Test Bank for Life Span Development Canadian 6th

Edition Santrock Rivers Pangman 1259369439

9781259369438

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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) Karly has just been told by her pediatrician that her 4-year-old son, Manuel, has gained 2.7
kilograms in the last year. Karly should
A) understand that this is normal.
B) be concerned; this is too much of a weight gain.
C) be concerned; this is only normal weight gain for a female.
D) be concerned; this is too little of a weight gain.
Answer: A

2) During early childhood, on average, girls are than boys.

A) much larger B) slightly larger C) slightly smaller D) much smaller
Answer: C

3) shows a steady decline during preschool years.

A) Individual growth patterns B) Intersensory integration
C) Muscle growth D) Body fat
Answer: D

4) Leo has a weaker immune system than his peers. It could be because
A) he is a firstborn child.
B) his mother smoked during the pregnancy.
C) he lives in the city.
D) he is from a middle socio-economic status family.
Answer: B

5) What have been found to be one of the most important contributors to weight and height differences
among children worldwide?
A) social class B) nutrition C) prenatal care D) exercise
Answer: B

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6) Melinda smoked cigarettes when pregnant with her daughter, Melissa. During the preschool years,
we would expect Melissa to
A) be slightly shorter in height than her peers.
B) have inadequate myelination.
C) lag in brain growth.
D) show some evidence of deprivation dwarfism.
Answer: A

7) Which one of the following children would probably be taller in stature?

A) Leslie who lives in the rural area B) Brain whose parents are unemployed
C) Kayle who is intellectually challenged D) Doug who lives in the urban area
Answer: D

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 8) Preschoolers grow
A) more rapidly than infants do.
B) very little between ages 2 and 6.
C) at a fairly steady rate.
D) to one quarter of their adult height by the age of 4 years.
Answer: B

9) The rate of growth in the brain during early childhood demonstrates the pattern of
development.
A) cephalodistal B) cephalocaudal C) proximocaudal D) distalcaudal
Answer: B

10) Myelination in the brain serves to

A) help nerve cells communicate with a larger number of other cells.
B) increase the speed of information travelling through the nerve cells.
C) increase the number of cells connected in a given neural network.
D) nourish the nerve cells so they function more efficiently.
Answer: B

11) Myelination is important in development because

A) most of the growth of the brain is due to myelination.
B) children cannot perform certain functions if the area of the brain controlling those functions is
not myelinated.
C) the pituitary does not function until the brain is almost completely myelinated.
D) new nerve cells cannot form until the older ones are myelinated.
Answer: B

12) During the age period from 3 years to 6 years, the part of the brain that grows fastest is the
lobe.
A) parietal B) frontal C) occipital D) temporal
Answer: B

13) James suffers a head injury to the frontal lobe area. He will likely experience difficulties with
A) language. B) planning and organizing functions.
C) spatial functions. D) gross motor functions.
Answer: B

14) The frontal lobe experiences a spurt in growth between the ages of years.
A) 3 and 15 B) 16 and 20 C) 10 and 15 D) 1 and 2
Answer: A

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15) Brendan is 3 years old. His parents are concerned because he is always running and jumping on
things. He can't seem to sit still. Even when watching his favourite movie on TV, he fidgets,
bounces, and wiggles around. Given what we know about child development, we would advise
Brendan's parents to
A) provide structured, cognitively challenging activities for Brendan in order to increase his
attention span.
B) have Brendan tested for hyperactivity disorder.
C) be patient and recognize that Brendan is developing as a normal 3-year-old.
D) start Brendan on a behaviour modification program to substitute productive behaviours for the
running and jumping behaviours.
Answer: C

16) Hallie is very active. She loves to tumble and show off. She is not afraid of doing what her parents
consider to be hair-raising stunts. She also loves to run and believes she is faster than her parents.
This type of activity level and confidence is MOST characteristic of the
A) 3-year-old. B) 2-year-old. C) 5-year-old. D) 4-year-old.
Answer: C

17) Gross motor skills are to fine motor skills as is to .

