Applied omptudnlitnal Method

Approxination Theoren :
Weistrass
be
is Continous in alo then ) tan

x)
funt bion
Plynesmial pu in
Lab].te opro.
pprorimatt b
Advantaget px) t an be
Smooth tuntion to

is
p Aumbes timet
o timet.
numbe
many oot
delfeventialde
can
find
we
P(A)
Fro

heorem
la,b) and let E>o Then
in
conkinous
) i
apoly nomial P)uch that
that
px)uch

xe la,].
aru
fen)-pex)|<E polynrmal
Pr) we
om
the deqvee d the
depend
takinq

Polynomial Inkrpolation:

be
continbuin la,b and
is given to dellowing net dichinct point
Let
Let y f) dellrvoing
at the
the
i k n e h
at
ay
O,l2,
feai) -n n £b
b
X .
-

n1
wito a4% fuch that
fta) by P(x).
to aPproximai
nlant
de
he
Or2
the in polation
called
)
is
pdynomial p(
Then he ina open ibeual
polynemia intspolatinq Ynsb
<Xo "%
-

AS a

foptx) in [ a b ,then
7 - CLb] intestal
tlo ted
munmum

The
Cmtaininq
 m
beapolynential deyree m
Le px
px) =apt a +
are cetfficientS yet to dekehmin
nn

o)t- -
Noo, pxi) + Yi ,

amXL

-+QmKn:

that wil be a
qua syetim)
le
We Cnider m=n, So

Theorem saye dny deqve o e can

Rep nn
i a intar tykeo
qatins tinvelaing inuoaine
Thus
Thug
unknn
!- an, C (n+tD)
ao,à
AX-
X a e

L
Ax =b.
will hav aunique toluhion 4 o e det ar

det A
TT-)
oke
An
 o,
X,vij=
.

6b i #
Thus,
det (A) *
distinct then
i= Ot - o) are

all the poins a { will be unique

* deqree
dgree
n

pelynemial
the
te,
ie Pabu)
Pr)
Thecvem , onial deqre nn
degrs
Polayn
The intespelation
The distince

is uniqu
Pnail Yi, 1-
Pox) ie uniqu
Cate

Prx) Contider the

the
tontruet
To

with itj
D
o,
i2 , - y
Thus, Palxi)=
=i

Pn has 2erees
n-2eroes.
Thus
-(x-j-1) (x-+1) (x- n
An (-o) ( A - )
- -

Pnx)

Pnb))
An

Pa(x) j (x-n»)(x-ni) (x ) (x-ajt1- (x-n

(-j-1)(4)-Mjtu) - - (. n

polynemial for
the gven
given
inepolation
ic the unique

Aunc a).
that
C%), such
For an unc Or
 (n--)a «i41)- -(n-Mn
Pn 2 (- M+1) (xi. Xn)
(M-o) (a-x)- - (M-Xi-)(2i.

whith atithy Pn(i d* te 12,

pelynemial
d e g e n tntepelahing intspolating
*nx) isa uniue in kvpolakion
is the
f) at
potynemial.

Lagange Tnkspelation tolynonnial!-

L) T (x-j)

( j ) =(j-xo1(j-x) (*j-j-))-je). .(Kj-tn)

Pnat(x)
Pn)Pna() (Tt Cannot be wilten
in thic orm in lagarge
whu nar() 7tAln)
na - '(ni)
where lu) U (x-).
J-o

Pnal P)Pal
unknbunn
E i n intupolabi0m

is the tei
Le E(x)= so) Pal)
Ei ) o fer
S ero at
Thus E (w)
E()- EC, tor
Let G(x)
numbu
cun a qiven Yeal
inepolakion peink
intpolakion poink R) node peints .

