INTELLECTUAL COMPETENCIES: PURPOSIVE Lesson 2: Communication and Globalization

COMMUNICATION ENGLISH
Chapter 1 Understanding 21st Century Communication
Lesson 1: Communication Processes, Principles and
Ethics
Components of the Communication Process
Technically, communication happens in a systematic
process to achieve its success. Communication process
is important particularly among professionals because of
the following notable reasons according to Bhasin (2021):
• It develops coordination for people to understand the
thoughts, and ideas of one another.
Globalization
Globalization is not only the mobility and trade of goods
across countries, but all that go with it such as people,
services, knowledge, culture, etc. Historically,
globalization has opened borders and modernization
from one country to another. Thus, the inevitable
globalization is now intertwined not only in economy but
also in human communication. As communicators, we
need to recognize and understand the features,
dimensions, and impact of globalization to human
communication.
Cultural Barriers to Effective Communication

• Its function in an organization is elemental for the 1. Language

smooth and proper functioning of each member of the 2. Stereotypes and prejudices
organization. 3. Behaviours and beliefs
4. Norms and values
• It contributes to effective and efficient decision making 5. Ethnocentrism
among people. 6. Body language and gestures

• It increases the managerial efficiency and leader Strategies to become an effective global
potentials in organizations. communicator. (www.books forbetterliving.com):

• It promotes the overall organizational peace and 1. Mindful Presence

cooperation among all employees who are holding 2. Mindful Listening
different places in the hierarchy. 3. Mindful Speech
4. Unconditional Friendliness
• It boosts the morale of all employees and promotes 5. Mindful Responsiveness
and healthy working environment in the organization.
Lesson 3: Local and Global Communication
Principles of Effective Communication

9 communication principles into operation as suggested Communication in Multicultural Settings

by Kapur (2020):
Multicultural refers to a society that contains several
1. Trustworthiness cultural or ethnic groups. People live alongside one
2. Effective Speaking Skills another, but each cultural group does not necessarily
3. Active Listening have engaging interactions with each other.
4. Good Writing Skills
5. Good Reading Skills Socio-Cultural Aspects of Communication
6. Objective Judgement (Dapat, et al, 2016)
7. Value Difference
8. No Assumptions 1. Cultural identity
9. Authenticity 2. Gender role
3. Age identity
Ethical Considerations in Communication 4. Social class
5. Religious identity
1. Respectful of their audiences.
2. Considerate of the consequences of their Cultural Factors in Multicultural Settings
communication. (Cotton, 2013)
3. Truthful
4. Efficient in using information 1. Mother tongue and secondary languages
5. Watchful on falsified information. 2. Race
6. Respectful of the rights of others to information. 3. Ethnicity
4. Gender
5. Local culture
6. Religion
7. Regional attire
8. Ancestry, Parents and Families
9. Teachers
10. Friends
11. Neighborhood
12. Education
13. Profession
14. Experience
15. Politics
16. Physical features
17. Media
Intercultural Communication
People from different backgrounds often encounter
difficulties in processing meanings and understanding
messages due to the difficulties in understanding certain
factors of communication such as language, context, and
meaning. Communication problems often occur when
there is a lack of understanding about how certain
cultures "work."
Forms of Intercultural Communication
a. Interracial communication – communicating
with people from different races
b. Interethnic communication – interacting with
people of different ethnic origin
c. International communication – communicating
between representatives from different nations.
d. Intracultural communication – interacting with
members of the same racial or ethnic
group or co-culture.
Improving Intercultural Communication Competence
(Dapat, et al, 2016)
1. People should be mindful of the other
communicators who have different culture.
2. People should mindfully choose the suitable
words and actions that are culturally acceptable
to others.
3. People should be skillful and tactful in
communicating in multicultural settings.
4. People should be observant on the connection
among communication patterns.
5. People should open their minds to dissimilar
culture because it can give them
6. fresh options to try a new approach in life.
Lesson 4: Varieties and Registers of Spoken and
Written Language
Varieties of Spoken and Written Language
Written language is carefully organized and explanatory.
