ARALING PANLIPUNAN 8 QUARTER 2 MIDTERM

Kabihasan - Bihasa
Civilization - civitas - lungsod
Kabihasnan sa Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia-Iraq
Mesopotamia - lupain sa pagitan ng dalawang ilog na Euprates at Tigris
Fertile Cresent - kahugis ng Cresent Moon 
1. SUMERIAN- kaunaunahan at matagal na tumira sa Kabihasnan ng Mesopotamia  
                       - Nagiiwan ang baha na galing sa ulan at ilog ng BANLIK kaya nagkakaroon ng
matabang lupa 
                       - Sikat din sila sa uri ng pagsulat nila na cuneiform 
                       - Sikat din sila dahil sa ginawa nilang Ziggurat na kung saan nag riritwal sila taas na
bahagi nito
Theocratic - ito ang paniniwala nila na ang hari at pari ay nag iisa at ang tawag nila sa hari/pari nila ay
Patesi
Polytheism 
Ea- diyos ng Katubigan
Ann- diyos ng Langit at Lupa 
Enlil-diyos ng Hangin at bagyo
Ambag ng Sumer 
Pottery Wheel
Gulong 
Sundial
Lunar Calendar 
Sexagesimal system
2. AKADIAN -sunod na nanirahan sa Sumerian
Sargan I - nung namatay si Sargon I nag kagulo ang kanyang pinamumunuan kaya umalis na sila sa
Mesopotamia
3. BABYLONIAN 
Hammurabi - nagpatupad ng Code of Hammurabi na naglalaman ng 282 na batas gaya ng kung anong
ginawa mong kasalanan ay yun din ang gagawin saiyo
                      - Epic of Gilgamesh - ambag ng Babylonian
4. ASSYRIAN - mahahusay na mag mandirigma 
Tigbath-Pileser I - kinokontrol niya ang sinasakupan niya 
Chariots - sasakyang pandigma na hinihila ng kabayo
Ashurbanipal - nagpatayo ng isang aklatan na nagging ambag ng Assyrian
5. CHALDEAN 
Nebuchadnezzar - nagpagawa ng Hanging Gardens para sa asawa niyang si Reyna Amytist para
sumaya siya 
6. PERSIAN - dito nagkaroon ng organisadong pamahalaan
Cyrus and Darius the Great - mga lider na namuno ng may organisadong pamahalaan - nagbabantay
at nagrereport sa hari ay ang mata at tainga ng hari
Zoroastrianism - Pinapaniwalaan ng mga Persian na paglalaban ng masama at mabuti.
Zoroaster - prophet
Satrapy- nadivide na lungsod 
Satrap-Gobernador 
Iba pang pangkat na malapit Mesopotamia 
Hittite - kauna-unahang gumamit ng bakal
Lydian - paggamit ng barya para mag barter 
Hebrew - Genesis, Exodus, Levitius, Numbers, Deuteronomy 
Phonecian - alphabet

Kabihasnang Indus - Religion 

                                               - Hinduismo 
Ilog - Indus & Granges River- Holy River 
Unang lungsod na nabuo so India - Mohenjo-Daro at Harrapa 
Sewerage System 
Pictogram - system of writing of Indus 

Ambag ng mga Indus: 

Algebra 
Surgery
Ideya ng 0
Decimal System 

1.) DRAVIDIAN - unang nanirahan sa Mohenjo Daro & Harrapa na biglang naglaho na
pinaghihimalaan na ito ay dahil sa  isang calamity o pananakop 

