Tribology Online Vol. 16, No. 2 (2021) 99-112.

ISSN 1881-2198
DOI 10.2474/trol.16.99
Japanese Society of Tribologists
http://www.tribology.jp/trol/

Article

Influence of Surface Texture on the Performance of Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing

Operating under Turbulent Regime

RK Awasthi1) and Jagjit Singh Maan2)*

1)
Director cum Principal, Government Hydro Engineering College, Bilaspur, HP, India
2)
Research Scholar, I.K.Gujral Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala, Punjab 144603, India

*Corresponding author: Jagjit Singh Maan (jagjitsmaan1988@gmail.com)

Manuscript received 17 November 2020; accepted 08 March 2021; published 15 April 2021

Abstract
Surface texturing may have significant role in tribo-element applications operating at high speed. This paper theoretically investigates
the influence of depth and location of cylindrical shaped dimples on static as well as dynamic performance characteristics of partial
textured hydrodynamic journal bearing vis-a-vis a smooth bearing working under turbulent regime. The non-dimensional Reynolds
equation used for compressible flow is suitably modified for turbulent regime and Finite Element Method has been used to discretise
the equation into linear algebraic equation. The governing equation satisfies mass-conservation throughout the solution domain.
Eventually the results have been computed for three bearing configurations viz. smooth (untextured), partial textured with upstream
and downstream zone respectively. The computed results reveal that the bearing surface if modified using texture at suitable location,
enhances the performance of hydrodynamic bearing in terms of better load carrying capacity, low friction coefficient and enhanced
stability. The study gives insight to the bearing designer.

Keywords
hydrodynamic lubrication, turbulence, partially textured bearing, FEM, Reynolds number

dynamic performance characteristics of hydrodynamic journal

1 Introduction
Use of textures on the surface of hydrodynamic journal
bearing as illustrated in Fig. 1(a) is an effective technology for
improving the performance of hydrodynamic bearing like load
carrying capacity, minimum fluid-film friction etc. Mostly, the
hydrodynamic journal bearings used in the modern industrial
machinery works under the laminar regime, but increasing
demand of high speed rotating machinery necessitates the
bearing to operate under turbulent regime. It has been observed
that the high speed rotating machineries are critical from the
stability point of view. So it necessitates to relook the influence
of textured parameters on the bearing performance under
turbulent regime. A great amount of literature is available
dealing with the influence of texture orientation [1], shape [2-
4], texture height [5], texture location [6, 7], size [8], density [9]
etc. on static performance parameter of journal bearing system.
A very few studies [12, 13] are also available dealing with the
texture parameters on the influence of dynamic performance of
journal bearing system.
A thorough review of literature reveals that above
mentioned studies are limited to laminar regime and no work is
available to the best of author’s knowledge where the combined
effect of surface texturing and Reynolds number on static &
bearing has been performed. Therefore the current study has
been undertaken to investigate the influence of surface textures
on the static, dynamics and stability performance parameters of
hydrodynamic journal bearing system operating at high speed.
The authors believe that the simulated results in the current
study are quite fruitful for the designer of journal bearing.
For this, three different types of journal bearings viz: smooth,
partially textured bearing with configuration-1 and partially
textured with configuration-2 have been used for the evaluation
of performance characteristics. The authors evaluated the static
and dynamic performance characteristics at different values of
Reynolds number, dimple depth and eccentricity ratios. The
schematic diagram of partial textures bearing is shown in Fig.
1(b). The selection of configuration-1 and configuration-2 is
selected to understand the influence of texture location. In the
partial bearings, cylindrical dimples are placed in an array of 4
rows and 7 columns, where each texture is placed in each unit
cell as depicted in Fig. 1(c, d). Based upon the location of the
textures along the circumferential direction of bearing, the two
configurations of partial textured bearing are as under:
Configuration-1: In this configuration, the cylindrical
dimples are imparted on the second half of bearing i.e. from
194° to 354° as shown in Fig. 1(e).

Copyright © 2021 Japanese Society of Tribologists

This article is distributed under the terms of the latest version of CC BY-NC-ND defined by the Creative Commons Attribution License. 99
 RK Awasthi and Jagjit Singh Maan

by Lee-Kim [17] who merged the algebraic Reynolds stress

model with mixing length theory of Prandtl. Again, in 1995,
Zhang and Zhang [18] established the combined turbulent
k-ε model, which utilized in combination the k-ε model for
the near walls and the algebraic Reynolds stress model. In
the current study, based on the universal use, accuracy and
simplification, the Constantinescu turbulent model has been
used which is accurate particularly at low eccentricities. The
literature indicates that the influence of texture is suitable at low
eccentricities, therefore the proposed Constantinescu turbulence
model is well justified in the present work. As per this model
the non-dimensional Reynolds equation governing the flow of
compressible lubricant in the clearance space of bearing is given
as [19]:
∂ ph3 ∂ p ∂ ph3 ∂ p ∂ ph ∂ ph
+ = Ω + (1)
∂α Gα ∂α ∂β Gβ ∂β ∂α 2 ∂t
Where α and β are along the circumferential and axial direction
of the bearing. Also Gα and Gβ are coefficients of turbulence as
per linearized theory of the Constantinescu [14]. Where
Gα = 12 + 0.0260 (Re*) 0.8265
Gβ = 12 + 0.0198 (Re*) 0.741