Word of choice is deliberate and follow
a particular structure. Spoken language is spontaneous
and momentary; it is mostly maintained in the form of a
dialogue.
Characteristics of Written English and Spoken
English:
Written English Spoken English
Flow of language steady Pauses - utterances
Organization structured Less particular with
structure
Register Both formal & Mostly informal
informal
Different Registers in different Forms and Functions
1. Frozen or “static” register
2. Formal register
3. Consultative register
4. Casual register
5. Intimate register
Lesson 5: Evaluating Messages and/or images of
different types of texts reflecting different cultures
Key Concepts of Media Literacy
Media refers to all electronic or digital means and print
or artistic visuals used to transmit
messages.
Literacy is the ability to encode and decode symbols
and synthesize and analyze messages.
Media literacy is the ability to encode and decode the
symbols transmitted via media and the
ability to synthesize, analyze and produce mediated
messages.
Media education is the study of media, including ‘hands-
on’ experiences and media production.
Media literacy education is the educational field
dedicated to teaching the skills associated with
media literacy.
Skills as Media Literate Communicator
1. Understand and respect the power of mass
communication messages.
2. Understand content by paying attention and filtering
out noise.
3. Understand emotional versus reasoned reactions to
mass communication content in order to act accordingly.
4. Develop heightened expectations of mass
communication content.
5. Understand genre conventions and recognize when
they are being mixed.
6. Think critically about mass communication messages,
no matter how credible their source.
7. Understand the internal language of mass
communication to understand its effects, no matter how
complex.
Chapter 2 Communication Aids And Strategies Using
Tools Of Technology
Lesson 1: Preparing Multimedia Presentation
Characteristics of Multimedia Presentations
(brainly.ph)
Multimedia systems must be computer controlled.
Multimedia systems are integrated.
The information they handle must be represented
digitally.
The interface to the final presentation of media is usually
interactive
Steps in Making Effective Communication
Presentations
Elements to consider:
Create visual aids with purpose.
Strive for quality.
Developing Effective Visuals
Visual aids are clearly integrated with the content of the
presentation
Photographs and illustrations suit the overall tone of the
presentation
Images and text are large and clear enough for the
viewer to see or read
Images are shown with explanatory text or a caption
Informational graphics include clear, easy-to-read labels
and headings
Text within informational graphics is easy to read (Watch
out for wordiness and crowded text or
a font that is too small and hard to read.)
Formatting choices (color, different fonts, etc.) organize
information effectively
Any text within graphics is free of errors
Hyperlinks within slides function properly
Display text for hyperlinks is concise and informative
(Never paste a link into a slide without
modifying the display text.)
Lesson 2: Preparing Pecha Kucha Presentation
Topics:
Pecha Kucha definition
Pecha Kucha is a presentation method that calls for
telling a story using images rather than
reading text from slides during a PowerPoint
presentation. Pecha Kucha presentations use 20
slides and allow only 20 seconds of commentary per
slide. That keeps a total presentation to
just 6 minutes and 40 seconds.
Steps on how to make a Pecha Kucha Presentation
1. Topic in a Sentence
2. Keep Slide text to a Minimum
3. Find the story in your topic
4. Tell story with images
5. Use just few points
6. Timing
7. Visual Cues
Lesson 3: Blogging
What is Blog
A blog (a shortened version of “weblog”) is an online
journal or informational website displaying information in
reverse chronological order, with the latest posts
appearing first, at the top. It is a platform where a writer
or a group of writers share their views on an individual
subject.
Effective ways of introducing a Blog
1. Be Short and Direct
2. Quirky/Funny Opening Sentence or Paragraph
3. Ask a Thought-Provoking Question
4. Ask a Multiple Choice Question
5. Share a Shocking Fact or Statistic
6. Share Something Personal
7. Withhold a Compelling Piece of Information
8. Debunk Conventional Wisdom
9. Lead With a Success Story
10. Start With a Reader’s Question
CHAPTER 3 COMMUNICATION FOR VARIOUS
PURPOSES
Lesson 1: Informative, Persuasive, and
Argumentative Communication
Informative Communication - focuses on talking about
people, events, processes, places, or things; however,
informing an audience about one of these subjects
without being persuasive is often a difficult task to
complete.