A) running; jumping B) jumping; running
C) hopping; writing D) writing; hopping
Answer: C

18) Jungle gyms, slides, and climbing equipment should be available to help young children develop
A) gross motor skills. B) fine motor skills.
C) attention and concentration skills. D) handedness.
Answer: A

19) Sanjay and Ryan are 4-year-old friends. When they are together, they often wrestle, run, race, and
push and shove each other. Although their level of activity often aggravates their parents, we know
that this activity will
A) help the boys develop gross motor skills.
B) help the boys develop the fine motor skills they will need in kindergarten.
C) be temporary because it is not normal for children of this age.
D) stop when their brains become better myelinated.
Answer: A

20) Three-year-olds scribble all over the page, but 4-year-olds can make more precise drawings that
adults can understand. This is because 4-year-olds have more highly developed
A) artistic abilities. B) gross motor skills.
C) visual skills. D) fine motor skills.
Answer: D

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21) Which of the following reasons BEST explains why Bobbi, a 4-year-old, might knock over a tower
of blocks she is building?
A) She upsets the tower by failing to place a block squarely on the stack she is assembling.
B) She tries so hard to place a block perfectly that she knocks the whole stack down.
C) She knocks the tower down because that is more interesting than building it up.
D) She makes careless movements because she does not pay enough attention to what she is
doing.
Answer: B

22) Which of the following activities would a four-year-old be more likely to perform than a
three-year-old?
A) thread beads on a string. B) skip alternating feet.
C) ride a bicycle. D) bounce and catch a ball.
Answer: D

23) The basal metabolism rate (BMR) reflects the

A) maximum amount of energy a person can burn in one day if they are active.
B) minimum amount of energy used when a person is inactive.
C) maximum amount of energy a person should burn in one day to stay healthy.
D) minimum amount of energy used when a person is very active.
Answer: B

24) Vanessa's parents are very busy with work and getting everything done at home. They often eat at
fast-food restaurants; and even when they make dinner at home, they tend to eat a lot of pizza,
hamburgers, and other foods that are quick to fix. With this lifestyle, developmentalists would be
especially concerned that Vanessa is consuming too much
A) salt. B) protein.
C) food with empty calories. D) fat.
Answer: D

25) Lavonda is running her own family childcare service, and she is concerned that several of the
children seem to be overweight. Lavonda should
A) help the children follow diets that cut their calorie intake.
B) eliminate snacks and teach the children to eat all of their regular meals so they will not want
junk food later.
C) offer well-balanced meals and then only use fun snack foods and desserts as a reward when the
children are behaving.
D) help the children learn the value of physical activity and exercise.
Answer: D

26) Young children in Canada are MOST likely to die from

A) an unintentional injury. B) cancer.
C) bacterial meningitis. D) a birth defect.
Answer: A

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27) Why, in recent decades, have deaths of children under the age of 5 continued to decrease in Canada?
A) There is an increase in immunization. B) Child safety seats in cars are mandatory.
C) There is a decrease in malnutrition. D) Mothers are given better prenatal care.
Answer: A

28) In Canada, children in poor health are most likely to be

A) a member of a single parent family. B) from a low-income family.
C) from a two parent family. D) from an urban centre.
Answer: B

29) Children exposed to parental smoking have been shown to be at risk for
A) higher blood pressure. B) lower pulse rate.
C) lower basal metabolic rate. D) higher glucose levels in the blood.
Answer: A

30) One of the leading causes of childhood death in the world is

A) child abuse and neglect. B) pneumonia.
C) infectious diseases. D) a lack of food.
Answer: B

31) Many of the deaths of young children around the world can be best prevented by a reduction in
.
A) poverty levels B) motor accidents
C) birth rates D) drowning accidents
Answer: A

32) Piaget's stage of preoperational thought lasts from ages years.

A) 4 to 9 B) 1 to 3 C) 5 to 12 D) 2 to 7
Answer: D

33) Piaget claimed that children between the ages of 2 and 7 years are in a stage called preoperational
thought. He called this stage of thought "preoperational" because he believed that
A) children at this age do not yet use mental operations in their thought.
B) children's ability to use symbols in thinking is not yet operational at this age.
C) children's ability to think using concepts is not yet operational at this age.
D) children at this age do not yet understand the basic concept of object permanence.
Answer: A

34) As a 3-year-old, Sally's drawings tend to be rather inventive and include scribbled designs that
represent people, houses, cars, dogs, and so on. Which Piagetian stage/substage of cognitive
development is Sally in?
A) symbolic function substage B) operational stage
C) intuitive thought substage D) sensorimotor stage
Answer: A

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35) Five-year-old Marta draws a picture with pretty lavender, purple, and blue colours intermixed with
green, yellow, and brown. "It's a boat on the ocean at sunset, with whales jumping all around it!" she
explains to her teacher. Marta is showing clear evidence of
A) intuitive thought. B) symbolic function.
C) conservation. D) animism.
Answer: B