and Re* is local Reynolds number (Re* =

ρUh ρUc
µ ). Whereas
h
µ the mean c ( )
ρUhρUh ρUcρUc
µ µis Re = µ µ
Reynolds number
h h
, so Re* = Rce c . ( )( )
In the positive pressure region, the density of fluid ρ is
constant and equal to ρ0 (i.e ρ = ρ0). Whereas in the cavitated
region the fluid density ρ will always be lower than or equal to
Fig. 1 a) Schematic diagram illustrating partially textured ρ0 (i.e ρ0 − ρ ≥ 0). So it means that in positive pressure region the
hydrodynamic journal bearing b) hydrodynamic pressure p is greater than or equal to zero, but s = 0 (as ρ0 − ρ = 0).
bearing with cylindrical textures c) the pictorial view of However in cavitated region the pressure p is equal to zero, but
unit cell with cylindrical dimple d) 2-Dimensional view s ≥ 0 (as ρ0 − ρ ≥ 0). So the product of ps is always equal to zero
of unit Cell with cylindrical dimple e) Partially textured in both cavitated and non-cavitated zone.
bearing having configuration-1 f) Partially textured
bearing having configuration-2 ρo − ρ
S= ρo
p
p = p , p ≥ 0, S ≥ 0, ps = 0 (2)
o
Configuration-2: For the creation of configuration-2, the
results are taken for the cylindrical textures for different angle Similarly alternate form of Eq. (2) can be formulated by
ranges, along the circumferential direction of bearing. Based normalizing complementarity variable (s)
upon the best load carrying capacity [13], the angle range of
ρ −ρ ρ ρ
textures has been selected from 126° to 286° as shown in Fig. λ= s = 0 =1− = 1 −In Eq. (1) ρ = ρ − ρ0 + ρ0
ρ0 ρ0 ρ0 ρ0
1(f).
∂ h3 ∂ p (3) ∂
ρ ≥ 0, λ ≥ 0, ρλ = 0 ( ρ − ρ0 + ρ0 ) + ( ρ − ρ0 + ρ0
∂α Gα ∂α ∂β
2 Analysis
The novel aspect of this method is ∂that( ρboth
− ρ0 +variables
ρ0 ) h ∂ ( ρ − ρ0 + ρ0 ) h
2.1 Turbulence models = Ω
p and λ shown in Eq. (3) are complimentarity all +
∂α 2 over the ∂t
Many turbulence models have been developed in the field entire domain. λ variable defined in current work takes into
of Tribology. A bearing may operates under the turbulent consideration the space and time variation
After ( ρfluid
diving of − ρ0 +density.
ρ0 ) by ρ0It
conditions owing to shifting of the Reynolds number beyond
( ρ − ρ0 + ρ0 ) ρ
critical value. Initially, in 1959, the Constantinescu model [14] may be observed that the λ variable is a void fraction
= − 1− +, 1 = [−λ + 1]
ρ0 ρ0
was developed that entails the Prandtl mixing length theory in
the turbulent regime. This model was used as a universal model where ρ0 is fluid density in non-dimensional
Rewriting Eq. (4)form considered
because of its linearized simplifications and assumptions are to be constant in entire film region. It is also seen that λ
nearly Couette flow. A similar model later on was developed interprets the density variation− and ∂ also ∂p
λh3connection λh3 ∂ p
∂ between ∂ h3 ∂ p
+ +
by Ng-Pan [15] in 1965, involving the theory of Reichardt’s law ∂α
both variables p and λ that can be expressedG α ∂α ∂β G
on accounts β ∂βof ∂α Gα ∂α
which used local shear stresses instead of wall stresses and complementarity (Eq. (3)).
expressed turbulent Couette flow in form of perturbation of In Eq. (1) ρ = ρ − ρ0 + ρ0 ∂ λh ∂ h ∂ ( λh ) ∂ h
+Ω −Ω + − =0
first order. Further, for low turbulence Reynolds number, the ∂α 2 ∂α 2 ∂t ∂t
∂ 3 ∂p ∂ 3 ∂p
k-ε model [16] was developed in 1973, which was supported h h
( ρ − ρ0 + ρ0 ) + ( ρ − ρ0 + ρ0 )
∂α Gα ∂α ∂β Gβ ∂β
on dimensional analysis. Another law was developed in 1990,
∂ ( ρ − ρ0 + ρ0 ) h ∂ ( ρ − ρ0 + ρ0 ) h
= Ω + (4)
∂α 2 ∂t
Japanese Society of Tribologists (http://www.tribology.jp/) After diving ( ρ − ρ0Tribology
+ ρ0 ) by ρ0Online, Vol. 16, No. 2 (2021) /100

( ρ − ρ0 + ρ0 ) ρ
= − 1− + 1 = [−λ + 1]
ρ0 ρ0
 In Eq. (1) ρ = ρ − ρ0 + ρ0
∂ Influenceh3of∂Surface
p ∂
Texture h3 ∂ p of Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing Operating under Turbulent Regime
on the Performance
( ρ − ρ0 + ρ0 ) + ( ρ − ρ0 + ρ0 )
∂α Gα ∂α ∂β Gβ ∂β

∂ ( ρ − ρ0 + ρ0 ) h ∂ ( ρ − ρ0 + ρ0 ) h where, W is a basic function used in the entire solution domain

