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Seismic well tie by aligning impedance log with inverted impedance from
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DOI: 10.1190/int-2019-0289.1

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Seismic well tie by aligning impedance log with inverted impedance

from seismic data
Bo Zhang1, Yahua Yang2, Yong Pan3, Hao Wu1, and Danping Cao4

Abstract
The accuracy of seismic inversion is affected by the seismic wavelet and time-depth relationship generated
by the process of the seismic well tie. The seismic well tie is implemented by comparing the synthetic seismo-
gram computed from well logs and the poststack seismogram at or nearby the borehole location. However,
precise waveform matching between the synthetic seismogram and the seismic trace does not guarantee an
accurate tie between the elastic properties contained represented by the seismic data and well logs. We have
performed the seismic well tie using the impedance log and the impedance inverted from poststack seismic data.
We use an improved dynamic time warping to align the impedance log and impedance inverted from seismic
data. Our workflow is similar to the current procedure of the seismic well tie except that the matching is imple-
mented between the impedance log and the inverted impedance. The current seismic well-tie converges if there
is no visible changes for the wavelets and time-depth relationship in the previous and current tying loops. Sim-
ilarly, our seismic well tie converges if there are no visible changes for the wavelets, inverted impedance, and
time-depth relationship in the previous and current tying loops. The real data example illustrates that more
accurate inverted impedance is obtained by using the new wavelet and time-depth relationship.
DOI:10.1190/INT-2019-0289.1

Introduction gram and computes the coherence between the shifted

The accuracy of seismic interpretation and seismic
inversion highly depends on the quality of the seismic
well tie. There are three main steps in the seismic well
tie (White and Simm, 2003). The first step is computing
the reflectivity coefficient sequence using the acoustic
impedance curve. Acoustic impedance is defined as the
product of the acoustic wave velocity and density logs,
and, as such, it is an intrinsic physical property of rocks.
This physical property is closely related to variables
that are of fundamental importance in the context of
hydrocarbon reservoir characterization, such as lithol-
ogy, porosity, and, in some cases, water or oil saturation
(Leite, 2010). The second step is obtaining the synthetic
through the convolution between reflectivity and a
wavelet. The third step is manually shifting, stretching,
and squeezing the synthetic to tie seismic trace near the
well location. Peterson et al. (1955) first describe how to
compute the synthetic seismogram from well logs and
perform the seismic well tie by manually statistically
shifting the synthetic seismogram along the time axis.
White (1980) first statistically shifts the synthetic seismo-
synthetic seismogram and the seismic trace, which the
coherence value curve is varying with the time axis
and the maximum value of the coherence was treated
as the best time shifting of the synthetic for the seismic
well tie. The seismic well tie in modern seismic interpre-
tation and inversion software not only requires itera-
tively manual shifting but also stretching and squeezing
of the synthetic seismogram. However, the shifting,
stretching, and squeezing are tedious. These tasks usu-
ally require days of labor.
Sakoe and Chiba (1978) develop dynamic time warp-
ing (DTW) to align two signals that are widely used in
speech recognition. Numerous authors have success-
fully applied DTW to the field of geophysics. Smith and
Waterman (1980) first use DTW to align the well logs
and then perform sequence analysis based on the
aligned well logs. Anderson and Gaby (1983) use DTW
to perform waveform matching and clustering analysis.
Zoraster et al. (2004) use DTW to correlate the logs
from different wells automatically. Muñoz and Hale
(2012) apply DTW for the automatic seismic well tie.

