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Chapter 06
Test Bank
1. Feelings or affects that occur when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his or her well-being are
known as:
A. temperament.
B. emotions.
C. personality trait.
D. feeling states.
Page: 172
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.1
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the development of emotions and personality in infancy.
Topic: Early emotions
2. Which of the following statements about emotions is NOT true?

A. Emotions are generally classified as positive or negative.
B. Emotions are influenced by biological foundations and experiences.
C. The ability to regulate emotions is present at birth.
D. Emotions are the first language with which parents and infants communicate.
Page: 172
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty Level: Medium
3. Which of the following is an important role played by emotions during infancy?

A. Cognition
B. Communication
C. Sensation
D. Suckling
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Bloom's: Remember
4. Especially in infancy, emotions play important roles in:

A. independence.
B. reciprocal socialization.
6-1
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
C. sensation.
D. behavioral organization.
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APA LO: 1.1
Bloom's: Remember
5. The infant's ability to regulate emotions is tied to:

A. the gradual maturation of the frontal regions of the cerebral cortex.
B. parental history of emotional control.
C. the pace of myelination in the parietal lobe.
D. the growth of the cerebellum in the initial four months after birth.
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Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Biological and environmental influences
6. Which of the following statements about emotions is FALSE?

A. Emotions are the first language with which parents and infants communicate.
B. Social relationships provide the setting for the development of a rich variety of emotions.
C. Biological evolution has endowed human beings to be emotional.
D. Embeddedness in relationships prevents diversity in emotional experiences.
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APA LO: 1.2
Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Biological and environmental influences
7. Emotions that are present in humans and animals and that appear in the first 6 months of the human infant's development are known as:
A. primitive emotions.
B. innate emotions.
C. primary emotions.
D. evolved emotions.
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APA LO: 1.1
Bloom's: Remember
8. Which of the following is NOT a primary emotion?

A. Joy
B. Anger
C. Fear
D. Pride
Page: 173
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Bloom's: Understand
9. _____ emotions are present in humans and other animals.

A. Self-conscious
B. Tertiary
C. Primary
D. Other-conscious
6-2
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APA LO: 1.1
Bloom's: Remember
10. _____ emotions appear in the first six months of the human infant's development.
A. Primary
B. Tertiary
C. Other-conscious
D. Self-conscious
APA LO: 1.1
Bloom's: Remember
11. Five-month-old Caitlyn demonstrates surprise when an unexpected event occurs. This is a demonstration of a(n) _____ emotion.
A. negative
B. self-conscious
C. other-conscious
D. primary
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty Level: Hard
12. Makiko feels ashamed when her friend comes over for a playdate and teases her about wearing night-time diapers. This is an example of _____
emotions.
A. primary
B. other-worldly
C. other-conscious
D. conscious
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APA LO: 1.3
Bloom's: Apply
13. Which of the following is an "other-conscious" emotion?

A. Interest
B. Pride
C. Disgust
D. Fear
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Bloom's: Remember
14. Which of the following statements about self-conscious emotions is TRUE?

A. They are emotions that are present in humans and other animals.
B. These emotions appear in the first six months of the infant's development.
C. They include emotions like surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust.
D. They involve the emotional reactions of others when they are generated.
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Bloom's: Understand
6-3
15. Experts on infant socioemotional development, such as Jerome Kagan, conclude that _____ makes it unlikely that emotions which require
thought can be experienced in the first year.
A. lack of innate emotions in the infant brain
B. the structural immaturity of the infant brain
C. incomplete myelination in the first two months
D. lack of reciprocity of emotional expressions
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APA LO: 1.2
Bloom's: Understand
16. What is the opinion of experts on infant socioemotional development, such as Jerome Kagan, on the infant's capacity to display emotions like
guilt, pride, despair, shame, empathy, and jealousy in the first year?
A. The structural immaturity of the infant brain makes it unlikely that such emotions can be experienced in the first year.
B. Infants characterized by negative affectivity are more prone to experience such emotions in the first ear.
C. The excitability of the amygdala plays an important role in the development of such emotions.
D. Cultural differences in temperament prevent Asian infants from experiencing such emotions in the first year.
Page: 173
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom's: Understand
17. Mario brings his mother his favorite teddy bear to comfort her when she has had a bad day at work. This demonstrates a(n) _____ emotion.
A. primary
B. self-conscious
C. negative
D. unconscious
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Bloom's: Understand
18. Most of the _____ emotions occur for the first time at some point in the second half of the first year through the second year.
A. unconscious
B. primary
C. negative
D. self-conscious
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Bloom's: Remember
19. Which of the following terms is used to describe the mutually regulated interactions between parents and infants?
A. Other-conscious
B. Innate
C. Regulated
D. Synchronous
Page: 174
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Bloom's: Remember
6-4
Topic: Emotional expression and social relationships
20. Which of the following statements is NOT true of crying?

A. It is the most important mechanism newborns have for communicating with their world.
B. The first cry verifies that the baby's lungs have filled with air.
C. It provides information about the health of the newborn's central nervous system.
D. Newborns respond with positive facial expressions when they hear other newborns cry.
Page: 174
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Crying
21. Two-month-old Trey is crying loudly. It is a sudden long, initial loud cry followed by breath holding. This type of cry indicates that Trey is:
A. experiencing pain.
B. experiencing embarrassment.
C. very angry.
D. very hungry.
Page: 174
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom's: Apply
Topic: Crying
22. Babies have three types of cries. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
A. Anger cry
B. Hunger cry
C. Pain cry
D. Basic cry
Page: 174
APA LO: 1.1
Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Crying
23. When one-month-old Mai is sleeping, it often looks like she is smiling. This is an example of a _____ smile.
A. private
B. reflexive
C. natural
D. social
Page: 175
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom's: Apply
Topic: Smiling
24. Which of the following is TRUE of social smiling?