2.) ARYAN - sumakop sa Dravadian 

Panahong-Vedic - panahon ng pamumuhay ng mga Aryan sa India 
Sanskrit - wika na ginamit ng mga Aryan 
Vedas - aklat na koleksyan ng maraming tula, hymno, alamat at ritual. 
Sisteming Caste - Brahman-Pari 
                            Kshatriya-Warriors 
                       Vaisya-Merchants, Artistans 
                              Sudra-Workers 
                         Outcast/Untouchables 
Mga Imperyo sa India 
Imperyong Maurya - Chandragupta Maurya 
                                 - Asoka sinunod niya ang mga aral in Buddha 
Imperyong Gupta - Chandragupta I
                               - Ginintuang panahon ng India dahil mayroon na silang kaalaman sa mga
teknolohiya
Imperyong Mogul - 1. Temujin / Genghis Khan "ruler of the world" 
                 - 2. Tamerlane 
                 - 3. Baber
                 - 4. Akbar
                   - 5. Jahangir
                    - 6. Sha Jahan - nagpagawa ng Taj Mahal para sa libingan ng kaniyang asawa
                    - 7. Aurangzeb
COMPUTER 8 QUARTER 2 MIDTERM
Former Alignment 
Using the time tab 
Select the cell that you would like to align text. On the Home tab Alignment.
1. Click the Top Align icon to align text to the top of the cell. 
2. Click the Middle Align icon to align text so that it is centered between the top and bottom of the
cell. 
3. Click the Bottom Align icon to align text to the bottom of the cell.
4. Click the Align Text Left icon to align text to the left.
5. Click the Center icon to align text to the center. 
6. Click the Align Text Right icon to align text to the right. 
7. Click the Merge and Center icon to you the selected cell into one longer cell and to the center the
contents in the new cell. 
8. Click the Orientation icon to rotate a text diagonal angle o vertical orientation. 
9. Click the Indent icon to decrease the margin between the border and the text in the cell. 
10. Click the Wrap Text icon to make all content visible within a cell displaying it multiple lines.

FILIPINO 8 QUARTER 2 MIDTERM

TULA
-isang masining na anyo ng panitikan na naglalayong maipahayag ang damdamin ng makata o
manunulat nito kilala ito sa malayang paggamit ng wika sa iba't ibang anyo at estilo. Nagpapahaupa ito
ng damdamin at magagandang kaisipan gamit ang maririkit na salita. Ito ay matalinghaga at kadalasang
ginagamitan ng tayutay
ELEMENTO NG TULA
1. ANYO

 Malayang taludturan - walang sinusunod na sukat tugma, o anyo Ito ay karaniwang ayon sa
nais ng manunulat. Ang mga tulang isinulat ni Alejandro Abadilla ang halimbawa ng mga tulang
nasa anyong malayang taludturan.
 Tradisyonal - may sukat, tugma at mga matalinhagang salita 
 May sukat na walang tugma - may tulang may tiyak na bilang and pantig ngunit ang huling
pantig ay hindi magkakasing tunog o hindi magkakatugma.
 Walang sukat na may tugma - mga tulang walang tiyak na bilang ang pantig sa bawat taludtod
ngunit ang huling pantig ay magkakasintunog o magkakatugma

2. KARIKTAN - Ito ang malinaw at hindi malilimutang impresyon na natatanim sa isipan ng mga
mambabasa. Ang Kariktan elemento na tula na tumutukoy sa pagtataglay ng mga salitang umaakit o
pumupukaw sa damdamin ng mga bumabasa.
3. PERSONA - Ang persona ng tula ay tumutukoy sa nagsasalita sa tula
4. SAKNONG - tumutukoy sa grupo ng mga taludtod ng tula. Ito ay maaaring so dalawa o higit pang
taludtod. 
5. SUKAT - bilang ng pantig na tula sa bawat taludtod na karaniwang may sukat na waluhan, labing-
dalawahan, at labing-animan na pantig 
6. TALINHAGA - Kinakailangan dito ang paggamit ng mga tayutay o matalinhagang mga pahayag
upang pukawin and damdamin ng mga mambabasa
7. TONO o INDAYONG - tumutukoy sa paraan ng pagbigkas ng bawat taludtod ng tula. Ito ay
karaniwang pataas o pababa.
8. TUGMA - Ito ay ang pagkakasingtunog ng mga salita sa huling pantig ng bawat taludtod ng tula.
Sinasabing may tugma ang tula Kapag ang huling pantig ng huling salita ng bawat taludtod ay
magkasingtunog. Nakagaganda ito ng pagbigkas ng tula. Ito rin ang sinasabing nagbibigay sa tula ng
angkin nitong himig o indayog. 
BALAGTAS
Isang sining ng pagbigkas sa anyong pagtatalo na may angkop na kumpas ng kamay at ekspresyon ng
mukha.
Francisco "Balagtas" Baltazar - Ama ng tulang tagalog (1788-1867)
Marso 28, 1924 -nabuo ang ang balagtasan sa pagpupulong ng ilang manunulat sa tanggapan ni Rosa
Sevilla sa  Instituto de Mujeres.
Abril 6, 1974 - ginanap kauna-unahang balagtasan na may Iskript
Oktubre 18, 1925 - labanan pagitan ng De Jesus of Collantes na walang iskript
Jose Corazon de Jesus - "Huseng Sisiw"
Florentino Collantes-"Kuntil Butil""