1
University of Alabama, Department of Geological Science, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA. E-mail: bzhang33@ua.edu (corresponding author);
hwu43@crimson.ua.edu.
2
University of Alabama, Department of Geological Science, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA; China University of Petroleum (East China),
Qingdao 266580, China; and School of Geoscience, Dongying, China. E-mail: yyang124@ua.edu.
3
Tianjin Branch of CNOOC Ltd., Bohai Oilfield Research Institute, Tianjin, China. E-mail: panyong@cnooc.com.cn
4
China University of Petroleum (East China), School of Geoscience, Dongying, China. E-mail: caodp@upc.edu.cn.
Manuscript received by the Editor 12 December 2019; revised manuscript received 19 May 2020; published ahead of production 10 August 2020;
published online 12 October 2020. This paper appears in Interpretation, Vol. 8, No. 4 (November 2020); p. T917–T925, 15 FIGS.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/INT-2019-0289.1. © 2020 Society of Exploration Geophysicists and American Association of Petroleum Geologists. All rights reserved.

Interpretation / November 2020 T917

 Hale (2013) modifies the DTW by adding a limiting
strain and smoothing the error matrix, which is used to
align the PP and PS seismic images. Herrera and van der
Baan (2014) improve the DTW for the automatic seis-
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mic well tie by adding a user-defined corridor to con-
strain the warping path. Muñoz and Hale (2015) use
DTW to perform multiple well ties simultaneously. Wu
and Caumon (2017) perform simultaneous multiple
seismic well ties by applying the DTW on the relative
geologic time. Wu and Fomel (2018) propose an auto-
matic fault interpretation method using DTW.
In this paper, we first propose to improve the DTW
by replacing the strategy of error matrix computation.
To obtain a more accurate wavelet and time-depth re-
lationship for seismic inversion, we propose a novel
workflow by using the impedance log to match the in-
DOI:10.1190/INT-2019-0289.1
Figure 1. The example of a specified synthetic can be generated by different
reflection coefficient sequences and wavelets.
Figure 2. The seismic inversion result using the phase-rotated initial statistical
wavelet and the seismic well-tie result. The blue curve in the last column denotes
the original impedance log. The red and black curves in the last column represent
the inverted impedance and initial model, respectively.
T918 Interpretation / November 2020
verted impedance from the seismic trace and combine
with our proposed method for alignment. This paper is
organized as follows: We first review traditional DTW.
We then show our improved DTW (IDTW) and compare
the alignment results between DTW and IDTW. We
finally test our proposed workflow on field data to es-
timate the more accurate wavelet and time-depth rela-
tionship. The new wavelet and time-depth relationship
are applied to the seismic inversion and compared with
the inversion result using the wavelet and time-depth
relationship from the traditional seismic well tie.
Seismic well tie using the seismogram
The seismic well tie is a significant step for seismic
inversion. The traditional method uses the synthetic
seismogram generated from the well log to align with
the seismic trace (Walden and White,
1984). The first step is computing the re-
flectivity series rðtÞfrom the velocity log
vðtÞand density log ρðtÞ:
ρðt þ ΔtÞvðt þ ΔtÞ − ρðtÞvðtÞ
rðtÞ ¼ :
ρðt þ ΔtÞvðt þ ΔtÞ þ ρðtÞvðtÞ
(1)
The second step is calculating the
synthetic seismogram xðtÞ by convolv-
ing the reflectivity series rðtÞ with a
proper wavelet wðtÞ:
xðtÞ ¼ rðtÞ  wðtÞ þ nðtÞ; (2)
where nðtÞ is the noise and * denotes
the convolution operator. The final step
is manually shifting, squeezing, and
stretching the synthetic seismogram to
match the real seismic trace.
Equation 2 demonstrates that the syn-
thetic seismogram is determined by the
reflection coefficient rðtÞ and the wave-
let wðtÞ. Thus, it is possible that a spe-
cific synthetic seismogram (Figure 1)
can be generated by different sets of re-
flection coefficients and wavelets. The
black and red lines in Figure 1a show
two acoustic impedance logs. The black
and red “spikes” in Figure 1b are the re-
flectivity series computed from the
impedance log shown in Figure 1a. Fig-
ure 1c shows two corresponding wave-
lets. Figure 1d and 1e shows the
corresponding synthetic seismogram.
Note that there is no difference between
the two synthetic seismograms shown in
Figure 1. The phenomenon in Figure 1
indicates that two sets of wavelet coef-
ficient and wavelet produce exactly
same seismogram. Thus, we propose
 to perform the seismic well tie using the impedance log
instead of the seismogram.
Figure 2 shows that a perfect match between the syn-
thetic seismogram and seismic trace does not guarantee
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impedance log is 0.631. Note the huge difference be-
tween the two computed correlation coefficient values
(0.779 versus 0.631). The high correlation coefficient of
the seismogram and the low correlation coefficient of