Yeffeved a
-
'.
G)
(xi)=o, and disbince
Ths
hus,
DE2 peinfs. Xo 1
a ntl4l =
Nauniches
i G(%)
in t
nel 2eveo«
hs n42 2eroe G( hat
G) hatn42-j 9ere.cs
and 4'(%)
(n4 where & i ag
Ten G ( ) =o.
abett polnt
in
d

Rolles theotum in T
Glal G6)
in .
G¢)=o

dn4( s ) = (D41)
E ( = f ) - Pn(x)

fn (
EP ) " " u -

¬lt)
E ) df()

" p : ) . Dtl)

E E ¢).
in+1)1
 which i the eroY at any pointt whet Y

an abihaty point in e

Small
ECe) i
When n it
tavge
Qte) (t-Xo) (4-n)
un then tE) i Cmall
ohen t it, neaver
to X
t i f a k auway to Xv
arge
n't

ewtoi Tntpolation peluy/nemial:

CC)is the CoYreceon

Bn(xi)f
CCxi) Po(xi *n-tC)>0, (2oit, - - 0-
cC an (x-x) - ( Xn)

Pn(xn)= n(*n)+ C(nn)

f Pn-1(xn) 4 cCun),

An Po tlan)
(n-b) - - -(mn-Xn-1)

an(kn-o) (xn-n- n Pn-(xn)

Xna nh-
where an dto,

i
Cun
s th ordeordes dividid difekence ol y
 t t - ted Peind:
E aisia o th ol D

ave eq- spattd

the poins
T n.
ai o+ ih
tise.
hatep siaelqrid
difevence formulae
a
Newtonstoruwas d

2 h
(-oX-X1)
- -
{1-Mn-) n
hh

order feovuard
dihevence at i)
t= * Yi41Y* (First

ufu-t)- (u-kel
k770
u (k)
Pn) ( ) A'%
Derivatiom
is Homee Task
defference!-.
Backrcd

S+1)-(ftn-i)
21

S Lo
dor ward

Pnlx)n4 ( - n )
t n(x-Xn )
ST(-¥n)(%-Xn.-1)

Backuo ond
nn

cloe clole to odouoard ditferenct polynomial

ot to backuoatd defehence peluynemial

fn
(YA)--(4n-1) 0.
 )Pol)
xyP.6e) -fou frop*t cidal
4
irtsen
arta (Aeco)
d

ekangle ir ftn) dn .

Atea elementt
fem a to L)
f )dx A(x vavi
Lt dx) e appximalud by o lintov prlynomial Pilx

x p t ,P() a)P(: ftb)

P (
b-a

Pi(x)du
ddn

t)P(x) tn. Xi a4ait 2) -- 0-

Mo o tih are qid points

fc xdn
n-

H ) d x .(Thit methed willbe beter)

 Estimat the YYDY Ppximatian.
Ppwx
tlome latk
in
c b e c a t s e f ( x )P ( x )
EvrOY

avbitrasy peint

Antcqrod meam

-the e9AES vaut theor-

Estimat

Spline nkrpclation Teehniue!

Piceurise nterpolation polynomual

aE
(s given
d)
O,,-

fov o :
Pota
in deined
defined aa t
imial
polnomial
cuble
cble polno
n-i

is
s
set
a
k O,t)
-

SSx SC*)=PCa) Xkel for cubic

ctbie
cutbte
Splind
spliné or
oY

pitewice,
picewice
Calld the
the

The x)
sx)

Splin in )S(x)

Petn)

euoCpPolynomtal.
in
cubrc
interpolatut
-«
t1k4t, a
Pe(XA1)
fk
T) P(A)

the
en ot
enot poin t
point.
Continou4
continous
a t the
it
and Pex)
(a)
 unenouN

. u h i t h .t t
MR, ki0)1
et f") and
pelynenu'al.
and fexg) a Me
litat
a
Pe") i
Pea

)Hnde). NkM.

teet Me (- +Mga

Me1+ Me *k4l4 Mee2-Mpe1

MA1MK) M A MK41 y
Pex)

t get Pe (x) = M.
Inkgrati twice

Me(R4)5 M4 (-k)>
P t)
(k-Ral)
kA- )
, k » 0 , t , -0-1
+Ce-)+ De ( k a - * ) ,
inegra fiom
tunchiene ineqra tio
ar axbitrasy
here C an d D
Conctant