Persuasive Communication - act of presenting
arguments to move, motivate, or change your audience.
Argumentative Communication - used to settle
disputes and discover truth.
Lesson 2: Public Speaking
Topics:
Inquiry Letter - A letter of inquiry is mainly about
requesting, asking, or obtaining a specific information to
another party whom it addresses. This letter intended to
pose a request or question to the reader and persuading
it to respond. There are three types of inquiry letter, the
solicited, unsolicited and inquiries asking for a favor.
Solicited letter of inquiry is a letter used when a business
is advertising its product or services, unsolicited letter of
inquiry is a letter that inquiring regarding something
thus, it is a formal letter if the sender doesn’t know the
receiver, and the latter is seeking information with or
without commercial proposition and must be clear with
their objectives. It is very useful when seeking
information but be mindful of asking too much
information especially if that information you can obtain
easily.
Context and Organization of Letter of Inquiry
1. Write the sender’s name and address, you may also
include phone number and email if it is required.
2. Leave one space below the address then write the
date.
3. Include the receiver’s address.
4. Subject of the letter; state what is your main reason in
writing this letter.
5. Below the subject, write a salutation to address the
person being written to. If not sure
on the gender of the recipient, you may write Sir/Madam.
6. The body of the letter, it is divided into three (3)
paragraphs;
First Paragraph – Introduce yourself and include the
purpose of the letter;
Second Paragraph - Inform the recipient
about the details of your inquiry and the other
information you wanted to know;
Third Paragraph - Conclusion and end of the
paragraph, you may include here that you are
expecting or waiting to have their response. And don’t
forget to include gratitude in the letter.
7. Below the body of the letter, write the sender’s name
and signature, include also the
designation of the sender.
Emails
Communication Internal operational communication is a
system where members of an organization communicate
with one another to implement the business goals which
has become increasingly important. It has many forms
such as supervisors giving orders, oral exchanges
among employees about work matters, assembling and
distributing reports, and composing and sending e-mail
messages to other workers within the company, other
companies in and outside the country.
Interview
A job interview is a conversation which occurs between a
potential employer and a job applicant. During the job
interview, the employer has the opportunity to appraise
applicant’s qualifications, appearance and general
fitness for the job opening.
Tips in Conducting an Interview
1. Display sense of responsibility by coming to the
scheduled interview on time and prepared.
2. Exhibit research skills by conducting a study about the
employer, hiring manager and job opportunities.
3. Suggest sense of loyalty by verbalizing intention to
stay longer with the company.
4. Insinuate leadership skills by articulating that you can
work with less supervision.
5. Show creativity by answering difficult questions with
style and ease,
6. Demonstrate professionalism and proper work ethic
by dressing up corporately during the interview.
7. Be natural, optimistic, focused, confident, candid, and
precise.
8. Flaunt your sensibility by asking insightful questions.
9. Illustrate confidence by positively selling yourself.
10. Exemplify social graces by thanking the interviewer
for his or her time.
CHAPTER 4 COMMUNICATION FOR WORK
PURPOSES
Lesson 1: Communication for
Nurses: Writing Basic Patient Notes
A patient note is the primary communication tool to other
clinicians treating the patient, and a
statement of the quality of care.
Topics:
Patient Notes
Initial notes: refer to the first or earliest assessment
Interim or progress note: refer to the assessment reports
done in order to monitor the condition
of the patient.
Discharge notes: are the reports given once medication
is discontinued or the patient is release
from the hospital
Way of Organizing Patient Notes
Subjective (assessment given by the family member or
patient himself)
Objective (assessment seen by you or reflected in
laboratory or other medical reports)
Assessment (diagnosis)
Plan (procedures to be done to address the diagnosis)
Firming up: it becomes clearer, stronger, or more
definite.
Concretizing: make something concrete, Become
specific; "the idea concretized in her mind"
Introspecting: Consider one's own internal state or
feelings. To look into or examine (one's own
mind, feelings, etc.).