an accurate alignment between the acoustic well log the impedance indicates that a good alignment between
and the impedance inverted from the seismic data. Fig- seismograms does not guarantee a good alignment be-
ure 2a shows the impedance log in the depth domain. tween the elastic properties such as acoustic
Figure 2b shows the wavelet used for the seismic well impedance.
tie. Figure 2c and 2d shows the seismic traces near the
wellbore location and the aligned synthetic seismo-
gram, respectively. Note that the seismic trace has a
very good alignment with the synthetic seismogram.
The residual energy between the synthetic and real seis-
mic trace is negligible in the process of common seis-
mic well tie. The crosscorrelation between the aligned
synthetic seismogram and the seismic trace is 0.779.
Figure 2e shows the comparison between the acoustic
impedance log and inverted impedance from seismic
data. The blue curve in Figure 2e is the original imped-
ance log in the time domain. The red and black curves
in Figure 2e represent the inverted impedance and ini-
tial impedance model, respectively. Note the obvious
differences (indicated by the green arrows) between
the inverted impedance and impedance log. The cross-
correlation between the inverted impedance and
DOI:10.1190/INT-2019-0289.1

Figure 4. The data for an experiment example to prove the

effectiveness of the proposed method.

Figure 3. The workflow of seismic well tie using the imped- Figure 5. The “true” seismic data for the experiment calcu-
ance log and the inverted impedance of the seismic data. lated by the test log and wavelet.

