Psychology Frontiers and

Applications Canadian 6th Edition

Passer Test Bank
Full download at link:

Test Bank: https://testbankpack.com/p/test-bank-for-psychology-frontiers-and-

applications-canadian-6th-edition-passer-smith-atkinson-mitchell-1259369420-
9781259369421/

Solution Manual: https://testbankpack.com/p/solution-manual-for-psychology-

frontiers-and-applications-canadian-6th-edition-passer-smith-atkinson-mitchell-
1259369420-9781259369421/

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) The most accurate order of the stages in sensory processing and perception of information is from:
A) reception to reconstruction to analysis to recognition.
B) reception to transduction to matching to interpretation.
C) reception to analysis to translation to recognition.
D) reception to comparison to reconstruction to interpretation.
Answer: B

2) Occasionally, people who have been blind since birth will have their vision restored. Afterwards,
they are able to notice light and various colours but they often have continual difficulty making
sense of this new sensory information. Examples like these best demonstrate the difference between:
A) rods and cones. B) sensation and perception.
C) perception and organizing sensory input. D) sensation and transduction.
Answer: B

3) One night on a family camping trip, Samantha was lying awake in her tent when all of a sudden, she
saw a bright flash of light, so bright in fact, that it light up the entire inside of the tent. Then there
was a loud rumble that seemed to shake the ground she was sleeping on. The light and the rumble
are sensed by Samantha, and she the phenomena as a thunderstorm.
A) perceives B) senses C) identifies D) knows
Answer: A

4) The two kinds of sensory capabilities studied in psychophysics are:

A) the ability to produce neurotransmitters and the ability to produce hormones.
1
 B) the ability to organize stimuli and the ability to make sense of stimuli.
C) the functions of the rods and cones.
D) the absolute limits of sensitivity to stimuli and sensitivity to changes in stimuli.
Answer: D

5) The lowest intensity at which a stimulus can be detected 50 percent of the time is the:
A) subliminal stimulus. B) decision criterion.
C) absolute threshold. D) difference threshold.
Answer: C

6) A researcher is conducting a study with owls at the zoo to determine how sensitive they are to
various sounds and what is the smallest sound that they can detect. The work of this researcher is
most consistent with the goals of which scientific area?
A) psychoneuroimmunology B) psychotherapy
C) neuropsychology D) psychophysics
Answer: D

2
 7) Dr. Haller is conducting an experiment related to vision. He places his subjects in a dark room and
after they have acclimated, he presents them with visual stimuli of varying strengths and attempts to
determine the minimal amount of light that people can detect. Dr. Haller is specifically trying to
determine a(n):
A) maximum threshold. B) difference threshold.
C) absolute threshold. D) minimum threshold.
Answer: C

8) Terry enjoys riding his bike long distances. While riding along busy city streets, Terry must be aware
of the vehicles that approach him and then pass him. With experience, Terry is now able to sense an
approaching car 90% of the time. This sensitivity means Terry has a(n) threshold for
vehicle detection.
A) high B) absolute C) ultimate D) low
Answer: D

9) The term "decision criterion" refers to:

A) the particular signal detection criteria a researcher used to determine an absolute threshold.
B) the difference between an absolute and a difference threshold used to determine if a stimulus is
present.
C) the particular signal detection criteria a researcher used to determine a difference threshold.
D) how certain a person must feel that a stimulus is present before saying that it is present.
Answer: D

10) How certain a person needs to feel before saying that a particular stimulus is present is referred to as
the:
A) choice threshold. B) decision criterion.
C) transduction. D) difference threshold.
Answer: B

11) Bob is a participant in a signal detection study. On the last clinical trial, Bob said that he saw a
stimulus and in fact there was no stimulus present. Bob's answer would be classified as a:
A) false alarm. B) correct rejection. C) hit. D) miss.
Answer: A

12) Susan is participating in a signal detection study on hearing. Susan just said that she was able to hear
a sound and in fact, a sound actually was presented to her. Susan's response would be an example of a:
A) hit. B) stimuli threshold.
C) miss. D) correct rejection.
Answer: A

3
13) Which of the following was mentioned as an example of a participant characteristic that influences
the decision criterion?
A) when the absolute threshold is changed from 50 percent correct identification to 75 percent
correct
B) the rewards associated with correct decisions
C) the person's tendency to say "yes"
D) the costs associated with incorrect decisions
Answer: C

14) Which of the following was mentioned as an example of a situational characteristic that influences
decision criterion?
A) the person's tendency to say "yes"
B) the costs associated with an incorrect decision
C) the person's tendency to say "no"
D) the costs associated with uncertainty
Answer: B

15) A participant in a signal detection study has the tendency to be bolder in her decisions regarding the
presence of a target stimulus. As a result, she has more hits, but also has more false alarms. This
example demonstrates how can affect .
A) participant characteristics; situational characteristics
B) participant characteristics; decision criterion
C) situational characteristics; decision criterion
D) situational characteristics; participant characteristics
Answer: B

16) A researcher is designing a signal detection experiment. She decides to tell a participant that she
will lose a dollar for every miss she has, but she will not receive any reward for hits. In this instance,
the researcher's manipulation of situational factors, such as the cost for a miss, will likely have an
impact on the participant's .
A) stimulus detection B) stimulus response
C) characteristics D) decision criterion
Answer: D

17) Alexis is participating in a perception experiment where she will be paid $10 for every letter she
sees flashed briefly on a computer screen. If Alexis says there is a letter but there is not, she is not
penalized - she just does not receive $10 for those responses. Given this situation, Alexis will do
well financially to use a decision criterion.
A) bold; she'll commit more false alarms but also increase her "hits"
B) conservative; she'll commit more false alarms but also increase her "hits"
C) conservative; this will prevent making false alarms
D) bold; this will prevent making false alarms
Answer: B

4
18) When a stimulus is so small that the sensory receptors can detect it, yet there is no conscious
awareness of the stimulus, it is called a:
A) minimum stimulus. B) threshold stimulus.
C) subliminal stimulus. D) preconscious stimulus.
Answer: C

19) Regarding the impact of subliminal messages on attitudes and behaviour, research has found that
subliminal messages have:
A) a stronger impact on behaviours than on attitudes.
B) an equal impact on attitudes and behaviours.
C) a stronger impact on attitudes than on behaviours.
D) no impact on attitudes and behaviours.
Answer: C

20) Which of the following is most accurate regarding research on the effectiveness that subliminal
stimuli on attitudes and behaviour?
A) Subliminal stimuli are powerful and valid methods of changing attitudes and behaviour.
B) Subliminal stimuli can influence behaviour but not attitudes.
C) Subliminal stimuli have no effect on desired behaviours.
D) As far as consumer behaviour is concerned, persuasive stimuli above the absolute threshold are
far more likely to be influential than subliminal stimuli.
Answer: D

21) Jane participates in an experiment where she is asked to look at nine different pictures of the same
person. Unbeknownst to her, immediately before each picture is presented an unpleasant picture is
briefly flashed so quickly that she is unaware of it. After viewing all nine photos of the person, she
is asked some questions related to her attitude towards the person. How is Jane is likely to respond
given the research findings from studies on subliminal perception?
A) Jane would only express a more negative attitude towards the person if she was consciously
aware of at least one of the briefly flashed unpleasant pictures.
B) Jane's attitude towards the person is unlikely to be influenced by the presence of the
subliminally presented unpleasant pictures.
C) Jane is likely to express a more negative attitude towards the person compared to participants
in a control group that were not exposed to the unpleasant pictures.
D) Jane's attitude towards the person is unlikely to be influenced by the presence of the
subliminally presented unpleasant pictures, but if she were to meet the individual she would
unconsciously behave more negatively towards the person.
Answer: C

5
22) Jennifer plays her music very loud while she studies. Upset by how loud the music is, her mother
insists Jennifer turn the music down. After 10 minutes, Jennifer's mom asks her daughter once again
to please turn down the volume of the music. Jennifer insists she already turned it down although
her mother swears it is as loud as it always was. The fact that Jennifer hears the music as softer and
her mother experiences the volume as unchanged indicates that, clearly, Jennifer and her mother
have different .
A) tolerance levels B) absolute thresholds
C) difference thresholds D) signal detection
Answer: C

23) Weber's law states that the difference threshold is directly proportional to the _ of the
stimulus with which a comparison is being made.
A) magnitude B) absolute threshold
C) tolerance level D) signal detection
Answer: A

24) A useful application of Weber fractions is that:

A) they minimize the problems associated with misses.
B) by looking at them, we can tell what the absolute threshold is.
C) they minimize the problems associated with false alarms.
D) they allow for sensitivity comparisons between the different sensory modalities.
Answer: D

25) A limitation of Weber's law is that:

A) it doesn't hold true for moderate intensities of stimulation.
B) it only applies to absolute thresholds but not to difference thresholds.
C) it doesn't allow for sensitivity comparisons between different sensory modalities.
D) it doesn't hold true for extremely low or high intensities of stimulation.
Answer: D

26) If the Weber fraction for tonal pitch is 1/333, then to be able to judge a comparison tone as higher in
pitch than one at 3330 Hz it must be at least:
A) 3666 Hz. B) 3333 Hz. C) 3340 Hz. D) 3360 Hz.
Answer: C

27) As Jesse closes her eyes, Joe puts two tiny boxes in Jesse's hands. In her right hand, the box is
empty, but the box in her left hand contains two small Hershey's kisses. Jesse has no problem
picking the box in her left hand as the heavier of the two. However, Joe next takes two equal
2-pound bags of candy and adds the two small kisses to one of the bags. Then Joe puts a bag of
candy in each of her hands and Jesse is unable to pick which one has the extra kisses. This inability
to perceive the weight in the second situation can be explained by:
A) sensory adaptation B) different tolerance levels
C) absolute threshold D) Weber's law
Answer: D

6
28) Sensory adaptation to a stimulus is said to occur when:
A) the sensory stimulus is no longer important to our well-being or survival.
B) sensory neurons decrease their response to a constant stimulus.
C) sensory neurons no longer respond to the stimulus.
D) the sensory stimulus becomes adaptive to survival.
Answer: B

29) The diminishing sensitivity of a neuron to an unchanging stimulus is called:

A) bottom-up processing. B) neuron adjustment.
C) sensory adaptation. D) shadowing.
Answer: C