Subjective (assessment given by the family member or
patient himself)
Objective (assessment seen by you or reflected in
laboratory or other medical reports)
Assessment (diagnosis)
Plan (procedures to be done to address the diagnosis)
Firming up: it becomes clearer, stronger, or more
definite.
Concretizing: make something concrete, Become
specific; "the idea concretized in her mind"
Introspecting: Consider one's own internal state or
feelings. To look into or examine (one's own
mind, feelings, etc.).
Lesson 2: Communication for
Journalists: Writing a Lead
Writing opening paragraph of a News Article or Lead
The Five W’s and H: News writing strives to answer “The
Five W’s and H:” that is, Who, What,
When, Where, Why and How. Good leads answer as
many of these questions as possible in a
single sentence. When writing a lead, it helps to think
about which of these facts is the most vital
for readers to know.
Keep It Short: A good lead provides all the information
the reader requires in just a few words.
Ideally, a lead should be between 25 and 40 words.
Keep It Simple: Don’t clutter up the lead with
unnecessary adjectives or adverbs. Also make sure
that your lead only discusses one idea to avoid
confusion.
Write in Active Voice: Avoid all forms of the verb “to be.”
Common exceptions including writing
about fatalities (“two people were killed Thursday”) and
when discussing police activity (“two
people were arrested”). Passive voice is often theresult
of incomplete reporting.
Structure Your Lead Properly: Put your most crucial
information at the very beginning of the
sentence. Important secondary information can go in
subsequent sentences. Not following this
practice is called “burying the lead.” If you need
attribution in your lead, make sure it goes toward
the end of the sentence because it is less important than
the information itself.Understand the
Context:
Keep in mind what your readers may already know about
your story based on previous media
coverage. Write in a way that speaks to these realities
and adds relevant, useful information.
Be Honest: Never mislead the reader. If you promise a
certain type of information with your lead,
you should be ready to deliver.
Types of Lead
Summary Lead or Straight Lead - brief summary,
containing most of the Five W’s and H in
one sentence.
Question Lead - ask a question. Although they are
effective in sparking interest, use them
sparingly because they generally do not provide the
main points of a story as concisely.
Quotation Lead - use direct quotation used in first
paragraph
Funny Lead - lead written in a funny way
Anecdotal Lead - quick, relevant story to draw in the
reader. The anecdote must help enhance
the article’s broader point, and you must explain the
connection to that point in the first few
sentences following the lead.
Descriptive Lead - describe how an event happened
rather than simply telling what the event is about
Lesson 3: Tour Guiding
Tourism
To inform, remind and advise
Communication Tasks for Tour Guides
giving directions and commentaries;
explaining procedures and itineraries;
providing advice on safety and security; and describing
tourist attractions.
Communication Techniques in Dealing with
Complaints
1. Set a complaints handling policy
2. Respond quickly to complaints
3. Be patient, empathetic, and fair with customers
4. Research the customer’s situation
5. Involve customers in the solution
6. Keep customers updated
7. Touch base with the customer afterward
Lesson 4: Communication for Teachers: Storytelling
Storytelling - interactive art of using words and actions
to reveal the elements and images of
a story while encouraging the listener’s imagination.
Image Description - a detailed explanation of an image
that provides textual access to visual
content; most often used for digital graphics online and
in digital files; can be used as alt text in
coding to provide access to more complete information.
Lesson 5: Communication for Business and Trade
A SWOT analysis is a compilation of your company’s
strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and
threats. The primary objective of a SWOT analysis is to
help organizations develop a full
awareness of all the factors involved in making a
business decision.
Strengths (Internal)
Financial resources
Technical resources and capabilities
Human resources
Product lines
Threats (External)
Technology innovations and changes
Competition
Economic trends
Government policies and legislation
Legal judgments
Social trends
A SWOT analysis pulls information internal sources
(strengths of weaknesses of the specific
company) as well as external forces that may have
uncontrollable impacts to decisions
(opportunities and threats).
