Electrostatics

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ld/createField.htm
 Electrostatics
Welcome…

…to Electrostatic 2
 Outline
 Maxwell’s Equations
 Coulomb’s Law and Gauss’s Law
 Electric Scalar Potential
 Electrical Properties of Materials
 Conductors
 Dielectrics
 Electric Boundary Conditions
 Capacitance
 Image Method 3
Electric Charge
The Transfer of Charge

SILK

Glass Rod

Some materials attract electrons

more than others.
 Electric Charge
The Transfer of Charge

SILK
+ -

Glass Rod

As the glass rod is rubbed against silk,

electrons are pulled off the glass onto the silk.
 Electric Charge
The Transfer of Charge

SILK
+ -
+ -
Glass Rod

Usually matter is charge neutral, because the number of

electrons and protons are equal. But here the silk has an
excess of electrons and the rod a deficit.
 Electric Charge
The Transfer of Charge

+ SILK
+ - - -
+
+ - -
+
Glass Rod

Glass and silk are insulators:

charges stuck on them stay put.
 Maxwell’s Equations
 D = v
B
E = −
t
 B=0
D
H = J +
t
• Time varying electric and magnetic fields are coupled together
and both have to exist 8
Electrostatic, Magnetostatic Maxwell’s Equations

 D = v
E = 0
 B=0
H = J
• All charges are fixed in space or moving with a constant speed.
• ρv and J are constant values (not changing with time)
• Electric and magnetic fields are non-time varying and are decoupled
9
Contour, Surface and Volume Conventions
S C • open surface S bounded by
closed contour C
• dS in direction given by
dS RH rule

S • volume V bounded by
closed surface S
V • dS in direction outward
from V
dS
Electrostatics

 Charges make E fields and

forces
 charges make scalar
potential differences dV
 E can be found from V
 Electric forces move charges
 Electric fields store energy
(capacitance)
Charge Distributions

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 Charge Densities
 At macroscopic scale we can ignore the discontinuity
in charge and assume it is continuously distributed
in a volume

q dq
 v = lim =  Q =   v dv
v →0 v dv v

q dq
s = lim =  Q =  s ds
s →0 s ds s

q dq
l = lim =  Q =  l dl
l →0 l dl l
13
 Example1
 Q: Calculate the total charge Q contained in a cylindrical tube
of charge oriented in the z-axis if the line charge density is
ρl=2z C/m

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Example 1

0.1 0.1
Q =  l dz =  2 z dz = 10 C
−2
0 0
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 Example 2
 Q: Calculate the total charge Q contained on a disk surface if it
contains a surface charge that is azimuthally symmetric and increases
linearly with r from zero at the center to 6 C/m2 at r = 3 cm

16
Example 2

6−0
s = −2
r = 2  10 r
2

3 10
( 2 10 r ) r dr d = 11.31C
2 310−2
Q =  s ds =  
2
s  =0 r =0 17
Exercise 1

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Exercise 1

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Exercise 2

ELEC 311: Electromagnetics S2010 20

Exercise 2

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 Current Density
 A tube of charges with volume
charge density ρv
 Charges are moving with mean
velocity u along the axis of the tube
 Over a period Δt the charges move
distance Δl = u Δt
 The amount of charge that crosses
the cross-sectional area Δs’ in time
Δt is:
J =  vu ( A/m )
2

I =  J . ds
S
(A) 22
 Current Types
 Conduction current
 Actual charged matter doesn’t move.
 Only charges (electrons) move
 Obeys Ohm’s law
 Current in a conducting wire

 Convection current
 Actual charged matter moves
 Doesn’t obey Ohm’s law
 Movement of a charged cloud 23
 Coulomb’s Law
(Electric field due to a point charge)

^
q
E=R (V/m)
4πεR 2

D=ε E
−9
ε = ε r ε 0 , ε 0 = (1 / 36π )  10 (F/m) 24
 Electric Field Lines
Electric field lines help us visualize the electric field and predict how
charged particles would respond the field.

- +

Example: electric field lines for isolated +2e and -e charges. 25

Here’s how electric field lines are related to the field:
• The electric field vector E is tangent to the field lines.
• The number of lines per unit area through a surface
perpendicular to the lines is proportional to the electric field
strength in that region
• The field lines begin on positive charges and end on negative
charges.
• The number of lines leaving a positive charge or approaching a
negative charge is proportional to the magnitude of the charge.
• No two field lines can cross. 26
Here’s how electric field lines are related to the field:

27
28
 Several Charges?
Ea
+Qc Eb
+Qd Ec
Ed
Ee
-Qe
+Qa

-Qb

29
 Several Charges?
Ea
+Qc
Eb
+Qd
EcEc
Ed
Ee
-Qe
+Qa ETOT

ETOT
-Qb

30
 Electric Field
Two opposite charges are placed on a line as shown below. The
charge on the right is three times larger than the charge on the
left. Other than at infinity, where is the electric field zero?

1. Between the two charges

2. To the right of the charge on the right
3. To the left of the charge on the left
4. The electric field is nowhere zero
5. Not enough info – need to know which is positive
6. I don’t know
 Electric Field
Answer: 3. To the left of the charge on the left

Between: field goes from source to sink.

On right: field dominated by qR (bigger & closer).
On left: because qL is weaker, its “push” left will somewhere be
balanced by qR’s “pull” right
 Coulomb’s Law
(Electric field due to multiple point charges)

1 N q i (R- R i )
E=  (V/m)
4πε i =1 R- R i
3
33
Exercise 3

34
Exercise 3

35
Exercise 3

36
Continuous Charge
Distributions

37
Continuous Sources: Charge Density
dQ =  dV
R Volume = V =  R 2 L Q
=
V
L
dQ =  dA
w Area = A = wL Q
=
L A

Length = L dQ =  dL
Q
L =
L 38
Electric Field due to Charge Distribution

1 ^ ρv dυ 
E =  dE =  R (volume distribution)
υ 4πε υ  R  2

1 ^ ρ s ds 
E =  dE =  R (surface distribution)
s 4πε s  R  2

1 ^ ρ l dl 
E =  dE =  R (line distribution)
l 4πε l  R  2
39
Example 4.5

Find the electric field at a point P(0,0,h) in free space due

to a circular disk of charge density s, and then evaluate
E for the infinite sheet case by letting a→.

40
Example 4.5

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Example 4.5
dq=sds=2srdr

42
Exercise 4.6

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Exercise4.6

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