RA 1425: RIZAL LAW

The Rizal Law and The Teaching of Rizal Course

• Mandates the teaching of the life, works and writings of Rizal in all schools in the
country.
• Sen. Jose P. Laurel sponsored the law

• According to Sen Laurel: Since Rizal was the founder of Filipino nationality and
the architect of the Filipino nation, there is a need to know and imbibe the great
ideals and principles for which he died.
• By reading and studying Rizal’s life, teachings and writings, Filipinos will be able
to gain confidence, direction, courage and determination to move forward in our
people’s journey towards an abundant life.

Policy Statements of Rizal Law (1956)

The teaching of the life, works and writings of our national hero seeks to
accomplish the following objectives:
1. to rededicate the lives of the youth to the ideals of freedom and nationalism
for which our heroes lived and died.
2. to pay tribute to our national hero for devoting his life and works in shaping
the Filipino character;
3. to gain an inspiring source of patriotism thru the study of Rizal’s life, works
and writings.

- A law signed by Pres. Ramon Magsaysay on June 12, 1956 that

requires all schools in the country to include Rizal’s life, works and
writings in the curriculum. The rationale behind the law was that there is
a need to.
- Enacted by: Congress of the Philippines

History of the Rizal Law

• The measure was strongly opposed by the Roman Catholic Church in the
Philippines due to the anticlerical themes in Noli Me Tángere and El
Filibusterismo.
• Senator Claro M. Recto was the main proponent of the Rizal Bill

• During the 1955 Senate election, the church charged Recto with being a
communist and an anti-Catholic.
• After Recto's election, the church continued to oppose the bill mandating the
reading of Rizal's novels Noli Me Tángere and El Filibusterismo, claiming it
would violate freedom of conscience and religion.
• Fr. Jesus Cavanna argued that the novels belonged to the past and that
teaching them would misrepresent current conditions, would be harmful to read
because of the false picture of the country.
- Catholic Action of the Philippines
- the Congregation of the Mission
- the Knights of Columbus
- the Catholic Teachers Guild
organized opposition to the bill

• Countered by

- Veteranos de la Revolucion (Spirit of 1896)

- Alagad in Rizal
- the Freemasons
- the Knights of Rizal.

• The bill specified that only college (university) students would have the option
of reading unexpurgated versions of clerically-contested reading material, such
as Noli Me Tángere and El Filibusterismo.

• In 1994, President Fidel V. Ramos ordered the Department of Education,

Culture and Sports to fully implement the law as there had been reports that it
has still not been fully implemented.
• 1952, several drafts of pastoral letter written by Horacio de la Costa, survive.

• De la Costa’s Rizal emerges as an outstanding moral figure whose devotion

to the truth made his novels a source of moral as well as social and political
wisdom for Filipinos.
 Why we need to study Rizal Law?

• Because it is mandated by law.

• The Rizal Law, seeks to accomplish the following goals :

- To recognize the importance of Rizal’s ideals and teachings in
relation to present conditions and situations in the society.
- To encourage the application of such ideals in current social and
personal problems and issues.
- To develop an appreciation and deeper understanding of all that
Rizal fought and died for.
- To foster the development of the Filipino youth in all aspects of
citizenship.

• According to Schumacher, the bill drafted by de la Costa show that there was,
within the Catholic Church, a totally different attitude towards Rizal.

• Before Senator Recto introduced the Rizal bill, de la Costa had made five (5)
drafts of the bill.

• Laurel and other supporters of the Rizal Bill rejected the proposed objection
by the priests.
• Public hearing had already given opportunity to the church to be fully heard.

• The Rizal bill was finally approved on May 12, 1956 but it was an expurgated
edition.
• A face-saving compromise.

- Victory for the church because the unexpurgated edition did not
materialize;
- Success for the senators because the bill was enacted into law.

MARTYR
one who makes great sacrifices or suffers much in order to further a belief,
cause or principle.
PATRIOTISM
devoted love, support and defense of one’s country.
National loyalty; being proud of one’s country
NATIONALISM

advocacy of political independence for a particular country

Marked by a feeling of superiority over other countries.

HAGIOGRAPHY

the writings of the lives of saints or venerated persons;

Maybe used to refer to the biography of a saint or highly developed spiritual
being in any of the world’s spiritual traditions.

SHRINE

a place regarded as holy because of its association with a divinity or a sacred

person or relic, typically marked by a building or other construction.
A small area or monument dedicated to someone.

RA 1425
• An act to include in the curricula of all public and private schools, colleges
and universities courses on the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal,
particularly his Novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, authorizing the
printing and distribution thereof, and for other purposes.

• WHEREAS, today, more than any other period of our history, there is a need for a
re-dedication to the ideals of freedom and nationalism for which our heroes
lived and died;
• WHEREAS, it is meet that in honoring them , particularly the national hero and
patriot, Jose Rizal, we remember with special fondness and devotion their lives
and works that have shaped the national character;
• WHEREAS, the life, works and writing of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli
Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, are a constant and inspiring source of
patriotism with which the minds of the youth, especially during their formative
and decisive years in school, should be suffused;
• WHEREAS, all educational institutions are under the supervision of, and subject
to regulation by the State, and all schools are enjoined to develop moral
character, personal discipline, civic conscience and to teach the duties of
citizenship; Now, therefore,

• SECTION 1. Courses on the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his
novel Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, shall be included in the curricula of
all schools, colleges and universities, public or private: Provided, that in the
collegiate courses, the original or unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their English translation shall be used as
basic texts.
• The Board of National Education is hereby authorized and directed to adopt
forthwith measures to implement and carry out the provisions of this Section,
including the writing and printing of appropriate primers, readers and
textbooks. The Board shall, within sixty (60) days from the effectivity of this Act,
promulgate rules and regulations, including those of a disciplinary nature, to carry
out and enforce the provisions of this Act. The Board shall promulgate rules and
regulations providing for the exemption of students for reasons of religious
belief stated in a sworn written statement, from the requirement of the provision
contained in the second part of the first paragraph of this section; but not from
taking the course provided for in the first part of said paragraph. Said rules and
regulations shall take effect thirty (30) days after their publication in the
Official Gazette. Note: Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo must be the
original copy.
• SECTION 2. It shall be obligatory on all schools, colleges and universities to
keep in their libraries an adequate number of copies of the original and
unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as well as
of Rizal’s other works and biography. The said unexpurgated editions of the Noli
Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their translations in English as well as other
writings of Rizal shall be included in the list of approved books for required
reading in all public or private schools, colleges and universities.
• The Board of National Education shall determine the adequacy of the number of
books, depending upon the enrollment of the school, college or university.
Note: School libraries should have sufficient copies.
• SECTION 3. The Board of National Education shall cause the translation of
the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as well as other writings of Jose Rizal
into English, Tagalog and the principal Philippine dialects; cause them to be
printed in cheap, popular editions; and cause them to be distributed, free of
charge, to persons desiring to read them, through the Purok organizations and
 Barrio Councils throughout the country. Note: Board of National Education must
handle the translation of Rizal’s works.
• SECTION 4. Nothing in this Act shall be construed as amendment or repealing
section nine hundred twenty-seven of the Administrative Code, prohibiting
the discussion of religious doctrines by public school teachers and other person
engaged in any public school.
• SECTION 5. The sum of three hundred thousand pesos is hereby authorized
to be appropriated out of any fund not otherwise appropriated in the National
Treasury to carry out the purposes of this Act.

• SECTION 6. This Act shall take effect upon its approval.

• Published in the Official Gazette, Vol. 52, No. 6, p. 2971.

19th Century Philippines: As Rizal’s

Context
THE ECONOMIC CONTEXT
4 Historical Context of the Era in which Jose Rizal was born

A. The Galleon Trade

B. The Opening of The Suez Canal
C. The Rise of the Export of the Crop Economy
D. The Established Monopolies in the Philippines

The Galleon Trade (1565-1815)

When the Spanish Colonizers came to the Philippines.
 Locals are already trading with China, Japan, Siam (Thailand), India,
Cambodia, Borneo and the Moluccas (Spice Islands)
 1565: Spanish government close the ports of Manila to all countries except
Mexico
 Gave birth to the Manila-Acapulco Trade known as the “Galleon Trade”
 The Manila Galleons (Galeón de Manila; Kalakalang Galyon ng Maynila at
Acapulco) were Spanish trading ships which for two and a half centuries
linked the Philippines with Mexico across the Pacific Ocean making one or two
round-trip voyages per year between the ports of Acapulco and Manila ,
which were both part of New Spain. The name of the galleon changed to reflect
the city that the ship sailed from. The term Manila Galleons is also used to refer
to the trade route itself between Acapulco and Manila, which lasted from
1565 to 1815.
 A ship (galleon) trade going back and forth between Manila and Acapulco,
Mexico

 Started with Andres de Urdaneta in convoy under Miguel Lopez de Legaspi

 They discovered a return route from Cebu to Mexico in 1565
 The trade served as the central income-generating business for Spanish
colonists in the Philippines

The Galleon Trade (1565-1815)

Trans-Pacific Trade
 Mango de Manila, tamarind, rice, Carabao, cockfighting, Chinese tea,
textiles, fireworks display, tuba (coconut wine-making) went to Mexico.
 Return Voyage: brought numerous and valuable flora and fauna into the
Philippines: guava, avocado, papaya, pineapple, horses, cattle
 250-year trade: intercultural exchanges
 Manila became a trading hub: Asian countries sent their goods for shipping.