36) In talking with Grandma on the phone, the child suddenly exclaims, "Oh, look at that pretty red
bird!" When his grandmother asks him to describe the bird, the little boy says, "Out there, out there!
Right there, Grandma!" This is an example of
A) intuitive thought. B) symbolic function.
C) egocentrism. D) animism.
Answer: C

37) A young child might be heard saying, "That tree pushed the leaf off and it fell down." The child's
belief that the tree has "lifelike" qualities and is capable of action is referred to as
A) kineticism. B) animism. C) egocentrism. D) conservation.
Answer: B

38) "My computer doesn't like me. It keeps eating my pictures," says Sarah. This is an example of
A) operations. B) centration. C) egocentrism. D) animism.
Answer: D

39) Animism and egocentrism represent limitations in the preoperational child's thinking. They indicate
an inability to
A) centre attention on one characteristic.
B) reflect on the rationale of underlying thought.
C) distinguish among different perspectives.
D) think symbolically.
Answer: C

40) Which type of reasoning do children begin to use during Piaget's intuitive thought substage?
A) advanced reasoning B) complex reasoning
C) transitory reasoning D) primitive reasoning
Answer: D

41) Intuitive thought is to as symbolic function is to .

A) egocentrism; centration B) reasoning; creativity
C) creativity; reason D) reasoning; mental representation
Answer: D

42) The belief in the permanence of certain attributes of objects or situations in spite of superficial
changes is called
A) affiliation. B) conservation. C) initiation. D) appropriation.
Answer: B

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43) Howie and his little sister Stephie are each given one large cookie. The mother breaks Stephie's
cookie into four pieces to help her eat it more easily. Howie immediately begins to cry and says that
it is not fair for Stephie to get so many cookies when he only has one. Howie is showing a lack of
A) centration. B) symbolic function.
C) preoperational thought. D) conservation.
Answer: D

44) Which of the following BEST describes the relation between centration and conservation?
A) Conservation requires centration.
B) Lack of conservation is reflected in centration.
C) Centration is due to lack of conservation.
D) Conservation is independent of centration.
Answer: B

45) Centration inhibits the ability to categorize items because it prevents one from
A) considering combinations of features.
B) distinguishing between animate and inanimate objects.
C) taking a perspective that is different from one's own.
D) focusing only on one feature to the exclusion of all others.
Answer: A

46) For Piaget, failing a conservation task indicates that the child is
A) demonstrating centration.
B) unable to think symbolically.
C) engaging in logical thinking.
D) considering combinations of features in thinking.
Answer: A

47) In general, conservation involves the ability to understand that changes in physical arrangement
A) are irrelevant to the total amount.
B) must be considered before total amount can be determined.
C) determine the total amount needed for a given task.
D) significantly affect the total amount.
Answer: A

48) Lisa believes that when she spreads out her dimes across the table, she actually has more dimes than
if they were in one small pile. Lisa has not achieved .
A) centration B) compensation
C) cognitive capacity D) conservation
Answer: D

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49) In explaining the ability to conserve, Gelman focuses on , whereas Piaget focuses on
.
A) centration; attention B) animism; intuitive thought
C) attention; centration D) intuitive thought; egocentrism
Answer: C

50) Peterson showed that children as young as 26-31 months old may be
A) able to think abstractly.
B) able to provide the "where" and "when" information of past experiences.
C) less able to conserve than Piaget suggested.
D) as egocentric as Piaget suggested.
Answer: B

51) According to Lev Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development, learning is
A) achieved by discovering which answers will lead to rewards.
B) affected by how the environment and genetically programmed learning ability interact during a
critical period.
C) a social activity between a less knowledgeable child and another adult or child who is more
knowledgeable.
D) achieved by assimilating new understandings to accommodate the demands of the world.
Answer: C

52) Brendan is just learning to walk. He can take a few steps by himself if he uses both hands to hold on
to a piece of furniture for support; but he can walk out into the middle of the room only if one of his
parents holds his hands. Which of the following represents the LOWER LIMIT of Brendan's zone of
proximal development for walking?
A) Brendan going back to crawling when he becomes frustrated from trying to walk.
B) Brendan walking alone by holding on to a piece of furniture.
C) Brendan learning to run after he has mastered walking.
D) Brendan learning to walk by having his parents follow along behind to support him when he
loses his balance.
Answer: B

