Engineering Technology Department

Electronic Design and Manufacturing

(EETE 3334)

Part 2
Prof. Dr. Ahmad Al-Omari

Dr. Ahmad Al-Omari Engineering Technology Department

 Inductors
 Inductance is the characteristic of a device which resists change in the current through
the device.
 An inductor, also called a coil, choke, or reactor, is a passive two-terminal electrical
component that stores energy in a magnetic field when electric current flows through it.
 Inductors work on the principle that when a current flows in a coil of wire, a magnetic
field is produced, which collapses when the current is stopped. The collapsing magnetic
field produces an electromotive force which tries to maintain the current. When the coil
current is switched, the induced EMF would be produced in such a direction, so as to
oppose the build-up of the current.

Dr. Ahmad Al-Omari Engineering Technology Department

 Inductors
 The unit of inductance is Henry.
 An inductance of one Henry will induce a counter emf (electromotive force) of one volt
when the current through it is changing at the rate of one ampere per second.
 Inductances of several Henries are used in power supplies as smoothing chokes,
whereas smaller values (in the milli-or micro-Henry ranges) are used in audio and radio
frequency circuits.

Dr. Ahmad Al-Omari Engineering Technology Department

 Inductors
 The value of an inductor may be printed on the component body or it may be printed with
color bands (Figure 2.27), much in the same way as a resistor. For example, if the first
and second bands of an inductor are red (value 2) and the third band is orange (value 3),
the value of the inductor is 22,000 µH (micro-Henry). A fourth silver band will indicate its
tolerance as ±10%.

Dr. Ahmad Al-Omari Engineering Technology Department

 Diodes and Zener Diodes
 Diodes and Zener Diodes are well covered in Electronics I course and Electronics I lab.

Dr. Ahmad Al-Omari Engineering Technology Department

 Varactor Diode
 A varactor diode is a silicon diode that
works as a variable capacitor in
response to a range of reverse voltage
values.
 Varactors are available with nominal
capacitance values ranging from 1 to
500 pF, and with maximum rated
operating voltages extending from 10 to
100 volts.
 They mostly find applications in
automatic frequency control circuits.
 In a typical case, a varactor shows 10
pF capacitance at reverse voltage of 5
volts and 5 pF at 30 volts. Figure 2.34
shows different shapes of varactor
diodes.

Dr. Ahmad Al-Omari Engineering Technology Department

 Varactor Diode

Dr. Ahmad Al-Omari Engineering Technology Department

 Varactor Diode

Dr. Ahmad Al-Omari Engineering Technology Department

 Varistor
 A varistor is a semiconductor device that
has a voltage-dependent non-linear
resistance which drops as the applied
voltage is increased. Also known as a
voltage-dependent resistor (VDR)
 A forward biased germanium diode
shows such types of characteristics and
is often used in varistor applications,
such as in bias stabilization circuits.
 At low voltage the varistor has a high
electrical resistance which decreases as
the voltage is raised
 Symmetrical varistor arrangements are
used in meter protection circuits (Figure
2.35) wherein the diodes bypass the
current around the meter regardless of
the direction of current flow. If the meter
is accidentally overloaded, varistors do
not permit destructive voltages to develop
across the meter.

Dr. Ahmad Al-Omari Engineering Technology Department

 Light Emitting Diodes (LED)
 A light emitting diode is basically a pn junction that emits light when
forward biased. LEDs are available in various types and mounted
with various colored lenses like red, yellow and green.

 They are used mostly in displays employing seven segments that are
individually energized to form alphanumeric characters.

 LED displays are encountered in test equipment, calculators and

digital thermometers whereas LED arrays are used for specific
applications such as light sources, punched tape readers, position
readers, etc.

 Electrically, LEDs behave like ordinary diodes except that their

forward voltage drop is higher. For example, the typical values are;
IR (infra-red): 1.2 V, Red: 1.85 V, Yellow: 2 V, Green: 2.15 V.

Dr. Ahmad Al-Omari Engineering Technology Department

 Photodiode
 A photodiode is a solid state device,
similar to a conventional diode,
except that when light falls on it ( pn
junction), it causes the device to
conduct.
 It is practically an open circuit in
darkness, but conducts a substantial
amount of current when exposed to
light.

Dr. Ahmad Al-Omari Engineering Technology Department

 Tunnel Diode (TD)
 A tunnel diode is a pn junction which exhibits a negative resistance interval.
 The voltage current characteristics of a tunnel diode are shown in Figure 2.37.
 Negative resistance values range from 1 to 200 ohms for various types of tunnel diodes.

Dr. Ahmad Al-Omari Engineering Technology Department

 Tunnel Diode (TD)

Ip: Peak Current

Iv : Valley Current
Vp: Peak Voltage
Vv: Valley Voltage
Vf: Peak Forward Voltage

Tunnel Diode Characteristics

Dr. Ahmad Al-Omari Engineering Technology Department

 Transistors
 Transistors are well covered in Electronics I course and Electronics I lab.