Benefits of SWOT Analysis
(managementstudyguide.com)
1. It is a source of information for strategic planning.
2. Builds organization’s strengths.
3. Reverse its weaknesses.
4. Maximize its response to opportunities.
5. Overcome organization’s threats.
6. It helps in identifying core competencies of the firm.
7. It helps in setting of objectives for strategic planning.
8. It helps in knowing past, present and future so that by
using past and current data, future plans can be chalked
out.
How to make SWOT Analysis (business.qld.gov.au/)
1. Decide on the objective of your SWOT analysis
2. Research your business, industry and market
3. List your business's strengths
4. List your business's weaknesses
5. List potential opportunities for your business
6. List potential threats to your business
7. Establish priorities from the SWOT
8. Develop a strategy to address issues in the SWOT
Lesson 6: Writing Business and Technical Reports
A report is a specific form of writing that is organised
around concisely identifying and examining
issues, events, or findings that have happened in a
physical sense, such as events that have
occurred within an organisation, or findings from a
research investigation. (owll.massey.ac.nz/)
Characteristics of a Report (University of Lucknow)
- An ideal report should be Clear, concise, accurate and
well organised with clear section headings.
- Easy for the audience to understand.
- Presentation is a key element in successful report
writing. Formatting, revising and proof reading are
important process for good report writing.
- All reports should have an executive summary that
presents the essential elements of
the report from the introduction through to the
recommendations and outcomes.
- Reports should be visually appealing and easy to read.
Diagrams, figures, charts, tables and graphs can all add
interest to a report.
Report Categories (qsstudy.com)
Formal Report - reports that are prepared in prescribed
forms
Form of the report: Formal report is highly structured
and is prepared in a prescribed format.
Most Formal report is always written in a manuscript
(narrative style) format.
Purpose: Formal report is written to help management in
making long term and strategic
decisions.
Objective: Objective of the formal report is to assist decision
making by providing an effective
recommendation.
Length: It is long in size. Size of a formal report is large. It
generally includes some particular
pages (e.g. prefatory page) that do not appear in short reports.
Distribution: In most cases, formal reports are circulated to
top-level executives and outside parties.
Nature of problem: Formal report deals with complex and
non-recurring problems. It is analytical
and systematic in nature. It deals with key complex problems.
Frequency of writing: Formal report is written very
infrequently.
Writing responsibility: This type of report is usually written by
internal or external experts.
Use of visual aids: This type of report makes extensive use of
visual aids to present the facts and findings.
Writing Style: This report follows inductive (indirect) and
impersonal writing style. A formal report hon the other hand,
after analyzing and interpreting the conclusion of the draw and
makes recommendations.
Recommendation: Recommendation is an essential part of a
formal report.
Informal report - prepared not by following any prescribed rule
or formality.
Form of the report: Informal report is less structured and it is
less important to follow the
prescribed format. Most Informal reports are written in
memorandum and letter formats.
Purpose: The main purpose of an informal report is to present
the facts that help managers in
making thy-to-thy business decisions.
Objective: Conveying routine messages and to help routine
functions are the basic objectives of
the informal report.
Length: It is short in size. An informal report is short in size.
This report writing is generally complete in a page or two.
Distribution: Short report is usually circulated within the
organization.
Nature of problem: Informal report deals with less complex
and recurring problems. It is not methodical in nature. This
report deals with the schedule matters.
Frequency of writing: It is written very frequently even daily a
weekly.
Writing responsibility: These reports are usually written by a
subordinate.
Use of visual aids: This type of report seldom uses visual
aids.
Writing Style: This report follows deductive (direct) and
personal writing style. Informal reports follow deductive writing
styles. A short report highlights facts and specific
recommendations. It avoids analysis and inclusion of
supporting information.
Recommendations: Recommendations are not required in an
informal report.