53) A toddler is likely to learn something in the zone of proximal development if

A) the toddler has mastered all the skills necessary.
B) the toddler needs little or no help from a parent or teacher.
C) parents or teachers do not interfere.
D) the task is more difficult than the child can do alone.
Answer: D

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54) When adults are working with young children, they often provide a lot of hints, assistance,
instruction, and other support to help the children succeed. As children demonstrate they can do
more for themselves, the adults begin to withdraw these supports. This shows the adults'
involvement in the
A) children's level of attentional functioning and memory capacity.
B) children's level of intuitive reasoning.
C) children's ability to use operations in their thinking.
D) zone of proximal development of their children.
Answer: D

55) As children move through the zone of proximal development, they

A) at first accept the responsibility of the task they are learning, but then they reluctantly reject it.
B) share the responsibility of the task they are learning equally with the adult who is helping them.
C) give the responsibility of the task they are learning to the adult who is helping them.
D) take the responsibility of the task they are learning from the adult who is helping them.
Answer: D

56) Teachers employ strategies based upon Vygotskian ideas. An example of this is when a teacher
A) reduces support as children's cognitive skills advance.
B) requires students to complete seatwork quietly and independently.
C) allows children to work and learn without teacher input.
D) discourages the use of language for self-regulation.
Answer: A

57) Which of the following describes Vygotsky's views on the development of thought and language?
A) Thought depends on language; they are merged throughout all of development.
B) Thought and language merge early in development and later separate.
C) Thought and language develop independently at first and merge later in development.
D) Thought and language are two separate functions that remain independent throughout
development.
Answer: C

58) Vygotsky DIFFERS from Piaget in how he stresses the relative importance of in
cognitive development.
A) biology B) the physical environment
C) language D) social interaction
Answer: D

59) Which of the following is NOT true of Vygotsky's portrait of child development?
A) Young children talk to themselves out loud, especially when they are trying to solve a difficult
task.
B) Knowledge is situated and collaborative.
C) Language and thought develop independently of each other and then merge.
D) The purpose of education is to refine cognitive skills that already have emerged.
Answer: D

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60) Latoya talks to herself frequently, especially when she is trying to solve a difficult problem.
Vygotsky would say that Latoya is
A) using private speech to organize and regulate her thinking.
B) using thinking to learn about her cultural conventions.
C) functioning at the upper limit of her zone of proximal development.
D) engaging in egocentric and immature thinking.
Answer: A

61) Which statement BEST represents Vygotsky's view of mental and behavioural development?
A) An instructor helps students do laboratory work, showing them how to do things they cannot
complete on their own.
B) An instructor systematically tests students to find out which mental abilities they do and do not
have.
C) A teacher assigns challenging tasks that students then try to solve on their own.
D) A teacher waits patiently for students to produce answers, then reinforces them with praise and
affection.
Answer: A

62) Vygotsky's theory takes a .

A) Freudian approach B) neuroprocessing approach
C) social constructivist D) behavioural approach
Answer: C

63) One criticism of Vygotsky's approach is that .

A) parents/teachers might provide too much help
B) parents/teachers might teach children incorrectly
C) it might encourage parents/teachers to avoid helping their children learn
D) it is possible for parents and teachers to promote centration
Answer: A

64) Action planning, allocating attention to goals, error detection and compensation, monitoring
progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances are all part of .
A) cognitive focusing B) prefrontal execution
C) sustained attention D) executive attention
Answer: D

65) Focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or other aspects of the environment
are all part of .
A) sustained attention B) executive attention
C) prefrontal execution D) cognitive focusing
Answer: A

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66) A police officer visits Laura's class to discuss safety rules. To attract the children's attention, the
officer brings colourful balloons and lots of jars of bubbles for the children to blow. Later, Laura
tells her parents all about the balloons and bubbles but cannot remember any of the safety rules the
officer gave. Laura obviously paid more attention to what was
A) salient. B) dishabituated. C) habituated. D) relevant.
Answer: A

67) A police officer visits Brett's class to discuss safety rules. To attract the children's attention, the
officer brings colourful balloons and lots of jars of bubbles for the children to blow. Later, Brett tells
his parents all about the safety rules the officer gave. Brett obviously paid attention to what was
A) dishabituated. B) relevant. C) habituated. D) salient.
Answer: B

68) Researchers believe that children after the age of 6 or 7 become more reflective and less impulsive
in their thinking because they learn to pay less attention to what is and more attention to
what is .
A) dishabituated; habituated B) habituated; dishabituated
C) relevant; salient D) salient; relevant
Answer: D