 Those who ran the hub and did most of the work were primarily Chinese.
 They arrived in the Philippines in junks yearly bringing goods and
workforce.
 The Manila Galleon trade allowed modern, liberal ideas to enter the
Philippines, eventually and gradually inspiring the movement for
independence from Spain.
 September 14, 1815, the Galleon Trade ended with Mexico’s war of
independence.

 Previous: The Philippines was governed by Spain from Mexico.

The Spanish Crown took direct control of the Philippines and
administered it directly from Madrid.
  The opening of the Suez Canal and the invention of steam ships, which
lessened the travel time from Spain to the country to 40 days, made this
more convenient.

Opening of the Suez Canal

 An artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt
 It connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of
Suez. (isthmus = a narrow strip of land with sea on either side, forming a link
between two larger areas of land.)

 Constructed by the Suez Canal Company between 1859 and 1869

 Leadership of French diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps

 Officially opened on November 17, 1869.

 The distance of travel between Europe and the Philippines was considerably
shortened
 Brought the country closer to Spain

 Before: Steamer from Barcelona had to sail around the Cape of Good Hope
to reach Manila, for 3 months

 A huge advantage in commercial enterprises between Europe and East

Asia
 Expedited the importation not only of commercial products but also books,
magazines and newspapers with liberal ideas from America and Europe.
It affected the minds of Rizal and other Filipino reformists

 Political views of Western liberal thinkers entered the Philippines

 The availability of Suez Canal encouraged the ilustrados (including Jose
Rizal) to pursue education abroad and learn scientific and liberal in Academic
Institutions. Their social dealings with liberals in the West have influenced
their thoughts on nationhood, politics and government.

ILUSTRADOS

- learned or the enlightened ones

 - It constituted the Filipino educated class during the Spanish Colonial
Period in the late 19th century.
- They were the middle class who were educated in Spain and exposed to
Spanish Liberal and European Nationalists ideals.

MONOPOLIES

- Another main source of wealth during the post-galleon era was the
monopoly contracting.
- The Chinese took advantage of this commercial opportunity in the 19 th
century
- Government monopoly of importation and sales was created
- Opium monopoly was profitable
- The Spanish government had legalized the use of opium (provided it
was limited to Chinese).
- Prior to this, there were monopolies of some products, controlled by the
government, like liquors, betel nut, explosives and tobacco.
- Tobacco monopoly was most controversial and oppressive to locals.
- Governor general Jose Basco placed the Philippines tobacco industry
under government control, establishing tobacco monopoly.
- An order was issued for the widespread cultivation of tobacco in the
provinces in Cagayan Valley, Ilocos Norte and Sur, La Union, Isabela,
Abra, Nueva Ecija and Marinduque.
- These provinces planted nothing but tobacco and sold their produce
only to the government at a pre-designated price, with little or no
profit.
- A number of tobacco plants that must be sold is set
- Nobody was allowed to keep even a few tobacco leaves for personal
use.
- The government exported the tobacco to other countries and to
cigarette factories in Manila.
- The monopoly raised revenues for the government and made the
Philippines prominent all over Asia and some parts of Europe.
- Negative Result: it brought food shortages
- Planting of rice and other crops was neglected and abandoned
- Tobacco monopoly was abolished in 1882
- It caused hardships and social injustice to the Filipinos especially in
Nueva Ecija.
- It prompted the Filipinos to seek freedom from colonial bondage
SOCIAL BACKGROUND
Education in the 19th Century: Spanish Regime
- European system of education was introduced
- Schools were established and run by the Catholic Missionaries
- They educate the locals; Teach them how to read and write; Teach
Spanish (but not seriously taught)

- Initially, college and universities were open only to the Spaniards

and those with Spanish blood (mestizos) 17th Century
- 19th Century Universities started accepting native Filipinos, still giving
emphasis on religion
- Accommodations were limited to the sons of wealthy Indio families.

SOCIAL BACKGROUND
There were three (3 ) social classes of Philippine settlers during the Spanish
Era:
1. Highest Class
2. Middle Class
 3. Lowest Class

HIGHEST CLASS
- Spaniards, Peninsulares and the Friars.
- They have the power and authority to rule over the Filipinos.

Peninsulares:

- Spaniards who were born in Spain and hold important government

positions.

Friars:

- Members of certain religious orders of men especially the four orders:

Augustinians, Carmelites, Dominicans and Franciscans.
- Dominicans dominates ownership of the lands.

MIDDLE CLASS
- The people that belongs into this class includes the natives, mestizos and
the criollos (or creoles)
- Natives The pure Filipinos
- Mestizos Filipinos of mixed indigenous Filipino or European or Chinese
ancestry.
- Criollos European descent born in Spanish or American colony

LOWEST CLASS Includes the Filipinos only

- The Indios are the poor people having pure blood Filipino which is ruled
by the Spaniards.
- The indigenous peoples of the Philippines were referred to as Indios (for
those of pure Austronesian descent) and negritos. Indio was a general
term applied to native Austronesians as a legal classification; it was only
applied to Christianised natives who lived in proximity to the Spanish
colonies. (Wikipedia)

THE INDIOS

- The tuba gatherer

 - The fisherman

- Growing number of educated natives called ILUSTRADOS (new social

class)

- Jose Rizal as an Ilustrado inspired the craving for freedom and

independence with his novels written in Spanish.

- One of the AIMS of the ILUSTRADOS was to be in the same level with
the proud Spaniards.

- But despite their wealth and education, the Ilustrados were still deemed
inferior by the Spaniards.

- Opening of the Suez Canal: made the travel to Europe faster and
cheaper.

- Many locals took advantage to pursue higher and better education in

Madrid and Barcelona

The ILUSTRADOS and the PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT

- The Ilustrados, Members of the Propaganda Movement

- The thirst for reform and nationalism bloomed in the liberal atmosphere;
- They would later lead the Philippine Independence movement using
the Spanish language as their key means of communication.

The Rise of Chinese Mestizo

- Upon the elimination of the galleon trade, Manila became open to foreign
merchants almost without restrictions.
- The demand for Philippine sugar and abaca (hemp) grew swiftly.
- The amount of exports to European countries increased after the opening
of the Suez Canal.
- The development of commercial agriculture in the archipelago resulted in
the presence of new class.
- Alongside the landholdings of the church and the rice estates of the pre-
Spanish nobility, there emerged haciendas of sugar, coffee and hemp,
owned by Chinese-Filipino mestizos.
The Rise of the INQUILINOS

- INQUILINOS means tenant

- In the 19th Century, Inquilino system in the Philippines is better understood
as a qualified System of Tenancy; or the right to use land in
exchange for rent.
- The elimination of the Galleon Trade and the Opening of the Suez Canal
gave way for more intensive rice cultivation and production of crops ,
such as sugar cane and tobacco
- Many estates turned progressively to the Inquilino system of Land Tenure.
- Friars and Secular Spanish were absentee landlords
- (secular = not subject to or bound by religious rule; not belonging to or
living in a monastery)
- Estate management was granted to an administrator who was typically
lay Spanish mestizo or Filipino lay Brother.

THE POLITICAL LANDSCAPE

LIBERALISM

- is a worldview founded by the ideas of freedom and equality;

- Includes wide range of political philosophies that consider individual
liberty to be the most significant goal.
- Liberals believe that government is necessary to protect individuals
from being abused by others.

- Such ideas swayed the Ilustrados for liberalism.

- When the Philippines was opened to world trade in the 19 th century,
liberal ideas from America carried by ships and people from foreign
ports started to penetrate the country.
- The opening of the Suez Canal aid in the importation of books,
magazines and newspapers with liberal ideas from the West.
- The valuable canal (Suez) also encouraged more liberal Spaniards
and Europeans to come to the country and intermingle with the natives.
- It stimulated the Ilustrados (like Rizal) to pursue higher studies abroad
and learn liberal ideas in European universities.
- Their social interaction with liberals in foreign lands had affected their
beliefs on politics and nationhood.
 - Philippine’s actual experience of liberalism came from the role
modelling of the “first liberal governor of the Philippines”, GOVERNOR-
GENERAL CARLOS MARIA DE LA TORRE.
- The new government extended to the Spanish colonies the reforms they
implemented in the motherland (Spain)
- De la Torre was essential in the dawn of national consciousness of the
locals in the 19th century.
- Put into practice his liberal and democratic ways by avoiding luxury and
living a simple life.
- Encouraged freedom and abolished censorship.
- Recognized the freedom of speech and of the press.

The Impact of the Bourbon Reforms

- When the Spanish Bourbon King Philip V assented to the throne, he and
his successors (Ferdinand VI, Charles III, Charles IV) advocated a
century-long effort to reform and modify the Spanish empire.
- Known as the Bourbon reforms, the policy changes endeavored to:
curtail contraband commerce, reclaim control over transatlantic trade,
restrict the church power, reform state finances to fill dwindling royal
coffers and found tighter administrative and political control within the
empire.
- IMPACT: It gave the natives in the Philippines the idea that
colonization could be done without much intervention from the
Catholic Church.

The Cadiz Constitution

- March 1812: A liberal constitution was promulgated in Cadiz.
- The constitution was put in practice in almost all areas of the Hispanic
Monarchy still under control of the Spanish Crown.
SEEING RIZAL’S LIFE IN HIS SOCIETY
- We see the life of Dr. Jose Rizal in the 19th Century
- Rizal did not only know the valuable information about his society but also
had a quality of mind that helped him use the information in a way
that he could think about what was going on in the world and what
might be happening within himself.
- This quality of mind is called “SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION”
-

RIZAL’S LIFE
RIZAL’S FAMILY, CHILDHOOD AND
EDUCATION
Rizal’s Birth
 Jose Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso
 Born on June 19, 1861; in Calamba, Laguna.

Rizal’s Family

DON FRANCISCO ENGRACIO RIZAL MERCADO

 Jose Rizal’s Father

 Don Francisco was born on May 11, 1818 in Biñan, Laguna. At 8 years old, he
lost his Father.
 Took Latin and Philosophy at the College of San Jose in Manila
 Francisco and Teodora got married on June 28, 1848 and settled in Calamba
 He met and fell in love with Teodora Alonso, a student in the College of Santa
Rosa

 They were granted a lease of rice farm in the Dominican-owned haciendas.

 Don Francisco became a productive farmer from Biñan, Laguna
 He became Tiniente Gobernadocillo (lieutenant governor) in Calamba; and was
named Tiniente Kiko.

 Don Francisco’s Great Grandfather was DOMINGO LAM-CO.

  Lamco was a learned pro-poor or maka-masa Chinese immigrant
businessman .
 Lamco married a sophisticated Chinese mestiza of Manila named INES DE LA
ROSA.

 One of the two children of Lam-co and de la Rosa was Francisco (I) resided in
Biñan and married Bernarda Monica.
 Francisco and Bernarda’s son, Juan Mercado, became the governadorcillo
(town mayor) of Biñan, Laguna.
 Juan Mercado married Cirila Alejandra and they had 12 children.
 Juan and Cirila’s youngest child was Francisco (II), Jose Rizal’s father.

Doña Teodora was known as “Lolay”.

 It is believed that Doña Teodora ‘s family descended from Lakandula, the last
native King of Tondo.
 Lolay’s great grandfather was Eugenio Ursua (of Japanese descent)
 Eugenio Ursua married a Filipina named Benigna
 Eugenio and Benigna’s daughter, Regina, married a Filipino-Chinese lawyer of
Pangasinan, Manuel de Quintos.
  Manuel and Regina’s daughter, Brigida, married Lorenzo Alberto Alonzo
 Lorenzo and Brigida had five children
 The second of their children was Teodora Alonso, Jose Rizal’s mother

SATURNINA MERCADO (1850-1913)

 Eldest child of the Rizal-Alonzo marriage. Her nickname was Neneng. She had
five children by her husband Manuel T. Hidalgo of Tanawan, Batangas.

PACIANO MERCADO (1851-1930)

 Only brother and confidant of José Rizal and the second child.
 He became as a second father to Jose Rizal.
 Studied at San José College in Manila . Just like his father, Paciano became a
farmer.
 It was his idea to send Jose to continue his studies in Spain.
 After his younger brother´ s execution, he joined the Philippine revolution
and became a combat General.
 After the Revolution, he retired to his farm in Los Boños where he lived as a
gentleman farmer and died on April 13, 1930 , an old bachelor aged 79. He had
two children by his mistress. (Severina Decena).

NARCISA MERCADO (1852-1939)

 The third child.married Antonio Lopez at Morong, Rizal; a teacher and
musician.

OLYMPIA MERCADO (1855-1887)

 The fourth child. Ypia was her pet name. Married Silvestre Ubaldo, a telegraph
operator from Manila; she died in 1887 from child birth.

LUCIA MERCADO (1857-1919)

 The fifth child. Married Mariano Herbosa of Calamba. He was the nephew of
Father Casanas . Herbosa died of cholera in 1889 and was denied a Christian
burial because Dr. Rizal was his brother-in-law.

MARIA MERCADO (1859-1945)

  The sixth child. Her nickname was Biang. Married Daniel Faustino Cruz of
Biñan, Laguna.

JOSE RIZAL (1861-1896)

 The second son and the seventh child.
 The greatest Filipino hero and a tremendous genius.
 His nickname was Pepe.
 During his excile in Dapitan he lived together with Josephine Bracken, an Irish
girl from Hong-Kong. They had a son with her but their baby son died a few
hours after birth. Rizal named him Francisco after his father and buried him in
Dapitan.
 José was executed by the Spaniards on December 30,1896.

CONCEPCION MERCADO (1862-1865)

 The eighth among the Rizal children, died at the age of three due to an
illness.
 Her pet name was Concha.
 As an older brother, Jose, who was four at that time (in 1865), grieved so bitterly.
He recalled having cried so hard for the first time due to love and sorrow for their
loss. According to him, “Till then I had shed tears only for my own faults
which my loving, prudent mother well knew how to correct.”

JOSEFA MERCADO (1865-1945)

 Josefa Rizal or Panggoy had epilepsy.
 She was the ninth child of the family.
 She died in 1945 at the age of 80.
 Due to her illness she never got married and died as spinster.

TRINIDAD MERCADO (1868-1951)

 The tenth child.

 She was the longest living family member.
 They gave her the pet name Trining.
 Like her sister Josefa, she never got married and also died an old maid at the
age of 83.

SOLEDAD MERCADO (1870-1929)

  She was the youngest child of the Rizal-Mercado clan.
 Choleng was her pet name.
 She later got married to Pantaleon Quintero, a native from Calamba, Laguna.

The Surname RIZAL

 Jose and Paciano could have been known as “Lamco” brothers and not Rizal
 Their paternal great-great grandfather, Chinese merchant Domingo Lamco,
adopted the name “Mercado” which means “market”
 Jose’s father, Francisco, adopted the surname “ Rizal” (originally “Ricial” which
means “the green of young growth”)
 The new name, Rizal, caused confusion in the commercial affairs of the
family, so, Don Francisco settled on the name “ Rizal Mercado”, but often used
the more known surname “Mercado”
 Paciano used the surname Mercado while studying in the College of San
Jose
 Paciano gained notoriety with his links to the “Gomburza”
 He (Paciano) advised Jose to use the surname “Rizal” for Jose’s own safety

Rizal’s Birth
 Doña Teodora was said to have suffered the greatest pain during the delivery
of her 7th child, Jose, because Jose’s head was bigger than normal
 Jose Rizal was born in Calamba, Laguna on June 19, 1861
 Calamba, a city since 2001, is said to have earned the nickname “Resort
Capital of the Philippines” for its more than 600 resorts in the place this time.
 The name Calamba was derived from kalan-banga, which means “clay stove”
(kalan) and “water jar” (banga).

Rizal’s Home

 Rizal’s birthplace was in their family’s house in Calamba.

 It was the first massive stone house (bahay na bato) in their place.
 It was a rectangular two-storey building, built with adobe stones and solid
wood
 With an azotea; and with a water reservoir at the back.
 Sliding capiz windows;
 Ground floor was made of lime and stone
 Second floor of hard wood;
  Roof of red tiles

The Childhood of a Phenom

 PHENOM: someone who is exceptionally talented or admired.
 Jose Rizal’s first memory: his happy days in their garden when he was 3 years
old.
 Their home courtyard have tropical fruit trees, poultry yard, a carriage house and
a stable for the ponies.
 Jose Rizal was weak, sickly and undersized.
 He was given fondest care by his parents
 His father built a nipa hut for the young Pepe to play in the daytime.
 His memory included nocturnal walk in town, especially during moonlight;
stories from his “aya” (nursemaid) and his Angelus prayers.
 When his sister Concha died in 1865 because of sickness, he mournfully wept at
losing her.
 He wrote in his memoir “When I was four (4) years old, I lost my little sister
Concha, and then for the first time I shed tears caused by love and grief”.

 At the age of five (5), Pepe (Jose Rizal) learned to read the Spanish family
Bible.
 Rizal loved to go to the chapel, pray and participate in novenas and join
religious processions.
 One of the men he esteemed and respected in Calamba was the Catholic Priest
Leoncio Lopez, the town priest
 He used to visit him and listen to his inspiring opinions on current events and
thorough life views.
 Still at the age of five, Pepe started to make pencil sketches and mold in clay
and wax object
 At the age of six, his sisters once laughed at him for spending much time
making clay and wax images. “All right, laugh at me now! Someday when I
die, people will make monuments and images of me.”
 Jose received a pony as a gift from his father. He named his pony “Alipato”

7 years old:
 Experienced riding in a casco – a flat bottomed boat with a roof on their way to a
pilgrimage in Antripolo
 Jose loved to ride this pony to take long walks in the meadows and lakeshore
with his black dog named “Usman”.
 8 years old:
 Rizal had shown interests in writing drama, poems, reading books on
magics and tricks, and physical exercises among others.

EDUCATION IN CALAMBA, AND BIŇAN

 Technical Truth: Doña Teodora was Rizal’s first teacher.
 Rizal wrote, “My mother taught me how to read and to say haltingly the
humble prayers which I raised fervently to God.”
 Doña Teodora had the capacity to teach Spanish, reading, poetry and values
through rare story books.
 On her lap, Jose learned the alphabet and Catholic prayers at the age of
three and learned to read and write at the age of 5
 In Rizal’s time, seldom would one see a highly educated woman of fine
culture like Doña Teodora

 Jose’s sister Saturnina and three (3) maternal uncles also mentored him.
 Uncle Jose Alberto taught him painting, sketching and sculpture
 Uncle Gregorio influenced him to further love reading
 Uncle Manuel developed Rizal’s physical skills in martial arts like wrestling
 Tutors were also hired like Maestro Celestino and Maestro Lucas
 Leon Monroy lived at the Rizal home as a Spanish and Latin tutor.
 However Monroy died five months later

 Rizal had his early schooling in Calamba and Biñan.

 Paciano brought him to the school of Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz
 The school was in the teacher’s house , a nipa house near the home of Jose’s
aunt where he stayed.
 During Rizal’s first day in Biñan School, the teacher asked him:
 “Do you know Spanish?” “A little, sir”, replied Rizal.
 “Do you know Latin?” “A little, sir.”
 Because of this, Rizal.s classmates and the teacher’s son, Pedro, laughed at
him.

 Jose challenged the bully Pedro to a fight.

 Did Jose win the fight? Yes
 Jose learned wrestling from his Uncle Manuel. Though younger and smaller than
Pedro, Jose defeated him.

 After the class, Jose had an arm-wrestling match with his classmate Andres
Salandanan;
 However, Jose lost and even almost cracked his head on the sidewalk.
 Jose Rizal told his father that he had already learned all there was to be taught;
but his father scolded him and histked him back to the school.
 Rizal might not have won all his brawls but he beat all Biñan boys
academically in Spanish, Latin and many other subjects.
 Jose was said to have some other fights with Biñan boys in school.
 Rizal’s Life: Higher Education and Life
Abroad

Education in Manila and Europe and Early Travels

 Jose Rizal’s father sent him to Manila in June 1872 to further his education.
 Paciano found a boarding house for Jose in Intramuros.
 But Jose later transferred to a house in Calle Carballo in the Santa Cruz area.
 2 years after, Jose became an intern (boarding student) at Ateneo and stayed
there until his graduation from the institution.
 Rizal enrolled and studied Philosophy and Letters course at the University of
Santo Tomas from 1877 to 1882.
 He shifted to Medicine a year after.
 During his first year at UST, he simultaneously took a vocational course at
the Ateneo.
 This leads him to being an expert Surveyor.

 While studying in UST and Ateneo, Rizal boarded in a house of Concha Leyva
in Intramuros
 He later transferred to Casa Tomasina, Calle 6, Santo Tomas, Intramuros;
Antonio Rivera being the landlord and his uncle.
 Antonio Rivera had a daughter, Leonor Rivera;
 She became Jose Rizal’s sweetheart.

Education at the Ateneo

 Rizal’s father sent him to enroll in Ateneo Municipal in June 1872

 Ateneo was run by the Jesuit congregation (Society of Jesuits)
 Ateneo upheld religious instruction, advance education, rigid discipline,
physical culture and cultivation of the arts (music, drawing, prainting)

 “Paciano found a boarding house in Intramuros but Jose Rizal later transferred to
the house of a spinster situated on Calle Carballo in Sta. Cruz area.”
 He became acquainted with various mestizos who were said to be begotten by
friars.

Classes in Ateneo
 Healthy competitions was encouraged
 Classes were divided into 2 groups
 ROMAN EMPIRE: interns (boarders)
 CARTHAGINIAN EMPIRE: externs (non-boarders)
 Within an empire, members were in continuous competition as they vied for
the top ranks called dignitaries.
1. Emperor- highest position
2. Tribune
3. Decurion,
4. Centurion
5. Standard Bearer

 As a newcomer, Rizal was initially placed at the tail of the class, but was soon
continually promoted.
 After a month, he had become an Emperor, receiving a religious picture as a
prize.

 Jose Rizal attained an “Excellent Mark ” in all subjects and in the examinations,
at the end of the term.
 On his 2nd year, Rizal transferred residence to No. 6 Calle Magallanes.
 He obtained a medal at the end of the 2nd term.
 During his 3rd year, he won prizes in the quarterly examinations.
 The following year, Rizal’s parents placed him as intern (boarding student) in the
school and stayed there until his graduation.
 Rizal garnered 5 medals at the end of the school year.
 March 23, 1877: Rizal received the Bachelor of Arts degree
  He graduated as one of the 9 students in his class declared as
“sobresaliente” or outstanding

Some of his Professors at the Ateneo:

 Jose Bech – with mood swings, somewhat lunatic with uneven humor;
 Francisco de Paulo Sanchez – upright, earnest, caring teacher, Rizal
considered him as his best professor;
 Jose Villaclara ;
 Minevez;
 Don Augustine Saez – guided Rizal in drawing and painting;
 Romualdo de Jesus – instructed Rizal in sculpture

Education at the UST

1877
 Rizal enrolled in the University of Santo Tomas (UST)
 Course Taken: Philosophy and Letters
 Enrolled in Ateneo at the Same time
 Course Taken: Land Surveyor and Assessor’s Degree (expert surveyor)
 Finished surveyor’s training in 1877
 Passed the Licensing Examination on May 1878 (license was granted to him in
1881, at his age of majority)
After 1 year in UST:
 Jose changed course and enrolled in Medicine to cure his mother’s
deteriorating eyesight.
 But he stopped attending classes at UST in 1882 due to discrimination by
the Dominican professors against Filipino students.
 He has taken 19 subjects in UST with grades ranging from Excellent to Fair.

EDUCATION IN EUROPE
1882:

 Rizal left for Spain

 Enrolled in Medicine and Philosophy and Letters at Universidad Central de
Madrid

1884:

 Rizal was involved in a student demonstration by the Central University

students;
 Many were wounded June 1884:
 Rizal received the degree of Licentiate in Medicine
 He was 23 yrs old;
  His rating was “Fair”
 He took and completed 3 additional subjects leading to the Degree of
Medicine
 His Doctor’s diploma was not given to him because of his failyre to pay the fee
and the required thesis.

1984:
 The rally started after Dr. Miguel Morayta was excommunicated by bishops for
delivering a liberal speech.
 He proclaimed freedom of science and the teacher during the opening
ceremony at the academic year.

On Rizal’s 24th Birthday:

 Madrid University awarded him the Degree of Licentiate in Philosophy and
Letters with an “Excellent” grade.
 Rizal went to Paris:
 Attended Medical Lectures at the University of Paris.
 November 1885 to February 1886:
 He worked as an Assistant to Dr. Louis de Weckert;
 Dr. Weckert = a leading French Opthalmologist.
 Rizal learned how to perform all the opthalmological operations

February 3, 1886:
 Rizal arrived in Heidelberg, Germany.
 He attended the lectures of Dr. Otto Becker and Professor Wilhelm Kuehne at
the University of Heidelberg.
 Rizal also worked at the University Eye Hospital under the guidance of Dr.
Becker.
 Rizal had learned to use the newly invented opthalmoscope (invented by
Hermann von Helmholtz)
 He used this later to operate on his mother’s eye.

At the age of 25:

 Rizal completed his eye specialization

 Rizal spent 3 months in Wilhelmsfeld, a village near Heidelberg.

 He wrote the last few chapters of Noli Me Tangere in this place.
  He stayed in the pastoral house of the Protestant Pastor Dr. Karl Ullmer

August 1886:
 Rizal attended lectures on history and psychology at the University of
Leipzig.

November 1886:

 Rizal reached the famous city of Berlin;

 He worked as an assistant in the clinic of Dr. Schweigger.
 Attended lectures at the University of Berlin.
 He was inducted as a member of the Berlin’s “Ethnological Society”,
“Enthropological Society”, and “Geographical Society”.
 Rizal delivered an address in German before the Ethnographic Society of Berlin
(the Orthography and Structure of the Tagalog Language)
 These people, who were the renowned personalities in the academe in Germany
and Europe, were so proud that once in their lives they had known the Great and
Educated Filipino named DR. JOSE RIZAL

While in Germany:
 Rizal met and befriended the famous academicians and scholars at the time.

Among them:
 Prof. Friedrich Ratzel – a German historian
 Dr. Hanz Meyer – a German anthropologist;
 Dr. Feodor Jagor – the author of Travels in the Philippines which Rizal had read
while he was a student in Manila;
 Dr. Rudolf Virchow, a German anthropologist;
 Dr. Hans Virchow, Dr Rudolf’s son – descriptive Anatomy Professor
Rizal’s Life in Europe

 Rizal got sick and tired of the discriminatory and oppressive Dominican
professors.
 On May 3, 1882, he left for Spain to complete his studies and to widen his
political knowledge through exposure to European governments.
 His departure for Spain was considered in history as a “secret departure”.
 However, there at least 10 people -including his 3 siblings and an uncle –
collaborated in his departure.
 Unnamed and unnumbered Jesuit priests and intimate friends co-conspired in
the plan.

 On his way to Madrid, Rizal had many stopovers

 Disembarked and visited the town of Singapore.

1982:
 Rizal left Barcelona and went to Madrid;
 On-board the steamship “Djemnah”, he passed through Punta Gales, Colombo
and Aden.
 September 16, 1882, he met and befriended Consuelo Ortiga y Rey
 She’s the daughter of Don Pablo Ortiga y Rey;
 En route to Marseilles, he went across Suez Canal;
 Visited the Italian City of Naples;
 Left Marseilles, France for Barcelona in an express train.
 Don Pablo was a Spanish liberal and former mayor in Manila;
 He became Vice-President of the Council of the Philippines in the Ministry
of Colonies.
 Rizal enrolled in Medicine and Philosophy and Letters at the Universidad
Central de Madrid. In November 1882

 Rizal had written to Paciano informing him of his meeting with some Filipinos.
 Thus saying, “In the Tuesday of the Carnival we had a Filipino luncheon and
dinner in the house of the Paternos, each one contributing 1 duro (Duro =
Spanish silver dollar)
 “We ate with our hands boiled rice, chicken adobo, fried fish, and roast
pig.”
 After a year of that feast, Rizal became penniless. His family encountered
economic difficulty.
 A day in June 1884, Rizal failed to eat breakfast but still went to school and won
gold medal in a contest.
 On the same day, he attended dinner party held in honor of two-award winning
painters, Juan Luna and Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo.
 HE DELIVERED A VERY DARING LIBERAL SPEECH WHICH CAUSED
SICKNESS TO HIS WORRYING MOTHER

 1885: Rizal went to Paris, France after he finished his 2 courses in Madrid
(Medicine and Philosophy & Letters)
 November 1885-February 1886: He worked as an assistant to the celebrated
ophthalmologist Dr. Louis de Weckert.
 February 3,1886: Rizal left Paris for Heidelberg, Germany. He attended lectures
and trainings at the University of Heidelberg and completed his eye
specialization
 Rizal settled for 3 months in a nearby village, Wilhemsfeld, at the pastoral
house of a Protestant Pastor
  The correspondence and long-distance friendship between Jose and Ferdinand
Blumentritt began. Rizal send a letter in German and sent it with a book
(Spanish and Tagalog) to Blumentritt. (Blumentritt was interested to study the
native language of Jose Rizal)

 Jose travelled next to Leipzig and attended some lectures at the university, and
proceed to Dresden. He met and befriended Dr. Adolph B. Meyer, the Director
of the Anthropological and Ethnological Museum
 Meyer showed Rizal some interesting things taken from tombs in the
Philippines.
 November 1886: Rizal went to Berlin and enhanced his skills and knowledge in
ophthalmology.
 He learn other languages and became a member of various scientific
communities;
 He also befriended many famed intellectuals.
 February 21, 1887: Rizal finished his first novel, Noli Me Tangere;
 It came off the press a month later.

Rizal’s Grand Tour in Europe with his Friend Viola

 With his friend Maximo Viola, Rizal traveled to various places in Europe
 Viola loaned Rizal the amount of money to cover for the printing of Noli.
 Jose paid Viola through Paciano’s remittances.
 Rizal decided to explore further some places in Europe before returning to the
Philippines.
 They went first to Potsdam, a city Southwest of Berlin

May 11, 1887;

 Rizal and Viola left Berlin for Dresden and witnessed the Regional Floral
exposition.
 They passed through Leitmeritz, Bohemia and passed through Teschen
(Decin, Czechoslovakia)
 Blumentritt met them at Leitmeritz railroad station.
 Prof. Bluementritt identified Jose Rizal through a pencil sketch which Jose had
previously made and sent it to Blumentritt.

 May 16, 1887: Viola and Rizal left Leitmeritz and went to Prague. They saw the
tomb of the famous astronomer Copernicus (Copernicus formulated a
 heliocentric model of the universe placing the Sun as the Center of the
Universe, rather than the Earth)
 They stopped at Brunn on their way to Vienna.
 They met the famous Austrian Novelist Norfenfals.
 Rizal was interviewed by Mr. Alder, a correspondent of the newspaper Extra
Blatt.
 They left Vienna on a river boat to see the sights of the Danube River.
 From Lintz, they had a short stay in Salzburg.
 Upon reaching Munich. They tasted the local beer advertised as Germany’s
finest.

 Went to Stuttgart, Baden and then to Rheinfall where they saw Europe’s most
beautiful waterfall.
 Rheinfall (Rine Falls) - Europe’s Tallest Waterfalls
 Ulm: Climbed Germany’s tallest Cathedral.

SWITZERLAND
 They toured Schaffhausen, Basel, Bern and Lausanne
 They stayed in Geneva for 15 days.
 Their stay in Geneva should have been enjoyable except of when he learned that
an exhibition of some Igorots (wearing bahag) in Madrid side by side with
some animals and plants and become objects of ridicule and laughter.
ITALY

 On June 19, 1887- Rizal’s 26th Birthday- Rizal treated Viola

 Four (4) days after, they parted ways: Viola went back to Barcelona.
 Rizal proceeded to Italy.
 He went to see Turin, Milan, Venice and Florence.
 In Rome, he paid a visit to historical places.
 He had also seen the Vatican City.
 The Famous St. Peter’s Basilica in Vatican City

FIRST HOMECOMING

 From a French Port in Marseilles, he boarded the steamer “ DJEMNAH” on July

3, 1887
 Despite being warned by friends and loved ones, Rizal was fixed with his
decision to return to the Philippines.
 the steamer “DJEMNAH” sailed to the East through the Suez Canal and reached
Saigon on the 30th of July 1887.
 From Saigon to Manila Rizal boarded the steamer “Haiphong).
 He arrived in Manila on the 5th of August almost midnight.
 Rizal meet his friends in Manila then returned to Calamba (August 8, 1887) and
restored his mother’s eyesight.
 He was dubbed as the “German Doctor” or “Doctor Uliman” (from the word
Aleman, meaning German)
 People from different places flocked to him for a better eyesight, so he made a lot
of money
 With the allegations of Rizal’s enemies that his “Noli” contained subversive ideas,
he was summoned by the Governor-General Emilio Terrero.
 However, Terrero have seen no problem in the book.
 To protect Rizal, Gen Terrero assigned a bodyguard for him.
 Name of the bodyguard was Don Jose Taviel de Andrade.
 December 1887: The Calamba folks asked Rizal’s assistance in collecting
information regarding the Dominican Hacienda management
 This was in compliance with the order of the government to investigate the way
friar estates were run.
 Objectively, Rizal reported that the Dominican priests had increased the land
rent and charged the tenants for non-existent agricultural services.
 The friars were enraged by Jose Rizal’s reports, so, they (friars) pressured the
Governor General to advise the writer of the “Noli Me Tangere” to leave the
country.
  Rizal failed to visit his girlfriend Leonor Rivera in Pangasian

Annotation of Antonio Morga's Sucesos de

las Islas Filipinas

Dr. Morga and his "Sucesos"

 Antonio de Morga (1559-1636) was a Spanish historian and lawyer and a notable
colonial official for 43 years in the Philippines, New Spain, and Peru.
 When reassigned to Mexico, Morga published the book Sucesos de las islas
Filipinas in 1609.
 The book is said to cover the years from 1493 to 1603. Discussion deals with the
political, social, and economic phases of life of both the natives and their
colonizers.
 The history was published in two volumes, both in 1609, by Casa de Geronymo
Balli, in Mexico City. The first English translation was published in 1868 in
London.

Sucesos de las islas Filipinas

 Chapter 1: Magellan and Legaspi's seminal expedition
 Chapter 2-7: Chronological report on government administration under Governor-
General
 Chapter 8: Philippine Islands, the natives their, and their antiquity, custom, and
government.

What leads Jose Rizal to Sucesos de las islas Filipinas?

 Patriotic as he was, Jose Rizal had a burning desire to know the true condition of
Philippines when the Spanish conquerors came ashore.
 Rizal did not believe the colonizer's claim that they sociologically improved the
islands instead he believes that the country was already a
 His friend Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt, a knowledgable Filipinologist, recommended
Antonio Morga's Sucesos de las islas Filipinas.
 In 1888-1889, Rizal largely spent his many months of stay in London at the
British Museum researching for its Filipiniana Collection, looking for Morga's
book, and then copying and annotating this rare book availabale at the time, he
had painstakingly hand-copy the whole 251 pages of the book.
  Leaving London for Paris in March 1889, Rizal frequented the Bibliotheque
Nationale to continue working on his annotation.
 Rizal meticulously annotated every chapter of the Sucesos, commenting even on
Morga's typographical errors.He also provided enlightenment on every statement
which he believed misrepresenting the local's cultural practice.
 It was thus in Paris that he finished and published his annotation of the Sucesos
in 1890.

THE PREFACE
 With "Jose Rizal Europe,1889" as a signature, Rizal had the following as his
preface to his work:

The Preface

 To the Filipinos: In Noli Me Tangere I started to sketch the present state of our
native land. But the effect which my effort produced made me realize that, before
attempting to unroll before your eyes the other pictures which were to follow, it
was necessary first to post you on the past. So only can you fairly judge the
present and estimate how much progress has been made during the three
centuries (of Spanish rule).
 Like almost all of you, I was born and brought up in ignorance of our country's
past and so, without knowledge or authority to speak of what I neither saw nor
have studied, I deem it necessary to quote the testimony of an illustrious
Spaniard who in the beginning of the new era controlled the destinies of the
Philippines and had personal knowledge of our ancient nationality in its last days.
 It is then the shade of our ancestor's civilization which the author will call before
you... If the work serves to awaken in you a consciousness of our past, and to
blot from your memory or to rectify what has been falsified or is calumny, then I
shall not have labored in vain. With this preparation, slight though it be, we can
all pass to the study of the future.

Rizal's Important Annotations of the Book

Governor Antonio de Morga was not only the first to write but also the first to publish a
Philippine history.
By the Christian religion, Doctor Morga appears to mean the Roman Catholic which by
fire and sword he would preserve in its purity in the Philippines. Nevertheless in other
lands, notably in Flanders, these means were ineffective to keep the church unchanged,
or to maintain its supremacy, or even to hold its subjects.
Great kingdoms were indeed discovered and conquered in the remote and unknown
parts of the world by Spanish ships but to the Spaniards who sailed in them we may add
Portuguese, Italians, French, Greeks, and even Africans and Polynesians.

The conversions by the Spaniards were not as general as their historians claim. The
missionaries only succeeded in converting a part of the people of the Philippines.

It is not the fact that the Filipinos were unprotected before the coming of the Spaniards.
The islands came under Spanish sovereignty and control through compacts, treaties of
friendship and alliances for reciprocity.

Blood compact between Ferdinand Magellan and Rajah Humabon.

The term "conquest" is admissible but for a part of the islands and then only in its
broadest sense. Cebu, Panay, Luzon Mindoro and some others cannot be said to have
been conquered.

The discovery, conquest and conversion cost Spanish blood but still more Filipino blood.
Morga shows that the ancient Filipinos had army and navy with artillery and other
implements of warfare

 kampilan
 krises

Magellan's transferring from the service of his own king to employment under the King
of Spain, according to historic documents, was because the Portuguese King had
refused to grant him the raise in salary which he asked.

Cebu, which Morga calls "The City of the Most Holy Name of Jesus," was at first called
"The village of San Miguel."

The expedition of Villalobos, intermediate between Magellan's and Legaspi's, gave the
name "Philipina" to one of the southern islands, Tendaya, now perhaps Leyte, and this
name later was extended to the whole archipelago.

 Ruy Lopez de Villalobos

Of the native Manila rulers at the coming of the Spaniards, Raja Soliman was called
"Rahang mura", or young king, in distinction from the old king, "Rahang matanda".
Historians have confused these personages.

Morga has evidently confused the pacific coming of Legaspi with the attack of Goiti and
Salcedo, as to date.

Though not mentioned by Morga, the Cebuanos aided the Spaniards in their expedition
against Manila, for which reason they were long exempted from tribute.
The southern islands, the Bisayas, were also called "The land of the Painted People (or
Pintados, in Spanish)" because the natives had their bodies decorated with tracings
made with fire, somewhat like tattooing.
When Morga says that the lands were "entrusted" (given as encomiendas) to those who
had "pacified" them, he means "divided up among." The word "en trust," like "pacify,"
later came to have a sort of ironical signification
Legaspi's grandson, Salcedo, called the Hernando Cortez of the Philippines, was the
"conqueror's" intelligent right arm and the hero of the "conquest."

The expedition which followed the Chinese corsair Li Ma-hong, after his unsuccessful
attack upon Manila, to Pangasinan province, with the Spaniards of whom Morga tells,
had in it 1,500 friendly Indians from Cebu, Bohol, Leyte and Panay, besides the many
others serving as laborers and crews of the ships.

 Li Ma-hong
It is notable how strictly the earlier Spanish governors were held to account. Some
stayed in Manila as prisoners, one, Governor Corcuera, passing five years with Fort
Santiago as his prison.

In the fruitless expedition against the Portuguese in the island of Ternate, in the Molucca
group, there went 1,500 Filipino soldiers from the more warlike provinces, principally
Kagayans and Pampangans.

The "pacification" of Kagayan was accomplished by taking advantage of the jealousies

among its people, particularly the rivalry between two brothers who were chiefs
Captain Gabriel de Rivera, a Spanish commander who had gained fame in a raid on
Borneo and the Malacca coast, was the first envoy from the Philippines to take up with
the King of Spain the needs of the archipelago.

The artillery cast for the new stone fort in Manila, says Morga, was by the hand of an
ancient Filipino.
When the English freeboother Cavendish captured the Mexican galleon Santa Ana, with
122,000 gold pesos, a great quantity of rich textiles-silks, satins and damask, musk
perfume, and stores of provisions, he took 150 prisoners.
The Jesuit, Father Alonso Sanchez, who visited the papal court at Rome and the
Spanish King at Madrid, had a mission much like that of deputies now, but of even
greater importance.
In the time of Governor Gomez Perez Dasmarinias, Manila was guarded against further
damage such as was suffered from Li Ma-hong by the construction of a massive stone
wall around it.
The early cathedral of wood which was burned through carelessness at the time of the
funeral of Governor Dasmarifias' predecessor was made with hardwood pillars , which
shows how hard worker were Filipinos at that time.
It is worthy of note that China, Japan and Cambodia at this time maintained relations
with the Philippines.
For Governor Dasmarinas' expedition to conquer Ternate, in the Moluccan group, two
Jesuits there gave secret information.
The historian Argensola, in telling of four special galleys for Dasmarinas' expedition,
says that they were manned by an expedient which was generally considered rather
harsh.
Morga says --- that the 250 Chinese oarsmen who manned Governor Dasmarinias' swift
galley were under pay and had the special favor of not being chained to their benches.

The historian Gaspar de San Agustin --- states that the reason for the revolt was the
governor's abusive language and his threatening the rowers.
It is difficult to excuse the missionaries' disregard of the laws of nations and the usages
of honorable politics in their interference in Cambodia on the ground that it was to
spread the Faith.
In the attempt made by Rodriguez de Figueroa to conquer Mindanao according to his
contract with the King of Spain, there was fighting along the Rio Grande with the people
called the Buhahayenes.
Argensola has preserved the name of the Filipino who killed Rodriguez de Figueroa. It
was Ubal.
That the Spaniards used the word "discover" very carelessly may be seen from an
admiral's turning in a report of his "discovery" of the Solomon islands though he noted
that the islands had been discovered before.
Death has always been the first sign of European civilization on its introduction in the
Pacific Ocean.
The Spanish historians of the Philippines never overlook any opportunity, be it suspicion
or accident, that may be twisted into something unfavorable to the Filipinos.

The Japanese were not in error when they suspected the Spanish and Portuguese
religious propaganda to have political motives back of the missionary activities.

The raid by Datus Sali and Silonga of Mindanao, in 1599 with 50 sailing vessels and
3,000 warriors, against the capital of Panay, is the first act of piracy by the inhabitants of
the South which is recorded in Philippine history.
Still the Spaniards say that the Filipinos have contributed nothing to Mother Spain, and
that it is the islands which owe everything.
While Japan was preparing to invade the Philippines, these islands were sending
expeditions to Tonquin and Cambodia, leaving the homeland helpless even against the
undisciplined hordes from the South, so obsessed were the Spaniards with the idea of
making conquests.
In the alleged victory of Morga over the Dutch ships, the latter found upon the bodies of
five Spaniards, who lost their lives in that combat, little silver boxes filled with prayers
and invocations to the saints.

Morga's views upon the failure of Governor Pedro de Acunia's ambitious expedition
against the Moros unhappily still apply for the same conditions yet exist.

Hernando de los Rios blames these Moluccan wars for the fact that at first the
Philippines were a source of expense to Spain instead of profitable in spite of the
tremendous sacrifices of the Filipinos, their practically gratuitous labor in building and
equipping the galleons, and despite, too, the tribute, tariffs and other imposts and
monopolies.

Among the Filipinos who aided the government when the Manila Chinese revolted,
Argensola says there were 4,000 Pampangans "armed after the way of their land, with
bows and arrows, short lances, shields, and broad and long daggers."
The loss of two Mexican galleons in 1603 called forth no comment from the religious
chroniclers who were accustomed to see the avenging hand of God in the misfortunes
and accidents of their enemies.

The Filipino chiefs who at their own expense went with the Spanish expedition against
Ternate, in the Moluccas, in 1605, were Don Guillermo Palaot, maestro de campo, and
Captains Francisco Palaot, Juan Lit, Luis Lont, and Agustin Lont.
The Cebuans drew a pattern on the skin before starting in to tatoo. The Bisayan usage
then was the same procedure that the Japanese today follow.