Interpretation / November 2020 T919

 Seismic well tie using the inverted impedance and
impedance log
Figure 3 shows our proposed workflow of the seis-
mic well tie. Well logs and poststack seismic data are
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the inputs of the proposed workflow, and they are sim-
DOI:10.1190/INT-2019-0289.1
Figure 6. (a) The statistical wavelet that is estimated from the seismic volume
and (b-e) the phase-rotated wavelets after each loop of the seismic well tie and a
comparison between the fourth loop and the initial true wavelet.
Figure 7. The synthetic results of the seismic well tie in each loop of the seismic
well tie.
T920 Interpretation / November 2020
ilar to the current seismic well tie procedure. The first
step is estimating the statistical wavelet from seismic
data (White and Simm, 2003). We then obtain an initial
time-depth relationship by aligning the synthetic seis-
mogram and poststack seismic using IDTW. We obtain
the best matching between the seismic
and synthetic seismogram by rotating
the seismic wavelet phase during the
procedure of the seismic well tie. In this
paper, we use the constant phase wave-
let considering that we can very easily
obtain constant the phase wavelet using
commercial software. Note that the
mixed-phase wavelet may be a better
choice for the seismic well tie. However,
obtaining a mixed-phase wavelet is be-
yond the scope of this paper (Wang et al.,
2015). The second step is obtaining in-
verted impedance using model-based in-
version (Yilmaz, 2001). When the sparse-
spike inversion is constrained by a low-
frequency model derived from acoustic
impedance well logs or geologic models,
it is commonly referred to as model-
based inversion. We obtain the low-fre-
quency acoustic impedance (AI) model
over the entire seismic survey through
ordinary kriging of the low-frequency
Al values at the wells. The Al values at
the wells are obtained by simple multipli-
cation of the measured density values
and the inverted sonic logs (i.e., the inter-
val transit time). We obtain the low-fre-
quency AI values at wells by applying a
low-pass filter (0–10 Hz) to the imped-
ance log. The third step is aligning the in-
verted impedance with the impedance
log using IDTW. Note that we may obtain
an unreasonable inverted impedance if
the initial seismic well tie is not good
enough. As a result, unseasonable in-
verted impedance may bias the seismic
well tie. To improve the stability of the
seismic well tie, we first perform the seis-
mic well tie using the synthetic and real
seismic waveform near the wellbore. We
then obtain the initial inverted imped-
ance and perform the seismic well tie us-
ing the inverted impedance and
impedance log. Note that a perfect tie be-
tween the impedance log and the in-
verted impedance must have a
perfect tie between the synthetic seismo-
gram and the real seismic data near the
wellbore. Thus, the error matrix in the
automatic tying process is defined as
eðt; sðtÞÞ ¼ 2 − es − ei ; (3a)
 es ðt;sðtÞÞ seismic well tie. The correlation coefficients between
the AI log and the inverted AI shown in Figure 8 are
½f ðtÞ þ gðt þ sðtÞÞ2 þ ½f H þ gH ðt þ sðtÞÞ2
¼ ; 0.8235, 0.9055, 0.9106, and 0.9151. Note that the corre-
2  ½f ðtÞ þ g2 ðt þ sðtÞÞ þ 2  f½f H ðtÞ2 þ ½gH ðt þ sðtÞÞ2 g
2
lation coefficient does not change too much in the third
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(3b) and fourth loop. There are no visible changes for the
time-depth relationship curves between the third and
fourth loops. The phenomenon in Figure 8 indicates
that the seismic well tie converges after the third loop.
ei ðt;sðtÞÞ We further use real seismic data to demonstrate the
½aðtÞþbðtþsðtÞÞ2 þ½aH þbH ðtþsðtÞÞ2 effectiveness of the proposed method. Figure 9d shows
¼ ; a real seismic trace from the Bohai Bay basin. The two
2½a2 ðtÞþb2 ðtþsðtÞÞþ2f½aH ðtÞ2 þ½bH ðtþsðtÞÞ2 g
sets of sandstone reservoirs are separated by relatively
(3c) stable mudstone compartments. Figure 9a–9c shows
the acoustic velocity, density, and impedance logs.
where f ðtÞ and gðtÞ are the synthetic seis-
mogram and the real seismic trace, re-
spectively; t is the time index; aðtÞ and
bðtÞ are the impedance log and inverted
impedance, respectively; t is the time in-
dex; sðtÞ is the time shift; and the super-
script letter H stands for the Hilbert
transform. The fourth step is updating
the time-depth relationship according to
the new alignment between the imped-
ance log and the inverted impedance.
The fifth step is estimating a new wavelet
DOI:10.1190/INT-2019-0289.1

by using well and seismic data. We repeat

steps two, three, four, and five until there
are no visible changes for the wavelets,
time-depth relationship, and inverted
impedance in the previous and current
loops.
We first show a synthetic seismogram
computed from well logs to demonstrate
the effectiveness of the proposed
method. The first and second panels of Figure 8. The acoustic impedance log and aligned inverted impedance in each
Figure 4 are the acoustic velocity and loop of the seismic well tie and the time-depth relationship after each alignment.
density logs that together function as the
ground truth in the synthetic testing. The third and fourth
panels of Figure 4 show the corresponding stretched and
squeezed well logs. The first panel of Figure 5 shows the
acoustic impedance computed from the acoustic velocity
and density logs shown in the third and fourth panel of
Figure 4. The second panel of Figure 5 shows a nonzero
phase source wavelet. The third panel of Figure 5 shows
the seismogram through the convolution between the
source wavelet and reflectivities computed from the
impedance log.
Figure 6a shows the statistical wavelet estimated
from the seismogram shown in the third panel of Fig-
ure 5. Figure 6b shows the phase-rotated statistical
wavelet after the first loop of the seismic well tie. Fig-
ure 6c, 6d, and 6e shows the wavelet after the second,
third, and fourth rounds of the seismic well tie by using
our workflow. Figure 6f compares the wavelet in the
fourth loop and the initial wavelet. Figure 7 shows the
corresponding synthetic seismogram in each loop of the
seismic well tie. Figure 8 shows the alignment imped- Figure 9. The well logs in the depth domain and the real
ance log with the ground truth in each loop of the seismic data near the location of this well.