69) The more children are able to control and sustain their attention, .
A) the better prepared they are to start school
B) the less time their school teacher will need to correct their classroom behaviour
C) the more they should be able to play video games
D) the more their daycare teacher must have read to them
Answer: A

70) In short-term memory, individuals retain information for up to

A) 1 to 2 minutes. B) 2 to 3 weeks.
C) 1 to 2 months. D) 15 to 30 seconds.
Answer: D

71) Rehearsing information and organizing it are two typical memory strategies that are used for
A) selecting purposes. B) remembering.
C) decision making. D) problem-solving.
Answer: B

72) Shantal is taking a test where she hears a random list of numbers like "7... 4... 9... 3." When the list
is finished, she is asked to repeat the whole list back in the right order. Shantal is having her
tested.
A) long-term memory span B) short-term memory span
C) habituation span D) attention span
Answer: B

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73) Both Roger and his young son, Justin, have completed a short-term memory task. Roger
remembered eight numbers, while his son remembered only four. According to research on
short-term memory, if Roger's processing speed was controlled so that he processed information at
the same rate as Justin, he would remember
A) even more numbers than his son.
B) fewer numbers than Justin at first but more numbers than Justin as the task continued.
C) the same amount of numbers as his son.
D) fewer numbers than his son.
Answer: C

74) Why does memory improve as children get older?

A) They are more motivated to remember. B) They develop more effective strategies.
C) They are given more accurate cues. D) They are less reliant on rehearsal.
Answer: B

75) Children's memories .

A) can withstand the influence of suggestions made by adults
B) can incorporate suggestions made by adults
C) usually last longer than those of adults
D) are generally more accurate than those of adults
Answer: B

76) With respect to strategies and problem solving, research shows that _ .
A) the zone of proximal development appears at about age 6-7
B) children cannot solve problems effectively until they are 8-9 years old
C) scaffolding is ineffective at enhancing these in children
D) children as young as 2 can learn a strategy
Answer: D

77) What is the theory of mind?

A) using deliberate mental activities to improve the processing of information
B) awareness of mental processes in oneself and in others
C) applying intuitive thought in order to solve a problem
D) understanding that thinking is required in order to complete difficult tasks
Answer: B

78) At of age most children develop an undemanding of false beliefs.

A) 5-7 years B) 7-9 years C) 3-5 years D) 2-4 years
Answer: C

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79) Dr. Peterson (2016) has studied Narrative Elaboration, a new interviewing procedure designed to
expand
A) children's reports of parents' patterns of interacting.
B) children's spontaneous reports of present events.
C) children's reports of peer reactions.
D) children's spontaneous reports of past events.
Answer: D

80) Autistic children tend to have .

A) higher levels of theory of mind relative to other children
B) deficits in their theory of mind relative to other children
C) comparable understanding of language relative to other children
D) deficits in gross motor skills relative to other children
Answer: B

81) Pointing to a tree, young Ramal says, "Bird flied away." Ramal's inaccurate use of the "ed" word
ending shows that he is trying to learn the rules of language.
A) morphological B) semantic C) syntactical D) pragmatic
Answer: A

82) When Johnny asks, "Can I please have some juice?" his mother responds much more quickly than
when he demands, "Give me juice now." Johnny is starting to master
A) prepositions. B) syntax. C) pragmatics. D) morphology.
Answer: C

83) Regarding autism spectrum disorder (ASD), boys are nearly times more likely than girls
to be diagnosed with ASD.
A) 5 B) 9 C) 7 D) 3
Answer: A

84) Morphology refers to the

A) rules of conversation. B) meaningfulness of phrases.
C) meaningfulness of parts of words. D) understanding of two-word utterances.
Answer: C

85) The primary source of a child's phonological awareness is .