* )

eAL u) Mk 4+ k k JDE
 ( Ye) (e (*4n - Mk)
Me
- Mu x-4*

M k (xy41 -X*)

De
kH-Ae)
- M(k4t
( e -w.
)

-7y-i
h e Xk41 -7
te
ase
cqcpattd
u''
tet Mea
(t-Xe)s+ (-)
-Mk
Peh
P.) h

1)+H- (41-)+ (-
Th
LHeA-Me|(a-

ave
no
ut .qet
the desiative a -AsMu and MA vetemended

P M (-a1)N Me -)
(Mu-41) 2 (MuA1-Xk)

Mel (x- a

(a) P (Ak)

Meb
RH) M b Meah

Gh

MehMua aea
Mh Meith ea) Meh e)

(uMy4 Mea1 4Mx) =

4p-ke
h 4keai)

unkntwns . involiring
Mn- tn+1)
Mo Mi,
Mo, M,
tinear hem h-1) quati m y ()

Conditiomi ave needed to q a cdostd

dosd
Two mor and number
nuirnber aton
Cyutery
yarabls, sami

ree end condiim

M z Mn0
M, Mn= Mn- PeI0dic (ondti m
Mo -
 2 3 with
l 2-2 3: t3 MbM3=O.

Spüne Sntespolaht'on s

Pe(x) a cubie pkynomial

are
Conditions on Pe(x)

2 ~- n-1
P"e) P(xa)

(e)= M, =O1l)- -n

Then
he (Xka
h
- he()+Al (x-X«)
hk
l--

ar
enknowns
which tatish
Me, Mi, -- Mo
where
hkMuat d0fa-n
he Me- 2
(he+ hk) Mk

Cizet are qua eui-spaced peink

I Step

hL
2 - -n-
Soluhim dor (1)

-h 4 de ( dal (w)
iven
Mo Ms: O
hey ar equuispaeid pointt.

Nst a Ma Mo
4-) -u 31)
0

ut g+M (-242 t-6)» 6(o3)

tMtM
M M 8
tSM X8-l2 6
M, 0 -
Find
nd

t) ) t) )[he
 336

Yl) 6336.

fe4) Mo (31.*i)

-
2(o3+:2 A1S
3.690
60669
* 22-0.c
nd t )=
yCu2) 3.6066 3 9 6 64
31
matn
beexprend ln a
Can
LineaY quati
on
)
System
AX b
evm a
XT =
M Ma- - Mh
where mahny.
t-diagomal
A - n - + )x(n-4)

Solving a
4t-diagonal nbnktytum

by i
a b C

-anbn-i Cn-1
bo

ThemasAlgruthm
in each Yon
.Redute bitsto
ach
.Etminati ail in

o-)
 'd'

An Cn- n dn
n-dn-i-Cn(do

d i - r'(aie)
t -t - 2 - -

where di d
bi

c -aCt- dd
, di-aidi- i 2
-ai i

I O 1,2,3

intapelation.
intapélation.
Find with MoMao By splias
To ind f6'-

P.h) Melt) -(44).

Fnd M,Mp

Motlety4,.(-4h+4)
6 (1-20u) +9) t2
»
 Ma+ uM Ma ( - h 44)
Mtt M 6 -184l) 1

M 3%1 M> 2.
M

P.o) 2 (o) - (u4)

0 3 26

P(z) Mi-M - (-h)

)- -(-4) 3x Out
3-3

(2-4)()- lo) -(1-10)

-2% 2 + 6
 e,) with h o , Mo =Mna o
and tegt acetuiay
Get th eatble splin

)> 2, dt) 3, 3)»«

Mo M, 0
Find th ube splinw
Tu2] and ls,3).

O 0.

()

n)= 2 , fzi) 3, t*2) S

-)-nEAkaI-)
-e)

Mot 4M

OMAD 6
M 1
M-
 (2.)t 3(%-1)
ta (-J +

(-) ,(1)
s - - (3-1)+3(-)+ 5-)

-31+S -io

2 20-1

1-xtt r-

. ,c e) i
lermie nkrpelahion: -

wli as flx) pretcrihed at t i tor

fe at

ditintt peintt
.