A. It does not occur in response to external stimuli.
B. It appears during the first month after birth.
C. It usually appears during sleep.
D. The external stimulus is typically a face, in the case of young infants.
Page: 175
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Smiling
25. Three-month-old Zoey looks up at her mother and smiles. Researchers call this type of smiling:
A. trust smiling.
6-5
B. social smiling.
C. reflexive smiling.
D. attachment smiling.
Page: 175
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Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Smiling
26. Nakita is 18 months old, and she has a tendency to cry when strangers come near her. She is displaying one of a baby's earliest emotions, _____.
A. fear
B. embarrassment
C. jealousy
D. pride
Page: 175
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom's: Apply
Topic: Fear
27. Researchers have found that infant _____ is linked to guilt, empathy, and low aggression at six to seven years of age.
A. pride
B. embarrassment
C. fear
D. jealousy
Page: 175
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Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Fear
28. The most frequent expression of an infant's fear involves:

A. fear of heights.
B. separation protest.
C. stranger anxiety.
D. ostracism fear.
Page: 175
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Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Fear
29. The fear of strangers peaks:

A. in the first three months after birth.
B. toward the end of the first year of life.
C. toward the middle of the second year of life.
D. in the first six months after birth.
Page: 175
APA LO: 1.1
Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Fear
30. Researchers have found that infant fear is linked to all of the following at six to seven years of age EXCEPT:
A. guilt.
B. empathy.
C. high aggression.
D. low aggression.
6-6
Page: 175
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Fear
31. In which of the following situations will nine-month-old Lucy show the LEAST stranger anxiety?
A. When she meets an unsmiling stranger at her home
B. When she meets another nine-month-old baby at her home
C. When she meets a passive stranger in an unfamiliar place
D. When she meets an aggressive stranger in an unfamiliar place
Page: 175
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom's: Apply
Topic: Fear
32. Infants show _____ when they are in familiar settings.

A. more stranger anxiety
B. no separation protest
C. less stranger anxiety
D. more separation protest
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APA LO: 1.2
Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Fear
33. Separation protest is characterized by:

A. rejoicing when the caregiver returns.
B. crying when the caregiver shouts.
C. crying when the caregiver leaves.
D. indifference to the whereabouts of the caregiver.
Page: 175
APA LO: 1.1
Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Fear
34. Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding separation protests?

A. The percentage of infants who engaged in separation protest varied across cultures.
B. Infants reached a peak of protest at about the same age across cultures.
C. It is initially displayed by infants at approximately 10 to 12 months.
D. It peaks at about 15 months among U.S. infants.
Page: 175
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Fear
35. Infancy experts Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby stress that _____ is an important ingredient in developing a strong bond between the infant
and caregiver.
A. a quick, comforting response to the infant's cries
B. ignoring the infant's cries
C. forcefully telling the infant not to cry
D. responding too much to infant crying
Page: 175
6-7
APA LO: 1.1
Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Emotional regulation and coping
36. Which of the following is not true about soothing babies?

A. Developmental psychologists increasingly agree that soothing a crying baby is important to increasing trust.
B. Research shows that fathers are more likely than mothers to use soothing techniques to reduce an infant’s crying.
C. Difficulty soothing at six months is linked to insecure attachment at 12 months.
D. The mother’s negative emotions to the infant’s crying is linked to increased risk of subsequent insecure attachment.
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Bloom's: Understand
37. _____ involves individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding.
A. Attachment
B. Temperament
C. Perception
D. Social referencing
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Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Temperament
38. "Easy child," "difficult child," and "slow-to-warm-up child" are three basic types of _____ identified by psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella
Thomas.
A. trust
B. emotion
C. attachment
D. temperament
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APA LO: 1.1
Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Chess and Thomas’ classification
39. When Josh was dropped off at preschool on the very first day of class, he was quite upset. He cried for a long time and would not play with the
other children. According to psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas, what type of temperament does Josh have?
A. Slow-to-warm-up
B. Easy
C. Difficult
D. Inflexible
Page: 176
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom's: Apply
40. Sakura isn't a particularly active child, and he tends to be wary of new situations and people. Although he doesn't cry, he dislikes dealing with
novel situations. According to Thomas & Chess, he would be classified as:
A. an easy child.
B. a difficult child.
C. a slow-to-warm-up child.
D. a slow child.
Page: 176
APA LO: 1.3
6-8
Bloom's: Apply
41. In their longitudinal investigation, Chess and Thomas found that _____ percent of the children they studied could be classified as easy.
A. 25
B. 30
C. 40
D. 55
Page: 177
APA LO: 1.1
Bloom's: Remember
42. Betty and Allen's child, Cara, is usually in a pleasant mood. She has a regular routine but can readily adapt to changes. According to Chess and
Thomas, Cara would be classified as:
A. a passive child.
B. an easy child.
C. a slow-to-warm-up child.
D. an inhibited child.
Page: 176
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom's: Apply
43. Jerome Kagan's classification of temperament focuses on:

A. inhibition to the unfamiliar.
B. positive or negative mood state.
C. effortful control.
D. (hyper) activity level.
Page: 177
APA LO: 1.1
Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Kagan's behavioral inhibition
44. According to Jerome Kagan, children with the following type of temperament at age two to three later related to social phobia symptoms at seven
years of age:
A. Inhibited
B. Extremely uninhibited
C. Intermediate
D. Surgent
Page: 177
APA LO: 1.1
Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Kagan's behavioral inhibition
45. Mary Rothbart and John Bates believe that infant temperament falls into which of the following categories?
A. Emotionality, social ability, and activity level
B. Extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control
C. Easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up
D. Extraversion, introversion, and emotionality
Page: 177
APA LO: 1.1
Bloom's: Remember
6-9
Topic: Rothbart and Bates' classification
46. According to Rothbart and Bates' new classification of temperament, in which category would Kagan's uninhibited children fit into?
A. Self-regulation
B. Negative affectivity
C. Extraversion/surgency
D. Effortful control
Page: 177
APA LO: 1.1
Bloom's: Remember
47. Recent research has shown that the group of preschool children that have the following temperament, as classified by Rothbart and Bates, engage
in more obesity-related eating disorder behavior.
A. Extraversion/surgency
B. Negative affectivity
C. Effortful control
D. Self-deregulated
Page: 177
APA LO: 1.1
Bloom's: Remember
48. The recent focus on _____ emphasizes that individuals can engage in a more cognitive, flexible approach to stressful circumstances.
A. extraversion
B. extreme inhibition
C. negative affectivity
D. effortful control
Page: 177
APA LO: 1.1
Bloom's: Remember
49. According to Jerome Kagan, temperament:

A. is the result of inherited physiological characteristics; however, it can be modified to some degree by the environment.
B. is the result of inherited physiological characteristics and cannot be modified by the environment.
C. is minimally influenced by inherited physiological characteristics but is primarily the result of environmental input.
D. results completely from environmental factors such as parenting styles.
Page: 178
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Biological influences
50. An inhibited temperament has been associated with all of the following EXCEPT:
A. low thyroxine level.
B. stable heart rate.
C. high level of the hormone cortisol.
D. high activity in the right frontal lobe of the brain.
Page: 178
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Biological influences
6-10
51. In North America, parents tend to prefer children with a(n) _____ temperament, whereas in China, a(n) _____ temperament is more highly
valued.
A. active; inhibited
B. inhibited; active
C. inner focused; outward focused
D. outward focused; inner focused
Page: 179
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Gender and culture
52. _____ refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with.
A. Social referencing
B. Secure attachment
C. Goodness of fit
D. Reciprocal socialization
Page: 179
APA LO: 1.1
Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Goodness of fit
53. Monsena is an independent and adventurous child who likes to explore new places in her environment. However, her mother is overprotective
and forbids Monsena from going to the backyard or garden at their house. Developmental psychologists would say that this discrepancy concerns:
A. goodness of fit.
B. nonreciprocal interactions.
C. social dysfunction.
D. insecure attachment.
Page: 179
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom's: Apply
54. Alex is considered to have a difficult temperament. According to the differential susceptibility model and the biological sensitivity to context
model, which of the following is MOST accurate?
A. Alex will fail every time he is put in a difficult situation.
B. Alex will have difficulty in adverse situations and will also be less likely to grow from supportive situations.
C. Alex will have difficulty in adverse situations and will also be more likely to grow from supportive situations.
D. Alex will succeed in adverse situations, but not grow much from supportive situations.
Page: 180
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom's: Apply
Topic: Temperament
55. Which of the following would Erik Erikson be most likely to recommend about soothing a crying infant?
A. Do not soothe the baby because he or she will be spoiled.
B. Pick up the baby and soothe him or her so that a healthy sense of trust develops.
C. Allow the infant to cry because this will encourage the development of a self-sufficient child.
D. Soothe the baby every other time, so that he or she does not become dependent on external comforters.
Page: 181
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Bloom's: Apply
Topic: Trust
6-11
56. Researchers have had mothers put a dot of rouge on the noses of babies and place the babies in front of mirrors to see their reaction. These
researchers are studying the concept of:
A. trust.
B. attachment.
C. temperament.
D. sense of self.
Page: 181
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Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Developing sense of self
57. Eight-month-old Michael is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose. Michael will most likely:
A. touch his own nose to wipe off the spot.
B. touch the spot on the mirror because he wants to wipe the spot off his own nose.
C. touch the spot on the mirror because he wonders why that other child has a spot on his nose.
D. crawl away from the mirror because he does not recognize his own reflection in the mirror.
Page: 181
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom's: Apply
58. Twenty-four-month-old Tyler is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose. Tyler will most likely:
A. touch his own nose to wipe off the spot.
B. touch the spot on the mirror because he wants to wipe the spot off his own nose.
C. touch the spot on the mirror because he wonders why that other child has a spot on his nose.
D. crawl away from the mirror because he does not recognize himself with the spot on his nose.
Page: 181
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom's: Apply
59. Erik Erikson describes the second stage of personality development as the stage of _____ versus shame and doubt.
A. curiosity
B. dependence
C. autonomy
D. fear
Page: 182
APA LO: 1.1
Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory: Independence
60. What types of behaviors in caregivers create a sense of shame and doubt in children?
A. Overprotectiveness and criticism
B. Neglectfulness and indifference
C. Enmeshment and fear
D. Patience and tolerance
Page: 182
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory: Independence
61. Tara holds her two-month-old daughter, Sonia, close to her, makes eye contact, and smiles and sings softly to her. Tara is engaging in:
A. face-to-face play.
6-12
B. parallel play.
C. joint attention.
D. imitation.
Page: 183
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom's: Apply
Learning Objective: 6.2: Describe social orientation/understanding and the development of attachment in infancy.
Topic: Social orientation
62. By two to three months of age, most infants expect people to react positively when the infants initiate a behavior, such as a smile or a
vocalization. This finding has been discovered using a method called the:
A. regulation of affect.
B. parallel paradigm.
C. still-face paradigm.
D. interactive repair.
Page: 183
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Bloom's: Understand
63. Which of the following observations about social orientation of infants is FALSE?
A. As early as two to three months of age, infants show more negative emotions when their caregivers are still and unresponsive.
B. The frequency of face-to-face play decreases after seven months of age as infants become more mobile.
C. At two to three months of age, most infants expect people to react positively when the infants initiate a positive behavior.
D. Infants' affect displays during the still-face paradigm are not linked to secure attachment during infancy.
Page: 183
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom's: Understand
64. Which of the following would be considered a result of an infant who is having increased locomotive skills (walking, crawling, etc), during their
second year of life?
A. Increase in face-to-face play
B. Increased independent social interchanges
C. Coincidental cooperative behavior
D. Decreased expectation of positive interaction
Page: 183
APA LO: 1.1
Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Independence
65. Juan has been showing marked increase in his imitative and reciprocal play. He goes around imitating nonverbal actions like jumping and
running. Juan is probably:
A. around six months old.
B. between six and nine months old.
C. between 12 and 18 months old.
D. between 18 and 24 months old.
Page: 182
APA LO: 1.1
Bloom's: Apply
66. Which concept helps the infant to understand that other people have intentions?
A. Habituation
6-13
B. Joint attention
C. Core knowledge approach
D. The A-not-B error
Page: 184
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Intention and goal-directed behavior
67. What is the term used to describe "reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation?
A. Social referencing
B. Deferred imitation
C. Infinite generativity
D. Reciprocal socialization
Page: 184
APA LO: 1.1
Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Social referencing
68. Quimby, 15 months old, looks to her mother to see if she should be afraid of the stranger who has come to her home. Quimby relaxes when she
sees her mother smiling and speaking to the stranger in a calm voice. Quimby is engaging in:
A. social checking.
B. social scoping.
C. social referencing.
D. social validation.
Page: 184
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom's: Apply
69. Researchers are discovering that infants are more socially sophisticated and insightful at younger ages than previously envisioned. In which
aspect is this sophistication and insight reflected?
A. In infants' perceptions of others' actions as intentionally motivated and goal-directed
B. In infants' awareness of their selves as an independent entity
C. In infants' development of more finely refined sensory perceptions, such as vision and hearing
D. In infants' ability to manipulate objects in an effective manner
Page: 184
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Social sophistication and insight
70. According to Freud, infants become attached to the person or object:

A. that is perceived to be a non-stranger.
B. that provides physical comfort.
C. that provides oral satisfaction.
D. that provides a sense of trust.
Page: 184
APA LO: 1.1
Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Attachment
71. What is the significant finding of Harlow's experiments on monkeys reared by surrogate mothers?
A. Contact comfort is not the crucial element in the attachment process.
B. Feeding is the crucial element in the attachment process.
6-14
C. Contact comfort is the crucial element in the attachment process.
D. Feeding and contact comfort are equally important in the attachment process.
Page: 184
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Attachment
72. According to Erikson, _____ are keys to establishing a basic trust in infants.
A. physical comfort and sensitive care
B. feeding and physical comfort
C. contact comfort and feeding
D. oral satisfaction and physical comfort
Page: 185
APA LO: 1.1
Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Attachment
73. During phase 1 of John Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, what is most likely to occur?
A. An infant will show signs of attachment toward the caregiver and anxiety toward strangers.
B. An infant will begin to attach to one person and can distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people.
C. An infant is securely attached to the mother but is still trying to form an attachment with the father.
D. An infant is likely to exhibit smiling or crying in response to strangers, siblings, or parents.
Page: 185
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Attachment
74. According to John Bowlby, at what age do infants or children begin to take into consideration the feelings of others before acting?
A. Before 6 months
B. Between 12 to 18 months
C. Between 18 to 20 months
D. From 24 months onwards
Page: 185
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Attachment
75. Which of the following characterizes phase 1 of Bowlby's model of attachment?

A. Infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures.
B. Children become aware of others' feelings, goals, and plans and begin to take these into account in forming their own actions.
C. Attachment becomes focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver.
D. Infants start to lose attachment to their primary caregivers.
Page: 185
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Attachment
76. In which of the following phases of Bowlby's model of attachment does attachment become focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver?
A. Phase 3
B. Phase 1
C. Phase 2
D. Phase 4
6-15
Page: 185
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Attachment
77. According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, how long does phase 1 last?
A. From 10 to 18 months
B. From birth to 2 months
C. From 2 to 7 months
D. From 18 to 24 months
Page: 185
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Attachment
78. According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, which of the following occurs during phase 3?
A. Attachment becomes focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver, as the baby gradually learns to distinguish familiar from unfamiliar
people.
B. Strangers, siblings, and parents are equally likely to elicit smiling or crying from the infant.
C. Children become aware of others' feelings, goals, and plans and begin to take these into account in forming their own actions.
D. With increased locomotor skills, babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers, such as the mother or father.
Page: 185
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Attachment
79. According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, which of the following is the time period for phase 3?
A. From birth to 2 months
B. From 2 to 7 months
D. From 24 months on
Page: 185
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Attachment
80. According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, what is the time period of phase 2?
A. From 2 to 7 months
B. From birth to 2 months
D. From 8 to 12 months
Page: 185
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Attachment
81. Anthony is just starting to crawl and has taken to following his mother around the house. He also lifts his arms up to her when he wants to be
picked up. According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, which phase is Anthony currently in?
A. Phase 1
B. Phase 2
C. Phase 4
D. Phase 3
6-16
Page: 185
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom's: Apply
Topic: Attachment
82. John Bowlby argued that infants develop a(n) _____ model of attachment.
A. external working
B. internal working
C. external passive
D. internal passive
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Topic: Attachment
83. According to John Bowlby, an infant's internal working model of attachment includes a simple mental model of the caregiver, their relationship,
and the self as:
A. being independent.
B. deserving of nurturant care.
C. deserving of constant attention.
D. being helpless.
Page: 185
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Topic: Attachment
84. The Strange Situation is an observational measure of infant attachment developed by Mary Ainsworth. It requires the infant to:
A. crawl through a dark tunnel with his or her mother and a stranger waiting on the other side.
B. move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with his or her mother and a stranger.
C. experience loud noises in a room with only a stranger present.
D. choose between his or her mother and father in a strange situation.
Page: 185
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Topic: Strange situation
85. When put on the floor to play, baby Elaine cries as if she wants to be held. When her mother picks her up though, Elaine pushes away with both
arms and turns her head away. Mary Ainsworth would say that Elaine is:
A. securely attached.
B. insecure avoidant.
C. insecure resistant.
D. insecure disorganized.
Page: 186
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86. In the Strange Situation, Latoya basically ignored her mother, was not upset when she left the room, and did not seek her out when she returned.
Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Latoya as being:
D. insecure antisocial.
6-17
Page: 185
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87. In the Strange Situation, Jermaine used his mother as a "safe base" as he actively explored the playroom. Mary Ainsworth would most likely
classify Jermaine as being:
B. trusting attached.
C. agape-love attached.
D. solidly attached.
Page: 185
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88. In the Strange Situation, Quentin cries mildly when his caregiver departs. However, he is happy upon reunion, and then, continues to explore
once the caregiver has returned. He would be classified as being:
B. insecure disorganized.
D. insecure avoidant.
Page: 185
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89. Diego is in the Strange Situation with his caregiver; he explores the room and examines the toys that have been placed in it. He uses the caregiver
as a secure base from which to explore the room. He would be classified as being:
A. insecure resistant.
C. securely attached.
Page: 185
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90. Austin is in the Strange Situation and shows strong patterns of avoidance and resistance. He also displays extreme fearfulness around the
caregiver. He would be classified as being:
A. resistant.
B. avoidant.
C. attached.
D. disorganized.
Page: 186
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91. Parker is in the Strange Situation, he shows little interaction with his caregiver. He isn't distressed upon separation and does not reestablish
contact upon reunion. He would be classified as being:
6-18
Page: 185
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92. Insecure avoidant babies show:

A. displeasure by violently reacting to the situation.
B. insecurity by avoiding the caregiver.
C. secure attachment to the caregiver.
D. insecurity by avoiding the stranger.
Page: 185
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93. Natalie is in the Strange Situation, and she clings anxiously to her caregiver. She does not explore the playroom. She would most likely be
classified as being:
D. insecure avoidant.
Page: 186
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94. Which of the following babies would appear disoriented in the Strange Situation created by Mary Ainsworth?
A. Tina who is securely attached to her caregiver.
B. Henry who is an insecure resistant baby.
C. Clara who is an insecure disorganized baby.
D. Tobias who is insecure and avoidant toward his caregiver.
Page: 186
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95. Tiara is in the Strange Situation and appears dazed, confused, and fearful. She would most likely be classified as being:
A. insecure avoidant.
D. securely attached.
Page: 186
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96. Mariposa is in the Strange Situation; she moves freely away from her mother but keeps track of where she is through periodic glances. She would
most likely be classified as being:
A. insecurely attached.
B. extremely inhibited.
C. securely attached.
6-19
D. difficult.
Page: 185
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97. In the Strange Situation, Cameron did not explore the playroom, clung to his mother when she was in the room, and was very upset when she left
the room. When she returned, he appeared to be ambivalent—both wanting to be comforted by his mother, but pushing her away when she attempted
to do so. Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Cameron as being:
Page: 186
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98. According to critics, the Strange Situation might not be able to capture important differences among infants because:
A. it is a controlled, artificial situation.
B. there is too little control of contextual factors in it.
C. its information is biased by observers' impressions.
D. as a measure of attachment, it may be culturally biased.
Page: 186
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99. In every culture studied so far, which is the most common classification of attachment:
A. secure attachment.
B. insecure resistant attachment.
C. disorganized attachment.
D. insecure avoidant attachment.
Page: 186
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100. Jeremy is a securely attached infant; Jason is classified as an insecure infant. Which of the following statements about later functioning for these
children is TRUE?
A. There will be no differences in their social functioning by age eight.
B. Jeremy is likely to have more learning difficulty in elementary school than Jason.
C. Jeremy is likely to be more shy and withdrawn than Jason.
D. Jeremy is likely to have more self-confidence than Jason.
Page: 186
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Topic: Interpreting differences in attachment
101. Andy showed secure attachment as an early infant, and now he is in early childhood. Which of the following would we expect to see from
Andy?
A. Increased social competence with peers
B. Greater intelligence than his peers
6-20
C. Increased social anxiety
D. Increased aggression with his peers
Page: 186
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102. Shoko responds positively to being picked up by others, and when put back down, freely moves away to play. She would most likely be
classified as being:
B. extremely inhibited.
C. difficult.
D. insecurely attached.
Page: 186
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103. According to Mary Ainsworth, a(n) _____ infant avoids the mother or is ambivalent toward her, fears strangers, and is upset by minor, everyday
separations.
A. extraverted
B. insecurely attached
C. easily adaptable
D. slow-to-warm-up
Page: 186
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104. The _____ model involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes.
A. internal working
B. external working
C. Strange Situation
D. developmental cascade
Page: 187
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105. _____ can include connections between a wide range of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes, and also can involve social
contexts such as families, peers, schools, and culture.
A. Reciprocal socializations
B. Developmental cascades
C. Secure attachments
D. Scaffolding
Page: 187
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106. Jerome Kagan and other developmentalists stress that _____ plays a more important role in a child's social competence than the attachment
theorists, such as Bowlby and Ainsworth, are willing to acknowledge.
A. the child's genetic characteristics and temperament
6-21
B. the quality of parenting
C. security of attachment to a primary caregiver
D. diversity of social contexts in which the child participates
Page: 187
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107. Recent studies find that a disorganized attachment style developed in infancy only when infants had the short version of the serotonin
transporter gene—5-HTTLPR. This gene-environment interaction only occurred when:
A. the infants' other-consciousness is poorly developed in the first six months after birth.
B. mothers showed a low level of responsiveness toward their infants.
C. maternal nutrition was deficient during the prenatal period.
D. the infants were temperamentally inclined toward negative affectivity.
Page: 187
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108. Blanca rarely holds her baby Joey and tends to respond to his needs in an angry, irritable fashion. It is most likely that Joey will develop a(n)
_____ with his mother.
A. secure attachment
B. insecure avoidant attachment
C. insecure resistant attachment
D. disorganized resistant attachment
Page: 188
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Topic: Caregiving styles
109. Carrie is a 19-year-old single mother. She often feels overwhelmed and depressed about her situation and frequently neglects her eight-month-
old son and his needs. On several occasions, she has slapped his hand when he reaches for her cell phone. Carrie's baby is most likely to develop a(n)
_____ toward her.
A. insecure avoidant attachment
B. insecure disorganized attachment
C. insecure resistant attachment
D. secure attachment
Page: 188
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Topic: Caregiving styles
110. _____, a mammalian hormone that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain, is released during breast feeding and by contact and warmth.
A. Adrenaline
B. Oxytocin
C. Vasopressin
D. Estrogen
Page: 189
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Topic: Developmental social neuroscience
111. _____ refers to a collection of neurons in the forebrain that are involved in pleasure.
6-22
A. Nucleus accumbens
B. Corpus callosum
C. Hippocampus
D. Amygdala
Page: 189
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112. Which of the following is a neuropeptide hormone that is important in the formation of the maternal-infant bond?
A. Vasopressin
B. Insulin
C. Adrenaline
D. Thyroxine
Page: 189
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113. When people become parents through pregnancy, adoption, or step-parenting, they face _____ and must adapt.
A. equilibrium
B. disturbance
C. disequilibrium
D. symmetry
Page: 190
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Learning Objective: 6.3: Explain how social contexts influence the infant's development.
Topic: Transition to parenthood
114. Which of the following is true during the transition to parenthood?