A) communication between parent and child B) being read to
C) exposure to a variety of languages. D) rhyming words
Answer: D

86) The Reggio Emilia approach applies ideas consistent with the views of
A) Piaget and Vygotsky. B) Bandura and Skinner.
C) Piaget and Borko. D) Montessori and Vygotsky.
Answer: A

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87) Maria Montessori first had success with her approach to young children's education when she
worked with a group of
A) gifted students. B) orphaned children.
C) intellectually challenged children. D) autistic children.
Answer: C

88) If you were to visit a Montessori school, you would most likely see children
A) moving about the classroom. B) completing work sheets at their desks.
C) engaged in imaginary play. D) receiving direct instruction.
Answer: A

89) Developmentally appropriate practices at the kindergarten level are likely to be

A) achievement-oriented. B) success-oriented.
C) child-centred. D) academic-centred.
Answer: C

90) Alicia is enrolled in a kindergarten where she spends much of her time in unstructured activity. She
plays with different toys as she chooses and her teacher facilitates rather than teaches. Alicia's
kindergarten seems to have adopted a approach.
A) Montessori B) success-oriented C) Rogerian D) neuro-centred
Answer: A

91) Developmentally appropriate learning practices focus on

A) spontaneity and creativity.
B) self-control and self-regulation.
C) age appropriateness and individual appropriateness.
D) individual tasks and academic learning.
Answer: C

92) If you were to advise parents about the preschool program they should select for their children,
which of the following would be the BEST advice to give them?
A) Choose a program that allows children to work with each other.
B) Avoid programs that involve too much large motor exercise.
C) Be sure that teachers punish unacceptable behaviour.
D) Pick a program that is highly structured.
Answer: A

93) Some developmentalists believe that the Montessori approach neglects children's
A) moral development. B) social development.
C) physical development. D) cultural development.
Answer: B

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 94) What should teachers do to help linguistic-minority children to achieve progress in verbal skills?
A) use adult-driven techniques
B) use child-driven methods
C) demand that children not use their minority language
D) allow children freedom in choosing activities
Answer: A

95) The Canadian Aboriginal Head Start initiative

A) involves both academic and non-academic initiatives.
B) is exclusively staffed by Aboriginal individuals.
C) provides programming for children up until the age of 18 years.
D) is funded by local school boards.
Answer: A

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

96) Explain the average height and weight gain during the early childhood period.
Answer: Children, on average, gain between 2.2 and 3.2 kg, and grow 6.4 cm per year during early
childhood.

97) Explain the differences in boys and girls in their physical stature until puberty.
Answer: Girls are slightly smaller and lighter than boys during these years, a difference that continues
until puberty.

98) Define myelination and describe its function.

Answer: It is the covering and insulating of nerve cells with fat cells, which increases the speed of
information traveling through the nervous system.

99) Explain the difference between gross motor skills and fine motor skills.
Answer: Gross motor skills are those skills used primarily during the development and movement of
large muscle groups - such as arm, leg, and back muscles. Fine motor skills are skills used
primarily during the development and movement of small muscle groups such as fingers.

100) Describe some of the social and psychological problems that can result from childhood obesity.
Answer: Being overweight is linked with lower self-esteem, negative self-image, a pervading sense of
sadness, loneliness, and an increase in high-risk behaviours in children as young as five years
of age.

101) Wellness in poor countries has always been an issue of concern to the world. How does extreme
poverty affect health in these countries?
Answer: The poor often experience lives of hunger, malnutrition, unsafe water, and inadequate access
to health care. Poor countries tend to have poorer records on child health.

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102) Define the term "operations".
Answer: Operations: internalized sets of actions that allow the child to do mentally what was once done
physically before this stage.

103) Discuss the two substages of preoperational thought. Identify the ages at which these stages occur.
Answer: Symbolic function substage: child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not pr
to 4 years of age.
Intuitive thought substage: child begins to use primitive reasoning and wants to know the answ
questions at 4 to 7 years of age. The child becomes sure of his knowledge but unaware of how
what he knows.

104) What is egocentrism? Provide an example to illustrate your response.

Answer: It is the inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's
perspective.Piaget and Barbel Inhelder (1969) initially studied young children's egocentrism
by devising the three mountain task. The child walks around the model of the mountain and
becomes familiar with what the mountain looks like from different perspectives. The child is
then seated on one side of the table. The experimenter moves a doll to different locations
around the table, at each location asking the child to select, from a series of phots, the one
photo that most accurately reflects the view the doll is seeing. Children in the preoperational
stage often pick the view from where they are sitting, rather than the doll's view.

105) What is animism? Provide an example to illustrate your response.

Answer: It is the belief that inanimate objects have "lifelike" qualities and are capable of action. A
young child might show animism by saying, "The sidewalk made me mad; it made me fall
down" (Gelman & Opfer, 2011).

106) What is centration? Provide an example to illustrate your response.