30) You have just arrived at the library to study and just as you are starting to read your assignment, a
group of students at a nearby table begin a loud conversation. At first, these extra sounds annoy you,
but you return to your reading and pretty soon, you are no longer aware of them, even though the
students are continuing to talk. This example is most similar to what is known as:
A) a perceptual set. B) a difference threshold.
C) sensory adaptation. D) transduction.
Answer: C

31) Elizabeth is on a business trip. She is staying in a nice hotel in the heart of the big city.
Unfortunately, Elizabeth is unable to fall asleep because her room is on a busy street and the traffic
noise is constant. Eventually, Elizabeth's sensory neurons will respond to the constant traffic noise
and .
A) increase their activity and therefore increase Elizabeth's sensory threshold.
B) increase their activity, thereby diminishing her sensitivity to the noise.
C) decrease their activity and therefore increase Elizabeth's sensory threshold.
D) decrease their activity, thereby diminishing her sensitivity to the noise.
Answer: D

32) You have just prepared a bath for yourself and as you are getting in, the water feels very hot, almost
too hot. However, you continue to ease yourself into the tub and pretty soon, even though it has
remained the same temperature, the water no longer feels so hot. The characteristic of sensory
neurons that is responsible for this phenomenon is known as:
A) signal detection. B) sensory adaptation.
C) the refractory period. D) sensory threshold.
Answer: B

33) Joey has no trouble seeing when he's reading books and working on his computer, but he has a fair
amount of difficulty seeing things in the distance. Joey most likely suffers from:
A) farsightedness. B) myopia. C) hyperopia. D) colour blindness.
Answer: B

7
34) Kendra has no trouble seeing the chalk board in class, but she requires reading glasses when reading
her textbooks. Kendra most likely suffers from:
A) nearsightedness B) myopia C) colour blindness D) hyperopia
Answer: D

35) Someone who suffers from hyperopia:

A) has good distance vision but has difficulty seeing things up close.
B) has colour blindness that affects only one of the colour systems.
C) can see things well up close but has poor distance vision.
D) has only black and white vision.
Answer: A

36) Myopia is to hyperopia as:

A) focusing the visual image behind the retina is to focusing the visual image too far from the
lens.
B) focusing the visual image behind the retina is to focusing the visual image in front of the retina.
C) focusing the visual image in front of the retina is to focusing the visual image too near the lens.
D) focusing the visual image in front of the retina is to focusing the visual image behind the retina.
Answer: D

37) Ben's grandfather has not been able to read Ben a bedtime story for quite some time now. Grandpa
says his eyes are just getting tired very early in the evening but Ben knows that his grandfather is
unable to focus on reading because the lens in his eyes have become unable to focus the words
directly onto the retina. His grandfather's lens are:
A) too thick, so the image is focused too far from the lens
B) too thin, so the image is focused too near the lens
C) too thick, so the image is focused too near the lens
D) too thin, so the image is focused too far from the lens
Answer: D

38) Which of the following statements regarding rods and cones is true?
A) There are twice as many rods in the eye as there are cones.
B) There are 10 times as many rods in the eye as there are cones.
C) There are 20 times as many rods in the eye as there are cones.
D) There are 10 times as many cones in the eye as there are rods.
Answer: C

39) When attempting to locate a constellation in the night sky, Sally notices that she can see the stars
better if she doesn't look directly at them. In doing this, the light from the star she wishes to see falls
away from the fovea to the part of the retina that has a higher concentration of , which are
better adapted to seeing at night.
A) ganglion cells B) nerves C) rods D) cones
Answer: C

8
40) The owl and other nocturnal creatures need exceptional vision due to the low levels of light at night
when they are hunting for food. Because their ability to survive depends on this keen sense of sight,
their retinas contain .
A) more cones than rods B) rods but no cones
C) cones but no rods D) more rods than cones
Answer: B

41) Lisa is participating in a psychology experiment. She is seated in a dimly lit room and is told to look
straight ahead at the blank screen. Lisa's task is to detect points of light as they appear on the screen,
and Lisa will be paid $10 for every point of light she correctly detects. Several minutes into the
experiment, Lisa is discouraged by how few light points she is seeing, so she changes her strategy
and starts focusing off to the side of the screen rather than in the middle of the screen as she had
been. Sure enough, by the end of the experiment, Lisa has enough money to buy the pizza for
tonight's study group. Lisa's new strategy worked because:
A) the image then fell on the part of the retina more densely packed with cones.
B) the image then fell on the fovea where the dim light is more easily detected.
C) the image then fell on the part of the retina more densely packed with rods.
D) the image then fell on the outside of the retina where the cones are denser.
Answer: C

42) Once a light stimulus has been detected by the rods or cones, it is passed first to bipolar cells, and
then onto , whose axons form the optic nerve.
A) hair cells B) optic cells C) ganglion cells D) corneal cells
Answer: C

43) Which of the following shows the correct route taken by a light stimulus traveling to the brain?
A) stimulus -> rod/cone -> bipolar cell -> ganglion cell -> brain
B) stimulus -> bipolar cell -> rod/cone -> ganglion cell -> brain
C) stimulus -> rod/cone -> ganglion cell -> bipolar cell -> brain
D) stimulus -> bipolar cell -> ganglion cell -> rod/cone -> brain
Answer: A

44) The process in which the qualities of a sensory stimulus are converted into nerve impulses is called:
A) sensory adaptation. B) transduction.
C) sensory modification. D) conversion.
Answer: B

45) Rods and cones translate light into nerve impulses through the action of specific protein molecules
called:
A) stroboscopic cells. B) cornea cells.
C) photopigments. D) light transducers.
Answer: C

9
46) Except on the red end of the colour spectrum, research has determined that rods have much greater
brightness sensitivity than .
A) bipolar cells B) hair cells C) cones D) optic nerves
Answer: C

47) The Department of Transportation contacts you and asks what colour they should make their road
signs so that they will be most visible at night. Given what you have learned in this class about the
sensitivity of rods under conditions of low illumination, one colour that you would NOT want to
pick is:
A) green. B) yellow. C) blue. D) red.
Answer: D

48) Perhaps the most dangerous time of day to drive a car is twilight. The low levels of light at this time
of day hinder our ability to see other cars. In fact, from what we know about the capabilities of the
rods and cones in low illumination, the safest colour of car to be driving would be:
A) red B) blue C) yellow D) white
Answer: C

49) Some towns are changing the colour of their fire engines from red to yellow-green. This is because
this colour increases the dim-lighting visibility of the trucks to:
A) both the rods and cones. B) the ganglion cells.
C) only the rods. D) the bipolar cells.
Answer: A

50) The process whereby brightness sensitivity progressively improves under conditions of low
illumination is called adaptation.
A) binocular B) stroboscopic C) colour D) dark
Answer: D

51) At a party last week, Ben played a game similar to a scavenger hunt. Each child was given a list of
ten items to retrieve from the kitchen within three minutes. The twist was that the lights in the
kitchen were turned off and the shades were drawn leaving the room in complete darkness. One by
one, the children would emerge from the room having found only two or three of the items. Ben,
who had just learned about dark adaptation in school, easily won the game by:
A) keeping his eyes closed while in the kitchen and relying on memory
B) wearing a blindfold before and during the game to keep the other senses sharp
C) letting his eyes adjust in a dark room until it was his turn to play the game
D) volunteering to go first and immediately jumping into the kitchen
Answer: C

10
52) During the process of dark adaptation, the receptors' sensitivity gradually increases because:
A) the bipolar cells have been inhibited.
B) the ganglion cells have been excited.
C) the photopigment molecules are regenerated.
D) the fovea's refractory period is over.
Answer: C

53) Though they did not control the initial stages of dark adaptation (e.g., the first 5 minutes), the
second or later part of the darkness adaptation curve (e.g., after 5 minutes) is determined specifically
by the functioning of the _ .
A) amacrine cells B) rods C) bipolar cells D) ganglion cells
Answer: B

54) The Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory of colour vision assumes that:

A) there are three types of colour receptors in the retina, each of which is most sensitive to one of
three wavelengths of light
B) colour is determined by feature detectors in the visual cortex, each of which responds to two
different wavelengths
C) there are three types of colour receptors in the retina, each of which responds to two different
wavelengths
D) aspects of the dual-process theory and the opponent-process theory are combined to explain
colour vision
Answer: A

55) The Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory was not supported by a phenomenon which occurs if a
stimulus is viewed steadily and is then withdrawn. This phenomenon is known as:
A) temporary colour blindness B) a dual stimulus
C) a subliminal stimulus D) an afterimage
Answer: D

56) In the visual system, negative colour afterimages demonstrate the operation of:
A) red-green and black-white processes. B) trichromatic processes.
C) subtractive colour processes. D) opponent processes.
Answer: D

57) The presence of afterimages and the ability of some people with red-green colour blindness to
perceive the colour yellow were not consistent with which theory of colour?
A) Hering's opponent-process theory B) Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory
C) Hubel-Wiesel feature detector theory D) Weber's law
Answer: B

10
58) While afterimages are not adequately explained by the trichromatic theory of colour, they can be
readily explained by theory.
A) red-green colour-blindness B) dual-process
C) Hubel-Wiesel feature detector D) opponent-process
Answer: D

59) According to the opponent-process theory of colour, if you stare steadily at a black stimulus, when
you close your eyes the afterimage will be:
A) black B) red C) green D) white
Answer: D

60) All of the following are cone sensitivity colour pairs predicted by the opponent-process theory of
colour EXCEPT:
A) yellow-blue. B) black-white. C) red-green. D) blue-green.
Answer: D

61) To account for the colour transduction process, the dual-process theory of colour combines elements
of the trichromatic theory and the theory.
A) Hubel-Wiesel feature detector B) colour blindness
C) Young-Helmholtz D) opponent-process
Answer: D

62) More recent research on colour transduction has indicated that the opponent-process theory of
colour was inaccurate because opponent processes are actually determined NOT by the cones but by
the:
A) ganglion cells. B) occipital lobe. C) rods. D) bipolar cells.
Answer: A

63) The current modern theory of colour sensation uses the trichromatic theory to explain the behaviour
of the cones in colour vision while a modified version of another theory emphasizes the role of
ganglion cells is used to explain the presence of afterimages and certain types of colour blindness.
The theory that emphasizes the role of ganglion cells is called the theory.
A) dual-process B) opponent-process
C) additive colour mixture D) colour blindness
Answer: B