= Ω + (4)
∂α 2 ∂t h = 1 − xj cosα – zj sin α (8)
After diving ( ρ − ρ0 + ρ0 ) by ρ0 Where xj and zj are the non-dimensional coordinates of journal’s
centre.
( ρ − ρ0 + ρ0 ) ρ
= − 1− + 1 = [−λ + 1]
ρ0 ρ0 ∂h ·
−xj cosα − z· j sin α (9)
∂t
Rewriting Eq. (4)
By part integrating, the Eq. (7) becomes:
∂ λh3 ∂ p ∂ λh3 ∂ p ∂ h3 ∂ p ∂ h3 ∂ p
∫ ∫
− + + +
∂α Gα ∂α ∂β Gβ ∂β ∂α Gα ∂α ∂β Gα ∂β ∂ h3 ∂ p h3 ∂ p l1 h3 ∂ p ∂ W
W dΩd = W |Ωβ − dΩd
Ωd ∂α Gα ∂α Gα ∂α Ωd Gα ∂α ∂α
∂ λh ∂ h ∂ ( λh ) ∂ h
+Ω
∂α 2
−Ω
∂α 2
+
∂t
−
∂t
=0 (5)
∫ Ωd
W
∂
∂β
h3 ∂ p
Gβ ∂β
dΩd = W
Gβ ∂β ∫
h3 ∂ p l2
|Ωβ −
Ωd
h3 ∂ p ∂ W
Gβ ∂β ∂β
dΩd
In cavitated region, as p is continuous function, so its value

is constant and equals to zero,

∂p
∂α
=
∂p
∂β
∂p
∂α
∂p
= where λ is
is also zero,
∂β ( )
∂p
∂α ∫
Ω
Ωd
W ( )
∂∂ p λh
∂α∂β 2
dΩd = Ω
λh
2 ∫ l1
W |Ω β −
λh ∂ W
Ωd 2 ∂α
dΩd

always greater than zero. On the other hand, in active region, λ

is equal to zero, however, p is greater than zero, so =and= = =

∂α ∂α ∂β ∂β ∂α ∂α ∂β ∂β
∫ ( () )
Ωd
∂
∂ p ∂ p ∂ p ∂ p ∂ p ∂ p ∂− pΩ∂ p W ∂ p ∂ ph dΩd = − Ω ∂ ph ∂W
∂α 2
∂α ∂α ( () ) ∫
2
∂β ∂β
l
p |Ω1β + h ∂W
Ωd 2 ∂α
dΩd (10)

may be negative, positive or zero. Therefore in Eq. (5) the first

term in square bracket becomes zero. As the pressure profile is
continuous on interface between the active and non active region,
∫ Ωd
W
∂ λh
∂t
dΩd =
∂
∂t ∫W. λh dΩd

so
∂∂pp ∂∂pp
∂α
∂α ∂β
=,=
∂β
∂∂pp ∂∂pp ∂ p
and λ are
∂α
∂α ∂β ∂β ∂α
=
== discontinuous
∂β
∂α∂α(( ))
∂∂p∂pp ∂p
function.
∂α
∂p
= Hence λ
∂β (( )() )
∂∂pp ∂ p
∂β ∂α
∂β ∫( )
− W
∂∂ph
Considering
Nn = Number
∂β∂t
dΩd = −
of nodes ∫
two-dimensional
∂
W. h dΩd
isoparametric formulation,
∂t per element. The domain of fluid flow is

( )
∂p
∂α
and λ
∂p
∂β( ) ∂p ∂p
is indefinite (as λ ==0 and/or
∂α ∂β
∂p
∂α
=
∂p
∂β
∂p
= 0) but not
∂α( ) ( )
discretized
A linear
∂ p with 4-noded quadrilateral isoparametric element.
∂β shaped function N, may be selected to properly
infinite at rupture and the reformation boundary. However at interpolate the variables p, λ and geometrical parameters
∂p
∂α
=
∂ p∂ p
∂β∂α
=
∂∂pp
other
∂β
∂α
places
=
∂ p∂ p
∂β∂α
the
∂p ∂p
∂β ∂α ( )( )
= product λ
∂p
∂α
and λ
∂p
∂β ( )( )
∂p
becomes zero.
∂β
within the domain Ωd. Taking Ngp and Nn to represent the count
of Gauss points and nodes for each element, respectively.
Therefore, writing Eq. (5) Defined with the m-index a widespread Gauss point and with
∂ h ∂p ∂ h ∂p a general element node k-index, the generalized varieties of
3 3
∂ λh ∂ h ∂ ( λh ) ∂ h
+ +Ω −Ω + − = 0 (6) Eq. (10) within the general jth node of the element domain Ωm is
∂α Gα ∂α ∂β Gα ∂β ∂α 2 ∂α 2 ∂t ∂t
expressed:
Thus the complementarity formulation associated to cavitation
problem in the lubricant films may be defined as final p and h3m Nn ∂Nmk ∂Wmj
Fj (Ωm) = − ∑m=1 Ngp
∑ · pk ΔΩm
λ so that Eq. (6) along with Eq. (3) holds valid. Further the Gα k=1 ∂α ∂α
functional relation between the both complementarity variables
h3m Nn ∂Nmk ∂Wmj
holds valid in both cavitated and lubricated part. It is also seen, = − ∑m=1
Ngp
∑ · pk ΔΩm
Gβ k=1 ∂β ∂β
Eq. (6), which gets developed from Eq. (1), expresses the mass
conservation throughout the whole domain with textured h m Nn ∂Wmj h m ∂Wmj
− Ω ∑m=1
Ngp
∑ Nmk · λk ΔΩm + Ω ∑m=1
Ngp
ΔΩm
surface. 2 k=1 ∂α 2 ∂α
In particular, where p is positive, it describes the pressure
1 ∑Ngp ∑Nn W N λ (t) h (t) − λ (t − Δt) h (t − Δt) ΔΩ
profile of non-compressible fluid. The positive value of λ + (
Δt m=1 k=1
mj mk k m k m ) m
expresses the conservation of mass in cavitated regions. Thus
1 ∑Ngp ∑Nn W (h (t) − h (t − Δt) ΔΩ = 0
the current formulation does not require boundary conditions − (
Δt m=1 k=1
mj m m ) m (11)
at interfaces of rupture and reformation. The formulation
presented in current work results in a standard linear Rewriting Eq. (11) for each node of the domain a system of
complementarity problem (LCP). This means that by using linear algebraic equations is obtained in the following form:
available numerical methods, the problem is expressed in a type
[A]p+ [B] λ + C = 0 (12)
appropriate for solution. It follows that such solution involves
iterative algorithms with finite number of iterations.
h3m Nm ∂Nmk ∂Wmj h3 ∂Nmk ∂Wmj
Finite element formulation: Where Ajk = − ∑n=1
Ne
∑m=1
Ngp
∑ · + m ∑Nm · ΔΩm
Gα k=1 ∂α ∂α Gβ k=1 ∂β ∂β
From Eq. (6), written in terms of complementarity variables
p and λ, defining linear complementarity problem, can be solved Ωhm Nn ∂Wmj 1 Nn
Bjk = ∑n=1
Ne
∑m=1
Ngp
− ∑k=1 Nmk · + ∑ W N h (t) ΔΩm
using weighted residual technique following Galerkin’s method. 2 ∂α Δt k=1 mj mk m
To achieve this, Eq. (6) can be written in its weak form [19]: Ωhm Nn ∂Wmj ∂hm(t)
or Bjk = ∑n=1
Ne
∑m=1
Ngp
− ∑k=1 Nmk · + ∑Nn
k=1 WmjNmk ΔΩm
2 ∂α ∂t