Lesson 7: Communication for Employment: The Resume
Resume - where you can display your top skills and qualities it
consists of one to two pages. it
is the most required tool to every company when looking for a
job because it will be a way to help
you get your interview and it will be easy for the employer in
hiring decisions. Structuring your
resume and deciding what to include matters the most. there
are characteristics that must include
in your resume example of this is communication skills,
openness, creativity, commitment and
etc. To have a good resume, it must include the same
keywords that can be seen to the job description. There are
three most popular formats that are using when writing
Resume. These are the:
Chronological, Functional and Combination. All of these
types are useful for every people who
have different backgrounds and objectives when applying for a
company. These are the
Guidelines that help us how to write a resume correctly.
Lesson 8: Communication for Employment: The
Application Letter
The application letter is a clear link between the position the
applicant is searching for and the qualifications mentioned in
the resume. To put it another way, the letter fits those
credentials with the specifications of the position, illustrating
how correct an applicant is for that role. It addresses details in
the resume selectively, as needed. Working with information,
examples, information about relevant aspects of your
educational and job history is one of the best ways to make an
application letter perfect. However, so little interest might be
created by a letter that is too general and ambiguous that the
reader may not even want to turn to the resume. Working in a
selective detail in the application text, which makes the person
stand out, makes it unforgettable, and completes the
statements making about their abilities and experience.
Writing a letter for an application letter is somewhat different
from a short email to a friend
or a message of thanks to a parent. When it comes to the letter
's presentation and appearance,
potential employers and prospective interviewers have some
standards, from length (no more
than a page) to font size and design to letter spacing.
Lesson 9: Communication within a Company: The
Memorandum
A Memorandum, or commonly known as a memo, is a short
concise message or record that is
used for internal communication in a business, administration,
or an institution.
- A note, document or a form of communication
intended to issue a directive, execute a
policy, present an information report, provide convey
information, rebuke errors, give
warnings, solve problems or make requests. This
communication can be between or
among administrators, and subordinates or may
suffice subordinates coordinating with
co-employees to carry out a task or activity. This
communication is an interoffice tool.
Basic Principles and Characteristics of
Memorandum according to Sharma, 2014:
Necessary and Sufficient Information
Do not Assume that Everyone knows Everything
related to the issue discussed in the Memo
Be Clear, Concrete and Specific
Easy-to-Understand
Explain with Ease and Co-operation
NO Emotional Appeal
The following are the uses of Memorandum
according to Sharma, 2014:
To Provide Information
To Issue Instruction
To Convey Policy Decision
To Offer/Invite Suggestion
To Record/Report an Agreement
To Establish Accountability
Helps you to avoid meeting personally, when
necessary.
These are the guidelines in making
Memorandums:
Short as possible and concise.
Use simple English.
Avoid using jargons.
Use a captivating Heading by bolding or using
different colors for the heading.
Be aware of the important information that needs to
be included in the memorandum.
Be aware of the grammars and spelling.
Anticipate any questions your readers might have.
Lesson 10: Writing Minutes of Meeting
Meetings are set and conducted in different ways by
different companies and organizations to discuss
different agendas and matters that affect the
surrounding area and the people involved. Being in a
meeting, one must keep record of the meeting’s
agendas, suggestions, and actions requested by the
group; a list of what happened during the meeting, the
Minutes of the Meeting. A written record of the
meeting that lets the attendees be reminded, and the
absentees be informed of what happened in the
meeting. A written record that serves as detailed notes
reflecting all actions done within the meeting; A record
that also serves as a reminder to the task that must
be completed after the discussion.
Before the meeting:
Choose your recording tool. One may choose to use it
in recording the meeting, from a pen and
paper to a laptop or a recorder. Always check your
tools as one will need it for future references.
Reading the meeting’s agenda may also help your
outlining of the meeting where one can easily
pinpoint what are the important points within the
meeting.
During the meeting:
Passing the attendance is a sign that the meeting is
starting, know who is involved within the
meeting to know who they are and what their main
point is. One may not include all comments
instead, the important notes are enough. Write all
motion and who made them, and its results.
Always remember to keep your own biases.
After the meeting:
Encode the notes you have taken during the meeting.
Include the participants and the different
key points they added. Add to your final record the
organization, the title of the committee, the
type of meeting, and the purpose of it. Always
proofread your record and avoid lapses of
important discussion within the meeting, if needed
second opinion do not hesitate to ask to fully
verify your work. Submit it to the person who ran the
meeting unless instructed to do another
way or otherwise.