Layunin ng Balagtasan
- Makapagbahagi ng kaisipan 
- Makapagbigay ng aliw sa tagapakinig o manonood
- Manilang nila ang kahusayan nila sa pagbigkas 
- Mapatalas ang kanilang diwa sa maagap na pagtugon sa patula 

Elemento
1. Paksa Pagtatalunan- Maaaring magkaiba-iba ng paksa ngunit ito dapat ay naaayon sa tema ng
programa. 
2.Mambabalagtas- Sila ang bumubuo ng dalawang panig: sang-ayon at hindi sang-ayon.
    Mambibigkas na sumasang ayon sa paksang pinagtatalunan
siya ang maghaharap ng mga ebidensya na magpapatibay sa kaniyang pag-sang ayon sa paksang pinagt
atalunan.
   Mambibigkas na hindi sumasang-ayon sa paksang pinagtatalunan
siya ang maghaharap ng mga ebidensiyang kokontra o hindi pagsang-ayon sa paksang pinagtatalunan
3. Lakandiwa- nagsisilbing tagapamagitan sa dalawang nagatatal
                         siya ang unang bumabati at magpapakilala sa dalawang magbibigkas.
                         siya ring nagpapakilala sa paksang pagtatalunanang 
                         nagpapasya kung sino sa dalawang magbibigkas ang magwawagi.
4. Tagapakinig/Manonood- Ito ang malaking kaibahan ng balagtasan sapagkat aktibo 
silang kasama sa mga pagtatalo. Kadalasan ay sa kanila iniiwan ng lakandiwa ang 
responsibilidad na magdesisyon sa balagtasan.
5. Tanghalan- Pormal na lugar na pagdarausanng balagtasan.Mahalaga ito sapagkat kinakailangan ng
isang lugar na  pagtitipunan ng mga mambabalagtasan at manonood
Fliptop - mas makabagong paraan ng balagtasan.

SARSUWELA - isang anyo ng dulang musikal na unang umunlad sa Espanya noong ika-17 siglo.
Binubuo ito ng mga pagsasalaysay na sinamahan ng mga sayaw at tugtugin, at may paksang
mitolohikal at kabayanihan. 
Alejandro Cubero - Nagdala ng sarsuwela sa pilipinas.
1880 - Taong idinala ang Sarsuwela sa Pilipinas. Kasama ni Elisea Raguer, itinatag nila ang Teatro
Fernandez.
Teatro Fernandez - ang unang grupo ng mga Pilipinong sarsuwelista sa Pilipinas.  
Severino Reyes - kilala bilang Lola Basyang, ay itinuturing na ama ng Sarsuwelang Tagalog. 
1925 - Nagsimulang mabasa ang mga kwento ni Lola Basyang habang siya ay punong-patnugot sa
Liwayway at kinailangan niyang punan ng kwento ang isang maliit na espasyo sa isang pahina ng
magasin.
Aurelio Tolentino - siya ang katipunero, mandudula nobelista. Julian Cruz Balmaceda-isang kilalang
mandudula, kwenista, makata, mananaling wika at nobelista
Patricio Mariano - kilalang Makata, mabelista at mamamahayag.
Hermogenes Ilagan - itinuturing na "Ama ng Dulang tagalog". sa bansa."
Juan Abad - nagsimulang magsulat sa edad na labing anim
         Obra Maestra ay ang Tanikalang Ginto
Juan Matapang Cruz - isa samga kilalang manunulat na Tahasang. Tumutuligsa sa kolonyal
pamahalang Americano.
Atang Dela Rama - itinaguriang "Reyna ng Sarsuwela" sa Pilipinas. 
                               - National Artist for Theater 
Panahon ng Amerikano - Panahon kung saan namulaklak ang sarsuwela.
Unti-unting nanghina ang Sarsuwela ng dumating ang 'bodabil' (vaudeville) o 'stage show'. 
Lalong nawalan ng manonood ang teatrong musikal nang dumating ang mga pelikula. 
Sarsuwela o Dula ay isang uri ng panitikan na ang pinakalayunin ay itanghal sa tanghalan o entablado.
Nahahati ito sa ilang yugto na maraming tagpo. 
Mandudula o Dramatista - mga tao na dalubhasa sa larangan ng pagsusulat ng mga dulang
itinatanghal.
Mga Elemento ng sarsuwela 