A. Mothers’ expectations of the child rearing the father will do are met.
B. Women did more than two hours of additional work during the transition to parenthood in comparison to 40 minutes for me.
C. The work done during the transition to parenthood by men and women is even.
D. Two-thirds of married couples report an increase in marriage satisfaction after the baby is born.
Page: 190
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115. Which of the following is a characteristic of reciprocal socialization?

A. It is bidirectional.
B. It is asynchronous.
C. It is nontransactional.
D. It is harmful to infants.
Page: 191
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Topic: Reciprocal socialization
116. When a mother plays peek-a-boo with her baby she moves from covering the baby and saying "peek-a-boo" to covering her own eyes and
saying it. This illustrates:
A. sociability.
B. scaffolding.
6-23
C. emotionality.
D. disorganized attachment.
Page: 191
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117. The behaviors of mothers and infants involve substantial interconnection, mutual regulation, and synchronization. This temporal coordination of
social behavior is termed:
A. reflexive temporal nurturing.
B. Parsonian functionalism.
C. dyadic development.
D. parent-infant synchrony.
Page: 191
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118. Which of the following is the BEST description of scaffolding?

A. Parents time interactions in such a way that the infant experiences turn taking with the parents.
B. The caregiver and infant focus on the same object or event.
C. Mothers and their infants interact in a dance-like pattern of closely coordinated actions.
D. The child is presented with a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver.
Page: 191
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119. Which of the following is a good example of scaffolding?

A. Child-directed speech
B. The Strange Situation
C. A game of peek-a-boo
D. Social referencing
Page: 191
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120. A mother hands her baby a rattle, saying, "Here you are." She then gently takes the rattle away, smiling and saying, "Thank you." She does this
repeatedly, letting the baby keep the rattle for several seconds each time and encouraging the baby to offer the rattle. Eventually, the baby takes the
rattle, holds it for a few seconds, and then holds it out to her mother and smiles. This is an example of:
A. sociability.
B. scaffolding.
C. emotionality.
D. reciprocal socialization.
Page: 191
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121. Mary often plays the game peek-a-boo with her baby. Initially, Mary covers her baby and then removes the cover, registering "surprise" at the
baby's reappearance. After a time, her baby does the covering and uncovering. This is an example of:
A. object permanence.
6-24
B. scaffolding.
C. attachment.
D. sociability.
Page: 191
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122. Which of the following statements regarding paternal caregiving is FALSE?

A. Stay-at-home fathers were as satisfied with their marriage as traditional parents.
B. Fathers tended to be ostracized when they took their children to playgrounds.
C. Fathers have the ability to act as sensitively and responsively as mothers with their infants.
D. Paternal interactions usually center on child-care activities, such as feeding, changing diapers, and bathing.
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Maternal and paternal caregiving
123. The research on fathers as caregivers indicates that fathers:

A. are less able to be nurturing caregivers than mothers.
B. are biologically more suited for a nurturing caregiver role than are mothers.
C. interact with their babies in different ways depending on whether they are the primary caregiver.
D. interact with their babies in different ways than mothers do, regardless of which parent is the primary caregiver.
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Bloom's: Understand
124. Which of the following BEST exemplifies the difference between how mothers and fathers interact with their children?
A. Mothers smile more at their children.
B. Fathers are more physical with their children.
C. Mothers express more emotions with their children.
D. Fathers are less affectionate with their children.
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Bloom's: Understand
125. Fathers engage in more _____ than mothers do.

A. peek-a-boo games
B. reciprocal socialization
C. rough-and-tumble play
D. pat-a-cake games
APA LO: 1.1
Bloom's: Remember
126. The United States currently allows up to _____ weeks of _____ leave for caring for a newborn.
A. 12; unpaid
B. 14; paid
C. 18; paid
D. 18; unpaid
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Bloom's: Remember
6-25
Topic: Parental leave
127. The _____ mandated a paid 14-week maternity leave in 1992.