Answer: It is the focusing, or centring, of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others.
The child is presented with two identical beakers, each filled to the same level with liquid.
The child is asked if theses beakers have the same amount of liquid, and the child usually
replies yes. Then the liquid from one beaker is poured into a third beaker, which taller and
thinner than the first two. The child is then asked if the amount of liquid in the tall, think
beaker is equal to that which remains in one of the original beakers. Children younger than
seven or eight years usually say no and justify their answers in terms of the differing height or
width of the beakers. This kind of justification shows centration in that children are focusing
on just one aspect of the event.

16
107) What is conservation? Provide an example to illustrate your response.
Answer: It is a belief in the permanence of certain attributes of objects or situations in spite of
superficial changes. The child is presented with two identical beakers, each filled to the same
level with liquid. The child is asked if theses beakers have the same amount of liquid, and the
child usually replies yes. Then the liquid from one beaker is poured into a third beaker, which
taller and thinner than the first two. The child is then asked if the amount of liquid in the tall,
think beaker is equal to that which remains in one of the original beakers. Older children
usually answer yes and justify their answers appropriately.

108) What is the relationship between centration and conservation?

Answer: Centration prevents children from achieving conservation.

109) What is the zone of proximal development (ZPD)? What are its upper and lower limits?
Answer: ZPD, developed by Vygotsky, consists of tasks that are too difficult for children to master
alone but can be learned with the guidance and assistance of adults or more-skilled children.
Lower limit: tasks the child can accomplish independently. Upper limit: tasks the child can
accomplish with assistance.

110) What was Vygotsky's view on language and thought development in children?
Answer: Language and thought initially develop independently of each other and then merge.

111) Explain Vygotsky's view of social constructivism.

Answer: Vygotsky emphasized that both learning and the construction of knowledge occur in social
contexts. Learning and knowledge cannot be examined without looking at the social world in
which they take place.

112) What advice would Vygotsky give to teachers?

Answer: 1) Assess the child's ZPD, 2) use the child's ZPD in teaching, 3) use more-skilled peers as
teachers, 4) transform the classroom with Vygotskian ideas, 5) place instruction in a
meaningful context.

113) How does the strategy of rehearsal affect short-term memory?

Answer: With rehearsal, information can be kept in short-term memory for much longer than the
typical 15 to 30 seconds.

114) Explain rules of morphology, semantics, and syntax.

Answer: Rules of morphology involve the study of the structure and form of words, including inflection
derivation, and compound words.
Semantics are the meaning of words or phrases.
Syntax is the formation of grammatically correct sentences.

17
115) What is the Reggio Emilia approach?
Answer: The Reggio Emilia approach is an educational program for young children that was developed
in the northern Italian city of Reggio Emilia. This program gives children of single parents and
children with disabilities priority for admission; other children are admitted according to a
scale of needs. Parents pay on a sliding scale based on income. The children who attend this
program are encouraged to learn by investigating and exploring topics that interest them. A
wide range of stimulating media and materials is available for children to use as they learn
music, movement, drawing, painting, sculpting, and disguises and puppets.

116) Briefly describe the characteristics of the Montessori and child-centred kindergarten approaches to
early childhood education.
Answer: Montessori: children are allowed considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities.
allowed to move from one activity to another as they desire. The teacher acts as a facilitator rat
a director of learning.
Child-centred kindergarten: education involves the whole child and includes concern for the ch
physical, cognitive, and social development.

18
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED7

1) A
2) C
3) D
4) B
5) B
6) A
7) D
8) B
9) B
10) B
11) B
12) B
13) B
14) A
15) C
16) C
17) C
18) A
19) A
20) D
21) B
22) D
23) B
24) D
25) D
26) A
27) A
28) B
29) A
30) B
31) A
32) D
33) A
34) A
35) B
36) C
37) B
38) D
39) C
40) D
41) D
42) B
43) D
44) B
45) A
46) A
47) A
48) D
49) C
50) B
19
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED7

51) C
52) B
53) D
54) D
55) D
56) A
57) C
58) D
59) D
60) A
61) A
62) C
63) A
64) D
65) A
66) A
67) B
68) D
69) A
70) D
71) B
72) B
73) C
74) B
75) B
76) D
77) B
78) C
79) D
80) B
81) A
82) C
83) A
84) C
85) D
86) A
87) C
88) A
89) C
90) A
91) C
92) A
93) B
94) A
95) A
96) Children, on average, gain between 2.2 and 3.2 kg, and grow 6.4 cm per year during early childhood.
97) Girls are slightly smaller and lighter than boys during these years, a difference that continues until puberty.
98) It is the covering and insulating of nerve cells with fat cells, which increases the speed of information
traveling through the nervous system.
20
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED7