64) People with normal colour vision are referred to as:

A) trichromats. B) dichromats. C) not colour-blind. D) monochromats.
Answer: A

65) A person who only has a deficiency in the yellow-blue colour system would be called a:
A) monochromat. B) colour blind. C) dichromat. D) trichromat.
Answer: C

11
66) A person with a deficiency in only one of the colour systems, such as red-green, would be
considered a dichromat, while someone who is colour-blind in two colour systems is labelled
.
A) colour blind B) not colour blind C) trichromat D) monochromat
Answer: D

67) Colour blindness is typically assessed by:

A) a visual examination of the retina by an ophthalmologist.
B) directly asking people what colours they can't see.
C) presenting people with pictures that contain coloured dots on them.
D) a biopsy where the missing photopigments are determined.
Answer: C

68) Cells in the occipital lobe that fire selectively in response to specific visual characteristics are called:
A) selective cells. B) ganglion cells.
C) feature detectors. D) discriminating cells.
Answer: C

69) The process in which visual information, such as colour, distance, and movement, is simultaneously
analyzed is referred to as:
A) hierarchical processing. B) parallel processing.
C) transduction. D) adaptation.
Answer: B

70) You are standing on a sidewalk and a bus drives past you with a billboard on the side. With
seemingly no effort, your visual system is able to simultaneously process information about the
words on the billboard, the colour and speed of the bus, and how far away from you the bus is. This
simultaneous analyzing of information related to different visual characteristics is called:
A) hierarchical processing. B) habituation.
C) transduction. D) parallel processing.
Answer: D

71) Which one of the following statements is false?

A) Subliminal cues bias what is perceived at the conscious level.
B) Subliminal messages in movie theatres increased pop and popcorn sales.
C) Subliminal cues alter attitudes toward a particular person.
D) Subliminal messages are effective on individuals with prosopagnosia.
Answer: B

72) A subliminal stimulus is best defined as being:

A) a marketing term rather than a perceptual phenomenon.
B) not perceived consciously and well below the absolute threshold.
C) not perceived consciously but just below the absolute threshold.
D) perceived consciously, just below the absolute threshold.
Answer: B

12
73) Research has shown that subliminal presentations of aggressively toned words cause people to judge
A) aggressive behaviours as more aggressive. B) aggressive behaviours as more ambiguous.
C) neutral behaviours as more aggressive. D) ambiguous behaviours as more aggressive.
Answer: D

74) Individuals with prosopagnosia have difficulty with:

A) pain perception B) facial recognition
C) auditory perception D) visual perception
Answer: B

75) The two physical characteristics of sound waves are:

A) frequency and hertz. B) frequency and pitch.
C) amplitude and frequency. D) amplitude and pitch.
Answer: C

76) Janet likes to play her stereo very loud on Saturday nights. Her upstairs neighbour keeps
complaining that the rock music is causing his apartment walls to shake. This complaint is valid, as
the amplitude of the sound waves .
A) are a chemical process and can be physically sensed
B) influences the pressure of waves in the air
C) depend on the type of music not the decibel level
D) distort her neighbour's sense of stability
Answer: B

77) The amplitude of a sound wave determines which sensory quality?

A) frequency B) pitch C) hertz D) loudness
Answer: D

78) A measurement in cycles per second and that is translated into the auditory quality of pitch is called
.
A) Amplitude B) Frequency C) Loudness D) Decibels
Answer: B

79) Frequency determines the pitch of a sound, while amplitude determines the _ of a sound.
A) hertz B) spectrum C) loudness D) decibels
Answer: C

80) The coiled, snail-like tube in the inner ear that is filled with fluid is called the:
A) cornea. B) organ of Corti. C) cochlea. D) stirrup.
Answer: C

13
81) The organ of Corti contains thousands of tiny hair-like cells and rests on top of the , which
runs for the length of the cochlea.
A) cochlear duct B) eardrum
C) oval window D) basilar membrane
Answer: D

82) When a nerve impulse is sent to the brain from the ear, that impulse originates from:
A) pressure at the oval window. B) the basilar membrane.
C) the eardrum. D) the hair cells in the organ of Corti.
Answer: D

83) The three tiny bones located in the middle ear named the anvil, the hammer, and the stirrup serve
what function?
A) amplify the sound waves
B) transform the sound waves into neural impulses
C) protect the inner ear from foreign objects
D) bend the hair cells
Answer: A

84) The theory that postulates that nerve impulses triggered by a given auditory stimulus should match
the pitch of that stimulus is the theory of pitch perception.
A) frequency B) place
C) opponent-process D) trichromatic
Answer: A

85) The place theory of pitch perception states that pitch is determined by:
A) the way that the eardrum resonates in response to different frequencies.
B) the specific point in the cochlea where the fluid wave peaks.
C) neurons that fire at the same amplitude as the incoming stimulus.
D) neurons that fire at the same frequency as the incoming stimulus.
Answer: B

86) Which of the following statements regarding pitch perception is true?

A) Frequency theory holds true for frequencies around 30 Hz, while place theory holds true for the
remaining frequencies.
B) Frequency theory holds true for high frequencies, while place theory holds true for low
frequencies.
C) Place theory holds true for extreme high and low frequencies, while frequency theory holds
true for mid-range frequencies.
D) Frequency theory holds true for low frequencies, while place theory holds true for high
frequencies.
Answer: D

14
87) Information regarding the time differences and intensity differences of arriving sounds is most
important in:
A) transducing the pitch of a sound. B) pitch perception.
C) transducing the amplitude of a sound. D) sound localization.
Answer: D

88) The fact that we have two ears on our heads instead of just one is an important structural feature that
is most related to our ability to:
A) perceive the pitch of sounds. B) perceive the amplitude of sounds.
C) describe the loudness of sounds. D) locate the source of sounds.
Answer: D

89) Susan suffered from scarlet fever when she was three years old. The primary residual damage is lost
hearing in her left ear. Susan has been able to compensate well, asking people to speak louder and
always sitting in the front row in her school classrooms. Due to her impaired binaural system, she
still has difficulty, however, with .
A) sound localization B) stimuli feature detection
C) perceiving the pitch of sounds D) detecting high amplitude sound waves
Answer: A

90) The ability of our nervous system to localize the source of various sounds is primarily determined
by:
A) the way that eardrum is connected to the small bones in the inner ear.
B) the way that the organ of Corti is connected to the auditory nerve.
C) the cup shape of the ear.
D) the fact that we have an ear on each side of our head.
Answer: D

91) While cleaning his right ear a little too vigorously, Steve accidentally punctured his eardrum and is
unable to hear out of this ear. Steve's injury would be classified as an example of:
A) nerve deafness. B) conduction deafness.
C) localized deafness. D) temporal lobe deafness.
Answer: B

92) Which of the following would be classified as an example of nerve deafness?

A) a stirrup that is partially disconnected from the oval window
B) a damaged hammer bone
C) a punctured eardrum
D) the loss of certain hair cells in the organ of Corti
Answer: D

93) Hearing aids may correct many forms of conduction deafness, but they do little to rectify problems
caused by deafness.
A) permanent B) nerve C) congenital D) mechanical
Answer: B

15
94) The type of hearing loss that cannot be helped by a hearing aid is:
A) noise deafness. B) mechanical deafness.
C) conduction deafness. D) nerve deafness.
Answer: D

95) Amanda's teenage son Brad plays his music very loud. Amanda now asks him to wear earphones but
she can still hear the music when he has the earphones on. Brad should be concerned because:
A) he risks damaging his hammer bone
B) he is at risk for conduction deafness
C) the decibel level can prevent the cochlea from receiving sound waves
D) he risks damaging the receptors in his inner ear
Answer: D

96) The Sonicguide device, which is used to provide new "eyes" to people with blindness, utilizes the
sensory principles of:
A) monocular depth perception. B) light transduction.
C) binocular depth perception. D) sound localization.
Answer: D

97) Cortical implants make use of the fact that phosphenes, which are discrete flashes of light that are
perceived by both blind and sighted people, are perceived when the is electrically
stimulated.
A) fovea B) visual cortex C) retina D) optic nerve
Answer: B

98) The cochlear implant device overcomes nerve deafness by:

A) enabling previously inactive hair cells to send limited electrical signals.
B) bypassing the auditory nerve and stimulating the auditory centre in the temporal lobe directly.
C) amplifying sound as it first enters the ear drum.
D) bypassing damaged hair cells and stimulating the auditory nerve directly.
Answer: D

99) The two senses that are associated and are referred to as the "common chemical sense" are:
A) hearing and olfaction. B) vision and hearing.
C) kinesthesis and vision. D) gustation and olfaction.
Answer: D

100) Two senses whose receptors respond to chemical molecules rather than energy forms are:
A) olfaction and kinesthesis. B) olfaction and smell.
C) kinesthesis and gustation. D) gustation and olfaction.
Answer: D

16
101) Which of our senses involves not only detection of chemicals, but also tactile and temperature
receptors?
A) audition. B) olfaction. C) gustation. D) kinesthesis.
Answer: C

102) Robert really enjoys a good meal. Unfortunately, through the years, Robert has also enjoyed
chewing tobacco and now has cancer of the tongue. After surgery in which most of his tongue is
removed, Robert worries that he has lost all ability to taste food. This is an unfounded worry on
Robert's part as .
A) he will still have the ability to taste sweetness
B) his olfactory sense will compensate
C) his food will seem even more tasteful
D) there are taste buds on the roof and back of the mouth
Answer: D

103) The senses of gustation and olfaction are somewhat unique in that their receptors are sensitive to
chemical molecules rather than to .
A) light B) nerve fibres
C) sounds D) some form of energy
Answer: D

104) The tendency of women who live together or are close friends to become more similar in their
menstrual cycles is called:
A) menstrual synchrony. B) menstrual habituation.
C) menstrual adaptation. D) menstrual harmony.
Answer: A

105) The chemical signals found in natural body scents that may influence behaviour in subtle ways are
called:
A) endorphins. B) hormones. C) opiates. D) pheromones.
Answer: D

106) Which of the following statements regarding menstrual synchrony is true?

