Mechanics of Fluids SI Edition 5th Edition Potter Solutions Manual Download

Chapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and SimilitudeChapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
Solution Manual for Mechanics of Fluids SI Edition 5th

Edition Potter Wiggert Ramadan 1305637615
9781305637610
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CHAPTER 6
Dimensional Analysis
and Similitude
FE-type Exam Review Problems: Problems 6-1 to 6-6
6.1 (A) The dimensions on the variables are as follows:
L L ML2 ML / T 2 M L
[Wɺ ]  [F V ]  M 2   3 , [d ]  L, [p]    , [V ]  
T T T L2 LT 2 T
First, eliminate T by dividing Wɺ by p. That leaves T in the denominator so

divide by V leaving L2 in the numerator. Then divide by d2. That provides
Wɺ

pVd 2
6.2 (A) V  f (d , l, g,  ,  ). The units on the variables on the rhs are as follows:
L ML
[d ]  L, [l]  L, [g]  , [ ]  T 1 , [  ] 
T2 T
Because mass M occurs in only one term, it cannot enter the relationship.
V
A mALm
V p Lp Lp
6.3 (A) Re m  Re p .  . Vm  V p  12  9  108 m/s.
m p Lm
VmLm V pL p L p m 1.51105

6.4 (D) Re m  Re p .   . Vm  V p   4 10  461 m/s.
  L 
129
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 6
m p m p 1.3110
2
Vm2 Vp l 1
6.5 (C) Frm  Fr p .  . Vm  V p Am  2   0.5 m/s.
lm g m lp g p lp 4
lm
6.6 (A) From Froude’s number Vm  V p A
. From the dimensionless force we have:
lp
* * Fm Fp V p2 l 2p 2
Fm  Fp or  .  Fp  Fm  10  25 25  156 000 N
 V 2l 2  V 2l 2
V 2 l2
m m m p p p m m
130
Chapter 6 Problems: Introduction

V p1 2
1  g 2
p2 
g
6.7 2 
  z 1   2 V
 2   z 2 .
V1  2g g  V1  2g g 
2
1 p1 gz1 1 V2 p2 gz 2
     .
2 V12 V12 2 V2 V 2 2
1 p1 gz1 1 p gz  V 2
or     2 1
 21 2
 V 
2 2  2 2  2
2 V1 V1 2 V2 V2  V1
Ns 2 Ns
b)  p 
kg FT N F
6.8 a)  m
ɺ   .  . . 
s m s m L m2 L2
2 2 2
Ns Ns Ns

c)    
kg FT FT
  .  . d)     . 
m3 m  m3 m4 L4 m2 L2
Nm
e) W   N  m.  FL  
f) Wɺ 
s
. 
FL
T
F
g)    N / m. 
L
Dimensional Analysis
T e r ℓ  
6.9   f1  , , , .
 R
2 5 R R R  R 
2
  
L
V  f (ℓ, ,  ). V   , ℓ  L,     3 ,    
M M
6.10 .
T L LT
Vℓ
There is one   term:  1  .


131
Vℓ
  1  f 1 ( 02 )  Const.   C, or Re  Const.

L M M
6.11 V  f ( , , d). V   ,   
T T2
,   L3
,  d   L.
   
 1  .   1  f 1 ( 02 )  Const.   C, or We = Const.
V 2 d V 2 d
L L
6.12 V  f (H , g, m). V   T ,  g   T 2 , m   M ,  H   L.
gHm 0
  1  .   1  C.  V gH/ C.
V2
132
 H   L,  g   T 2 , m  M,    L3 ,    
L L M M
6.13 V  f (H , g, m,  ,  ). V   , .
T LT
Choose repeating variables H , g,  (select ones with simple dimensions-we couldn’t select
V, H, and g since M is not contained in any of those terms):
 1  VH a1 g b1  c1 ,  2  mH a2 g b2  c2 ,  3  H a3 g b3  c3 .
0
V V m    
   .   .    .
1
g H gH
2
H 3 3
 gH 3/ 2  gH 3
 m 

V
 f1   3 ,  .
 3 
gH  H  gH 
Note: The above dimensionless groups are formed by observation, simply combine the
dimensions so that the   term is dimensionless. We could have set up equations similar
to those of Eq. 6.2.11 and solved for a1 , b1 , c1 and a2 , b2 , c2 and a3 , b3 , c3 . But the
method of observation is usually successful.

, d   L, V   ,     ,    
ML L M M
6.14 F  f (d, ℓ,V ,  ,  ).  F   .
D D
T2 T LT L3
 1  FD ℓa1 Vb1  c1 ,  2  dV b2  c2 ℓ a2 ,  3  ℓa3 V b3  c3 .
FD d  
  ,   ,   .
V 2 ℓ 2 Vℓ
1 2 3
ℓ
F d  
  f 1 ,
D
.
ℓ V 22
 ℓ ℓV 
  1   F ℓ  
1
 f2 , 3  or D
 f  ,  . This is equivalent

We could write 2
2   2  2  d 2 V 2  d dV 
2
to the above. Either functional form must be determined by experimentation.

, d   L, V   ,     ,    
ML L M M
6.15 F  f (d, ℓ,V ,  ,  ).  F   .
131
D D
T2 T LT L3
 1  FD d a 1 b1 V c 1 ,  2  ℓd a2  b2 V c2 ,  3  d a3  b3 V c3 .
F ℓ Vd
By observation we have 1  D ,  2  ,  3  .
Vd d 
F   ℓ Vd 
 D  f1  , .
Vd d  
Rather than  1  f1 ( 2 ,  3 ), we could write

1   1  FD  ℓ   
 f 2 
 2 , , an acceptable form: 2 2
 f 2  , .
3   3  V d  d Vd 
132
h  f ( ,d,  ,  , g).  h  L,    ,     1,  g  
M M L
6.16 , d   L,    .
T2 L2 T 2 T2
Select d,  , g as repeating variables:
 1  hd a1 b1 g c1 ,  2  d a2 b2 g c2 ,  3   .
 
,  
h
  ,  .

1
d
2
d 2 3
h   
  f1  2 ,   . Note: gravity does not enter the answer.
d  d 
,  m  M,    ,  R  L.
ML 1
6.17 F  f (m,  , R). F  
C C
T2 T
a b c FC FC 2
  1  FC m  R  .   C.  FC Cm R
m 2 R m 2 R
,  y   L,  I   L4 .
M ML
6.18   f (M, y, I).    ,  M 
2
LT T2
I My
Given that b  1, 1   Const. C .
yM I
 dp  L M  dp  M
6.19 V  f (  ,d, . V   ,   , d   L,  .
   dx 
 dx  T LT LT2 2
dp 
c

  1  V d   .
a b
 dx 

Let’s start with the ratio so that “M” is accounted for. Then the  1  term is, by
He V (dp/dx) d2
nce  .
inspection ,  V
133
dp / dx
(dp/dx)d 2
1   Const. VConst .
(dp/dx) d2 
M
,  H   L,  g   ,  
L L
6.20 V  f (H , g,  ). V   .
T T2 L3
0

  1  VH a g b  c  V  Const. V  Const. gH .
g H
Density does not enter the expression.
134
,  H   L,     ,  d   L.
L M M L
6.21 V  f (H ,  ,  , g, d ). V   ,   , g 
T T2 LT L3
Repeating 
 1  VH a1  b1 g 1 ,  2  H a2  b2 g 2 ,  3  dH a3  b3 g 3 .  H, , g.
c c c
variables 
 
  , 
V d
By inspection:  ,  .

1
gH
2
 gH 3/ 2 3
H
 
 
   f ( ,  ),
V d
or  f  , .

  gH H 
1 1 2 3 1
gH 3
6.22 p  f (V , d,  , L,  ,  ).
L2
 p  2   d   L,   ,  L   L,  e  L,     3 .
M L M
LT
, V 
T
,    
T L
Repeating variables: V, d, .

1  pV a db  c ,  2   V a db  c ,  3  L V a db  c ,  4  e V a db  c .
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4
p  L e
By inspection:  1  , 2  , 3  ,  4  .
V 2 Vd d d
p 
  L e 
1  f1 ( 2 ,  3 ,  4 ).  2 f1  , , .
V  Vd d d 
6.23 FD  f (V ,  ,  , c, h, r,  , w,  ) where c is the chord length, h is the maximum thickness, r

is the nose radius,  is the trailing edge angle, and  is the angle of attack. Repeating
variables: V, c, . The   terms are
FD V c c c c
1  ,  2  , 3  ,  4  , 5   ,  6  ,  7  .
 V 2c2  h r w
Then,
FD   V c c c c 

f1  , , , , , 
 V2 c 2   h r w 
135
L3 L
6.24 Q  f (R, A, e, S, g). Q   ,  R   L,  A  L2 ,  e   L,  s   1,  g   .
T T2
There are only two basic dimensions. Choose two repeating variables, R and g. Then,
 1  QR a1 g b1 ,  2  AR a2 g b2 ,  3  eR a3 g b3 ,  4  sR a4 g b4 .
Q A e
  1  5/ 2 ,  2  2 , 3  ,  4  s.
gR R R
  Q 
 f  , , s .
A e
   f ( ,  ,  ). 
1 
1 1 2 3 4
gR 5  R2 R 
136
L L M
Vp  f (h, g,  ,  ). Vp   ,  h   L,  g   2 ,    2 ,     3 .
M
6.25
  T T T L
Repeating variables: h, , g.   1  Vp h  g ,  2  h  g . b2 c2
a1 b1 c1 a2
Vp  Vp   
   ,  .   f  .
gh 2  gh 2 
1 2 1
hg gh
6.26 FD  f (V ,  ,  , e, I, d). Repeating variables: V, , d.
ML L M M
 FD   2
,  V   ,     ,     3 ,  e   L,  I   1,  d   L.
T T LT L
 1  FD V  d ,  2  V  d ,  3  e V a3  b3 d c3 ,  4  I V  b4 d c4 .
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
   e  a4
  1  FD ,   , 3  ,  4  I.
V 2 d 2 2 Vd d
  e 
 f 
F
 D
, , I .
V d  Vd d 
2 2 1
6.27 Using the exponent method we write:

FD  f (  ,  , g, V , l) or FD   a  b g c V d l e
a b c d
ML  M   M   L   L e
 L
2  3   
2  
 
T  L   LT  T   T 
M: 1 ab a  1 b
T:  2  b  2c  d d  2  b  2c
L: 1  3a  b  c  d  e 1  3(1 b)  b  c  (2  b  2c)  e
Hence, e  2  b  c
 b  c
1b   2b2c   2bc       gl  FD
U
b c
 
137
FD    g V l   V 2 l2   Vl     Re, Fr 
V2 2 2
    V l
a b c
a b c d ML M  M   L d
    L
6.28 T  f (  ,  , V , D)    V D or 
 3  
2
T  L   LT   T 
M: 1  a  b  a  1 b
T :  2  b  c  c  2  b
L: 1  3a  b  c  d  1  3(1 b)  b  (2  b)  d
 b
1b  b  2b   2b  2 2    T
  
d  2  b. T   V D   V D   and  Re
 VD   V2 D 2
138
6.29 FD  f (V,  s , ,  , D, g). Repeating variables: V, , D.
 FD   , V   ,   s   3 ,     3 ,     ,  D   L,  g   2 .
ML L M M M L
2 T L L LT T
T
a2
 1  FD V  D ,  2   s V  b2 D c2 ,  3  V a3  b3 D c3 ,  4  gV a4  b4 D c4 .
a1 b1 c1
s    gD
  1  FD ,   , 3  , 4  2 .
V 2 D 2 2  VD V
F    gD
 
 f s,
D
, .
V D   VD V 2 
2 2 1
6.30 FD  f (V, , , d, e, r, c). Repeating variables: V, , d.
, [  ]  , [  ]  , [d]  L, [e]  L, [r]  L, [c]  .

ML L M M 1
[F ]  , [V ] 
D
T2 T LT L3 L2
 1  FD V a1  b1 d c1 ,  2  V a2  b2 d c2 ,  3  eV a3 b3 d c3 ,  4  rV a4  b4 d c4 ,  5  cV a5 b5 d c5 .
  1  FD ,    e  r 
, 3  ,  4  ,  5  cd .
2

V 2 d 2 2
Vd d d
  e r 
 f 
F
 D
, , , cd 2  .
V 2 d 2  Vd d d 
1
1 M M L
6.31 f  g(  ,  , V , d). [ f ]  , [ ]  , [  ]  3 , [V ]  , [d]  L.
T LT L T
Repeating variables, V , d,  . 1  f V a1 db1  c1 ,  2   V a2 d b2  c2
fd 
   fd
1  ,  2 
.   g1  .
V  Vd V  Vd 
6.32 FL  f (V, c,  , ℓ c , t,  ). Repeating variables: V, , ℓ c .
139
ML L L M
[FL ]  2
, [V ]  , [c]  , [  ]  3 , [ℓ c ]  L, [t]  L, [ ]  1.
T T T L
 1  FL V a1  b1 ℓc c1 ,  2  cV a2  b2 ℓc c2 ,  3  tV a3  b3 ℓc c3 ,  4  V a4  b4 ℓc c4 .
F c t
  1  L2 2
,  2  ,  3  ,  4  .
V ℓ c V ℓc
FL c t 
 2 2  f1  , ,  .
V ℓ c V ℓ c 
140
ML2 1 M M
6.33 T  f (d , ,  ,  , t). [T ]  , [d ]=L, []= , [  ]  3 , [  ]  , [t]  L.
T2 T L LT
Repeating variables: d,  , .  1  Td a1  b1  c1 , 2  d a2  b2  c2 , 3  t d a3  b3  c3 .

T  t
 1  , 2  , 3  .
 2 d 5
 d 2 d
T    t  3 5    t

ɺ
  f1  , . W   d f1  , .
 d
2 5  d 2 d
  d 2 d

    

6.34 FD  f (V,  ,  , d, L,  c ,  ) where d is the cable diameter, L the cable length,  c the
cable density, and  the vibration frequency. Repeating variables: V, d, . The   terms
are
FD Vd  d  V
1  ,  2  , 3  , 4  , 5 
V d 2 2  L c d
We then have
FD  Vd d  V 
 f
2 2 1  , , , 
V d   L  c d 
6.35 p  f (D, h,  , , d1 , d 0 ). Repeating variables: D,  , .
M 1 M
[p]  , [D]  L, [h]  L, [ ]  , [ ]  , [d ]  L, [d ]  L
1 0
LT 2 T L3
 p h d1 d0
1  , 2  , 3  , 4  .
2 D 2 D D D
 p h d d
f  , 1 , 0 . Wɺ  force  velocity = pD 2  D.
 1 

 2 D 2  D D D
141
d d
ɺ  3 5  h , 1 , 0 .

 
W D f 1
D D D
6.36 T  g( f ,  , d, H, ℓ, N, h, Repeating variables:  , d, .
 ).
2
, [ f ]  , [ ]  , [d]  L, [H]  L, [ℓ]  L, [N]  1, [h]  L, [  ] 

ML 1 1 M
[T]  .
T2 T T L3
T f H ℓ h
 1  ,  2  ,  3  ,  4  ,  5  N,  6  .
 d
2 5
 d d d
T  f H ℓ h
 g1  , , , N, .
 2d5  d d d 
142
6.37 Q  f (H, w, g,  ,  ,  ). Repeating variables: H, g, .
L3 L M M M
[Q]  , [H]  L, [w]  L, [g]  2 , [  ]  , [  ]  3 , [ ]  2 .
T T LT L T
Q w    
    
1 , 2 , 3 , 4 .
gH 5 H  gH 3  gH 2
 w  
Q   
  f1  , , .
H
5
 gH 2
gH   gH 3

6.38 d  f (V, Vj , D,  , , ,  a ). Repeating variables: Vj , D, .
[d]  L, [V ]  , [V ]  , [D]  L, [ ]  , [  ]  , [  ]  , [  ] 
L L M M M M
.
j a
T T T2 L3 LT L3

 1  , 2  , 3   2 , 4    , 5  a .
d V
D V V D V D 
j j j
d  V    a 
  f 1  , , , .

2
D  V j V j D V j D  
6.39 T  f ( , H , h, R, t,  ,  ). Repeating variables:  , h, .
M L2 1 M M
[T ]  2 , [ ]  , [H ]  L, [h]  L, [R]  L, [t]  L, [ ]  , []  3 .
T T LT L
 
, 
H 
,  3  , 4  , 5 
T R t
1  
 2 d 5 h 2
2
h h h
H R t  
 f  ,
T
 , , .
 d
2 5 1
 h h h h 
2
143
6.40   f (D, H, ℓ, g, , V ) . D = tube dia., H = head above outlet, ℓ = tube length.

  ℓ
, 2  ,  3  , 4 
H gD
Repeating variables: D, V, . 1 
VD D D V2
  ℓ gD 

H  
f1  ,
 D D V 2 
, .
VD
144
6.41 T  f (R,  ,  , e, r,  , ℓ). Repeating variables: R,  , .

2
ML , [R]  L, [ ]  1 , [  ]  M , [e]  L, [r]  L, [  ]  M , [ℓ]  L.

[T] 
T2 T L3 LT
ℓ  
,  ,  3  ,  4  , 5 
T e r
1  
 2 R 5 R 2
2
R R R
T e r ℓ  
  f1  , , , .
 R
2 5 R R R  R 
2
  
6.42 y 2  f (V1 , y1 , , g). Neglect viscous wall shear.
[y ]  L, [V ]  , [y ]  L, [ ]  , [g]  . Repeating variables: V , y , .

L M L
2 1 1 1 1
T L3 T2
y2 gy1
2
 1  ,  2  . (  does not enter the problem).
y1 V1
y2  gy 
  f  12 .
y1  V1 
1 M M L
6.43 f  g(d, ℓ, , , V). [ f ]  , [d]  L, [ℓ]  L, [  ]  3 , [  ]  , [V ]  .
T L LT T
Repeating variables: d, , V. ( ℓ = length of cylinder).
ℓ    ℓ   
,   ,  
fd fd
  .  f , .
V d d V d
1. 2 3 1
V d V
Similitude
Qm Vmℓ m2  2V
p m ( Fp  V 2
6.44  , ) mm m ℓ2
 2 ,
(  m m m
 V
Qp Vp ℓ2p p p p p Fp ) p  pV p2 ℓ 2p
145
m m Vm2 T3  V 2 Qɺ  V 3

 ,
 p  p Vp ℓm  m m2 m3 , m  ℓ m m m
2 2
Tp  p Vp ℓ p Qɺ p  p Vp3 ℓ 2p
(Qɺ has same dimensions as Wɺ .)
Vmd m Vpd p Vm dp
6.45 a) Re m  Re p .  .    7.
m p Vp dm
7
Qm Vm ℓ 2m Vm ℓ2m 1
 . Q  Q  1.5 7   0.214 m 3 /s.
m p
Qp Vp ℓ p
2 Vp ℓ2p 2
Wɺ m m Vm3 ℓ 2m 1
  73   7.  Wɺ m  7  200  1400 kW.
ɺ
 ℓ
3 2
7 2
Wp p Vp p
146
Vm d p m .9
b) Re  Re .    7  4.85.
dm  p
m p
Vp 1.3
1
Qm  1.5  4.85  2
 0.148 m3 /s.
7
1
Wɺm  4.853  2  200  466 kW
7
Vmd m V pd p Vm dp
6.46 a) Re m  Re p .  .    5.
m p Vp dm
mɺ m  m ℓ 2 Vm 1 1
 m
  5.  mɺ m  mɺ p  800 / 5  160 kg/s.
mɺ p  p ℓ 2p V p 52 5
p m  V2
 m m2  5 2 .  pm  25p p  25  600  15 000 kPa.
p p  p Vp
Vm d p m .8
b) Re  Re .    5  3.51.
dm  p
m p
Vp 1.14
1
mɺ m  800  2
 3.51  112 kg/s. pm  600  3.512  7390 kPa.
5
Vmd m V pd p Vm dp
6.47 a) Re m  Re p .  .    10.
m p Vp dm
2 2
Fm  mVm ℓ m 1
  102  =1.  F  F  45 N.
m p
Fp  pV p2ℓ 2p 102
Vm dp m  0.804 
b) Re  Re .    10   7.05.
  
d 
m p
V 1.141
147
p m p  
 p Vp 2 pL2 1
Fp  Fm  2 2  45 10
2
 90.5 N.
 V L 7.05 2
m m m
Vmℓ m Vp ℓ p Vm ℓ p m m

6.48 Re m  Re p .  .    10 assuming  1.
m p Vp ℓm  p p
 Vm  10Vp  1000 km / hr.

This velocity is much too high for a model test; it is in the compressibility region. Thus,
small-scale models of autos are not used. Full-scale wind tunnels are common.
148
Vmℓ m Vp ℓ p ℓ p m
 
Vm
6.49 Re m  Re p .  .  .
m p Vp ℓm  p
V ℓp
Water: m
  10 assuming    .  V  10V  900 km / hr.
m p m p
Vp ℓm
ℓ p m 1.5 10:5
Air: Vm  Vp  90  10  13 500 km / hr.
ℓ m p 1  10 6
Neither a water channel nor a wind tunnel is recommended. Full-scale testing in a water
channel is suggested.
6.50 Properties of the atmosphere at 8 km altitude: T = 37ºC +273 = 236 K and pressure = 35.7
kPa, density = 0.526 kg/m3, and viscosity = 1.527  10 N·s/m2.
Properties of air at standard atmosphere: T = 20ºC, p = 101.325 kPa, density = 1.204 kg/m3,
dynamic viscosity = 1.82  10 N·s/m2.
 VD   VD 
Use the Reynolds number to achieve dynamic similarity, 
    
 m    p
  D    
Then Vm  V p    
   p   D m
  p  m   Dp   0.526   1.82 10 5   10 
and Vm  V p  
     200  1.204   1.527 10 5   1   1041 km/hr
 m p   Dm      
  
 T   T 
To calculate the thrust apply:  2 2    2 2 
  V D p   V D m
  V 2 D 2   0.52610412 102 
p p p
Then Tp  Tm     10    1184N
 V D 2 2
1.204 2002 12
 m m m 
     
Vmℓ m V ℓ
Re m  Re p .   Vm / Vp  ℓ p / ℓ m  10 if  m   p .
p p
6.51 .
m p
140
 Vm  10  50  500 m / s.
This is in the compressibility range so is not recommended. Try a water channel for the
model study. Then
Vm ℓ p m 110 6
  10   0.662. Vm  33.1 m/s.
Vp ℓm  p 1.5 10 5
This is a possibility, although 33.1 m/s is still quite large.

( FD) m mVm2ℓ 2m 1000 1
   0.6622  2  3.56.
(FD ) p  pV p ℓ p 1.23
2 2
10
141
6.52
Re = Re
=
∴ = = 0.75 × 1 × 0.0006 = 0.00045 m = 0.45 mm
p  V2 1000
Find  oil using Fig. B.2. Then m  mm
 12  1.11.
p p  pV p2 1000  0.9
Vm ℓ m Vp ℓ p ℓ p m ℓp
6.53 Re m  Re p .  . Vm  Vp  0.1.025  10 3  .
m p ℓm  p ℓm
ℓp 5 m
If ℓ p  5 cm, then   2000 and V  0.005 m/s.
ℓm 0.0025
We could try ℓ p  50 cm, but Vm  0.05 m/s. Each of these Vm 's is quite small, too small
for easy measurements. Let’s try a wind tunnel. Then,
ℓ p m ℓ p 110 3
V V  0.1.02510 3   0.28 m/s if ℓ  5 cm.
m p
ℓ  ℓ 1.8105
p
m p m
Or, if ℓ p  50 cm, Vm  2.8 m/s. This is a much better velocity to work with in the lab.
Thus, choose a wind tunnel.
Vm ℓ m Vp ℓ p Vm2 Vp2 V 1

6.54 Re m  Re p .   . Frm  Frp .    .  m  .
m p ℓm gm ℓpg p Vp 30
Vm ℓ p m m  1  1 
  30  .  m  .   6.110 9 m 2 /s. Impossible!
V ℓ   30  164 m
p m p p p
2
V 2 V ℓm 1
Fr  Fr .   . V  V
p
6.55  10  1.29 m/s.
m
m p m p
ℓ g ℓ g ℓ 60
m m p p
V p
 V 2ℓ2 ℓ 2p
2
(F ) p
142
D m
 m m m
.  (F )   (F )  60  60 2  10  2.16 10 6 N.
(FD ) p  p Vp ℓ p
2 2 D p
Vm2 ℓ2m
D m
Vm 2 Vp 2 Vm ℓm
6.56 Frm  Fr p .  .   .
ℓ m gm ℓpgp Vp ℓp
Qm Vmℓ2m Vm ℓ2m 1 1
a)  . Q  Q  2   0.00632 m 3 /s.
m p
Qp V p ℓ2p Vp ℓ2p 10 102
143
F  V2 2
Vp2 ℓ2p
b) m
 m m m
ℓ. F  F  12  10  10 2  12 000 N.
Fp  p Vp ℓ p
2 2 p m
Vm2 ℓ 2m
Vm  ℓ m  1
6.57 Neglect viscous effects: Fr  Fr .    . V p  18.97 m/s.
m p
Vp ℓp 10
F  V 2ℓ 2 V 2 ℓ2
p p 2
m

m m m
.  Fp  Fm  4  10  10  4000 N.
F V ℓ2 2 2 2
p p p p Vm ℓ m
6.58 Neglect viscous effects, and account for wave (gravity) effects.
Vm2 
Vp2 V ℓm m Vm / ℓ m
Frm  Frp .   .  m  .  .
ℓm gm ℓp gp Vp ℓp  p Vp / ℓ p
Vm ℓ p 1
 m   p  600   10  1897 rpm.
Vp ℓ m 10
T  V2 3
Vp2 ℓ3p
m mℓ m
m
 .  Tp  Tm  1.2  10  10 3  120 000 N m.
Tp  pV p2 ℓ 3p V ℓ m
2 3
m
Vp2 ℓm ℓm ℓp
 
Vm2

Vm 6
6.59 Fr  Fr .  .  . .   278.
m p
ℓm g m ℓpgp Vp ℓp 100 ℓp ℓm
6.60 Check the Reynolds number:

Vpd p 15 2 6
Re p    30  10 .
p 10 6
This is a high-Reynolds-number flow.

22/30
Re m   1.33  10 5 .
10 6
This may be sufficiently large for similarity. If so,
Wɺ  V 3 ℓ 2 23 1
6
m
 m m m
144
   2.63  10 .
ɺ
W  pVp3 ℓ 2p 15 3 30 2
p
ɺ  (2  2.15) /2.63  10 6  1633kW.

W p
6.61 This is due to the separated flow downwind of the stacks, a viscous effect.  Re is the
10 4
significant parameter. Re p   26.7  10 5 . This is a high-Reynolds-number
1.5  10 5
flow. Let’s assume the flow to be Reynolds number independent, above Re  5  10 5 (see
Fig. 6.4). Then
145
Vm4 / 20
Re m  5 105  . Vm 37.5 m/s.
1.5 10 5
20 10
6.62 Re p   13.3  10 6 . This is a high-Reynolds-number flow.
1.5  10 5
V 0.4
For the wind tunnel, let Rem  10  m 5. Vm  3.75 m/s
5
1.510
Vm0.1
For the water channel, let Rem  105  . Vm  1.0 m/s
1106
Either could be selected. The more convenient facility would be chosen.

F  V 2 ℓ2 3.2 1000 2.42 0.12

m1 m1 m1 m1
 . F  3.2   4.16 N.
m2
F  V 2 ℓ2 F 1.23 152 0.42
m2 m2 m2 m2 m2
ɺ  3 2
153 0.42
W m m V m ℓm ɺ 203 10 2

ɺ   V 3ℓ 2  203 10 2 . Wp  (15 3.2) 153  0.42  71 100 W or 95 hp
W
p p p p
6.63 Re is the significant parameter. This is undoubtedly a high-Reynolds-number flow. If the

ℓ 13.5
model is 1.2 m high then p  250, and the model’s diameter is  0.054 m. For
ℓm 250
5
Re m  3  10 , we have
Vm 0.054
Re m  3  105  .  Vm  75 m/s, and a study is possible.
1.36  105
6.64 Mach No. is the significant parameter: M m  M p .
Vm Vp
a) M M .   . V  V  200 m/s.
m p m p
cm cp
Fm  V 2 ℓ2
 m m 2m 2 . F 2 p 2
  10  pp1
 V ℓ p p
146
 20  4000 N.
cp Tp 255.7
b) V  V V  200  186 m/s.
p m m
c T 296
m m
 m V pℓ p
2 2
1862
F F  10  0.601  202  2080 N.
p m
m Vm2 ℓ2m 200 2
cp Tp 223.3
c) V  V V  200  174 m/s.
p m m
c T 296
m m
147
 p Vp2 ℓ 2p 1742
F F  10 0.338  202  1023 N.
p m
m Vm2 ℓ2m 2002
Vm Vp 273
6.65 Mm  M p .   . Vm  250  276 m/s.
cm cp 223.3
Vm cm  Tm 223.3
  . V p  290  262 m/s.
Vp cp Tp 273
p p
pm mV m2  V 2
0.338 o 2622
 .  p p  pm  80   34.6 kPa, abs.
pp p V p2 m Vm2 0.8  o 2902
 p  5 for similarity. (Note: we use  m at 2700 m where T = 0C.)
Vm2 Vp2 Vm ℓm
6.66 a) Frm  Frp .  .   .
ℓm gm ℓp gp Vp ℓp
m Vm ℓ p 1 10
   10.   m  2000   6320 rpm.
 p Vp ℓ m 10 10
Vmℓ m Vp ℓ p Vm ℓp
b) Re m  Re p .  .    10.
m p Vp ℓm
m Vm ℓ p 1
  10   1.   m  2000 rpm.
 p Vp ℓ m 10
6.67 There are no gravity effects or compressibility effects. It is a high-Re flow.

V
T  V ℓ
2 3
p
2
ℓ 3p 15 2
148
m
 m m m
.  Tp  Tm  12   10 3  750 N m.
Tp  pVp2 ℓ 3m Vm2 ℓ 3m 60 2
m Vm ℓ p Vp ℓ m 15 1
 .  p   m  500    12.5 rpm.
p Vp ℓ m Vm ℓ p 60 10
Vm ℓ m Vp ℓ p ℓp
6.68 Re  Re .   . V  V  10 10  100 m/s.
 
m p m p
ℓ
m p m
This is too large for a water channel. Undoubtedly this is a high-Re flow. Select a speed of
5 m/s. For this speed,
5 0.1
Re m  6
 5  10 5 ,
1  10
where we used ℓ m  0.1 (ℓ p  1 m, i.e., the dia. of the porpoise).
149
Vm ℓ p 5
 m  p  1   10  5 motions / second.
Vp ℓ m 10
Normalized Differential Equations


6.70  *   , t*  tf , u*  , v*  , x*  , y*  . Substitute in:
u v x y
0 V V ℓ ℓ
 *
V (  u ) * *
V (  v ) * *
f 0 *
 0 *
 0 *
 0.
t ℓ x ℓ y
Divide by 0 V /ℓ :
*
f ℓ   * *   * * fℓ

   (  v )  0. 
( u ) parameter .
V t* x *
y * V
V * u v w x y z p
6.71 V*  , u  , v*  , w*  , x*  , y*  , z*  , p*  , t*  tf .
U U U U ℓ ℓ ℓ U 2
Substitute into Euler’s equation and obtain:

* 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 * *
V U V U * V U V U p
Uf  u*  v  w*  .
t* ℓ x* ℓ y* ℓ z* ℓ 

Divide by U 2 /ℓ :
f ℓ V* V * V* V* fℓ

 u*  v*  w*  *p*. Parameter =
U t* x* y* z* U
* V * tU * * p * h
6.72
V  , t  ,   ℓ, p  , h  . Euler’s equation is then
U ℓ U 2 ℓ
U2 DV* U2 ℓ
    *p*   g  *h*.
*
150
ℓ Dt ℓ ℓ
Divide by U 2 /ℓ :
*
DV * * gℓ * * gℓ
*
  p  2
 h. Parameter = 2
.
Dt U U
6.73 There is no y- or z-component velocity so continuity requires that u/x  0. There is no
initial pressure distribution tending to cause motion so p/x  0. The x-component

Navier-Stokes equation is then
u u u u 1 p  u

2
u2 u2 
u v w   g     
t x y z  x x
 x2 y 2 z 2 
 
(wide plates)
151
This simplifies to
u   2u
 2 .
t y
a) Let u*  u/U, y*  y/h and t*  tU/h. Then

U 2 u*  U  2u*

h t* h2 y*2
The normalized equation is

u*  1  2u* Uh
 where Re 
t* Re y
*2

b) Let u*  u/U, y*  y/h and t*  t /h 2 . Then

 U u* U  2u*
 
h 2 t* h 2 y *2

u*   2u*
 *2
t* y
6.74 The only velocity component is u. Continuity then requires that u/x  0 (replace z with
x and vz with u in the equations written using cylindrical coordinates). The x-component
Navier-Stokes equation is
u u  v u 1 p  u
2
1 u 1 u 2 2 
u
v  u    g      
u
t r
r r  x  x x
 r 2 r r r 2  2 x 2 
 
This simplifies to
u 1 p   2u 1 u 
  2 

t  r xr r 
a) Let u*  u/V , x*  x/d, t*  tV /d, p*  p/ V 2 and r *  r/d :
V 2 u*  V 2 p* V   2u* 1 u* 

    
152
d t*  d x* d 2  r *2 r * r * 
 
p*  1   2u* 1 u* 
u* Vd
     where Re 
t* x* Re  r *2 r * r *  
 
b) Let u*  u/V , x*  x/d, t*  t /d 2 , p*  p/ V 2 and r *  r/d :
V u*  V 2 p* V   2u* 1 u* 

    
d 2 t*  d x* d 2  r *2 r * r * 
 
153
u* p*  2u* 1 u* Vd
*
  Re *
 *2
 * *
where Re 
t x r r r 

6.75 Assume w  0 and  0. The x-component Navier-Stokes equation is then
z
u u u u 1 p   2 u  2u  2 u 
u v w   g     
t x y z  x x
 x 2 y 2 z 2 
 
With g x  g the simplified equation is
u   2u  2u 
u g 
x  x 2 y 2 
 
 
Let u  u/V , x  x/h and y  y/h. Then
* * *
2 *
V2 u* V  u
2 *
u
u*  g   
h x* h 2  x*2 y*2 
u* 1 1  u2 * 2 *
u  V Vh
u*    where Fr  and Re 
x* Fr 2 Re  x*2 y *2  hg 
u v T x y
6.76 u*  , v*  , T*  , x*  , y*  , *2  ℓ 22 .
U U T0 ℓ ℓ
 UT0 T * UT0 T*   K
c   T *2T *
p   0 .
ℓ x* ℓ y* ℓ2
154
Divide by  c pUT0 /ℓ :
T * T * K *2 K 1 1
   *
Parameter =  .
x* y* c p Uℓ PrRe

T .
 c pUℓ

 *   , V*  , t*  , p*  , T *  , *2   2 ,  *  .
V tU p T 1 1
6.77
0 U ℓ p0 T0 ℓ2 ℓ
Momentum:
* U 2 DV * p0 * * U *2 * U * * *
 0   p   V   (  V ).
ℓ Dt* ℓ ℓ2 3ℓ 2
155
Divide by 0U 2 /ℓ :
DV* p0    *2 *
*  *p*   V  * (*  V* )  .
Dt *
0U 2 0Uℓ  
Energy:
U DT * K U
 *c  T  T *2T *  p p**  V*
v 0 0 0 0 .
ℓ Dt* ℓ2 ℓ
Divide by  0c vT0U /ℓ :
DT * K p0
*  *2T *  p**  V *.
Dt* 0 c vUℓ 0c vT0

The parameters are:
2
p0 RT0 kRT0 cU 1
    .
0U 2
U 2
kU 2
kU 2
kM 2
  1
 .
 0Uℓ Re
K K c p K
  .
0 c vUℓ  c p c v  0Uℓ Pr Re
p0 RT0  c pcv
   K 1.
0 c vT0 c vT0 cv
The significant parameters are K, M, Re, Pr.
156

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Chapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and SimilitudeChapter 6 / Dimensional Analysis and Similitude

Solution Manual for Mechanics of Fluids SI Edition 5th

First, eliminate T by dividing Wɺ by p. That leaves T in the denominator so

VmLm V pL p L p m 1.51105

Chapter 6 Problems: Introduction

Ns Ns Ns

There is one   term:  1  .

method of observation is usually successful.

 1  FD ℓa1 Vb1  c1 ,  2  dV b2  c2 ℓ a2 ,  3  ℓa3 V b3  c3 .

to the above. Either functional form must be determined by experimentation.

Rather than  1  f1 ( 2 ,  3 ), we could write

Density does not enter the expression.

6.23 FD  f (V ,  ,  , c, h, r,  , w,  ) where c is the chord length, h is the maximum thickness, r

6.26 FD  f (V ,  ,  , e, I, d). Repeating variables: V, , d.

6.27 Using the exponent method we write:

L: 1  3a  b  c  d  e 1  3(1 b)  b  c  (2  b  2c)  e

6.29 FD  f (V,  s , ,  , D, g). Repeating variables: V, , D.

6.30 FD  f (V, , , d, e, r, c). Repeating variables: V, , d.

, [  ]  , [  ]  , [d]  L, [e]  L, [r]  L, [c]  .

Repeating variables: d,  , .  1  Td a1  b1  c1 , 2  d a2  b2  c2 , 3  t d a3  b3  c3 .

T    t  3 5    t

6.35 p  f (D, h,  , , d1 , d 0 ). Repeating variables: D,  , .

, [ f ]  , [ ]  , [d]  L, [H]  L, [ℓ]  L, [N]  1, [h]  L, [  ] 

6.37 Q  f (H, w, g,  ,  ,  ). Repeating variables: H, g, .

6.39 T  f ( , H , h, R, t,  ,  ). Repeating variables:  , h, .

6.40   f (D, H, ℓ, g, , V ) . D = tube dia., H = head above outlet, ℓ = tube length.

6.41 T  f (R,  ,  , e, r,  , ℓ). Repeating variables: R,  , .

ML , [R]  L, [ ]  1 , [  ]  M , [e]  L, [r]  L, [  ]  M , [ℓ]  L.

[y ]  L, [V ]  , [y ]  L, [ ]  , [g]  . Repeating variables: V , y , .

Repeating variables: d, , V. ( ℓ = length of cylinder).

m m Vm2 T3  V 2 Qɺ  V 3

(Qɺ has same dimensions as Wɺ .)

Vmℓ m Vp ℓ p Vm ℓ p m m

 Vm  10Vp  1000 km / hr.

This is a possibility, although 33.1 m/s is still quite large.

Thus, choose a wind tunnel.

Vm ℓ m Vp ℓ p Vm2 Vp2 V 1

6.60 Check the Reynolds number:

This is a high-Reynolds-number flow.

ɺ  (2  2.15) /2.63  10 6  1633kW.

Either could be selected. The more convenient facility would be chosen.

6.63 Re is the significant parameter. This is undoubtedly a high-Reynolds-number flow. If the

6.64 Mach No. is the significant parameter: M m  M p .

 p  5 for similarity. (Note: we use  m at 2700 m where T = 0C.)

6.67 There are no gravity effects or compressibility effects. It is a high-Re flow.

where we used ℓ m  0.1 (ℓ p  1 m, i.e., the dia. of the porpoise).

Normalized Differential Equations

f ℓ   * *   * * fℓ

Substitute into Euler’s equation and obtain:

t* ℓ x* ℓ y* ℓ z* ℓ 

f ℓ V* V * V* V* fℓ

initial pressure distribution tending to cause motion so p/x  0. The x-component

u u u u 1 p  u

a) Let u*  u/U, y*  y/h and t*  tU/h. Then

The normalized equation is

b) Let u*  u/U, y*  y/h and t*  t /h 2 . Then

The normalized equation is

V 2 u*  V 2 p* V   2u* 1 u* 

V u*  V 2 p* V   2u* 1 u* 

h x* h 2  x2 y2 

x* Fr 2 Re  x2 y 2  hg 