∫ Ωd
W
∂
∂α
h3 ∂ p
Gα ∂α
+
∂
∂β
h3 ∂ p
Gα ∂β
+Ω
∂ λh
∂α 2
−Ω
∂ h
∂α 2
Using Eq. (9), the above term can be expressed as:
Ωhm Nn ∂W
or Bjk = ∑n=1
Ne
∑m=1
Ngp
− ∑ Nmk · mj + ∑Nn · ·
k=1 WmjNmk (−xj cosα − zj sinα) ΔΩm
∂ ( λh ) ∂ h (7) 2 k=1 ∂α
+ − dΩd = 0
∂t ∂t
Ωhm ∂Wmj hm(t) − hm(t − ∆t)
Cj = ∑n=1
Ne
∑m=1
Ngp
− Wmj ΔΩm
2 ∂α ∆t

Ωhm ∂Wmj
Cj = ∑n=1
Ne
∑m=1
Ngp
− Wmj (−x· j cosα − z· j sinα) ΔΩm (13a)
Japanese Society of Tribologists (http://www.tribology.jp/) 2 Tribology
∂α Online, Vol. 16, No. 2 (2021) /101

For steady state

h3m ∂Nmk ∂Wmj h3 ∂Nmk ∂Wmj

A = − ∑Ne ∑Ngp ∑Nm · + m ∑Nm · ΔΩ
 2 ∂α Δt
Ωhm Nn ∂Wmj ∂hm(t)
or Bjk = ∑ Ne
∑ Ngp
− ∑k=1 Nmk · + ∑Nn
k=1 WmjNmk ΔΩm
n=1 m=1
2 ∂α ∂t
Using Eq. (9), the above term can be expressed as:
RK Awasthi and Jagjit Singh Maan
Ωhm Nn ∂W
or Bjk = ∑n=1
Ne
∑m=1
Ngp
− ∑k=1 Nmk · mj + ∑Nn · ·
k=1 WmjNmk (−xj cosα − zj sinα) ΔΩm
2 ∂α
hm(t) − hm(t − ∆t) fluid-film along the X and Z directions are respectively given by
Ωhm ∂Wmj
Cj = ∑n=1
Ne
∑m=1
Ngp
− Wmj ΔΩm [13]:
2 ∂α ∆t
Fx = ∫−11 ∫02π p cos α dα dβ (16)
Ωhm ∂Wmj
Cj = ∑ Ne
∑ Ngp
− Wmj (−x· j cosα − z· j sinα) ΔΩm (13a)
n=1 m=1
2 ∂α
Fz = ∫−11 ∫02π p sin α dα dβ (17)
For steady state The resultant load carrying capacity is expressed as:

h3m Nm ∂Nmk ∂Wmj h3 ∂Nmk ∂Wmj F0 = [Fx2 + Fz2]1/2 (18)

Ajk = − ∑n=1
Ne
∑m=1
Ngp
∑ · + m ∑Nm · ΔΩm
Gα k=1 ∂α ∂α Gβ k=1 ∂β ∂β
Fluid-film thickness (h): The non-dimensional nominal
Ωhm Nn ∂Wmj fluid-film thickness which is dependent on the journal centre
Bjk = ∑ Ne
∑ Ngp
− ∑k=1 Nmk · ΔΩm
n=1 m=1
2 ∂α position can be found as:
Ωhm ∂Wmj h = 1 − xj cosα − zj sinα + hd (19)
Cj = ∑n=1
Ne
∑m=1
Ngp
ΔΩm (13b)
2 ∂α hd = Dimple depth, xj = ε sin φ, zj = −ε cos φ