CHAPTER 5 COMMUNICATION FOR ACADEMIC
PURPOSES
Lesson 1: Avoiding Plagiarism
Topics:
- Quoting
- Plagiarism
- Paraphrasing
- Summarizing
Lesson 2: Writing a Research Proposal: The Topic
Proposal
Research involves a scientific method which uses logical and
systematic procedure for the acquisition of new knowledge or
for the verification or confirmation of previews and existing
knowledge to answer problems and to apply in practical life.
Types of Research
Pure Research
● The researcher tries to find the truth
● The research meant to seek knowledge simply for
knowledge’s sake
● Also termed as library or desk research
Applied Research
● Practical application of knowledge
to everyday situations.
● Also termed as action research
Quantitative Research
● Associated with positivist tradition (there is reality out there
that can be studied and known)
● Gathers numerical values as its data
● Investigates concepts, constructs, variables
● Use deductive reasoning.
● Use control (imposing condition so that biases are minimized
and validity and precision are maximized)
● Gather empirical evidence (from objective reality collected
through senses)
Qualitative Research
● Associated with Naturalistic inquiry (reality is not a fixed
entity but rather a construction of
individual participating in research.)
● Gathers narrative description as its data
● Investigates phenomena, and concepts
● Use inductive process
● Use subjectivity that enriches the analytical insights
● Gather information, insights that lead to search for further
evidence (subjective) takes place in the field.
Lesson 3: Writing a Research Proposal: The Introduction
How to Write Research Introduction
The introduction is a generalized discussion which should lead
to actually stating and clearly
articulating the research problem. Thus, the introduction
provides a background that establishes
the status of the problem in context. The background of the
study that functions in terms of the
following:
1. It establishes the problem by describing its nature, and
narrating its development, occurrence
or existence.
2. It situates the problem by describing the setting where the
problem is conceived. This actually refers to the local setting
where the respondents have directly experienced the problem.
It sets the status of the problem.
3. It explains the rationale of the problem by justifying the
necessity for conducting the study. Study the following sample
introduction to determine how they are developed. The
introduction is a generalized discussion which should lead to
actually stating and clearly articulating the research problem.
Thus, the introduction provides a background that establishes
the status of the problem in context.
The background of the study that functions in terms of the
following:
1. It establishes the problem by describing its nature, and
narrating its development, occurrence or existence.
2. It situates the problem by describing the setting where the
problem is conceived. This actually refers to the local setting
where the respondents have directly experienced the problem.
It sets the status of the problem.
3. It explains the rationale of the problem by justifying the
necessity for conducting the study. Study the following sample
introduction to determine how they are developed.
Lesson 4: Writing a Research Proposal: The Method
The Questionnaire
● Is a form prepared and distributed to secure responses to
questions that are intended to obtain information about
conditions or practices on which the respondent is presumed to
have knowledge
● Questionnaire can be provided as paper-and-pencil device, a
telephone survey, or a structured document uploaded onto the
internet.
● The questionnaire format could be:
o Dichotomous (yes/no)
o Multiple choice
o Cafeteria
o Rank order
o Forced choice ratings
o Checklists
o Calendar
o Visual analogue
Two Types of Questionnaire Items
1. The free response questions or “open-ended” or
unstructured Questionnaire.
● The questions frequently asked are why, what and how.
2. The “close-ended” or structured form of Questionnaire
● Has the response already prepared, the respondents merely
checks, underlines or ranks the responses as directed
The Interview
● Is the second most common method for data collection
● It is a purposeful face to face relationship between two
persons, one of whom called the interviewer who asks
questions to gather information and the other called
interviewee or respondent who supplies the information asked
for.
Purposes and Uses of Interview
1. The researcher may interview knowledgeable people to
enable to gain insight into his problem
2. The researcher may interview knowledgeable people about
the proper construction and validation of questionnaire
3. In case when the subject has some signs of abnormality, the
interviewer may wish to gain physical and emotional reactions
of the subjects
4. Interview can be used as a principal tool in gathering data or
just to supplement data collected by other techniques.
What to Avoid in Interviews
1. Avoid exerting undue pressure upon a respondent to make Empirical References may be of primary and secondary
him participate in an interview sources:
2. Avoid disagreeing or arguing with or contradicting the
1. Primary Source
respondent
● Description of studies written by the researchers who
3. Avoid unduly pressing the respondent to make a reply
conducted them
4. Avoid using a language well over and above the ability of the
● It is ideal to rely heavily on primary sources of data
respondent to understand
● The researcher’s oral discussion of his study in research
5. Avoid talking about irrelevant matters
forums, seminars,
6. Avoid placing the interviewee in embarrassing situations
conferences, and even competitions, may also be considered
7. Avoid appearing too high above the respondent in education,
primary sources
knowledge and social status
2. Secondary Source
8. Avoid interviewing the respondent in an unholy hour.
● Descriptions of studies prepared by someone other than the
original researcher
Observation
● Secondary source documents are a good way to start a
● Is the most direct means of studying the subjects when the
literature review with because
researcher is interested in their behavior
they provide a quick summary and a good bibliography.
● Perceiving the data through the senses
Lesson 6: Writing Political Analysis Paper
Recording the Results of Observation
Political Science analysis paper
● Checklist
● start from the premise that politics does not consist merely of
● Is a device which contains the items to be observed and a
human actions and interaction
space for number or checkmarks or short verbal entries
● involves rational planning, motives, principles and beliefs.
● Rating scale
● Is a checklist with an evaluation standard
Requirements for a decent political analysis paper
● Anecdotal forms
1. Topic and research question.
● Is a checklist that provides for less breakdown of dimensions
2. Preliminary research
or factors hence, much space is provided for writing
3. Substantial research
● Mechanical Recording
4. Thesis
● Stenographic Recording
5. Impartiality
6. Quotations and references
Records
● Provide a readily available and valuable source of data
1. Remember to cite all references you used, with either the
● Three major criteria necessary to establish authenticity and
MLA (Modern Language
accuracy of records:
Association) or the APA (American Psychological Association)
◦ Authorship- the identity of the person who conceived the
writing style.
material
2. Use a minimum of three (3) scholarly sources: e.g., Taking
◦ Body- the outward form of the material
Sides: Clashing Views on Political
◦ Function- purpose for which it was complied
Issues, academic books, journals, newspapers and magazines,
etc.
Lesson 5: Writing Literary Analysis
3. Use subheadings as you begin each section.
The review of related literature is a written summary of the
4. Have a separate title or cover page, and just staple all the
existing knowledge base on a research problem obtained from
pages together
an in-depth search on non-research references and research
references. The review includes a statement indicating what
Lesson 7: Academic Presentation
the present study will add to what is already known. It is a
Academic Presentation
written, analytic summary of research findings on a topic of
interest It is a comprehensive compilation of what is known
1. Determine the purpose for presenting your research at the
about the phenomenon. It provides the background and the
forum.
context on which the research is conducted.
2. Focus on Forecasting what you want to share with the
audience about your research; on Explaining the key findings
1. Conceptual Literature/Related Literature
of your study; Synthesizing your research in relation to the
● It is composed of discussions of facts and principles to which
statement of the problem
the present study is related
3. Know your audience in terms of their background
● These materials are usually printed and found in books,
knowledge, research interests or experience.
encyclopedias, professional journals,
4. Get ready with your outline and cue cards.
magazines, newspapers, and other publications
● Also referred to as non-empirical references
The Three P’s of an Academic Presentation
● Are classified as local and foreign
1. Prepare - Organize one’s content. Relevant to audience’s
needs
2. Research Literature/Related Studies
2. Practice - Great delivery of the presentation
● These are studies, inquiries, or investigations already
3. Present - Well thought speech. Must be comfortable when
conducted to which present proposed study is related or has
presenting
some bearing or similarity
● These are usually unpublished materials such as
manuscripts, theses, and dissertations
● Also referred to as empirical references
● Are classified as local and foreign

Sources of Literature