1. Iskrip o nakasulat na dula -Ito ang pinakakaluluwa ng isang dula; lahat ng bagay na

isinasaalang-alang sa dula ay naaayon sa isang iskrip; walang dula kapag walang iskrip
2. Gumaganap o aktor - Ang mga aktor o gumaganap ang magbibigay-buhay sa iskrip. Sila ang
bumibigkas ng diyalogo, at nagpapakita ng iba’t ibang damdamin.
3. Tanghalan - Anumang pook na pinagpasyahang pantanghalan ng isang dula ay tinatawag na
tanghalan. Maaaring hindi lamang entablado ang tanghalan ang daan, sa loob ng siid-aralan, at
iba pa ay nagiging tanghalan din. 
4. Tagadirehe o Direktor - Ang direktor ang nagpapakahulugan sa isang iskrip; siya ang
nagpapasya sa itsura ng tagpuan, ng damit ng mga tauhan hanggang sa paraan ng pagganap at
pagbigkas ng mga tauhan ay dumidepende sa interpretasyon ng direktor sa iskrip
5. Manonood - Ang nagpapahalaga sa dula. Sila ang pumapalakpak sa galing at husay ng
nagtatanghal. Pinanonood nila nang may pagpapahalaga ang bawat tagpo , yugto at bahagi ng
dula.
6. Eksena at tagpo - Ang eksena ay ang paglabas masok sa tanghalan ng mga tauhan samantalang
ang tagpo nama’y ang pagpapalit ng tagpuan

PANDIWA-salitang nagsasaad ng kilos o galaw at binubuo ng salitang ugat at panlapi  

Nag-Unlapi   laba-Salitang Ugat
Perpektibo - naganap na o natapos na at madalas na ginagamitan ng "nag"
Hal: Naglaba, Naglinis, Natulog
Perpektibong kakatapos - kakatapos lang gawin at madalas na ginagamitan ng "kaka"
Hal: Kakalaba, Kakalinis, Kakatulog
Imperpektibo - ginagawa o kasalukuyang nangyayari at na dodoble ang salitang ugat  
Hal: Naglalaba, Naglilinis, Natutulog
Kontemplatibo - gagawin palang at madalas na ginagamitan ng "mag" 
Hal: Maglalaba, Maglilinis, Matutulog
MATH 8 QUARTER 2 MIDTERM
Rational Expressions can be written in the P/Q form where P and Q are both polynomials and Q =
0. 
Examples:

Evaluating Rational Expressions  
To evaluate rational expression for a particular value(s), substitute the replacement value(s) into the
rational expression and simplify the result. 
Ex. Evaluate the following expression for y=2 
In the previous example, what would happen if we tried to evaluate the rational expression for
y=5? 

This expression is undefined. 

Undefined Rational Expression 
We have to determine when a rational expression in undefined. A rational expression is undefined
when the denominator is equal to zero. The numerator being equal to zero is okay (the rational
expression simply equals zero). 
Simplifying Rational Expressions 
Simplifying a rational expression means writing it in lowest terms or simplest form. To do these we
need to use the Fundamental Principle Of Rational Expressions If P,Q and R are polynomial, and Q
and R are not 0 
PR/QR = P/Q PR/QR=P/Q 
1) Completely factor the numerator and denominator. 
2) Apply the Fundemental principle of Rational Expressions. to eliminate common Factors in the
numerator and denominator 
Warning! 
Only Common FACTORS can be eliminated From the numerator and denominator. Make sure any
expression you eliminate is Factor.
3/0=UNDEFINED
0/3=0
3/0 
3 -NUMERATOR
0 -DENOMINATOR
Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions 
Multiplying Rational Expressions when P, Q, R, and S are polynomials with Q=0 and S=0.
P/Q X R/S= PR/QS 
Multiplying Rational Expressions 
1) Factor the numerators and denominator 
2) Multiply the numerator and multiply denominators 
3) Simplify or write the product in lowest terms by applying the fundamental principle to all common
factors 
Examples:
Dividing Rational Expression when P, Q, R, and S are polynomials with Q=0, S=0 and R=0. 

When dividing rational expressions, first change the division sign to a multiplication problem, where
you use the reciprocal of the divisor as the second factor. 
Then treat it as a multiplication problem (factor, multiply, simplify) 
Examples: 

Finding LCD of Different Denominator:

MAPEH 8 QUARTER 2 MIDTERM

Basketball is a team sport in which two teams, most commonly of five players each, opposing one
another on a rectangular court, compete with the primary objective of shooting a basketball through the
defender's hoop 
Basketball is not an easy sport — it takes endurance, team spirit and great skills to outscore opponents
and win the game. 
James Naismith invented basketball
Asked in 1891 to invent an indoor winter activity by his boss at a YMCA in Springfield,
Massachusetts, James Naismith is credited as the founder of basketball. Naismith, a physical education
teacher, also wrote the original basketball rule book and founded the University of Kansas basketball
program. 
What are the equipments needed?
Best Behaviour-Sportmanship

Point Guard - The point guard runs the offense and usually is the team's best dribbler and passer. The
point guard defends the opponent's point guard and tries to steal the ball. 
Shooting Guard - The shooting guard is usually the team's best shooter. Besides being able to shoot
well, the Shooting Guard needs to be good at dribbling fast, passing and having court vision by seeing
the court. He is also responsible for driving the ball down the court and setting up offensive plays.
Small Forward - Small forwards are responsible for scoring points and defending, and often are
secondary or tertiary rebounders behind the power forward and center. The Small Forward is usually
the shorter of the two forwards on the team but plays the most versatile role out of the main five
positions. He must have enough height and the ability to play on the inside as well as agility to play on
the outside, similar to a shooting guard.
Power Forward - Power forwards play a role similar to centers. When on offense, they typically play
with their backs towards the basket. When on defense, they typically position themselves under the
basket in a zone defense or against the opposing power forward in man-to-man defense.
Center - The center is the tallest player on each team, playing near the basket. On offense, the center
tries to score on close shots and rebound. But on defense, the center tries to block opponents' shots and
rebound their misses.
Dribble Pass and Shooting the Ball
The ball is moved down the court toward the basket by passing or dribbling. The team with the ball is
called the offense. The team without the ball is called the defense. 
What are the special skills needed before playing basketball?
1. BALL HANDLING - Holding the ball correctly using your fingertips and not your palm
     There are essentially two types of passes: 
         Air Pass - The pass travels between players without hitting the floor. 
         Bounce Passes - The pass is thrown to the floor so that it bounces to the intended receiver.
2. PASSING - The most difficult skill in playing basketball.
• This skill requires your vision, touch, and strength
There are three basic kinds of Passing:
     A. Chest Pass
The chest pass is named so because the pass originates from the chest. It is thrown by gripping the ball
on the sides with the thumbs directly behind the ball. When the pass is thrown, the fingers are rotated
behind the ball and the thumbs are turned down.
      B. Bounce Pass
The bounce pass is thrown with the same motion however it is aimed at the floor. It should be thrown
far enough out that the ball bounces waist high to the receiver. The bounce pass is frequently
used when your on-ball defender has their hands high and you still need to make a pass.
      C. Overhead Pass
The overhead pass is often used as an outlet pass. Bring the ball directly above your forehead with both
hands on the side of the ball and follow through. Aim for the teammate's chin. You can use the
overhead pass (also known as a skip pass) to move the ball from one side of the court to the other.
3. DRIBBLING - Is an important attacking skill done by tapping of the ball with your fingers (not with
your palm) in just one hand.
4. SHOOTING
• Is one of the most important basic skills in basketball because it gives your team a scoring point 
• There are different way of shooting
TLE 8 QUARTER 2 MIDTERM
Sewing Machine - It makes a basic running stitch the same way, with two source of thread.
Types of Sewing Machine

1. Lockstitch Sewing Machine -This is also called Domestic Sewing Machine. It is run by

foot and may also be converted to electric power machine.
2. Hi-Speed Lockstitch Sewing Machine - This is sometimes called straight stitching machine
or industrial sewing machine. It has automatic lubrication and is used by tailors and
dressmakers. 
3. Over Edging Machine - call it small machine. It finishes the raw edges of the pattern for
construction.
4. Embroidery Machine - This is used in making fancy stitches and in making different kinds
of embroidery stitches on fabrics for the barong tagalog, pillow cases, linen and other
novelty items.
5. Button Holer Machine -This is used in making buttonholes on garments.
6. Button Attachment Machine - This is used in attaching buttons to the garments. 
7. Double Needle Machine - This is used in the construction of the different kinds of clothing
especially for the inseam, out seam and side seam.
8. Bartacking Machine - This is used in reinforcing the opening and closing of pockets.

Upper Parts of sewing machine and their Functions 

1. Head is the complete sewing machine without a cabinet or stand
2. Arm is the curve part of the head 
3. Bed is the flat portion of the machine & beneath is the feed dog
Parts of the Sewing Machine in the Arm 
1. Spool Pin is the thread holder. 
2. Thread Guide keeps the thread in position. 
3. Thread Take-up Lever releases the thread and interlocks with the bobbin thread. 
4. Presser bar lifter moves the presser foot. 
5. Tension controls the looseness and tightness of stitches. 
6. Needle Bar holds the needle in place. 
7. Needle Clamp holds and tightens the needle. 
8. Presser Foot holds the fabric in place while sewing. 
9. Needle is a slender tool attached in the needle clamp used for sewing. 
10. Bobbin Winder controls the bobbin while winding thread. 
11. Stitch regulator checks the length of the stitches. 
12. Balance Wheel sets the mechanism in motion. 
13. Belt connects the balance wheel to the drive wheel. 
14. Stop Motion Screw hinders moving when loosened and starts 
Parts of Sewing Machine under the Bed 
1. Feed Dog moves the fabric while sewing.
2. Throat plate is the windows of the feed dog and it is where the bobbin threads come out. 
3. Slide plate is a movable plate that covers the shuttle and bobbin case. 
4. Shuttle holds the bobbin case while sewing. 
5. Bobbin is a metal spool for winding thread. 
6. Bobbin Case holds the bobbin. 
The Lower Parts of the Lock Stitch Sewing Machine 
1. Band Wheel leads the balance wheel through the belt connection. 
2. Band Wheel Crank moves the band wheel. 
3. Pitman Rod holds the treadle to band wheel crank. 
4. Belt Guide holds the belt to its place. 
5. Belt Shifter removes the belt from the wheel. 
6. Dress Guard protects the dress from the wheel. 
7. Treadle is where the feet are stationed to drive the band wheel through the pitman rod. 
8. Legs support the cabinet of the machine. 
9. Cabinet holds the head of the machine by interlocking screw on the hinges. 
Sewing Tools and Equipment
Sewing Tools are instruments that aid in accomplishing a sewing task. It can be manipulated by hand.
Sewing Equipment are the different tools used in clothing constructions.
MEASURING TOOLS
Tape measure - Used to take body measurements. 
                         - Made of plastic or strong fabric that does not stretch 
                         - The front has the measurement of 150 cm and 60 inches on the other side.
Yard stick - Wooden measuring stick.
                  - Usually a yard or a meter long
                  - Usually used for marking hemlines and checking grain lines when laying out the pattern.
Sewing Gauge - 6 inch ruler with a sliding marker, used to measure short distances
Ruler - A 12 inches ruler either clear or solid. It is used to measure and draw straight seam and cutting
lines. It also aids in connecting lines.
CUTTING TOOLS
Trimming Scissors - It is 3-4 inches long,used for trimming, clipping threads and snipping slashes. 
Shear - Longer than scissors
           - Bent handle allows fabric to lie flat as it is cut
           - Used to cut fabric
Pinking Shear - Zig zag cutting edge
                         - Used to give seam edges a finished look
                         - Prevent traveling
                         - Give a decorative edge
Embroidery scissor - It has 4-5 inches finely tapered blades. Both points are sharp for use in working
with fine details in delicate fabrics and in embroidery work.
Buttonhole scissor - Special scissors that help you cut the slit for the button hole
Thread Clippers - Used to clip the threads as you sew
Seam ripper - Seam rippers are specifically designed for ripping out stitches from seams, either as a
result of an error or during alterations. They should be used carefully to prevent damage to the fabric.
MARKING TOOLS
Tracing Wheel - There are two types of tracing wheels, those with a serrated edge and those with a
smooth edge. The serrated edge wheel produces dots on the fabric and is suitable for most types of
fabrics. The smooth edge wheel is best for delicate fabrics and unlike the serrated edge will not pierce
more delicate fabrics. The smooth edge wheel creates a solid line.
Marking Pens and Pencils - Special pens or pencils that are used to mark fabric when sewing 
Tailor's Chalk - Used to transfer markings onto fabric
                        - Remove them by brushing before pressing over them.
DRAFTING TOOLS
L- Square - The tailor square or "L" is used to transfer measurements to the draft pattern. It also
divides the garment into the desired measurement. It has perfect squares and is useful in making
straight lines and numbers. It can also function as a tape measure.
It has two arms connected perpendicularly.
a. The longer arm is twenty-four (24) inches long.
b. The shorter arm is fourteen (14) inches long.
Hip Curve - It is used in shaping hips skirt hemline and hip shape seam lines.
French Curve - This is used to shape the depth of the neckhole and armhole of the pattern.
PINNING AND SEWING TOOLS
Needles - Used in making temporary stitches and buttonholes.
               - Sizes of 7 to 10 are for general hand sewing.
Pins - It is used to holds the pieces of fabric together.
Pin cushion - It is used to holds holds the straight pins and needles while working to prevent accidents.
Thimble - A small hard pitted cup worn for protection on the finger that pushes the needle in sewing.
Thread -  The thread is used in assembling or constructing the parts of the garment. Threads vary in
sizes. Heavy fabrics need stronger threads. Threads should have the same color with that of the fabric
used.
Needle Threader - It aids in putting the thread to the needle. It consists of two parts. The handle and
the wire. The end of the wire that is away from the holder is folded. Place the folded wire of the needle
threader through the eye of the sewing needle.

ESP 8 QUARTER 2 MIDTERM

What is the Purpose of Bible?
To know God, To know ourselves, or to know the meaning of life, we need to know JESUS We need to
know personally that he Salvation gave us by dying on the cross for our sins and rising again. In that
one great event, everything else becomes clear. All the great stories of the old testament point toward
the LIFE, DEATH and RESURRECTION OF CHRIST.
What is Bible?
Bible = Character bldg. 
          = Conversion of the soul 
To know God - relationship
To know About God - saviour 
Spiritual - relationship
Religious - nag nagseserve sa simbahan 
Genesis 1:1
NOTHBGNNNGGDCRTDTHHVNSNDTHRTH 
HEBREW-new testament  
GREEK-old testament 
John 1:1 
In beginning was the Word, and the Word with God, and the word was God. God Is a word Jesus Word