99) Gross motor skills are those skills used primarily during the development and movement of large muscle
groups - such as arm, leg, and back muscles. Fine motor skills are skills used primarily during the
development and movement of small muscle groups such as fingers.
100) Being overweight is linked with lower self-esteem, negative self-image, a pervading sense of sadness,
loneliness, and an increase in high-risk behaviours in children as young as five years of age.
101) The poor often experience lives of hunger, malnutrition, unsafe water, and inadequate access to health
care. Poor countries tend to have poorer records on child health.
102) Operations: internalized sets of actions that allow the child to do mentally what was once done physically
before this stage.
103) Symbolic function substage: child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present at 2 to
age.
Intuitive thought substage: child begins to use primitive reasoning and wants to know the answers to questi
years of age. The child becomes sure of his knowledge but unaware of how he knows what he knows.
104) It is the inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's perspective.Piaget and
Barbel Inhelder (1969) initially studied young children's egocentrism by devising the three mountain task.
The child walks around the model of the mountain and becomes familiar with what the mountain looks
like from different perspectives. The child is then seated on one side of the table. The experimenter moves
a doll to different locations around the table, at each location asking the child to select, from a series of
phots, the one photo that most accurately reflects the view the doll is seeing. Children in the
preoperational stage often pick the view from where they are sitting, rather than the doll's view.
105) It is the belief that inanimate objects have "lifelike" qualities and are capable of action. A young child
might show animism by saying, "The sidewalk made me mad; it made me fall down" (Gelman & Opfer,
2011).
106) It is the focusing, or centring, of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others. The child is
presented with two identical beakers, each filled to the same level with liquid. The child is asked if theses
beakers have the same amount of liquid, and the child usually replies yes. Then the liquid from one beaker
is poured into a third beaker, which taller and thinner than the first two. The child is then asked if the
amount of liquid in the tall, think beaker is equal to that which remains in one of the original beakers.
Children younger than seven or eight years usually say no and justify their answers in terms of the
differing height or width of the beakers. This kind of justification shows centration in that children are
focusing on just one aspect of the event.
107) It is a belief in the permanence of certain attributes of objects or situations in spite of superficial changes.
The child is presented with two identical beakers, each filled to the same level with liquid. The child is
asked if theses beakers have the same amount of liquid, and the child usually replies yes. Then the liquid
from one beaker is poured into a third beaker, which taller and thinner than the first two. The child is then
asked if the amount of liquid in the tall, think beaker is equal to that which remains in one of the original
beakers. Older children usually answer yes and justify their answers appropriately.
108) Centration prevents children from achieving conservation.
109) ZPD, developed by Vygotsky, consists of tasks that are too difficult for children to master alone but can be
learned with the guidance and assistance of adults or more-skilled children. Lower limit: tasks the child
can accomplish independently. Upper limit: tasks the child can accomplish with assistance.
110) Language and thought initially develop independently of each other and then merge.

21
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED7

111) Vygotsky emphasized that both learning and the construction of knowledge occur in social contexts.
Learning and knowledge cannot be examined without looking at the social world in which they take place.
112) 1) Assess the child's ZPD, 2) use the child's ZPD in teaching, 3) use more-skilled peers as teachers, 4)
transform the classroom with Vygotskian ideas, 5) place instruction in a meaningful context.
113) With rehearsal, information can be kept in short-term memory for much longer than the typical 15 to 30
seconds.
114) Rules of morphology involve the study of the structure and form of words, including inflection, derivation,
compound words.
Semantics are the meaning of words or phrases.
Syntax is the formation of grammatically correct sentences.
115) The Reggio Emilia approach is an educational program for young children that was developed in the
northern Italian city of Reggio Emilia. This program gives children of single parents and children with
disabilities priority for admission; other children are admitted according to a scale of needs. Parents pay on
a sliding scale based on income. The children who attend this program are encouraged to learn by
investigating and exploring topics that interest them. A wide range of stimulating media and materials is
available for children to use as they learn music, movement, drawing, painting, sculpting, and disguises
and puppets.
116) Montessori: children are allowed considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities. They are allo
move from one activity to another as they desire. The teacher acts as a facilitator rather than a director of le
Child-centred kindergarten: education involves the whole child and includes concern for the child's physica
cognitive, and social development.

22