The matrix [A] is derived from Poiseuille term by The eccentricity ratio (ε) is expressed by:
discretization, within classical Reynolds equation for
ε = x· j2 + z· j2 (20)
incompressible fluid. After the application of the boundary
condition in terms of pressure and by inversion of matrix [A].
[A] p + [B]λ + C = 0 2.4.2 Dynamic performance characteristics
p = − [A]−1 [B]λ − [A]−1 [C] After disturbing the journal’s centre from the static
p = [L]λ + D (14) equilibrium position (xj ≠ 0 and zj ≠ 0), the non-dimensional
4 4

where [L] = − [A]−1 [B] dynamic performance characteristics are calculated as under:
Stiffness coefficients of fluid-film: The stiffness coefficients
D = − [A]−1 C (15)
of fluid-film in non-dimensional form can be given as [13]:
Considering complementarity conditions Eq. (3), the system
of linear algebraic Eq. (14) is solved using Murty’s algorithm [20]. Sij = − ∂Fi , (i = x, z) (21)
∂qj
In a LCP, it quite clear that how the refinement is to be made.
Each factor has two best feasible states: either p = 0 or λ = 0. If Where i = direction of force
assumption p = 0 is incorrect, then a transfer to λ = 0 has been qj = direction of journal centre displacement (qj = x, z)
indicated, and vice versa. Stiffness coefficient matrix will be:

∂Fx ∂Fx
2.2 Boundary conditions
Sxx Sxz ∂x ∂z
Equation (14) can be solved for pressure and flow =− (22)
Szx Szz ∂Fz ∂Fz
simultaneously as one variable is known at each node. The ∂x ∂z
boundary condition applied is that the nodal pressure at the
external boundary is zero; p = 0. Fluid-film damping coefficients: The dimensionless fluid-
film damping coefficients can be expressed as [13]:
2.3 Equilibrium position of journal’s center
As equilibrium location of journal centre (x j , z j )is not Dij = − ∂F· i , (i = x, z) (23)
∂qj
known prior, so it has been found iteratively, for given input
parameters like eccentricity ratio (ε), operating and geometric qj represents the velocity component of journal center (x, z).
4

parameters. Further for the computation of nominal fluid-film Damping coefficient matrix can be given by:
thickness (h) which is required for calculation of fluid-film
∂Fx ∂Fx
pressure, the provisional values of journal center coordinates(xj,
Dxx Dxz ∂x· ∂z·
zj) have been given. The reaction components Fx and Fz of fluid- =− (24)
Dzx Dzz ∂Fz ∂Fz
film are computed using Eqs. (16) and (17) respectively. ∂x· ∂z·

2.4 Bearing performance characteristics

Fx 2.5 Stability parameters
By fulfilling the convergence criteria ( ≤ 0.001) for
Fz Whirl frequency ratio (ωwrl): Whirl frequency ratio (ωwrl) can
pressure fields, the static as well as dynamic performance be expressed as [13]:

[ ]
parameters of both smooth and textured journal bearings have
K1
been computed with the aid of the suitable equations as detailed ωwrl = (25)
Cmass
below:

Sxx Dzz + Szz Dxx − Sxz Dzx − Szx Dxz

2.4.1 Static performance characteristics Where K1 = (26)
Dxx + Dzz
The static characteristics in non-dimensional form are
calculated for the steady state condition (x , z = 0, 0). It is
4 4

G1
important to establish the center of journal at the equilibrium And Cmass =
G2 − G3
position for evaluating performance characteristics at a
particular eccentricity ratio (ε). G1 = [ Dxx Dzz − Dzx Dxz ]
Load carrying capacity (Fo): The reaction components of the [ Sxx Szz − Szx Sxz ] [ Dxx + Dzz ]
G2 =
[ Sxx Dzz + Szz Dxx − Sxz Dzx − Szx Dxz ]

[ Sxx Dxx + Sxz Dxz + Szx Dzx + Szz Dzz ]

G3 =
Japanese Society of Tribologists (http://www.tribology.jp/) [ DTribology
xx + Dzz ] Online, Vol. 16, No. 2 (2021) /102
 Sxx Dzz + Szz Dxx − Sxz Dzx − Szx Dxz
Where K1 = (26)
Dxx + Dzz

G1
And Cmass =
G2Influence
− G3 of Surface Texture on the Performance of Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing Operating under Turbulent Regime
G1 = [ Dxx Dzz − Dzx Dxz ]
[ Sxx Szz − Szx Sxz ] [ Dxx + Dzz ] 2. After initialization of pressure field of the fluid film, by
G2 =
[ Sxx Dzz + Szz Dxx − Sxz Dzx − Szx Dxz ] giving an arbitrary value of journal’s centre, the thickness
of fluid film is computed for smooth, configuration-1 and
[ Sxx Dxx + Sxz Dxz + Szx Dzx + Szz Dzz ] configuration-2 bearing.
G3 =
[ Dxx + Dzz ] 3. Four-Gauss points have been created in the quadrilateral
isoparametric elements, as two-Gauss point quadrature has
been utilized for integration in element vector/matrix.
3 Solution procedure
4. By indexing, the element equations are assembled for the
Selection of an optimal grid size is essential in the current creation of global matrix system.
study, as the low grid size takes less computation time, but on 5. Further by applying the boundary conditions establishing
the other hand not giving the accurate results. So, for finding complementarity check and using suitable convergence
the optimal grid size, the simulation results have been carried criteria, the journal centre equilibrium is achieved.
for fluid-film load by varying the grid size, until the results 6. The above steps are repeated till the achievement of journal
obtained are uniform as detailed in Ref. [13]. centre equilibrium. Positive pressure is iteratively obtained
Further for studying effect of cylindrical dimples on the using LCP approach [21]. Eventually the performance in
surface of a hydrodynamic journal bearing under turbulence form of static as well as dynamic characteristics is computed
regime, the procedure has been carried as per flowchart as with the use of above governing equations.
shown in Fig. 2.
The simulation procedure is described as under:
4 Results and discussion
1. Discretization of fluid film domain into quadrilateral iso-
parametric elements by allocating elements count along For observing the effect of textures on static along with
axial direction. dynamic parameters of bearing, the optimum area density of