Interpretation / November 2020 T921

 Figure 10a shows the statistical wavelet estimated from
the seismic volume. Figure 10b shows the phase-rotated
statistical wavelet after the first loop of the seismic well
tie. Figure 10c, 10d, 10e, and 10f shows the wavelet after
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the second, third, fourth, and fifth rounds of the seismic
well tie. Figure 11a is the seismic trace near the well
bore location. Figure 11b–11f shows the tied synthetic
seismogram in the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth
loops of the seismic well tie, respectively. We compute
the residual by subtracting the seismic with the synthetic
seismogram. The correlation coefficients between the
seismic and synthetic seismogram in the first, second,
third, fourth, and fifth loops are 0.779, 0.819, 0.902,
0.917, and 0.949, respectively. Figure 12a–12e shows
the tied inverted impedance in the first, second, third,
Figure 10. (a) The statistical wavelet esti-
mated from the seismic volume and (b-f) the
phase-rotated wavelets after each loop of the
seismic well tie.
DOI:10.1190/INT-2019-0289.1
Figure 11. The synthetic results of the seis-
mic well tie in each loop of the seismic well
tie.
T922 Interpretation / November 2020
fourth, and fifth loops of the seismic well tie, respec-
tively. Figure 13a–13e shows the aligned inverted imped-
ance in the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth loops of
the seismic well tie, respectively. The black curve in
Figure 13 shows the impedance log in the time domain.
The correlation coefficients that we calculated after each
alignment are 0.8580, 0.8661, 0.8934, 0.8941, and 0.8978.
The black, purple, green, blue, and red curves in Fig-
ure 14 show the time-depth relationship in the first, sec-
ond, third, fourth, and fifth loops of the seismic well
tie, respectively. Note that we have a subtle difference
between the results (wavelet, inverted impedance, and
time-depth relationship) of the fourth and fifth loops,
and this phenomenon indicates that the seismic well
tie procedures converge after the fourth loop.
 Figure 12. The inverted impedance in each
loop of the seismic well tie.
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Figure 13. The acoustic impedance log and

the aligned inverted impedance in each loop
of the seismic well tie. The alignment is based
on the sample index and is then converted to
the depth domain.
DOI:10.1190/INT-2019-0289.1

Figure 14. The time-depth relation curves generated in each
loop of the seismic well tie.
Conclusion
A perfect match between the synthetic seismogram
and the poststack seismic waveform does not guarantee
an accurate match between the elastic well log and
the elastic properties represented by the seismic trace.
Instead of aligning the synthetic seismogram with the
post-stack seismogram near the wellbore locations, we
propose to match the impedance log with the inverted
impedance. We use IDTW to align the impedance log
and inverted impedance. The IDTW successfully avoids
the severe strain when compared to DTW. Thus, IDTW
produces a more reliable alignment between the imped-
ance log and the inverted impedance. By matching the
impedance information, our seismic well can generate a
more accurate time-depth relationship and wavelet. We
acknowledge that it is impossible to mathematically