Dr. Ahmad Al-Omari Engineering Technology Department

 Power Transistors
 The junctions of the power transistors have comparatively larger areas than small signal
transistors.
 A silicon power transistor are shown in Figure 2.44
 Power transistors are usually mounted on the heat sinks or heat radiators (Figure 2.45).
They are sometimes mounted on the chassis using silicon grease to increase heat
transfer.

Dr. Ahmad Al-Omari Engineering Technology Department

 Power Transistors
 Power transistors shapes

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 Integrated Circuits (ICs)

Dr. Ahmad Al-Omari Engineering Technology Department

 Three-terminal Voltage Regulator
 A typical three-pin regulator for +5 volts is 78L05.
 The input voltage in both the types of 7805 is +35 volts.
 There are many types of three-pin regulators with different output voltages such as: 5
V, 6 V, 8 V, 9 V, 10 V, 12 V, 15 V, and 18 V.

Dr. Ahmad Al-Omari Engineering Technology Department

 Surface Mount Devices
 The conventional through-hole mounting technology used for printed circuit
assemblies is being increasingly superseded by surface mount technology. Instead of
inserting leaded components through the holes, special miniaturized components are
directly attached and soldered to the printed circuit board.
 The surface mounted components and their packing are particularly suitable for
automatic assembly. The advantages of surface mounting are streamlined production,
reduced board size and increased reliability.
 The prime motivation for introducing surface mount technology (SMT) is, thus, density
increase and board area reduction due to continuous demand and market trend for
miniaturization in electronic assembly, particularly in portable products.

Dr. Ahmad Al-Omari Engineering Technology Department

 Surface Mount Devices

Dr. Ahmad Al-Omari Engineering Technology Department

 Heat Sinks
 Electronic components, particularly semiconductor devices, show temperature-dependent
characteristics. They can be permanently damaged by over-heating if the temperature of
the device is not maintained within specified limits.
 Therefore, necessary to determine how much heat an active component will generate and
also to make arrangements for its dissipation. This is usually done by providing a heat
sink.

Dr. Ahmad Al-Omari Engineering Technology Department

 Heat Sinks

Dr. Ahmad Al-Omari Engineering Technology Department

 Transformers- How transformers work
 A basic transformer consists of two sets of
coils or windings. Each set of windings is
simply an inductor. AC voltage is applied to
one of the windings, called the primary
winding. The other winding, called the
secondary winding, is positioned in close
proximity to the primary winding, but is
electrically isolated from it.

 The alternating current that flows through the primary winding establishes a time-varying
magnetic flux, some of which links to the secondary winding and induces a voltage across
it. The magnitude of this voltage is proportional to the ratio of the number of turns on the
primary winding to the number of turns on the secondary winding. This is known as the
“turns ratio.”
 To maximize flux linkage with the secondary circuit, an iron core is often used to provide a
low-reluctance path for the magnetic flux. The polarity of the windings describes the
direction in which the coils were wound onto the core. Polarity determines whether the flux
produced by one winding is additive or subtractive with respect to the flux produced by
another winding.

Dr. Ahmad Al-Omari Engineering Technology Department

 Relays

 A relay is an electrically operated switch.

 A relay is an electromechanical device. It
depends upon the energizing of a magnetic
coil (solenoid) in one circuit to control the
opening or closing of contacts in a
completely different circuit.
 The relay solenoid and the contacts of that
relay may appear in different locations on
the diagram.
 Relays found in applications where it is
necessary to control a circuit by a low-power
signal, or where several circuits must be
controlled by one signal.

Dr. Ahmad Al-Omari Engineering Technology Department

 Relays
 The first relay was used in long distance telegraph
circuits, repeating the signal coming in from one
circuit and re-transmitting it to another.
 Relays used in telephone exchangers and early
computers to perform logical operations.
 A type of relay that can handle the high power
required to directly drive an electric motor is called a
contactor.
 Solid-state relays control power circuits with no
moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device
triggered by light to perform switching.
 Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and
sometimes multiple operating coils are used to
protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in
modern electric power systems these functions are
performed by digital instruments still called
"protection relays".

Dr. Ahmad Al-Omari Engineering Technology Department

 Relays

 Symbol and types of relays

(a) relay with two normally open contacts and
one normally closed contact
(b) relay with normally closed contacts
(c) another symbol for relay
(d) solid state relay with optical isolation of
inputs/output terminals, dual-in-line
package
(e) single-in-line package
(f) reed relay with normal connection between
1–8 changes over to 14–8 when operated
(g) reed relay with normally open between
14–8, closes after relay operation.

Dr. Ahmad Al-Omari Engineering Technology Department