Fig. 2 Flow chart illustrating the solution procedure

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 RK Awasthi and Jagjit Singh Maan

dimple (Sp), that represents the ratio of dimple area to unit cell
area has been taken as 50% [3]. Further, the texture/dimple
radius (rd) with non-dimensional value of 0.16 has been selected
in order to sustain constant specific density. The value of
dimple/texture depth (hd) must not surpass the non dimensional
dimple radius (rd) that may lead to cavitation within the fluid
film, so its value has been taken in the range of 0.01- 0.16. The
other working and geometrical parameters for performance
evaluation of smooth and textured bearing have been taken
from published work [13] as illustrated in Table 1.
4.1 Validation
As the validation of the developed code is quite necessary,
hence the plots as shown in Figs. 3(a) and (b) have been made
to compare the value of pressure profile along the normalized
length of smooth bearing with the published work [19, 22].
The curves obtained reveal that the results obtained from the
developed code are in good agreement with already published
work.
Validation of the turbulence model
For validating the accuracy of the developed code for
turbulence model, the simulated results are compared for
smooth journal bearing at various Reynolds number for both
load carrying capacity and critical mass as shown in Figs. 3(c)
and (d). The simulated results are best matching with results
of work of Jain et al. [23], hence establishes the accuracy of the
developed turbulence model.
Validation with texture parameter
In order to further validate the code with texture parameter,
the simulated results are compared with theoretical results of
Tala-Ighil [3] under laminar regime as shown in Table 2. The
results compare well and therefore establish the accuracy of
code for textured bearing. After establishing the accuracy of
the developed code, the simulation has been carried to study
the effect of dimple depth variation, eccentricity variation and
texture location variation which has been discussed in the
following paragraphs.
In view of assessing the load carrying capacity, a
circumferential non-dimensional pressure profile along the

Table 1 Working and geometric parameters used in the current work

Parameters  Non‐dimensional value 
Speed parameter (Ω)  1.0 
Eccentricity ratio (ε)  0.4 
Clearance ratio (Cr)  0.001 
Aspect ratio (L/D)  1.0 
Shape of micro‐dimple  Cylindrical 
Partially textured configuration‐1 (θ)  194°‐354° 
Partially textured configuration‐2 (θ)  126°‐286° 
No. of dimples in circumferential direction (Ncθ)  7 (Partially textured both in configuration‐1 & 2) 
No. of dimples in axial direction (Naθ)  4 (Partially textured both in configuration‐1 & 2) 
No. of elements  1260 
Area density of dimple (Sp)  50% 
Dimple radius �r̅ � )  0.16 
Dimple depth �h� � )  0.01‐0.16 
a ,  0.2 
b  0.2 
Lx  2a 
Lz  2b 

Fig. 3(a) Comparison of pressure solutions for iso-viscous Fig. 3(b) Comparison of pressure solutions for iso-viscous
lubricants at, ε = 0.93 lubricants at, ε = 0.95

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 Influence of Surface Texture on the Performance of Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing Operating under Turbulent Regime

Fig. 3(c) Validation of non-dimensional load carrying capacity Fig. 3(d) Validation of non-dimensional critical mass (Cmass) of
  (Lo) of plain journal bearing with the published work plain Journal Bearing with the published work [23]  
[23]

Table 2 Comparison of static parameters of partial textured configuration-1journal bearing (eccentricity ratio
ε = 0.6, aspect ratio L/D = 1.0, dimple depth hd = 0.5, Angular location θ = 185°-230°, Grid size = 63 × 20)

Performance parameters    Present work  Tata‐Ighil et al. [3] 

Attitude angle (Ø)  50.48  49.0 
ഥ୫ ) 
Maximum fluid film pressure (P 3.10  2.8 

4.2.1 Load carrying capacity (Fo):

Figure 5, illustrates the change of non-dimensional load
carrying capacity (Fo) versus dimple depth(hd). It is seen that
the load carrying capacity (Fo) enhances in configuration-2 vis-
a-vis configuration-1. At selected eccentricity ratio (ε) 0.4 and
dimple depth (h d) 0.16, value of load carrying capacity (F o)
of partial textures configuration-2 bearing is 23.80 and 23.82
percent greater than the configuration-1 at Reynolds number
(Re) of 6000 and 12000 respectively. This is due to fact that when
suitably located texture going to be deeper, its lubricant storage
capacity increases that helps to increase its hydrodynamic lift.
Similar trend has been reported in the published work [25, 27]
under laminar regime.