A) Menstrual synchrony does not seem to occur for cohabitating lesbian women.
B) Menstrual synchrony has been observed cross-culturally in all women.
C) Menstrual synchrony was higher for cohabitating lesbian women than for heterosexual women.
D) Menstrual synchrony is higher in women who are not friends than in women who are friends.
Answer: A

107) The tactile sensations that people are sensitive to are:

A) frequency, pitch, and loudness B) light, rods, and cones
C) sweet, sour, salty, and bitter D) pressure, pain, warmth, and cold
Answer: D

17
108) The primary receptors for pain and temperature are specifically called:
A) association neurons. B) gustatory receptors.
C) free nerve endings. D) tactile receptors.
Answer: C

109) Tactile information regarding sensations such as pressure, pain, and warmth are sent to and
processed in the:
A) frontal lobe. B) motor cortex.
C) somatosensory cortex. D) occipital lobe.
Answer: C

110) The phantom limb phenomenon is caused by:

A) expectancy and placebo effects about what is supposed to happen when a limb is lost.
B) damage to the motor cortex.
C) depressive symptoms experienced by the amputee.
D) irritated neurons that trick the brain into interpreting nerve impulses as real sensations.
Answer: D

111) Tim placed his hand inside a cooler to grab a bottle of soda. He immediately felt that the bottle of
soda was quite cold. Which type of sensory receptor provided this information?
A) vestibular sacs B) ganglion cells
C) free nerve endings D) hair cells
Answer: C

112) As you are reading this question, feature detectors in your visual system are analyzing the various
stimulus components and recombining them into your perception of letters and words. This is an
example of processing.
A) parallel B) figure-ground C) top-down D) bottom-up
Answer: D

113) When sensory information is interpreted relative to pre-existing ideas, knowledge, and concepts
then this type of processing occurs:
A) Figure-ground B) Bottom-up C) Parallel D) Top-down
Answer: D

114) Bottom-up processing occurs when individual stimulus units are taken by the nervous system and
assembled into wholes. By contrast, when sensory stimuli are interpreted relative to pre-existing
knowledge or expectations then _ processing occurs.
A) parallel B) holistic C) figure-ground D) top-down
Answer: D

18
115) Bottom-up processing is to top-down processing as:
A) interpretation of the whole is to existing knowledge.
B) sensory information is to combination into a unified whole.
C) individual stimulus elements are to expectations.
D) previous experiences are to higher-order knowledge.
Answer: C

116) Sammy is a little boy who was born and raised in a large city. When his parents sent him to summer
camp at the age of five, Sammy had never been in the country before or seen animals other than on
TV. While driving through the countryside on the way to camp, Sammy saw an animal off in the
distance. He noticed the four legs, the long tail, and long mane and decided it must be a horse.
Sammy was primarily using .
A) central processing B) individual processing
C) bottom-up processing D) top-down processing
Answer: C

117) Brad is a 5-year old boy who loves horses. In fact, he has been taking riding lessons since he was
able to walk. On a drive in the country one day, Brad saw an animal off in the distance and
immediately decided it was an Appaloosa, a particular breed of horse. In this case, Brad was using
.
A) individual processing B) bottom-up processing
C) central processing D) top-down processing
Answer: D

118) Alex loves baseball and especially his hometown team. He knows all the statistics for each player
and can often accurately predict which pitch a pitcher will throw to a specific batter and which
pitches a batter will tend to miss. Alex is using his knowledge of baseball and his past experiences
to perceive new information at each game. Alex is relying on .
A) bottom-up processing B) motivational processing
C) top-down processing D) analysis processing
Answer: C

119) Two complementary processes that take place in attention are:

A) perceiving and focusing. B) top-down and bottom-up processing.
C) filtering and perceiving. D) focusing and filtering.
Answer: D

120) Focusing on specific stimuli and filtering out others are complementary processes that are most
central to:
A) trichromatic theory. B) signal detection theory.
C) sensation. D) attention.
Answer: D

19
121) Which of the following would be an example of the influence of top-down processing?
A) Seeing a normal Canadian flag after staring at a flag where the maple leaf and bars are green
and the background is black for about a minute.
B) Gradually being more sensitive to light after being in the dark for a period of time.
C) Your perceptual system 'filling in' the missing information from the part of the visual field
hidden by the blind spot.
D) Not being able to identify the dotted figures in a test of colour-deficiency.
Answer: C

122) The experimental procedure where a participant is presented with two auditory messages (i.e., one
in each ear) and then is asked to repeat one of the messages word for word is called:
A) shadowing. B) top-down processing.
C) a split-attention study. D) mirroring.
Answer: A

123) Research on attention using the shadowing technique has revealed that:
A) people can completely attend to two or even three messages at the same time and then be able
to repeat each one of the messages.
B) when participants are given two messages and are asked to verbally repeat one, most
participants are able to repeat one message, but at the expense of remembering the other
message.
C) while attending to a message presented in one ear, people can remember information presented
to the other ear equally well.
D) when participants are given two messages and are asked to verbally repeat one, participants are
largely unable to repeat either one of the messages.
Answer: B

124) Research using the shadowing technique to study attention has led psychologists to conclude that:
A) with practice, people can perfectly attend to two messages simultaneously.
B) people cannot attend to more than one thing at a time and are unable to rapidly shift attention
between two stimuli.
C) people cannot attend to more than one thing at a time, but are able to rapidly shift attention
between two stimuli.
D) with practice, people can perfectly attend to three or more messages simultaneously.
Answer: C

125) All of the following are environmental factors that affect attention EXCEPT:
A) interest. B) intensity. C) contrast. D) novelty.
Answer: A

20
126) One day you are driving home from school and you're rather hungry. As you drive along, it seems
that you notice everything that has anything to do with food, such as restaurants, grocery stores, and
billboards. This example best demonstrates the impact of _ on attention.
A) bottom-up processing B) environmental factors
C) parallel processing D) personal factors
Answer: D

127) A new commercial presents its product in a rather novel and intense way, making use of a lot of
movement and special effects. If this ad were to capture your attention, it would best be viewed as
an example of how _ can affect attention.
A) environmental factors B) personal motives
C) sensory adaptation D) internal factors
Answer: A

128) In a study discussed in the text, participants were presented with pictures of groups of people. In
some of the pictures, people had the same emotion (either all angry or all happy) while in others
there was one discrepant face in the group (either one angry face in a happy group or one happy face
in an angry group). When participants were asked to determine whether there was a discrepant face
in any of the photos, the researchers found that:
A) participants responded fastest to the happy face in the group of angry people.
B) participants responded equally fast when presented with pictures containing a discrepant angry
face or a discrepant happy face.
C) participants typically were unable to locate the discrepant happy face.
D) participants responded fastest to the angry face in the group of happy people.
Answer: D

129) Gestalt psychologists refer to our tendency to organize incoming stimuli into a central object with
some kind of backdrop behind as:
A) bottom-up processing. B) the law of figures.
C) figure-ground relations. D) top-down processing.
Answer: C

130) The Gestalt law that states that when parts of an array of stimuli are perceived as being alike, they
will be perceived as belonging together is the Gestalt law of .
A) proximity B) continuity C) closure D) similarity
Answer: D

131) The Gestalt law that asserts that objects near one another are more likely to be perceived as
belonging together is the Gestalt law of .
A) proximity B) inclusion C) continuity D) concurrence
Answer: A

21
132) Our tendency to fill in an incomplete figure and perceive it as more complete than it actually is
called the law of:
A) continuity. B) wholes. C) completion. D) closure.
Answer: D

133) The Gestalt law that holds that people link individual elements together in such a way that they form
an uninterrupted line or pattern that makes sense is called the Gestalt law of _ .
A) constancy B) continuity C) similarity D) proximity
Answer: B

134) Sean and Sue were standing outside one night, looking at the stars and enjoying the beautiful
evening. Sean notices that the moon is full and comments on the perfect circular shape to Sue. Sue,
however, knows the full moon is not for two more nights and, when she looks closely, can see that a
small sliver of the circle is missing. Sean continues to swear the moon is full because of the:
A) law of proximity B) law of continuity C) law of closure D) law of similarity
Answer: C

135) Abby Jane stands at the side of her newborn sister's crib and views her sister through the bars of the
crib. Despite the interruption in her view caused by the slats of the crib, Abby Jane perceives her
baby sister as a whole because of the:
A) law of continuity B) law of closure C) law of proximity D) law of similarity
Answer: A

136) The recognition of an incoming stimulus is presumably facilitated by the presence of a mental
representation or image to which we compare a stimulus. This is called a .
A) perceptual constancy B) sensory schema
C) perceptual schema D) sensory template
Answer: C

137) While walking down the street, you think you see someone who from a distance looks like one of
your best friends. You get ready to greet her but when she gets closer, you realize that she isn't the
person you thought she was. In this example, your initial perceptual impression was most similar to:
A) bottom-up processing. B) a hypothesis.
C) a theory. D) sensory adaptation.
Answer: B

138) It has been argued that each of our perceptions is similar to a hypothesis that is tested by comparing
incoming stimuli to a pre-existing .
A) perceptual set B) perceptual schema
C) perceptual constancy D) theory
Answer: B

22
139) A perceptual set is best defined as a:
A) perceptual law that governs how stimuli are organized.
B) mental representation or image.
C) tendency to organize incoming stimuli into a central foreground figure and a background.
D) readiness to perceive stimuli in a particular way.
Answer: D

140) A promptness to perceive stimuli in a specific way is called:

A) a perceptual set. B) convergence.
C) a perceptual schema. D) sensory adaptation.
Answer: A

141) While engaged in a battle during the war in the Persian Gulf, crewmen operating the radar systems on
the Vincennes mistakenly interpreted a commercial airliner as a threatening military aircraft and shot
it down, tragically killing all the passengers aboard. This incident was discussed as an example of:
A) a perceptual schema. B) stress-induced analgesia.
C) a perceptual set. D) a perceptual constancy.
Answer: C

142) Fear and expectation were discussed as playing a significant causal role in the creation of:
A) perceptual sets. B) perceptual illusions.
C) convergence. D) sensory adaptation.
Answer: A

143) Julie and Jason were on a blind date. Jason was very excited and expected the evening to go well.
Julie agreed to go on the date only to help out her friend who was responsible for entertaining her
cousin while he was in town. Julie expected that she would have a terrible time. Sure enough, the
next day, Julie was telling her friend how boring the evening was; her friend was shocked to hear
this as her cousin, Jason, had just spent the morning telling her how wonderful Julie was and how
much they had in common. How could the friend rationalize that Julie and Jason had been on the
same date last night?
A) the couple's perceptions were influenced by their expectations
B) the couple's perceptions were influenced by their past experiences
C) the attention that each on paid the other influenced their perceptions
D) each person held different investments in the date
Answer: A

23
144) In 1950, psychologist Harold Kelly invited a guest lecturer to his class. Half of his students were led
to believe that the guest lecturer was an inviting person, while the other half were told that he was
unapproachable. When rating the guest lecturer afterwards, students tended to rate him in a way that
was consistent with the expectations they had been given ahead of time. This example was
presented to demonstrate how can affect .
A) perceptual schemas; perceptual sets B) perceptual sets; social perceptions
C) perceptual schemas; bottom-up processing D) sensory adaptation; sensory habituation
Answer: B

145) Recognizing familiar stimuli under varying conditions and in different contexts is called .
A) sensory adaptations B) Gestalt laws of perceptual organization
C) perceptual constancies D) perceptual continuities
Answer: C

146) Which of the following demonstrates the phenomenon of brightness constancy?