T2 -

ae
qiven r i ,2, --,0.
k,
plxi) 24 and
Px) an interpolation pelynomialsuch that

p(xi) f for 12 -- D
pretent pYe bed, The dea
ten
are
hTheu n2n condi tt6ns
should b 2n-1
PCa)
L
Leb Tocont huce pM)-
(xxt)l*)- (x-an)
Lut Lx) =

(x) LÝxi)
(7-n
- - (x-XH)(x-x41)
--

{N-X2)
i (2-a)
(*Z1){z-)- ( i -xn).

Chides Conides, hi(x) - (xi)[sat«sJ

hice=[:()'+ (a-z:)( (ttAi)

Ai(i) 1, hij)» o (iti).

eoa2' Defint
hit -2t:'exi)(x-:)[aio

hi) - i(n-t)(tit)i:(x)
2 (tt]
Th
o
1 sien
h : ) hi (xj)
'(«*) »
$o, its
(on)hi
hi
degre &n-
the nterpolation pelynomial
Cencntt

at
hil)+ *hix

a r node poinf-
ttnxi)-S

Find hit -?, hi/kx)»?

t t e e fatk)

(x-xi-(x-xia(x-*nS

a)(t-1 4/)g))(sw))
)(x-x]x-a)

(X-M-)

h:(x)t+7( -1(7-2
) )1-3)
(l4 (xx
 h) 4)(x-1)lx->)

hl
() - o 2 Vt evmites polynomial
2 o Aind fot)?
9062
(torm tale

(&) Show a t tthi s unquepelynontal

Rtn-6 dpolynomial

a th(
hi G )»di 2 2

R2n-
-Aan
- n
Ms
-

double oofs.
x) has

RX) ) " (xx)-(x-xn)

for some ) #O,

oll
b degre n -
2n LRt»
cugra Rtx)
. Contrade fion
 Numevical neration

in a)
fC)plx)
shere

b an approximatien
or M4).
fosch,
n4

In) wj,ndoj, ) ,n

wN ineger weughts
,
> nodes or
numivical
negration
ingraten

approxirmati
orm the
general
The
he

omulae
nt)= on tlxj, n)

Trope2oidal seul
Hox)Pcx)

Cayfta)) (6, 4¢%))

line joining
a) ba a skraig

s(bo40

Corpocit ormula

4
3fo f
-

Enf) TA)-In(4)

Htddz = P ) dr 4E(dx.

Aj-t
 Fn(4) (-j1)(7- (a1,7j, 1) d
HT

ba) "M,E(a,b)
For
Trapeioidal -1), -

-a (-b)1o) dk
O

LEror em rom
Lagange
21
Jka(a-6) d b(F
n)hb2

Srapsend rd ule a446)

T () 52 Hd
j2j-
2h 6-a
Htx) ) f«)d
h
-2 2

p
o-6Xx-) ta) d +
btcdx -e ftbDo
ab)(a-t) Ca)Cc-6)
b-ayb-c)

Ra)(-(L
(a-b)(a-t
3 b*) +
((a4,
C-a)Cc-b)
Cernpotiti toymuloa

4 )d
Tn( j-I

ETOY

(HT)
0
daee praciaien 3

pvectsion m i
Deue To) for
all pelyncmial ) degree s m
T 4) tEo
m

for polynemial, o deqru

EnGf) =o

e o t o n - okes dovmulat-

h)
. h Tule
fx)

&uadratue
reü
inftgruli a pelymemia
faueian Tule
u les tha
thak can inktg
inteqyaono
To duelep
deuelop nnode poin
-exacty utng
for pebynomial
fx
for polynomal f x
4 ) exactty
So, 9ntt)
,64 ecpuals
So
smn

Ye to
nodesyet
nedes
to
and
and
are the Wetghs
wf,
temini