4.2.2 Fluid-film friction coefficient (fo):

Fig. 4 Dimensionless pressure profile along mid plane
mid plane has been plotted as shown in Fig. 4, for smooth,
configuration-1 and configuration-2 bearing. The data for
textured configurations has been taken corresponding to
dimple depth hd = 0.16. From the pressure profile, it appears
that configuration-2 shows the higher compared to other
configurations owing to the proper location of the textures
along the circumferential direction of the bearing.
After validation, the simulated results of smooth and both
configurations of partial textured bearing have been calculated
as shown in Table 3.
4.2 Influence of dimple depth
The effect of dimple depth on the non-dimensional
performance parameters is visualized for partial textured
configuration-1 and configuration-2 bearing, at a specified
commonly used eccentricity ratio (ε) 0.4 and Reynolds numbers
(R e) of 6000 and 12000. The discussion on the performance
parameters is detailed below:
The variation of fluid-film friction coefficient (fo) versus
dimple depth (hd) for both configurations has been shown in
Fig. 6. It is seen that configuration-2 performs better, as fluid-
film friction coefficient (fo) decreases continuously when dimple
becomes deeper. This is due to extra storage of lubricant even
during starved conditions. Same trend has been reported in the
work of few researchers 26-28. However an opposite trend has
been seen in configuration-1. At eccentricity ratio (ε) 0.4 and
dimple depth (hd) 0.16 the value of fluid film friction (fo) is 17.93
and 17.49 percent less than the configuration-1 at Reynolds
number (Re) of 6000 and 12000 respectively.
4.2.3 Fluid-film direct stiffness parameters (Sxx) and (Szz):
As illustrated in Figs. 7 and 8, the direct fluid-film stiffness
parameters (Sxx, Szz) have been plotted versus dimple depth (hd).
In configuration-2 bearing, there is no significant change in the
value of stiffness parameter along horizontal direction (Sxx),
however significant improvement has been observed in stiffness
parameter along vertical direction (Szz), when the dimple depth
(hd) increases. At selected dimple depth (hd) 0.16, the value of
fluid-film stiffness parameter (Sxx) of configuration-2 is 5.76

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RK Awasthi and Jagjit Singh Maan

Table 3 Static and dynamic performance characteristics percentage change of smooth/textured journal bearing
(L/D = 1.0, Ω = 1.0, Sp = 50%, ε = 0.4)

BP %  𝐑𝐑 𝒆𝒆   � 𝒅𝒅  
𝒉𝒉 � 𝟎𝟎  
𝑭𝑭 � 𝟎𝟎  
𝑸𝑸 �𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎  
𝒑𝒑 � 
Ø � 𝒍𝒍  
𝑷𝑷 𝒇𝒇�𝟎𝟎   �
𝑺𝑺𝒛𝒛𝒛𝒛   � 𝒛𝒛𝒛𝒛  
𝑫𝑫 � 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎  
𝑪𝑪 � 𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘  
𝝎𝝎
change 
0  0  2.4317  0.72816  1.2717  65.381  14.152  5.82  3.8272  15.784  15.339  0.49673 
Smooth 
6000  0  5.5025  0.77416  2.8791  66.688  14.722  2.6754  10.205  34.632  36.501  0.50427 
Bearing 
12000  0  7.493  0.78209  3.9284  67.13  15.092  2.0141  14.112  46.939  50.28  0.50683 
6000  0.01  5.4526  0.77046  2.8423  66.567  14.71  2.6979  10.007  34.397  36.079  0.50515 
6000  0.04  5.3152  0.75967  2.7396  65.147  14.677  2.7613  9.0951  34.532  34.897  0.51192 
6000  0.07  5.1887  0.7492  2.6686  63.778  14.644  2.8223  8.6884  34.278  34.185  0.51381 
6000  0.10  5.0698  0.73873  2.6013  62.522  14.612  2.8821  8.2298  34.04  33.652  0.51556 
Partially  6000  0.13  4.958  0.72842  2.5372  61.202  14.58  2.9407  7.7721  33.871  33.275  0.51702 
textured  6000  0.16  4.8465  0.71847  2.4791  59.729  14.548  3.0018  7.4888  33.684  32.843  0.5177 
Configu 12000  0.01  7.4276  0.77834  3.8804  66.978  15.077  2.0298  13.85  46.653  49.726  0.5077 
ration‐1  12000  0.04  7.2456  0.76757  3.748  65.726  15.032  2.0747  12.791  46.598  48.296  0.51295 
12000  0.07  7.0809  0.75712  3.6609  64.397  14.988  2.1167  12.194  46.299  47.43  0.515 
12000  0.10  6.9262  0.74664  3.5767  63.167  14.945  2.1578  11.788  45.858  46.704  0.51588 
12000  0.13  6.7651  0.73594  3.4961  61.411  14.902  2.2027  11.048  45.994  46.116  0.51826 
12000  0.16  6.6211  0.72603  3.423  60.086  14.859  2.2442  10.522  45.783  45.665  0.51938 
6000  0.01  5.5363  0.77853  2.9229  66.656  14.726  2.6599  10.306  34.472  36.66  0.50374 
6000  0.04  5.6357  0.79168  3.0531  65.66  14.738  2.6152  10.641  34.431  37.029  0.5033 
6000  0.07  5.7316  0.80457  3.1763  64.893  14.75  2.5734  11.07  34.175  37.53  0.50114 
6000  0.10  5.8243  0.81765  3.2924  64.282  14.761  2.5344  11.364  33.962  37.906  0.50023 
Partially  6000  0.13  5.9138  0.8307  3.4068  63.71  14.772  2.4978  11.638  33.745  38.245  0.4995 
textured  6000  0.16  6.0004  0.84357  3.5173  63.125  14.782  2.4634  11.999  33.444  38.721  0.49733 
Configu 12000  0.01  7.5406  0.78648  3.9935  67.09  15.098  2.0022  14.256  46.739  50.501  0.50636 
ration‐2  12000  0.04  7.6799  0.79997  4.1867  66.097  15.116  1.9683  14.83  46.622  51.13  0.50517 
12000  0.07  7.8152  0.81334  4.3706  65.318  15.133  1.9363  15.331  46.416  51.746  0.50399 
12000  0.10  7.9467  0.82637  4.5448  64.707  15.149  1.9063  15.876  46.045  52.452  0.50196 
12000  0.13  8.074  0.83984  4.7146  64.192  15.165  1.8782  16.413  45.607  53.207  0.49953 
12000  0.16  8.1984  0.85315  4.8828  63.507  15.179  1.8515  16.954  45.277  53.963  0.49715 