A. United Nations
B. United States
C. European Union
D. WHO
Page: 193
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128. One study of two- and three-year-old children revealed that an increase in the number of child-care arrangements the children experienced is
linked to a(n):
A. decrease in reciprocal socialization.
B. increase in behavioral problems.
C. increase in prosocial behavior.
D. increase in secure attachment.
Page: 193
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Topic: Child Care
129. What is the main difference between most child-care policies available in the United States and in Sweden?
A. Level of inclusion of the father in parental leave
B. Provision of low-cost child care
C. Level of inclusion of the extended family
D. Provision of developmentally appropriate child care
Page: 193
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130. Which of the following statements about child care and socioeconomic status is TRUE?
A. High-quality child care is available only to those children whose parents are wealthy.
B. Children are more likely to experience poor quality child care if their parents have few resources.
C. Children staying in day care for longer than 40 hours/week tend to experience depression regardless of the quality of the care.
D. There is not enough research on child care and socioeconomic status to be able to make any correlations.
Page: 193
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Topic: Child Care
131. The longitudinal study conducted by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in 1991 concluded that:
A. a majority of the child care in the first three years of life was of very high quality.
B. a child in child care, regardless of the quality, will be more socially incompetent.
C. the home environment is the most important predictor of attachment to caregivers.
D. children who were given high-quality child care performed better on cognitive and language tasks.
Page: 194
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Topic: Child Care
6-26
132. The results of the study conducted by National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in 1991 indicate that:
A. extensive use of day care hurts parent-child relationships.
B. the influence of families and parenting is not weakened by extensive use of day care.
C. a majority of the child care in the first three years of life was of high quality.
D. child-care quality was linked to attachment security at 36 months of age.
Page: 195
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Topic: Child Care
133. _____ has been the most consistent predictor of a secure attachment.
A. Genetic predisposition
B. Parental sensitivity
C. Extraversion
D. Uninhibited disposition
Page: 195
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Topic: Child Care
134. Baby Tia is crying. Her crying is characterized by the sudden appearance of loud crying without preliminary moaning, followed by breath
holding. Identify this type of cry.
Pain cry
Page: 174
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Bloom's: Apply
Topic: Crying
135. Identify the smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli. It happens during the month after birth and usually during sleep.
Reflexive smile
Page: 175
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Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Smiling
136. Identify a temperament classification, according to Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas that includes children who (a) are low in activity level,
(b) are somewhat negative, and (c) display a low intensity of mood.
Slow-to-warm-up
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
137. Name the temperament dimension, according to Mary Rothbart and John Bates, which includes positive anticipation, impulsivity, activity level,
and sensation seeking.
Extraversion/surgency
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
138. Identify the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope.
Goodness of fit
APA LO: 1.1
6-27
Bloom's: Remember
139. Name the theorist who suggested that the primary task for infants was to develop a sense of trust in others.
Erik Erikson
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Trust
140. What is the term for "reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation.
Social referencing
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
141. Name the ethological psychiatrist who believes that both infants and their primary caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments.
John Bowlby
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Attachment
142. Identify the attachment classification that is characterized by the infants' behaviors in the Strange Situation. These infants engage in little
interaction with the caregiver, are not upset when the caregiver leaves the room, and do not reestablish contact with the caregiver upon reunion.
Insecure avoidant babies
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
143. Identify a form of reciprocal socialization in which parents time interactions in such a way that the infant experiences turn taking with parents.
Scaffolding
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
144. Distinguish between primary emotions and self-conscious or other-conscious emotions. Give an example of each type of emotion.
Primary emotions are emotions that are present in humans and animals; these emotions appear in the first six months of the human infant's
development. Self-conscious or other-conscious emotions require self-awareness that involves consciousness and a sense of "me." Examples of
primary emotions include surprise, fear, joy, anger, disgust, and sadness. Examples of self-conscious emotions include embarrassment, shame, guilt,
and pride.
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's: Understand
145. List the three types of cries that have been identified in babies.
Babies have at least three types of cries:

1. Basic cry
2. Pain cry
3. Anger cry
6-28
Page: 174
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Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Crying
146. What are some cultural differences that occur in the emotional experiences of infants?
Cultural differences occur in emotional responses. East Asian infants display less frequent and less intense positive and negative emotions than non-
Latino White infants. Further, Japanese parents try to prevent their children from experiencing negative emotions, while non-Latino White mothers
are more likely to respond after their children become distressed, and then help them cope.
Page: 173
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Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Emotions
147. Distinguish between reflexive and social smiles.
A reflexive smile does not occur in response to external stimuli; it occurs during the first month after birth, usually when the infant is asleep. A social
smile, however, occurs in response to an external stimulus, such as a face, typically in early development. Social smiling may occur as early as two
months of age.
Page: 175
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Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Smiling
148. What is stranger anxiety, and when does it develop? What is separation protest, and when does it peak?
Stranger anxiety is when an infant shows a fear and wariness of strangers. It first appears at about six months and continues to escalate through the
infant's first birthday. Separation protest is an infant's expression of distress over being separated from its caregiver. It peaks at about 15 months of
age among U.S. infants.
Page: 175
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Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Fear
149. Describe the emotional regulation and coping techniques that infants develop over the initial years.
During the first year of life, the infant gradually develops an ability to inhibit, or minimize, the intensity and duration of emotional reactions. The
caregivers' actions influence the infant's neurobiological regulation of emotions. By soothing the infant, caregivers help infants to modulate their
emotion and reduce the level of stress hormones. Later in infancy, when they become aroused, infants sometimes redirect their attention or distract
themselves in order to reduce their arousal. By two years of age, toddlers can use language to define their feeling states and the context that is
upsetting them.
Contexts can influence emotional regulation. Infants are often affected by fatigue, hunger, time of day, which people are around them, and where
they are. Infants must learn to adapt to different contexts that require emotional regulation.
Page: 176
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Bloom's: Understand
150. What is temperament?
Temperament involves individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding. With regard to its link to
emotion, temperament refers to individual differences in how quickly the emotion is shown, how strong it is, how long it lasts, and how quickly it
fades away.
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's: Remember
6-29
Topic: Temperament
151. List and describe the three types of temperament as classified by Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas. Provide examples of how a baby with
each type might respond to meeting a new person in a new situation.
Psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas identified three basic types, or clusters, of temperament:
Easy: An easy child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences.
Difficult: A difficult child reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change.
Slow-to-warm-up: A slow-to-warm-up child has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood.
In their longitudinal investigation, Chess and Thomas found that 40 percent of the children they studied could be classified as easy, 10 percent as
difficult, and 15 percent as slow to warm up. 35 percent did not fit any of the three patterns.
Page: 176
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152. What are the recommended parenting strategies for different children’s temperaments?
For one, pay respect to individuality, thus, work towards goals differently for each child. Additionally, structure the environment differently for each
child. Crowded noisy environments are harder for difficult children that easier children. Children with a slow to warm up temperament could use
slower entry to new contexts. Additionally, avoid pigeonholing children into categories, and giving negative labels, such as “difficult” as this could
be a self-fulfilling prophecy.
Page: 180
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Topic: Temperament
153. Briefly describe the four phases of attachment as identified by John Bowlby.
According to Bowlby, attachment does not emerge suddenly but rather develops in a series of phases, moving from a baby's general preference for
human beings to a partnership with primary caregivers. The following are four such phases based on Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment:
Phase 1: Infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures.
Phase 2: Attachment becomes focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver, as the baby gradually learns to distinguish familiar from
unfamiliar people.
Phase 3: Specific attachments develop, and babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers.
Phase 4: Children become aware of others' feelings, goals, and plans and begin to take these into account in forming their own actions.
Page: 185
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Topic: Attachment
154. Describe the three main types of insecurely attached infants.
(a) Insecure avoidant babies exhibit insecurity by avoiding the caregiver. (b) Insecure resistant babies often cling to the caregiver and then resist him
or her by fighting against closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away. (c) Insecure disorganized babies exhibit insecurity by being disorganized
and disoriented. In the “Strange Situation” these babies may appear dazed and confused.
Page: 185
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155. Describe the Strange Situation. What is an important criticism of this method?
The Strange Situation is an observational measure of infant attachment that requires the infant to move through a series of introductions, separations,
and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in the prescribed order. Some critics believe that the isolated, controlled events of the setting
might not necessarily reflect what would happen if infants were observed with their caregiver in a natural environment.
6-30
Page: 185
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156. Explain reciprocal socialization and scaffolding.
Reciprocal socialization is socialization that is bidirectional; children socialize their parents, and parents socialize their children. Scaffolding is
parental behavior that supports children's efforts, allowing them to be more skillful than they would be if they were to rely on only their own abilities.
Page: 191
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157. Explain how the quality and quantity of child care affect children?
When quality of care giving was high, children performed better on cognitive and language tasks, were more cooperative with their mothers during
play, showed more positive and skilled interaction with peers, and had fewer behavior problems. Caregiver training and good child-staff ratios were
connected to higher cognitive and social competence when children were 54 months of age. Poor quality care was related to insecure attachment, but
only if the mother was low in sensitivity and responsiveness. In terms of amount, above 30 hours or more per week in child care, led to less optimal
development, and the more time in non-relative child care connected to higher levels of risk-taking and impulsivity at 15 years of age(Vandell &
others, 2015). However, some research has shown that as long as the child care is of high quality, increased quantity, even more than 45 hours a
week, connects with reduced internalizing and externalizing problems.
Page: 194-195
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Topic: Child Care
Category # of Questions
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 133
APA LO: 1.1 73
APA LO: 1.2 45
APA LO: 1.3 39
Bloom's: Apply 38
Bloom's: Remember 72
Bloom's: Understand 47
Difficulty Level: Easy 65
Difficulty Level: Hard 22
Difficulty Level: Medium 70
Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the development of emotions and personality in infancy. 75
Learning Objective: 6.2: Describe social orientation/understanding and the development of attachment in infancy. 58
Learning Objective: 6.3: Explain how social contexts influence the infant's development. 24
Topic: Attachment 16
Topic: Biological and environmental influences 2
Topic: Biological influences 2
Topic: Caregiving styles 2
Topic: Chess and Thomas’ classification 7
Topic: Child Care 6
Topic: Crying 5
Topic: Developing sense of self 3
Topic: Developmental social neuroscience 3
Topic: Early emotions 17
Topic: Emotional expression and social relationships 1
Topic: Emotional regulation and coping 3
Topic: Emotions 1
Topic: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory: Independence 2
Topic: Fear 10
Topic: Gender and culture 1
Topic: Goodness of fit 3
Topic: Independence 1
Topic: Intention and goal-directed behavior 1
6-31
Topic: Interpreting differences in attachment 8
Topic: Kagan's behavioral inhibition 2
Topic: Maternal and paternal caregiving 4
Topic: Parental leave 3
Topic: Reciprocal socialization 9
Topic: Rothbart and Bates' classification 5
Topic: Smiling 5
Topic: Social orientation 4
Topic: Social referencing 3
Topic: Social sophistication and insight 1
Topic: Strange situation 19
Topic: Temperament 4
Topic: Trust 2
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Life Span Development 16th Edition Santrock Test Bank Download

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Life Span Development 16th Edition Santrock Test Bank Download

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Test Bank for Life Span Development 16th Edition Santrock

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2. Which of the following statements about emotions is NOT true?

3. Which of the following is an important role played by emotions during infancy?

4. Especially in infancy, emotions play important roles in:

5. The infant's ability to regulate emotions is tied to:

6. Which of the following statements about emotions is FALSE?

8. Which of the following is NOT a primary emotion?

9. _____ emotions are present in humans and other animals.

13. Which of the following is an "other-conscious" emotion?

14. Which of the following statements about self-conscious emotions is TRUE?

20. Which of the following statements is NOT true of crying?

24. Which of the following is TRUE of social smiling?

28. The most frequent expression of an infant's fear involves:

29. The fear of strangers peaks:

32. Infants show _____ when they are in familiar settings.

33. Separation protest is characterized by:

34. Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding separation protests?

36. Which of the following is not true about soothing babies?

43. Jerome Kagan's classification of temperament focuses on:

49. According to Jerome Kagan, temperament:

70. According to Freud, infants become attached to the person or object:

75. Which of the following characterizes phase 1 of Bowlby's model of attachment?

92. Insecure avoidant babies show:

114. Which of the following is true during the transition to parenthood?

115. Which of the following is a characteristic of reciprocal socialization?

118. Which of the following is the BEST description of scaffolding?

119. Which of the following is a good example of scaffolding?

122. Which of the following statements regarding paternal caregiving is FALSE?

123. The research on fathers as caregivers indicates that fathers:

125. Fathers engage in more _____ than mothers do.

127. The _____ mandated a paid 14-week maternity leave in 1992.

APA LO: 1.1

APA LO: 1.1

APA LO: 1.1

APA LO: 1.1

APA LO: 1.1

APA LO: 1.1

APA LO: 1.1

APA LO: 1.1

APA LO: 1.3

Babies have at least three types of cries:

147. Distinguish between reflexive and social smiles.

150. What is temperament?

APA LO: 1.1

154. Describe the three main types of insecurely attached infants.

156. Explain reciprocal socialization and scaffolding.

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