥 𝑒 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑒 ׬‬ 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = ‫𝑥 𝑒 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑒 ׬‬

න 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − න 𝑒 𝑥 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 න 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − න 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

න 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − 2 න 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 න 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶

න 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − 2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶

10
PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY
 Example: Find න 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

First application of integration by parts: Second application of integration by parts:

𝑢 = sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = ‫𝑥 𝑒 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑒 ׬‬ 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = ‫𝑥 𝑒 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑒 ׬‬
Integration by Parts

න 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − න 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 න 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − න 𝑒 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

න 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + න 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

න 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + න 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 2 න 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥

1 𝑥
න 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
2
11
PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY
 Integration by Parts for definite integral

Combining the formula of integration by parts with the Evaluation Theorem we get:
𝑏 𝑏
𝑏
න 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣ቚ − න 𝑣𝑑𝑢
1 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎
Example: Find න arctan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Integration by Parts

0
Solution: Since arctan 𝑥 is an inverse trigonometric function and 1 is an algebraic function, let
1
𝑢 = arctan 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 1+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
(Since I comes before A in LIATE) 1 𝑡 = 1 + 𝑥2
𝑑𝑣 = 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = ‫ ׬‬1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑡 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
න 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑥2 1
1 1 1
0 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
2
1 𝑥 𝜋 𝑥
න arctan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥arctan 𝑥 ቚ − න 𝑑𝑥 = −න 𝑑𝑥 2
0 1 + 𝑥2 4 1 + 𝑥2 1 𝑑𝑡 1 2 1
0 0 0 න = ln 𝑡 ቚ = ln 2
1
𝜋 1 2 𝑡 2 1 2
𝑥 1
= 1arctan 1 − 0arctan 0 − න 𝑑𝑥 = − ln 2
1 + 𝑥2 4 2
0
12
PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY
 Exercises
Find the given integrals

1. න 3𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Answer:

ln 𝑥
2. න 𝑑𝑥 Answer:
𝑥2
Integration by Parts

3. න 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Answer:

4. න arccos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Answer: 𝑥arccos 𝑥 − 1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝐶

2 𝑑𝑥 Answer:
5. න ln 𝑥
𝜋/2
1
6. න 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Answer: − 2
0
4
3
7. න ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Answer: 4 ln 2 − 2
1
13
PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY