Sonnet 14 line poem dealing with

emotions, feelings or
ideas

Elegy Poem for the dead

Psalms Songs praising God and

LITERATURE containing a philosophy of
life

Awit This is sung and is

Florante at realistic 12 syllables per
Laura line

Proverbs 17:22 Corrido Recited and with elements

"A merry heart does Ibong Adarna of fantasy
Composed of 8 syllables
good like medicine.”
Folksongs Short poems intended to
(Awiting be sung
bayan) Love, despair, grief, doubt,

English
joy, hope and sorrow are
common themes

(Literature)
Ode Poem of a noble feeling,
expressed with dignity on
a certain object
Epic Extended narrative
∙ Biag ni about heroic exploits
Lam-Ang often under
(Ilokos) supernatural control b. Narrative
∙ Ybalon (Bicol) Tales Stories about supernatural
∙ Bidasari being
(Mindanao)
∙ Hudhud at Alim Ballad Short poems adapted for
(Igorot) singing, simple plot and
∙ Beowulf metrical structure
(England)
∙ Iliad and
Odyssey
(Greece) c. Dramatic Comedy
Comedy Derived from the Greek
word “komos” which means
festivity or revelry.
∙ Derived from the Latin word “litera” meaning
Its purpose is for
LETTER.
amusement or happy
∙ It is a faithful reproduction of man’s various
ending.
experiences blended into one harmonious
expression.
Force An exaggerated comedy
∙ This is an expression of man’s loves, griefs,
which seeks to arouse mirth
thoughts, dreams and aspirations communicated
by laughable lines.
in beautiful language.
Situations are too ridiculous
to be true
TYPES OF LITERATURE:
1. POETRY Melodrama Arouses immediate and
a. Lyric – expresses emotions and feelings of the intense emotion and is
poet. This is usually easy to understand and usually sad but a happy
short literatures. ending is set for the
principal character.
 Tragedy Involves the hero who usually about origins
(Ex: Hamlet) struggles mighty against
dynamic forces until he Anecdotes Creation of the writer’s
meets death. imagination and the main is to
bring out lessons to the reader

Short story A narration involving one or

2. PROSE
Legends Fictions, narratives which are

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Elements of Fiction
more characters in one plot
1. Character
and one single impression.
∙ Moral agents of actions
Essay Expresses the viewpoint or ∙ Invented personages in fiction
opinion of the writer about a TYPES
particular problem or event.
MAJOR MINOR
Biography Deals with the life of a person
which maybe about himself or 1. Protagonist - 1. Foil – opposite
that of others Central character traits of the main
where the story protagonist
Novel Long narration divided into revolves 2. Confidant –
chapters. The events are taken 2. Antagonist – serves as the
from true to life stories and Prevents the friend of the
spans a long period of time protagonist in protagonist
solving the conflict 3. Background
Plays Presented on stage divided into
characters – not
acts and each act has many
closely related with
scenes
the protagonist
Fables Stories about animals and
inanimate things that speak
and act like people and their
purpose is to enlighten the KINDS
minds of children to events
that can mold their ways and Round: character was Flat: there was no
attitudes. able to undergo change in the outlook
change and action of the
character

FICTION – a prose imaginative composition which

may or may not be based on history or fact.
2. Setting
Types of Fiction: ∙ Serves as the background of the story, may it be
1. Short story – relatively brief prose fictional physical, mental or spiritual.
composition based on a single main incident ∙ Serves as the backdrop and sets the mood of the
which is designed to produce a single dominant characters.
impression ELEMENTS
2. Novel – a prose fictional work of considerable
length that deals with a series of complications Time Sets the duration of the
involving characters in a particular setting events
3. Drama – a composition in prose or verse
designed for stage performance through mime Place Locality of the events
and dialogue
4. Allegory – a symbolic fictional account conveying Atmosphere Emotion or the mood
meanings beyond the literal
 ∙ Internal: conflict resides with the main character ∙
3. Plot Types:
∙ The arrangement of incidents, the narrative a. Physical – Man vs. nature
structure, the organization of a narrative and the b. Social – Man vs. man
logical sequence of actions. c. Psychological – Man vs. self
d. Cosmic – Man vs. God
TYPES
5. Points of View
Organic Episodic
∙ Vantage point where the story is narrated
The story sprouted There are two or First person A principal character in
from just one conflict more sources of the story in the one
conflicts narrating it

ORGANIZATION Second person An indirect disclosure of

the narrating self for
Chronology Climax characterization and
analysis
The events are The events are
arranged according organized according Third person AKA Omniscient point of
to time and space to order of suspense (Unlimited) view where the narrator is
an all-knowing maker

Third person AKA Central intelligence

4. Conflict
∙ Considered as the soul of the plot and it is the
tension between opposing forces in the story. ∙
External: conflict is from outside forces
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The Republic Plato
(Limited) point of view wherein the
author chooses a The Epic of Gilgamesh Leqi-Unninni
character from whose
consciousness the entire The Confessions St. Augustine
story is told
The Aeneid Virgil
Camera Eye Presents the dialogues,
and the incidents of a Alcestis Euripides
narrative like a Medea
mechanical recording Hippolytus
device The Trojan Women
Electra
Revolving Characterized by a
narrative shift from one The Book of Mencius Mencius
point of view to another
Romeo and Juliet William Shakespeare
Composite Comprehensive view of Much Ado About
the events and incidents Nothing Twelfth
in the story through the Knight
different angles adapted Hamlet
by several narrating Merchant of Venice
characters
The School of Wives Moliere
Tartuffe
The Would-Be Gentleman
WORLD LITERATURES
Tristram Shandy Laurence Sterne
Iliad Homer
Odyssey The Ancient Mariner Samuel Coleridge
Christabel
Kublai Khan One hundred Years of Gabriel Garcia
Solitude Marquez
Second Treatise of John Locke Love in the Time of Cholera
Government
The Sound and the William Faulkner
Tom Jones Henry Fielding Fury A Rose for Emily

Confessions Jean Jacques Moby Dick Herman Melville

The Social Contact Rousseau
War and Peace Leo Tolstoy
Ethics Aristotle Annakarenina
Politics
Poetics The Interpretation of Sigmund Freud
Dreams
The Histories Herodotus
Ulysses James Joyce
Meditations Marcus Aurelius
The Prince Niccolo Machiavelli
The Ramayana Valmiki
Democracy in America Alexis De Tocqueville
The Mahabharata Vyasa
Theban Plays Sophocles
The Prelude William Wordsworth Oedipus Rex
Oedipus and Colonus
Dead Souls Nikolai Gogol Antigone

The History of the Thucydides

Peloponnesian War
The Scarlet Letter Nathaniel Hawthorne
An Enquiry David Hume
Pride and Prejudice Jane Austen Concerning Human
Emma Understanding

Candide Voltaire Sons and Lovers David Herbert

Lady Chatterly’s Lover Lawrence
Huckleberry Finn Mark Twain The Fox
Tom Sawyer
Fathers and Sons Ivan Turgenev
Pickwick Papers Charles Dickens
The Tale of Two Cities Madame Bovary Gustave Flaubert
A Christmas Carol
The Soul Selects Her Emily Dickinson
David Copperfield
Society
Great Expectations
A Dimple in the Tomb
Lysistrata Aristophanes
The Age of Innocence Edith Wharton
The Clouds
The House of Mirth
The Birds
A Passage to India E.M. Forster
Records of the Grand Sssu-Ma Ch’ien
Historia
Oh Liberty John Stuart Mill
The Art of War Sun-Tzu The Subjection of Women

1001 Nights/ Arabian Anonymous Faust Johann

Wolfgang Von
Nights
Goethe
The Koran Muhammad

Gulliver’s Travel Jonathan Swift

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PHILIPPINE LITERATURE No Certain Weather Ricardo Demetillo
Magnificence and Estrella Alfon Barter in Panay
Other Stories Daedalus and Other
Poems Masks and
Children of the City Amadis Ma. Guerrero Signatures

Small Key Paz Latorena What is an Educated Francisco Benitez

Desire Filipino?
Sunset
The Woman Who Had Nick Joaquin
The Wedding Dance Amador Daguio Two Navels
Summer Solstice
Man Songs Jose Garcia Villa May Day Eve
Footnote to Youth
America is in the Heart Carlos Bulosan
Ermita Francisco Sionil The Laughter of My
Poon Jose Father The Voice of
My Brother, My Executioner Bataan
The Power of the People
The Archipelago Cirilo Bautista
Telex Moon Literature and Society Salvador Lopez
Sunlight and Broken Stones
My Humble Opinion Carmen Guerrero
Sunflower Poems Tita Lacambra Ayala Women Enough Nakpil

Juanita Crus Magdalena Jalandoni The Volcano Bienvenido Santos

Ang Dalaga sa Tindahan
The Creatures of
Philippine Lower
Mythology
The Man Who (Though
He) Looked Like Robert
Maximo Ramos Taylor

People in the War Gilda Cordero

The Visitation of the Gods Fernando The Day the Dancers
The Butcher, The Baker Came Scent of Apples
and the Candlestick
Maker How my Brother Leon Manuel Arguilla
Brought Home a Wife
Dogeaters Jessica Hagedorn and other Stories
Gangsters of Love
Poems in Spanish and Leona Florentino
Encanto Maria Luisa Igloria Ilocano
Blood Sacrifice
Now and At the Hour Aida Rivera Ford
Lidia Juan Crisostomo
Sotto Zita Arturo Rotor
The Wound and Scar
The Virgin Kerima Polotan
The Hand of the Enemy Tuvera Dead Stars Paz Marquez Benitez
Stepping Stone
The Living and the Gregorio Brillantes Half a Life
Dead A Wind Over
the Earth His Native Coast Edith Tiempo
Distance to Andromeda The Tracks of Babylon
Blade of Fern

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