Ancient traditions ascribe the origin of the Malay Filipinos to the island of Sumatra.
The "easy virtue" of the native women that historians note is not solely attributable to
the simplicity with which they obeyed their natural instincts but much more due to a
religious belief of which Father Chirino tells.

Morga's remark that the Filipinos like fish better when it is commencing to turn bad is
another of those prejudices which Spaniards like all other nations, have.
Colin says the ancient Filipinos had minstrels who had memorized songs telling their
genealogies and of the deeds ascribed to their deities.

The cannon foundry mentioned by Morga as in the walled city was probably on the site
of the Tagalog one which was destroyed by fire on the first coming of the Spaniards.
That established in 1584 was in Lamayan, that is, Santa Ana now, and was transferred
to the old site in 1590.
Malate, better Maalat, was where the Tagalog aristocracy lived after they were
dispossessed by the Spaniards of their old homes in what is now the walled city of
Manila.
Morga's statement that there was not a province or town of the Filipinos that resisted
conversion or did not want it may have been true of the civilized natives.
"The Spaniards, says Morga, were accustomed to hold as slaves such natives as they
bought and others that they took in the forays in the conquest or pacification of the
islands." Consequently in this respect the "pacifiers" introduced no moral improvement.

The Value of Rizal's Annotation

 The value of Rizal's annotation of Sucesos is immense as through the work, he
provided the readers with rich annotative footnotes concerning Philippine culture,
with complete scholarly referenced resources and full citations.
 Most significantly, through his work, Rizal had proved and showed that the
Philippines was an advanced civilization prior to the Spanish conquest.

Higher Education and Life Abroad

Rizal’s Second Travel Abroad

In Hongkong and Japan

 February 3, 1888: Rizal sailed to Hongkong onboard “Zafiro”
 He stayed inside the ship during its short stop at Amoy
 Hounded by powerful enemies, Rizal was forced to leave his country for a
second time in February 1888. He was then a full-grown man of 27 years of
age, a practicing physician, and a recognized man-of-letters
 Jose Rizal stayed at the Victoria Hotel in Hongkong;
  He was welcomed by the Filipino residents like Jose Maria Basa, Balbino
Mauricio and Manuel Yriarte (son of Francisco Yriarte, alcalde mayor of
Laguna)
 He experienced the firecracker-laden Chinese New Year and the marathon
lauriat party with numerous dishes being served.

THE TRIP TO HONGKONG

· February 3, 1888-Rizal left Manila for Hong Kong on board the Zafiro
· February 7, 1888- Zafiro made a brief stopover at Amoy
· Rizal did not get off his ship at Amoy for three reasons: (1) he was not
feeling well (2) it was raining hard (3) he heard that the city was dirty
· February 8, 1888- Rizal arrived in Hong Kong
· Victoria Hotel- Rizal stayed while in Hong Kong. He was welcomed by
Filipino residents, including Jose Maria Basa, Balbino Mauricio, and
Manuel Yriarte (son of Francisco Yriarte (son of Francisco Yriarte,
alcalde mayor of Laguna)
· Jose Sainz de Varanda- a Spaniard, who was a former secretary of
Governor General Terrero, shadowed Rizal’s movement in Hong Kong
· it is believed that he was commissioned by the Spanish authorities to spy
on Rizal
· “Hong Kong”, wrote Rizal to Blumentritt on February 16, 1888, “is a
small, but very clean city.”

VISIT TO MACAO (OR MACAO)

 -Macao is a Portuguese colony near Hong Kong.
 -According to Rizal, the city of Macao is small, low, and gloomy. There are
many junks, sampans, but few steamers. It looks sad and is almost dead.
 February 18, 1888- Rizal, accompanied by Basa, boarded the ferry steamer,
Kiu-Kiang for Macao
 Don Juan Francisco Lecaros- A filipino gentleman married to a Portuguese
lady
 Rizal and Basa stayed at his home while in Macao
 February 18, 1888- Rizal witnessed a Catholic possession, in which the
devotees were dressed in blue and purple dresses and were carrying
unlighted candles
 February 20, 1888- Rizal and Basa returned to Hong Kong, again on board the
ferry steamer Kiu Kiang
In Hongkong and Japan

DEPARTURE FROM HONG KONG

 February 22, 1888- Rizal left Hong Kong on board the Oceanic, an American
steamer, his destination was Japan
 Rizal’s cabin mate was a British Protestant missionary who called Rizal “a
good man”
 From Hongkong, Rizal reached Yokohama, Japan on 28th of February and
proceeded to Tokyo the following day
 He lived in a Spanish legation in Tokyo upon the invitation of its secretary Juan
Perez Caballero.
 (legation= a diplomatic representative office of lower rank than an embassy)

Japan
March 1888:
 Rizal heard a Tokyo Band nicely playing a European music.
 He found out that some of its members are Filipinos
  What amused most Rizal was the Japanese girl who passed by the legation
everyday;
 She was the 23-year-old Seiko Usui whom he fondly called ‘O-Sei-San’

Here is the story of Jose Rizal and Seiko Usui.

 JOSE RIZAL – Here is the month-long love story of our national hero Jose Rizal
with the Japanese and a Samurai’s daughter Seiko Usui.
 In his list of the woman who captured our hero Jose Rizal, among them is the
Japanese and the Samurai’s daughter O Sei San or Seiko Usui whom he fondly
called before as Seiko. He met her during one of her afternoon walks and
immediately asked a Japanese gardener who she is as he got charmed right
away by her. She can talk both in English and French, hence, the start of them
conversing and bonding.
 O-Sei-San became Rizal’s generous tour guide as she took him to Japan’s
shrines, parks, universities, and other interesting places like the Imperial Art
Gallery, Imperial Library, and the Shokubutsu-en (Botanical Garden). Along with
it, she also taught him to speak their language. Thus, he fell in love with her
which is not quite surprising already, right?
 However, after a month, on April 13, 1888 , he left with the fact of not seeing her
ever again. In 1987, she married Alfred Charlton, British chemistry teacher of
the Peer’s School in Tokyo. They got a child and she died on May 1, 1947 , at the
age of 80 placed beside her husband’s tomb at Zoshigawa Cemetery.

As Rizal had written:

“Japan has enchanted me. The beautiful

scenery, the flowers, the trees,

and the inhabitants – so peaceful,

so courteous, and so pleasant.

O-Sei-San, Sayonara, Sayonara!
I have spent a happy golden month;
I do not know if I can have another
one like that in all my life.
Love, money, friendship, appreciation,
honors –these have not been wanting.
To think that I am leaving this life for the
uncertain, the unknown.
There I was offered an easy way to live,
beloved and esteemed…”

Rizal in Japan

28 February 1888
 After days of travel, he arrived at Yokohama, registered at the Grand Hotel;
 He was offered the Spanish Legation for his home;
 While in Japan, Rizal studied the habits and customs of the Japanese people,
their language, theaters and commerce;

1 March 1888

 He checked out of the Grand Hotel and entrained for Tokyo and lodged at the
Tokyo Hotel.

4 March 1888

 He wrote Blumentritt about the honesty, courtesy, cleanliness and industry of

the Japanese.
 However, He also expressed his disgust on the use of the mandrawn “ jinrikisha”
(a small two-wheeled cart for one passenger, pulled by one person)

7 March 1888

 Rizal checked out of Tokyo Hotel and moved to the Spanish legation where he
was offered free board and lodging.
15 March 1888
 Rizal first saw O-Sei-San walking past the gate of the Spanish Legation.
7 April 1888
 Rizal wrote his family and envisioned that in the future the Philippines would
have more contact and relation with Japan.
13 April 1888
 Rizal left Yokohama for San Francisco on board the Belgic

Rizal Sailed to West

 April 13, 1888
 Rizal boarded the “SS Belgic”
 In the vessel, he befriended Tetcho Suehiro, a Japanese novelist and human
rights fighter.
 Suehiro was also forced by their government to leave his country.
April 28
 The ship arrived in San Francisco.
 For a week, the passengers were quarantined because of the cholera outbreak
in the Far East.
 But in reality, some politicians were just questioning the arrival of the Chinese in
the ship who would displace white laborers in railroad-construction projects.
May 6, 1888
 Rizal went to Oakland on board a train.
 Took his evening meal in Sacramento and woke up in Reno, Nevada.
 He visited the states of Utah, Colorado, Nebraska, Illinois.

 He reached New York on May 13, 1888

 On Bedloe Island, he had seen the Statue of Liberty symbolizing freedom and
democracy.
 Rizal also observed that there was racial inequality in the land.
 He then concluded that the real freedom is only for the whites

May 16, 1888:

 Rizal sailed for Liverpool and arrived there on May 24.
 He reached London a day after and stayed briefly at Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor’s
house.
 Later, he boarded at the Beckett residence.
 He was lovingly served by Gertrude, his landlord’s daughter.

June 1888:
 Rizal made friends with Dr. Reinhold Rost and his family.
 Dr. Rost had a good Filipiniana library in house, being an expert in Malayan
language.
 He decribed Rizal as “A PEARL OF A MAN”.
 Gertrude Beckett

 While still in London, Rizal manually copied and annotated Morga’s Sucesos de
las Islas Filipinas.
 This is a rare book available in the British Museum.
  He also became the honorary president of the patriotic society Asociacion
La Solidaridad.
 He had written articles for the La Solidaridad.
 He also visited Paris, Madrid and Barcelona in his 10-month stay in London.