Interpretation / November 2020 T923

 prove the convergence of our proposed workflow. But
our workflow strictly follows the currently used seismic
well tie process, and the application indicates that the
wavelet and time-depth relationship have no obvious
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changes after serval tying iterations, which can be treated
as an indicator of convergence. The inversion results
demonstrate that the inverted impedance using our pro-
posed workflow has a higher correlation coefficient with
the impedance log than that of the traditional method.
Acknowledgement
The authors thank the financial support from the
13th Five-Year Major Project of China (grant no.
2017ZX05005002-006) and Major Project of Sinopec
(grant no. 2017ZX05049002-004).
Data and materials availability
Data associated with this research are confidential
and cannot be released.
Appendix A
DTW and IDTW
According to the objective function, the DTW can be
classified into two categories that used to align two differ-
ent signals f and g with length N. The first one is comput-
DOI:10.1190/INT-2019-0289.1
ing the Euclidean distance eði; jÞ ¼ ðf ½i − g½jÞ2 between
these two signals for all of the samples in indexes i and j
Figure A-1. (a) Two time signals and the aligned results, (b) the refereed time
signal, (c) the time signal used to align the signal shown in (a). The aligned
results using (c) DTW and (d) IDTW.
T924 Interpretation / November 2020
to generate the alignment errors map (Sakoe and Chiba,
1978), and the objective is finding out the optimal shift
path p by solving the following optimization problem:
X
min kf ½i − g½jk2 ; (A-1)
i;j
where p is a series of pairwise index ði; jÞthat denotes the
optimal shift path for the minimized Euclidean distance.
The second category is finding out a series of time-vary-
ing shift sðtÞ to ensure that the two sequences are approx-
imately equal to each other:
f ½t ≈ g½t þ sðtÞ; (A-2)
and the objective function is defined as follows:
X
min kf½t − g½t þ sðtÞk2 : (A-3)
i
In this paper, we focus on the second category and
we discuss how to apply this method to the two signals’
alignment. To allow strain (stretch or squeeze) of less
than 100%, we propose to interpolate the signals before
alignment. In this manner, we can compute the align-
ment errors eðt; sðtÞÞ at some fraction of the time sam-
pling interval. Suppose the maximum fraction is set as
50%: We need to finely interpolate the signals two times.
Then, we compute the alignment errors for lags
sðtÞ ¼ ½ −1∕2; 0; 1∕2 . Considering
that we may have a value range differ-
ence between the two signals,
we improve the DTW by replacing the
Euclidean distance with semblance in
the error matrix computation:
eðt;sðtÞÞ ¼ 1
½f ðtÞþgðtÞ2 þ½f H ðtÞþgH ðtÞ2
− ;
2½f 2 ðtÞþg2 ðtÞþ2f½f H ðtÞ2 þ½gH ðtÞ2 g
(A-4)
where f H and gH are the Hilbert trans-
form of signals f and g, respectively. We
define the temporal window size as a
one-time sample. We then compute the
accumulated errors map d½t; sðtÞ:
X
N
d½t; sðtÞ ¼ e½t; sðtÞ: (A-5)
t¼1
We finally find out the optimal path p
by applying the dynamic program algo-
rithm (backtracking) to solve the follow-
ing optimization problem:
p½1∶N ¼ arg min d½t; sðtÞ: (A-6)
s½1∶N
Figure A-1a and A-1b shows two time
series signals before alignment. The sig-
nal shown in Figure A-1a functions as
the referred signal. Figure A-1c and A-
1d shows the aligned results using
 DTW and IDTW, respectively. The green arrow in Fig-
ure A-1c indicates that the value of the signal shown in
Figure A-1b was changed after alignment. However,
The IDTW method successfully preserved the value of
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the signal before (indicated by the green arrow in Fig-
ure A-1b) and after (indicated by the green arrow in Fig-
ure A-1d) alignment. Equation A-1 shows that DTW
minimizes the Euclidean distance between the two signals.
Thus, DTW would “crop” the values of stretched signal.
The red and purple arrows in Figure A-1c indicate the se-
verely “stretched” and “squeezed” portion of the signal
during the alignment. Note that the alignment using IDTW
(Figure A-1d) is smoother that the result using DTW.
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