A) A train viewed at a distance and up close appears to be the same size.
B) A door looks the same whether it is viewed head-on or from the side.
C) Objects that look similar will tend to be perceived as belonging together.
D) A house appears to have the same colour even though parts of it are in the shade.
Answer: D

147) The tendency of our visual system to perceive an object as having the same dimensions and
measurements, even though the image of the object on our retina may change with distance is called
.
A) perceptual similarity B) size constancy
C) perceptual continuity D) brightness constancy
Answer: B

148) Kevin is practicing his new saxophone when his Dad walks in the room and praises Kevin for the
good job playing the song, "Three Blind Mice." Even though Kevin's version of the tune was unlike
any other version he had ever heard, his Dad was able to recognize the familiar tune because of:
A) perceptual biases B) perceptual sets
C) perceptual schemas D) perceptual constancies
Answer: D

149) The fact that the face of a friend looks the same whether you are viewing it up front or from the side
is best accounted for by:
A) perceptual habituation. B) brightness constancy.
C) proximity constancy. D) shape constancy.
Answer: D

24
150) Becky is very sad when it is time to say goodbye to her grandmother after visiting her. Her mother
and father load the luggage into the car while Becky gives grandma one last hug and bids good-bye.
As the family car drives away, Becky keeps waving to her grandmother until her grandmother has
gotten so small that she can no longer see her. Suddenly, Becky bursts into tears, crying that her
grandmother just got smaller and smaller until she disappeared and Becky is afraid she is dead!
What Becky does not understand is that perception utilizes principles of:
A) proximity B) shape constancy C) continuity D) size constancy
Answer: D

151) The depth perception cues that require the use of only one eye are called:
A) monocular cues. B) binocular cues.
C) singular vision cues. D) stereo cues.
Answer: A

152) When perceiving the distance of an object, Matt tends to rely on the relative size of the object, as
well as the texture and clarity of the object. These cues are referred to as his cues.
A) visual B) focal C) binocular D) monocular
Answer: D

153) All of the following are examples of monocular cues for depth perception EXCEPT:
A) light and shadow. B) linear perspective.
C) interposition. D) convergence.
Answer: D

154) In attempting to decide which of two objects is farther away, you notice that one object has a finer
grain than the other. You decide that the one with the finer grain is further away. What monocular
depth cue are you making use of?
A) relative size B) texture
C) linear perspective D) clarity
Answer: B

155) If you know that two objects have the exact same physical dimensions and you notice that one of
them is smaller, you perceive the smaller one as being farther away and you are using the monocular
depth cue of to make this decision.
A) texture B) clarity
C) height in the horizontal plane D) relative size
Answer: D

156) Lisa realizes that her mother is further away from her than the car, as the car cuts off the view of her
mother. Which depth cue is Lisa using?
A) texture B) motion parallax C) relative size D) interposition
Answer: D

25
157) As Jocelyn drives down the highway, in front of her she sees that the two sides of the highway
appear to angle toward each other, giving a perception of depth. Which depth cue is being used?
A) convergence B) relative size
C) linear perspective D) interposition
Answer: C

158) The depth perception cues that require the use of both eyes are called .
A) motion cues B) monocular cues C) stationary cues D) binocular cues
Answer: D

159) As your eyes focus on an object that is close to you, muscles turn your eyes inward, producing
feedback. This feedback produces the binocular depth cue called:
A) binocular disparity. B) perceptual constancy.
C) convergence. D) visual accommodation.
Answer: C

160) The fact that each eye receives a slightly different visual stimulus is significant in the creation of the
binocular depth cue called:
A) visual inconstancies. B) differentiation.
C) binocular disparity. D) convergence.
Answer: C

161) Monocular depth cues are to binocular depth cues as:

A) relative size and linear perspective are to convergence and clarity.
B) texture and height in the horizontal plane are to interposition and disparity.
C) linear perspective and texture are to disparity and convergence.
D) relative size and disparity are to convergence and parallax.
Answer: C

162) Stroboscopic movement refers to:

A) the movement of a visual image to an area outside of the fovea.
B) instances where a light appears to move between two adjacent flashing lights.
C) illusory movements that are due to perceptual constancies.
D) illusory movements that are due to binocular depth cues.
Answer: B

163) The motion pictures and illusory movement of lights around a theatre marquee are best considered
examples of:
A) sensory adaptation. B) stroboscopic movement.
C) perceptual sets. D) perceptual constancies.
Answer: B

26
164) Interpreting visual illusions is evidence of the work that our perceptual processes are performing
under normal conditions. Visual illusions can be viewed as examples of:
A) incorrect hypotheses. B) incorrect theories.
C) binocular disparity. D) sensory habituation.
Answer: A

165) Ordinarily, we perceive the world accurately; however, visual illusions can be attributed to
.
A) misfiring of neurotransmitters B) binocular disparities
C) sensory adaptations D) perceptual constancies
Answer: D

166) Visual illusions are of particular interest to researchers studying perception because they:
A) provide important information about how perceptual processes work under normal conditions.
B) provide valuable information on sensory adaptation.
C) represent instances in which the opponent-process theory of vision fails.
D) provide information about key photopigments in the retina.
Answer: A

167) Research on the impact of cultural factors on perception has found that:
A) cultural factors can influence perceptual constancies, picture interpretations, and susceptibility
to visual illusions.
B) cultural factors can influence perceptual constancies and picture interpretations but not
susceptibility to visual illusions.
C) cultural factors can influence visual illusions but not auditory illusions.
D) cultural factors can influence picture interpretations but not perceptual constancies or
susceptibility to visual illusions.
Answer: A

168) When shown a picture of a hunting scene, African people perceived the hunter as attempting to kill
a baby elephant, while Westerners tended to perceive that the hunter was after another animal and
thought that the baby elephant was actually an adult elephant off in the distance. These results were
presented as an example of the lack of consistency across cultures of depth cues.
A) monocular B) convergent C) linear D) binocular
Answer: A

169) One study found that when presented with a picture, North American and European participants
perceived an object as being a window behind a woman, while East Africans interpreted the same
object as a box or basket on top of the woman's head. This study was presented as an example of:
A) the effect of culture on the Gestalt law of continuity.
B) the effect of biology on sensation.
C) a cultural conflict between shape constancy and size constancy.
D) the effect of cultural experiences on picture perception.
Answer: D

27
170) The Muller-Lyer illusion occurs when a line appears longer when the V-shaped lines at its ends
radiate outward. Cross cultural research on this illusion has found that:
A) people who live in non-Western cultures are more affected by the illusion.
B) people who live in Western cultures with square shapes and many corners are less affected by
the illusion.
C) people who live in non-Western cultures are less affected by the illusion.
D) the effect of the illusion is essentially the same in all cultures studied so far.
Answer: C

171) Developmental periods when certain kinds of experiences must occur if perceptual abilities are to
develop are called:
A) critical periods. B) necessary periods.
C) essential periods. D) required periods.
Answer: A

172) In order for perceptual abilities to develop, critical periods are times when .
A) specific neurotransmitters must be present B) specific experiences must occur
C) specific motor receptors must grow D) specific sensory receptors must grow
Answer: B

173) Kittens raised in environments where they were only exposed to vertical stimuli (i.e., vertical
stripes) had visual receptor cells that would only fire in response to vertical stimuli. Stimuli with
other orientations evoked no response. This research was discussed as a demonstration of the
importance of:
A) critical periods. B) visual illusions.
C) vertical adaptation. D) monocular depth cues.
Answer: A

174) Muir and Mitchell's visual pattern discrimination tests on kittens raised in an environment devoid of
certain visual stimuli demonstrated that:
A) kittens raised in the deprived environment were able to discriminate test patterns as well as
kittens raised in a normal environment.
B) while the sensation abilities of the kittens raised in the deprived environment were affected,
their perceptual abilities were not.
C) the "critical period" in the kittens' perceptual development was not as critical as previous
researchers had thought it to be.
D) kittens raised in the deprived environment had a specific pattern of feature detectors in their
brains.
Answer: D

28
 175) When vision is restored to adults who have been blind for their entire lives, they typically never
fully adjust to the visual world. Examples like these demonstrate the .
A) lack of flexibility of the nervous system
B) flexibility of the nervous system
C) importance of environmental influences on development
D) importance of critical periods
Answer: D

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

176) Sensation is to stimulus detection as perception is to sense-making.

Answer: True False

177) The scientific area of psychophysics is concerned with the determination of absolute thresholds and
difference thresholds.
Answer: True False

178) The smallest difference between two stimuli that people can perceive 50% of the time is called the
absolute threshold.
Answer: True False

179) Research on the impact of subliminal stimuli has shown that they have a stronger effect on
behaviour than they do on attitudes.
Answer: True False

180) The decreasing sensitivity of sensory receptors to a constant stimulus is called sensory adaptation.
Answer: True False

181) With ageing, the eyeball typically becomes longer over time, contributing to the development of
hyperopia.
Answer: True False

182) There are significantly more rods than cones located in the fovea.
Answer: True False

183) Under conditions of low illumination, cones are most sensitive to light in the green-yellow part of
the colour spectrum.
Answer: True False

184) The Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory of colour vision is based on the laws of additive colour
mixture and argues that each of the three types of cones is most sensitive to one wavelength of light.
Answer: True False

185) The opponent-process theory of colour combines the dual-process and trichromatic theories of
colour.
Answer: True False

29
186) When various pieces of visual information related to a stimulus object are processed simultaneously
it is referred to as parallel processing.
Answer: True False

187) The frequency of a sound corresponds to our perception of the loudness of the sound.
Answer: True False

188) The tiny bones in the middle ear serve to transfer incoming sound waves from the cochlea to the
basilar membrane.
Answer: True False

189) Sound localization is made possible by how the nervous system processes the time and intensity
differences of sounds arriving at the two ears.
Answer: True False

190) Research has suggested that endorphins play a significant role in the phenomenon of menstrual
synchrony.
Answer: True False

191) The four tactile sensations that people are sensitive to are pressure, warmth, pain, and cold.
Answer: True False

192) The two complementary processes involved in attention are focusing on certain stimuli and filtering
out other information.
Answer: True False

193) The Gestalt law of proximity states that elements that are near one another are likely to be perceived
as part of the same configuration.
Answer: True False

194) Perception has been likened to the process of creating a theory, and perceptual sets are the
representations or images that we make use of to test our perceptual theories.
Answer: True False

195) The fact that a door appears to have the same shape whether we look at it from the side or front-on
is an example of what is called a perceptual constancy.
Answer: True False

196) The perceptual constancy that allows us to recognize a person from several different angles is called
size constancy.
Answer: True False

197) Motion parallax and relative size are examples of binocular depth cues.
Answer: True False

30
 198) Convergence refers to the perception that parallel lines angle toward one another as they recede into
the distance.
Answer: True False

199) Research has found that people in all cultures studied so far utilize monocular depth cues to the
same extent and in the same ways.
Answer: True False

200) Muir and Mitchell's studies of kittens raised in an environment with restricted visual stimulation
showed that the early environment had permanently altered the kittens' visual abilities.
Answer: True False

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

201) The jnd value for weights is approximately 1/50. If you can lift a weight of 500 grams, a comparison
weight must weigh at least gram(s) more in order for you to be able to judge it as heavier.
A) 50 x 500 B) 1/50 x 500 C) 50 ÷ 500 D) 1/50 x 50 E) 1
Answer: B

202) You are blindfolded and asked to taste a cup of coffee to determine if it contains cream. Eight times
out of 10 you correctly identified the presence of cream, but twice you said that cream was present
when there was none there. According to signal detection theory, your correct responses are called
and your incorrect responses are called .
A) correct rejections; hits
B) positives; false negatives
C) hits; false alarms
D) hits; misses
E) hits; correct rejections
Answer: C

203) If your eye were too long front to back, such that a focused image falls in front of your retina and
you see a blurry image, you are said to have .
A) glaucoma
B) alcohol myopia
C) myopia
D) retinal dysplasia
E) hyperopia
Answer: C

31
204) The Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory states that we can see colour because the human eye has
different types of light detecting cells that .
A) 4; are tuned to red, yellow, blue, and white light
B) 3; are tuned to red, yellow, and blue light
C) 3; are tuned to blue/yellow, red/green, and black white light
D) 3; are tuned to red, green, and blue light
E) none of these answers explain the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory
Answer: D

205) Today's best understanding of how colour vision works is based on which theory?
A) Subtractive Colour Theory
B) Hering's Opponent-Process Theory
C) Additive Colour Theory
D) Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory
E) Dual-Process Theory
Answer: E

206) Alexis was born with a rare hereditary condition such that in her retina she has no rod
photoreceptors, but only cone photoreceptors. Given the anatomy of her retina, which of the
following is true regarding her vision?
A) She is colour-blind for the red-green colour pair.
B) She has difficulties seeing in bright light.
C) She has no colour vision.
D) She has very poor vision in low light conditions.
E) She has poor visual acuity in the central fovea area.
Answer: D

207) If you have normal colour vision, you are referred to as a , whereas if you are red/green or
yellow/blue colour-blind, you are referred to as a .
A) dichromat; trichromat
B) monochromat; dichromat
C) trichromat; dichromat
D) dichromat; monochromat
E) monochromat; trichromat
Answer: C

208) The human auditory system is capable of localizing sound direction using differences of
between the two ears.
A) both intensity and timing are correct
B) frequency
C) timing
D) pitch
E) intensity
Answer: A

32
209) If you had deafness due to damage to your cochlea, you would have which kind of deafness?
A) ossicular deafness
B) conductor's deafness
C) nerve deafness
D) cochlear deafness
E) conduction deafness
Answer: E

210) lets us know where our body segments are in relation to one another (e.g. is my elbow
straight or bent?), whereas _ tells us how our whole body is oriented in relation to the world
(e.g. which way is down or which way am I rotating?).
A) Proprioception; kinesthesis
B) Vestibular; proprioception
C) Vestibular; equilibrium
D) Vestibular sense; kinesthesis
E) Kinesthesis; vestibular sense
Answer: E

211) Consider the following image: // \\ // .We are likely to interpret this as three sets of two lines each
rather than six separate lines due to the Gestalt law of .
A) context
B) proximity
C) continuity
D) closure
E) figure-ground
Answer: B

212) According to the Gestalt principle of , we have a tendency to perceive objects that are near
one another as belonging together.
A) the law of continuity
B) the law of closure
C) the law of similarity
D) the law of proximity
E) figure-ground
Answer: D

213) In the process of trying to recognize a stimulus, we compare the current stimuli against mental
representations known as
A) sensory comparative.
B) perceptual Vincennes.
C) perceptual ideas.
D) sensory icons.
E) perceptual schemas.
Answer: E

33
214) Let's say that you run a deprivation experiment in which kittens were raised from birth in an
environment containing only horizontal stripes. Based on the research by Blakemore and Cooper
(1970), how will this affect cells in their visual cortex?
A) no effect at all- the cells will still respond to lines at all orientations
B) the cells will respond mostly to horizontal lines, but still quite a lot to vertical lines
C) the cells will respond to only horizontal lines
D) the cells will now only respond to vertical lines
E) the cells will respond mostly to vertical lines and partially to horizontal lines
Answer: C

215) Which of the following is NOT considered a monocular cue for depth?
A) interposition
B) motion parallax
C) convergence
D) linear perspective
E) clarity
Answer: C

216) Hold your hand a few feet away from your face. Now alternate between looking at your hand with
only your right eye and then only with your left eye. You will notice that each eye has a slightly
different view of your hand and the scene behind it. Special detection cells in your brain tuned to
allow your brain to extract depth information from the visual scene, thus informing where
your hand is in relation to the stuff behind it.
A) stroboscopic movement
B) convergence
C) motion parallax
D) binocular disparity
E) the phi phenomenon
Answer: D

217) You are going on a blind date because a friend convinced you that this person was perfect for you.
Your friend tells you that your date is good looking, funny and a really good listener. From what you
have read in the text, your perception of your date will probably be influenced by
A) perceptual constancies.
B) Gestalt principles.
C) the law of attraction.
D) the law of continuity.
E) your perceptual sets.
Answer: E

34
218) If you are extremely sensitive to stimuli in a particular sensory system, we would expect
A) a modality system differential.
B) a higher than normal difference threshold for that system.
C) a higher than normal absolute threshold for that system.
D) a lower than normal absolute threshold for that system.
E) a lower than normal decision criterion for that system.
Answer: D

219) The Weber Fraction for loudness is 1/20. So let's say I get you to listen to some music played at 100
decibels. In order for you to tell that a second piece of music was louder, I would need to play it at
A) 105 decibels.
B) 80 decibels.
C) 120 decibels.
D) 200 decibels.
E) cannot tell from this information.
Answer: A

220) Which of the following cells is NOT found in the retina?

A) cones
B) ganglion cells
C) rods
D) hair cells
E) horizontal cells
Answer: D

221) Consider the following image: _ . We are likely to perceive this as a single line with a break
in it. Why?
A) The Gestalt Law of closure would suggest a single line.
B) The spatial frequency is too high.
C) Binocular disparity generates two connect images.
D) Bottom-up processing generates a link between the lines.
E) We cannot perceive two separate lines at once.
Answer: A

222) If your lens in the eye did not thicken enough, such that a focused image falls behind your retina and
you see a blurry image, you are said to have .
A) myopia
B) retinal dysplasia
C) alcohol myopia
D) hyperopia
E) glaucoma
Answer: D

35
223) Imagine a species that was born with only 2 cones in the retina sensitive to colour–one in the red
range and one in the blue range. We would predict that colour vision in this species would be most
similar to a
A) single process system.
B) tricolour-blind person.
C) dichromat.
D) monochromat.
E) trichromat.
Answer: C

224) At the level of the visual receptors in the retina, which theory seems to explain colour vision the
best?
A) opponent-process theory
B) independent processing theory
C) retinal dysplasia theory
D) trichromatic theory
E) top-down processing theory
Answer: D

225) The frequency theory of pitch makes good sense, but it has a major problem. What is this problem?
A) Sensory neurons in the inner ear cannot fire faster than 1000 cycles per second.
B) Frequencies do not penetrate to the cochlea.
C) Pitch is not really related to frequency.
D) The basilar membrane can only respond to sounds above 50 db.
E) Cells in the organ of Corti do not vibrate.
Answer: A

226) In observing fluid travelling on the cochlea, you note that there is a wave peak close to the oval
window. According to von Bekesy and place theory, this should be interpreted as
A) a high frequency sound.
B) no sound at all–the peak needs to be at the other end of the cochlea.
C) a low amplitude sound.
D) a high amplitude sound.
E) a low frequency sound.
Answer: A

227) Jonas has just broken his arm. His best friend tells him to focus on good positive feelings rather than
the pain. This seems to work. Which of the following may help to explain this effect?
A) trichromatic theory
B) the release of pheromones
C) kinesthetic feedback
D) phantom limb effect
E) gate control theory
Answer: E

36
228) If you were born without cochlear nerves, we still might be able to restore some of your hearing.
Which of the following procedures would we have to examine?
A) a basilar membrane transplant
B) a hearing aid
C) a tactile tongue stimulator
D) an implant directly to the cochlear nucleus
E) a cochlear implant
Answer: D

229) If you were an artist who painted pictures on a canvas, you would probably consider using all of
these to create the illusion of depth EXCEPT
A) light and shadow.
B) convergence.
C) linear perspective.
D) interposition.
E) relative size.
Answer: B

230) Which of the following is FALSE with respect to the Muller-Lyer illusion?
A) the lines are actually the same length
B) people in all cultures experience the illusion
C) the line with the V-shaped lines radiating inward appears shorter
D) the line with the V-shaped lines radiating outward appears longer
E) the illusion is related to monocular depth cues
Answer: B

231) Let's say that you can just distinguish between 100 grams of Swiss cheese (the initial test stimulus)
and 105 grams. According to Weber's law, how much cheese would you need to notice a difference
if we changed the test stimulus to 300 grams?
A) 305 grams
B) 315 grams
C) 285 grams
D) 330 grams
E) Both "315 grams" and "305 grams" are correct.
Answer: E

232) Let's say that you can just distinguish between 100 grams of Swiss cheese (the initial test stimulus)
and 105 grams. According to Weber's law, how much cheese would you need to notice a difference
if we changed the test stimulus to 300 grams?
A) 295 grams B) 330 grams C) 285 grams D) 305 grams E) 105 grams
Answer: C

37
233) You are recording the electrical activity in a feature detector. Where are you recording from?
A) auditory cortex
B) retinal ganglion cell
C) retinal bipolar cell
D) visual cortex
E) primary motor cortex
Answer: D

234) In order to use the depth cue of convergence, it is necessary to have

A) an image falling on the fovea
B) two eyes
C) vanishing lines
D) a figure-ground reversal
E) very bright light
Answer: B

235) Bloodhounds are very good at tracking a person by smell. The Weber fractions (for smell) for five ty
dogs are:

Targus: 1/20
Bloomer: 1/10
Fugi: 1/15
Cambridge: 1/2
Otis: 1/8

Which of these dogs has the best sense of smell?

A) Targus B) Otis C) Bloomer D) Fugi E) Cambridge
Answer: A

236) Bloodhounds are very good at tracking a person by smell. The Weber fractions (for smell) for five ty
dogs are:

Targus: 1/20
Bloomer: 1/10
Fugi: 1/15
Cambridge: 1/2
Otis: 1/8

Which of these dogs has the worst sense of smell?

A) Cambridge B) Bloomer C) Fugi D) Targus E) Otis
Answer: A

38
237) If you wanted to achieve maximum visual acuity for a given target, you should
A) change the colour of the target to red
B) decrease the amount of light available
C) bleach the retina
D) look at the target with your peripheral vision
E) stare directly at the target
Answer: E

238) Kathy is a monochromat. You would expect her to be able to see

A) black and white only
B) black and white plus red and green
C) black and white plus yellow and blue
D) all possible colour combinations
E) red, green, yellow, and blue but not black and white
Answer: A

239) Kathy is a dichromat. What do we know for sure about her colour vision?
A) She has no cones at all in her retina.
B) She can detect both red-green and blue-yellow combinations.
C) She can only see black and white.
D) Her ability to see black and white is missing.
E) She can see black and white plus some colour.
Answer: E

240) A researcher has just found support for the trichromatic theory of colour vision in a new species of
cats. What might you expect to find in this cat's visual system?
A) Three types of cones in the retina.
B) A large number of cones in the periphery.
C) Pupils that are vertical.
D) A large number of feature detectors in the visual cortex.
E) Many rods in the fovea.
Answer: A

241) Promise Technology has just introduced a new hearing aid. Which of the following disorders should
most likely be helped by this invention?
A) auditory attenuation
B) nerve deafness
C) frequency deafness
D) conduction deafness
E) lack of pure pitch
Answer: D

39
242) Let's say that you have a painful ache in your hand. If you rub your hand, the pain will be diminished
and may disappear for a while. Most likely, this reflects the operation of
A) somatic localization
B) olfactory synchrony
C) gate control theory
D) opponent-process theory
E) place theory
Answer: C

243) Joie de Vivre is a new perfume from Chanel that claims to be a sexual attractant based on naturally
occurring human chemicals. If this is accurate, then the perfume most likely contains
A) attentional cues
B) neurotransmitters
C) pheromones
D) endorphins
E) photopigments
Answer: C

244) Let's say that you are viewing a picture of the Mona Lisa. According to the research discussed in the
text, what should happen as you shift your gaze from her hands to her mouth?
A) She will appear to smile because the mouth area is detected by the peripheral retina.
B) She will stop smiling because the mouth area is detected by the peripheral retina.
C) She will appear to smile because the mouth area is detected by the fovea.
D) The smile will be inverted because of an opponent process.
E) She will stop smiling because the mouth area is detected by the fovea.
Answer: E

245) Consider the following image: +. Using processing, we are likely to see this as a
horizontal and vertical line intersecting. But using processing, we are likely to perceive
this as the mathematical symbol for addition.
A) figure-ground; Gestalt law
B) convergence; divergence
C) bottom-up; top-down
D) automatic; controlled
E) top-down; bottom-up
Answer: C

246) When we watch a motion picture, we perceive it as continuous even though it is really being shown
at 24 frames per second. This is because of the Gestalt principle of
A) similarity of features
B) stroboscopic movement
C) proximity
D) closure
E) continuity
Answer: B

40
247) You and a friend are looking at clouds. Your friend thinks that one cloud looks exactly like a dog.
You look at it and agree. Your perception is due to , which works by .
A) bottom-up processing; feature analysis
B) contrast effects; depth perception
C) similarity comparison; bottom-up processing
D) a perceptual schema; top-down processing
E) a figure-ground reversal; opponent processing
Answer: D

248) Let's say that you run a deprivation experiment in which kittens were raised from birth in an
environment containing only stripes at a 45 degree angle. Based on the research by Blakemore and
Cooper (1970), how will this affect cells in their visual cortex?
A) The cells will only respond to vertical lines.
B) No effect at all–the cells will respond to lines at all angles.
C) The cells will only respond to horizontal lines.
D) The cells will only respond to lines at a 45 degree angle.
E) The cells will respond to both horizontal and vertical lines.
Answer: D

249) If you had myopia, the visual image would fall in front of the
A) hair cells
B) bipolar cells
C) cones
D) rods
E) ganglion cells
Answer: E

250) Trend Technology has just introduced a new piece of subliminal software designed to give you a
motivational boost. According to the text, if this product works at all, it is probably because
A) a demand characteristic
B) of overstated claims by the manufacturer
C) it biases what we perceive on a conscious level
D) of pure luck
E) it actually influences your unconscious
Answer: C

251) If you were to look at a very faint light source, it would be best to use the so that the light
falls on the .
A) blind spot; optic nerve
B) peripheral retina; rods
C) fovea; rods
D) peripheral retina; cones
E) fovea; cones
Answer: B

41
252) Rods are superior to cones in low light situations because
A) rods are concentrated in the fovea which has superior acuity
B) the photopigment in rods is far more sensitive than in cones
C) the horizontal cells inhibit the rods less than the cones
D) many rods are connected to a single bipolar cell, but cones tend to have one-to-one connections
E) rods are bigger than cones
Answer: D

253) As you are driving through the city, you are talking to a friend on the phone. You suddenly realize
that you haven't seen anything in your visual field for that past minute. Most likely, this is caused by
A) inattentional blindness
B) low light conditions
C) shadowing
D) a perceptual set
E) figure-ground distortion
Answer: A

254) Many people think that they can multitask, but research on suggests that we can only fully
attend to one thing at a time.
A) perceptual schemas
B) figure-ground illusions
C) feature detectors
D) shadowing
E) subliminal stimuli
Answer: D

255) Of the following, which one is NOT found in the human auditory system?
A) cochlea
B) basilar membrane
C) hammer
D) organ of Corti
E) olfactory bulb
Answer: E

256) The Weber fraction for a human's ability to taste salt is 1/3. So, if you decide that there's not enough
salt on your French fries, how much would you have to add to notice a difference?
A) 1/3 of a gram
B) about 300%
C) about 3 grams
D) about 33%
E) about 3%
Answer: D

42
 257) If your eyeball was too short (front to back), such that a focused image falls behind your retina and
you see a blurry image, you are said to have .
A) hyperopia
B) myopia
C) retinal dysplasia
D) glaucoma
E) duteriopia
Answer: A

258) Let's say that you are testing an individual's ability to discriminate tones. When the test stimulus is
set at 200 Hz, the person reports a JND at 210 Hz. If I change the test frequency, the value of a JND
becomes 50 Hz. What is the new test frequency?
A) 100 Hz. B) 250 Hz. C) 270 Hz. D) 1000 Hz. E) 400 Hz.
Answer: D

259) Look at the following word: CAT. As you examine the middle letter, you notice that it contains two
straight, almost vertical lines, angled at the top and a shorter horizontal line joining them. You
conclude that this is the first letter of the alphabet "A." What perceptual process have you used to
arrive at this decision?
A) subliminal processing
B) lateral inhibition
C) bottom-up processing
D) perceptual set
E) top-down processing
Answer: E

260) You are examining the sensory systems of a new species and notice a lot of free nerve endings. Most
likely, you are looking at the
A) auditory system
B) taste system
C) tactile system
D) visual system
E) sense of smell
Answer: C

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

261) Describe the five stages that constitute the process of sensory processing and perception of
information.
Answer: Answers will vary

262) How do psychologists differentiate between sensation and perception?

Answer: Answers will vary

43
263) What two kinds of sensory capabilities are studied by psychophysics researchers?
Answer: Answers will vary

264) What is the absolute threshold, and how is it technically defined and measured?
Answer: Answers will vary

265) Why do signal detection theorists view stimulus detection as a decision? What are the four possible
outcomes of such a decision?
Answer: Answers will vary

266) What kinds of personal and situational factors influence signal detection decision criteria?
Answer: Answers will vary

267) According to research results, what effects do subliminal stimuli have on consumer behaviour,
attitudes, and self-improvement outcomes?
Answer: Answers will vary

268) What is the technical definition of a difference threshold? How does Weber's law help us compare
jnd sensitivities in the various senses?
Answer: Answers will vary

269) What accounts for sensory adaptation? Of what survival value is adaptation?
Answer: Answers will vary

270) How does the lens affect visual acuity and how does its dysfunction cause the visual problems of
myopia and hyperopia?
Answer: Answers will vary

271) How are the rods and cones distributed in the retina, and how do they contribute to brightness
perception, colour vision, and visual acuity?
Answer: Answers will vary

272) By what route do rods and cones send neural messages to the brain?
Answer: Answers will vary

273) What is transduction and how does this process occur in the photoreceptors of the eye?
Answer: Answers will vary

274) How is brightness sensitivity in rods and cones affected by the colour spectrum?
Answer: Answers will vary

275) What is the physiological basis for dark adaptation? What are the two components of the dark
adaptation curve?
Answer: Answers will vary

44
276) Describe the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory of colour vision. What kinds of evidence
support this theory, and what two phenomena challenge it?
Answer: Answers will vary

277) Describe the opponent-process theory. What evidence supports it?

Answer: Answers will vary

278) How does the dual-process theory of colour vision combine the trichromatic and opponent-process
theories?
Answer: Answers will vary

279) What are the two major types of colour blindness? How are they tested?
Answer: Answers will vary

280) What kinds of feature detectors exist in the visual system? What is meant by parallel processing of
sensory information?
Answer: Answers will vary

281) What are the two physical characteristics of sound waves, and which auditory qualities do these
characteristics produce?
Answer: Answers will vary

282) Describe how the middle and inner ear structures are involved in the auditory transduction process.
Answer: Answers will vary

283) Describe the frequency and place theories of pitch perception. In what sense are both theories
correct?
Answer: Answers will vary

284) How does the structure of the auditory system permit humans to localize sounds? What sensory
information is used by the brain in localization?
Answer: Answers will vary

285) What are Canadian statistics on hearing loss and recommendations on hearing protection?
Answer: Answers will vary

286) What are the two varieties of deafness, and how do they differ in their physical bases and in possible
treatment?
Answer: Answers will vary

287) Describe the sensory principles that are applied to create sensory prosthetics for visually and hearing
impaired people.
Answer: Answers will vary

45
288) Describe the stimuli and the receptors involved in gustation and olfaction. Why do researchers
sometimes refer to a "common chemical sense"?
Answer: Answers will vary

289) What is menstrual synchrony, and what evidence is there that pheromones are involved?
Answer: Answers will vary

290) What four tactile sensations are humans sensitive to? How are these sensations localized and how
are phantom limb sensations produced?
Answer: Answers will vary

291) Differentiate between bottom-up and top-down processing of sensory information.

Answer: Answers will vary

292) What two complementary processes occur in attention? What are their adaptive benefits?
Answer: Answers will vary

293) Describe the results of shadowing experiments in relation to attentional capabilities.

Answer: Answers will vary

294) What stimulus and personal characteristics influence attention?

Answer: Answers will vary

295) How does our tendency to separate figure and ground contribute to perception?
Answer: Answers will vary

296) Define and give examples of the four Gestalt laws of perceptual organization.
Answer: Answers will vary

297) In what sense is perception a kind of hypothesis testing? What is the role of perceptual schemas in
this process?
Answer: Answers will vary

298) What is a perceptual set? What factors can create such sets? How did the Vincennes incident
illustrate this concept? How is it involved in perceiving people?
Answer: Answers will vary

299) What is the nature and adaptive value of perceptual constancies?

Answer: Answers will vary

300) Identify eight monocular cues for distance and depth.

Answer: Answers will vary

46
301) Describe two binocular depth cues.
Answer: Answers will vary

302) What is the primary cue for motion perception? How is stroboscopic movement used in motion
pictures and television?
Answer: Answers will vary

303) In what sense is an illusion a false perceptual hypothesis? In what ways are constancies and context
involved in producing visual illusions?
Answer: Answers will vary

304) What evidence is there that cultural factors can influence picture interpretations, constancies, and
susceptibility to illusions?
Answer: Answers will vary

305) How do animal studies of restricted stimulation and human studies of restored vision illustrate the
important role of critical periods for perceptual development?
Answer: Answers will vary

306) Provide an example of how signal detection research is used to determine an absolute threshold and
a difference threshold for vision or hearing. Include in your answer a definition of each. Define the
term "decision criterion" and discuss at least two factors that can affect it.
Answer: Answers will vary

307) Describe what happens to a light stimulus from the time it is focused on the retina until it arrives at
the visual cortex in the brain. Be sure to mention the key cells/structures and their functions.
Answer: Answers will vary

308) Describe the basic elements of the trichromatic and opponent-process theories of colour. What
evidence is used to support each theory and which aspects of these theories are incorporated into
dual-process theory?
Answer: Answers will vary

309) What are the two physical characteristics of sound waves, and what sound qualities do they
determine? What are the typical units of measurement for these characteristics? Describe the
frequency and place theories of pitch perception and discuss when each theory is applicable.
Answer: Answers will vary

310) What are the two complementary processes involved in attention? Describe the basic design of
shadowing research and summarize what the results of such research have revealed about the nature
of attention.
Answer: Answers will vary

47
311) Define the four Gestalt principles of perceptual organization. Explain how they are an example of
top-down processing.
Answer: Answers will vary

312) What is the difference between a monocular and binocular depth cue? Describe the two binocular
depth cues and the following monocular cues: interposition, relative size, and motion parallax.
Answer: Answers will vary

313) What is the difference between a perceptual schema and a perceptual set? Describe the Vincennes
radar incident and the causal factors that appeared to contribute to the creation of this perceptual set
problem. Discuss the results obtained by Harold Kelly when he invited a "guest lecturer" to speak to
his class and how his results are related to social perceptions.
Answer: Answers will vary

314) What is dark adaptation? What does the process of dark adaptation tell us about how the visual
system works?
Answer: Answers will vary

315) Describe the different types of colour blindness and how colour blindness is assessed. Explain how
these different types of colour blindness are related to the various theories of colour perception.
Define trichromats, dichromats, and monochromats.
Answer: Answers will vary

316) What is size constancy (give an example)? In what sense can certain visual illusions be explained as
instances of the misapplication of size constancy?
Answer: Answers will vary

48
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED5

1) B
2) B
3) A
4) D
5) C
6) D
7) C
8) D
9) D
10) B
11) A
12) A
13) C
14) B
15) B
16) D
17) B
18) C
19) C
20) D
21) C
22) C
23) A
24) D
25) D
26) C
27) D
28) B
29) C
30) C
31) D
32) B
33) B
34) D
35) A
36) D
37) D
38) C
39) C
40) B
41) C
42) C
43) A
44) B
45) C
46) C
47) D
48) C
49) A
50) D
49
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED5

51) C
52) C
53) B
54) A
55) D
56) D
57) B
58) D
59) D
60) D
61) D
62) A
63) B
64) A
65) C
66) D
67) C
68) C
69) B
70) D
71) B
72) B
73) D
74) B
75) C
76) B
77) D
78) B
79) C
80) C
81) D
82) D
83) A
84) A
85) B
86) D
87) D
88) D
89) A
90) D
91) B
92) D
93) B
94) D
95) D
96) D
97) B
98) D
99) D
100) D
50
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED5

101) C
102) D
103) D
104) A
105) D
106) A
107) D
108) C
109) C
110) D
111) C
112) D
113) D
114) D
115) C
116) C
117) D
118) C
119) D
120) D
121) C
122) A
123) B
124) C
125) A
126) D
127) A
128) D
129) C
130) D
131) A
132) D
133) B
134) C
135) A
136) C
137) B
138) B
139) D
140) A
141) C
142) A
143) A
144) B
145) C
146) D
147) B
148) D
149) D
150) D
51
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED5

151) A
152) D
153) D
154) B
155) D
156) D
157) C
158) D
159) C
160) C
161) C
162) B
163) B
164) A
165) D
166) A
167) A
168) A
169) D
170) C
171) A
172) B
173) A
174) D
175) D
176) TRUE
177) TRUE
178) FALSE
179) FALSE
180) TRUE
181) FALSE
182) FALSE
183) TRUE
184) TRUE
185) FALSE
186) TRUE
187) FALSE
188) FALSE
189) TRUE
190) FALSE
191) TRUE
192) TRUE
193) TRUE
194) FALSE
195) TRUE
196) FALSE
197) FALSE
198) FALSE
199) FALSE
200) TRUE
52
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED5

201) B
202) C
203) C
204) D
205) E
206) D
207) C
208) A
209) E
210) E
211) B
212) D
213) E
214) C
215) C
216) D
217) E
218) D
219) A
220) D
221) A
222) D
223) C
224) D
225) A
226) A
227) E
228) D
229) B
230) B
231) E
232) C
233) D
234) B
235) A
236) A
237) E
238) A
239) E
240) A
241) D
242) C
243) C
244) E
245) C
246) B
247) D
248) D
249) E
250) C
53
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED5

251) B
252) D
253) A
254) D
255) E
256) D
257) A
258) D
259) E
260) C
261) Answers will vary
262) Answers will vary
263) Answers will vary
264) Answers will vary
265) Answers will vary
266) Answers will vary
267) Answers will vary
268) Answers will vary
269) Answers will vary
270) Answers will vary
271) Answers will vary
272) Answers will vary
273) Answers will vary
274) Answers will vary
275) Answers will vary
276) Answers will vary
277) Answers will vary
278) Answers will vary
279) Answers will vary
280) Answers will vary
281) Answers will vary
282) Answers will vary
283) Answers will vary
284) Answers will vary
285) Answers will vary
286) Answers will vary
287) Answers will vary
288) Answers will vary
289) Answers will vary
290) Answers will vary
291) Answers will vary
292) Answers will vary
293) Answers will vary
294) Answers will vary
54
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED5

295) Answers will vary

296) Answers will vary
297) Answers will vary
298) Answers will vary
299) Answers will vary
300) Answers will vary
301) Answers will vary
302) Answers will vary
303) Answers will vary
304) Answers will vary
305) Answers will vary
306) Answers will vary
307) Answers will vary
308) Answers will vary
309) Answers will vary
310) Answers will vary
311) Answers will vary
312) Answers will vary
313) Answers will vary
314) Answers will vary
315) Answers will vary
316) Answers will vary

55