 While in Spain, Jose Rizal met Marcelo H. del Pilar for the first time.
 Del Pilar was one of the renowed members of the Propaganda Movement along
with Graciano Lopez Jaena
 PROPAGANDA was a patriotic socio-political organization founded in 1872 by
the Filipinos who settled in Europe.
 Its members were Filipino liberals who were exiled in 1872 and the Filipino
students studying in Europe during that time.

 The Propaganda primarily aimed to bring to Spain’s attention the real needs of
the colony, the Philippines.
 The Propaganda Movement is branded as Assimilationist
 The assimilationist stand in Rizal’s time refers mainly to the advocacy to have the
Philippines be treated as one of Spain’s provinces.
 Rizal and Del Pilar are said to have later abandoned the “assimilationist” stand.

Advocacy of the Propagandists:

 The recognition of the Philippines as a province of Spain and its (Philippines)

representation in the Spanish Parliament;
 The secularization of the Philippine parishes and clergy;
 The equality between the Spanish and the Filipino, especially in entering
government service;
 The establishment of government-funded schools run by the friars;
 The abolition of the “polo” (forced labor) and Forced sale of local products
(vandala) to the government; and
 The recognition of human rights and freedom, especially the freedoms of
speech and association

In France
 On March 1889, Rizal went to Paris.
 He lived shortly in the house of his friend, Valentin Ventura.
 He later transferred to a little room where he had room mates.
 Two (2) of his room mates were Filipinos – one was Jose Albert.
 While in Paris, Rizal frequently visited the Bibliotique Nationale, working on his
Sucesos.
 He spent his spare hours in the houses of friends like Juan Luna and his wife
Paz Pardo de Tavera.
 Rizal witnessed the universal exposition of Paris, having as its greatest attraction
the Eiffel Tower.
In France

 Still in France, Rizal formed the KIDLAT CLUB

 Rizal also organized the Indios Bravos

In Belgium

 After celebrating Yuletide Season in Paris in 1889, Rizal visited London for the
last time.
 He then left Paris for Brussels with Jose Albert on January 20, 1890 . They
stayed in a boarding house admistered by the Jacobe sisters (Suzanne and
Marie).
 He met and had a transitory affair with Suzzane (another Suzanne) who was
the niece of his landladies.

In Belgium

 Rizal busied himself in writing the El Filibusterismo and contributing to the La

Solidaridad.
  He used the pen names Dimas Alang and Laong Laan.
 When he heard the news that Calamba agrarian was getting worse , he
decided to go home.
 However, Paciano informed him that they lost the case in court against the
Dominicans and decided to bring the case to Madrid.
 This made Rizal decide to go to Madrid instead of going back to the Philippines.
 He intended to look for a lawyer and sought the help of influential people who
would defend the Calamba tenants.

In Madrid

August 1890
 Rizal travelled to Madrid along with his lawyer, Marcelo H. de Pilar.
 He could not find any influential Spaniard who could help them.
 While in Madrid, he met the Filipino student, EDILBERTO EVANGELISTA.
 He counseled Evangelista to take Engineering in Belgium – University of
Ghent (one of the world’s leading engineering schools during that time.
 Evangelista later finished engineering and architecture with highest honors.
 Some European companies offered rewarding positions to Evangelista but he
turned them down, because he wanted to serve his country, the Philippines.

Challenges that Rizal experienced while he was in Madrid

 Rizal challenged his friend Antonio Luna to a duel when he (Luna), having
failed in seeking the love of Nellie Boustead, gave negative comments of the
lady.
 Rizal also dared Wenceslao Retana to a duel when because Retana wrote in
the Anti-Filipino newspaper La Epoca, that Rizal’s family was not paying its
land rent.
 Luna became Rizal’s good friend, while Retana became Rizal’s first non-
Filipino biographer.
 Rizal also heard the news of Leonor Rivera’s marriage to an Englishman Henry
Kipping, who was the choice of Leonor’s mother.
 There also emerged the Del Pilar-Rizal rivalry for leadership in the
“Asociacion Hispano Filipino”.
 The election for a leader resulted to an unpleasant split among the Filipinos in
Madrid. (Rizalistas vs Pilaristas)
  Because of this, Rizal decided to leave Madrid, to avoid serious factions among
Filipinos in Madrid.
 Both duels were aborted

In Biarritz, Paris and Brussels

 Rizal proceeded to take a more-than-a-month vacation in Biarritz.
 Biarrits is a tourist town in Southwestern France , noted for its mild climate and
sand beaches.
 He arrived in February 1891 and was welcomed as a family guest in the house
of the Bousteds, especially with Nellie.
 Rizal had a serious, romantic relationship with Nellie, but failed.
 Biarritz, France

 In Biarrits, Rizal continued to work on his El Filibusterismo and completed its

manuscript on March 29, 1891.
 He departed for Paris the following day.
 The Jacobies, especially Suzanne Jacobe, cordially welcomed his arrival in
Brussels in April 1891.
 It was in Brussels that Rizal revised and prepared for printing his second novel
“El Filibusterismo”.
 Valentin Ventura hosted his short stay in Paris.
 Rizal was already looking for a printing firm to print the EL FILIBUSTERISMO

In Ghent

 Rizal learned that the printing cost in Ghent was cheaper , so he went to the
place in July 1891.
 He lived in a low-cost boarding where he had a roommate, Jose Alejandro, who
was an engineering student in the University of Ghent.
 They rented a room exclusive of breakfast to save the cost.
 They bought a box of biscuit, counted the contents and computed for their daily
ration, for a month.
 In just 15 days, Alejandro had eaten all his ration while Rizal maintained his daily
ration.

In Hongkong and Sandakan

October 1891:
 Rizal left Europe for Hongkong
  He was onboard the ship “Melbourne”.
 He began writing his 3rd novel while onboard, but it was not finished.

November 20 1891:
 He arrived in Hongkong;
 Resided at No. 5 D’ Aguilar Street, #2 Rednaxela Terrace.
 In Hongkong, Jose Rizal opened a Medical Clinic.
 A Portuguese friend, Dr. Loremzo P. Marquez, helped him to get many patrons
of various nationalities.
 His successfufl operation of his mother’s left eye allowed her to read again.

March 1892:
 Rizal went to Sandakan (East Malaysia) aboard the boat “Menon”.
 He wanted to negotiate with British authorities concerning the founding of a
Filipino colony in North Borneo (now called Sabah)

March 21, 1892:

 Rizal had written Governor-General Eulogio Despujol asking him to allow the
landless Filipinos, especially the deported Calamba tenants, to establish
themselves in North Borneo.

April 1892:
 Rizal was backe in Hongkong.

Second Homecoming

June 21, 1892:

 Rizal left Hongkong.
 He wanted to confer with Gov.-Gen Despujol concerning his North Borneo
colonization project.
 He traveled back to Manila along with his sister Lucia
 Unknown to Rizal, the Spanish Consul in Hongkong sent a cablegram to
Despujol telling him figuratively that “The rat is in the trap”.
 A secret case against Rizal was thus filed in Manila for an anti-religious and
anti-patriotic public campaign.
 Rizal and his sister Lucia arrived in Manila at noon on June 26, 1892.
 At 7:00PM he was able to meet Despujol in Malacañan who agreed to pardon
his father and told him to return on June 29.
 He visited his sisters and friends in Manila afterwards.
June 27, 1892:
 Rizal took a train and visited his friends in Central Luzon;
 Made s stopover at Bautista Mansion in Malolos, Bulacan;
 Spent the night in the house of Evaristo Puno in Tarlac, Tarlac (30 kilometers
away from the house of Leonor Rivera-Kipping in Camiling)
 He went to San Fernando, Bacolor, Pampanga and returned to Manila on
June 28, 1892 at 5:00PM
June 29, 30 and July 3, 1892:
 Rizal had another interviews with Despujol
 Rizal’s Colonization Project was rejected,
 But his request to lift the exile of his sisters was granted.

July 3, 1892:

 Jose Rizal spearheaded a meeting in the house of Doroteo Ongjunco in Ylaya

Street, Tondo, Manila.
 This was attended by at least 20 Filipinos , including Andres Bonifacio and
Apolinario Mabini.
 Rizal explained the aims of La Liga Filipina
 Officers were elected, having Ambrosio Salvador as the President of the
league.
 LA LIGA FILIPINA Founded July 3, 1892

 3 days after (July 6) the meeting (La Liga), Rizal was arrested during his
interview with the governor-general.
 Despujol showed him anti-friar leaflets Pobres Frailes (Poor Friars) allegedly
discovered in his sister Lucia’s pillow cases.
 Rizal was imprisoned in Fort Santiago for almost 10 days;
 July 14, at 12:30 AM, he was brought to the steamer “ Cebu” to be exiled in
Dapitan, Zamboaga del Norte.

 “A person who never made a mistake never tried anything new.”