Fig. 5 Variation of load carrying capacity (Fo) versus dimple Fig. 6 Variation of fluid-film friction coefficient (fo) versus
depth (hd) dimple depth (hd)

4
and 6.71 percent less than the configuration-1 at Reynolds
number (Re) of 6000 and 12000 respectively. In Fig. 8, the non-
dimensional fluid-film stiffness parameter (S zz) increases in
configuration-2, when the dimples going to be deeper. At
dimple depth (hd) 0.16, the fluid-film stiffness parameter (Szz)
of configuration-2 is 60.22 and 61.12 percent more than the
configuration-1 at Reynolds number (R e) of 6000 and 12000
respectively. Further in configuration-2, when the dimple depth
(hd) increases from 0.01 to 0.16, the value of fluid-film stiffness
parameter (Szz) improves by 16.42 and 18.92 percent at Reynolds
number (Re) of 6000 and 12000 respectively.
4.2.4 Fluid-film cross coupled stiffness parameters (Sxz) and (Szx):
As illustrated in Figs. 9 and 10, the cross coupled fluid-film
stiffness parameters (Sxz, Szx) have been plotted versus dimple
depth (hd). It is seen that the value of stiffness parameter (Sxz)

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 Influence of Surface Texture on the Performance of Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing Operating under Turbulent Regime
Fig. 7 Variation of stiffness parameter of fluid-film (Sxx) versus
dimple depth (hd)
Fig. 8 Variation of stiffness parameter of fluid-film (Szz) versus
dimple depth (hd)
decreases continuously in configuration-2, with the increase in
dimple depth (hd), while its value enhances in configuration-1.
At selected dimple depth (h d ) 0.16, the value of stiffness
parameter (Sxz) of configuration-2 is 33.55 and 36.55 percent less
than the configuration-1 at Reynolds number (Re) of 6000 and
12000 respectively. In Fig. 10, the non-dimensional fluid-film
stiffness parameter (Szx) increases in both configurations when
the dimples are going to be deeper. At dimple depth (h d) of
0.16, the value of stiffness parameter (Szx) of configuration-2 is
4.23 and 4.47 percent less than the configuration-1 at Reynolds
number (Re) of 6000 and 12000 respectively.
4.2.5 Fluid-film direct damping coefficients (Dxx) and (Dzz):
As presented in Figs. 11 and 12, the direct coupled damping
parameters (Dxx, Dzz) have been plotted versus dimple depth
(hd). From the plots it is clear that, in configuration-2 there is no
significant change in the value of damping coefficients along
horizontal direction (Dxx) and vertical direction (Dzz). However
the value of damping parameters (D xx), in configuration-1
increases by 18.35 and 18.62 percent at Reynolds number (Re)
of 6000 and 12000 respectively, when the dimple depth (hd)
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Fig. 9 Variation of stiffness parameter of fluid-film (Sxz) versus
dimple depth (hd)
Fig. 10 Variation of stiffness parameter of fluid-film (S zx)
versus dimple depth (hd)
changes from 0.01 to 0.16. In Fig. 12, it is seen that the value of
damping parameters (Dzz) is nearly same in both configurations
at each dimple depth (hd). However, very small decrement has
been observed in the value of damping parameters (Dzz) with
the increase in dimple depth (hd) from 0.01 to 0.16. Further the
value of damping parameters (Dzz) at Reynolds number of 12000
is on higher side than the values obtained at Reynolds number
(Re) of 6000.
4.2.6 Fluid film damping coefficients (Dxz = Dzx):
As the values of the both cross coupled damping
coefficients (Dxz, Dzx) are same. So the common plot of fluid
film damping coefficients (Dxz = Dzx), as shown in Fig. 13, has
been made versus dimple depth (hd). The value of cross coupled
damping coefficients (D xz, D zx) improves in configuration-2
with the increase in dimple depth, however an opposite trend
has been observed in configuration-1. At selected dimple depth
(h d) of 0.16, the value of damping coefficients (D xz, D zx) of
configuration-2 is 10.71 and 13.47 percent greater than the value
of configuration-1 at Reynolds number (Re) of 6000 and 12000
respectively.
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 RK Awasthi and Jagjit Singh Maan

Fig. 11 Variation in fluid film damping coefficient (Dxx) versus Fig. 13 Variation in fluid film damping coefficient (Dxz = Dzx)
dimple depth (hd) versus dimple depth (hd)

Fig. 12 Variation in fluid film damping coefficient (Dzz) versus Fig. 14 Variation of whirl frequency ratio (ωwrl) versus dimple
dimple depth (hd) depth (hd )

4.2.7 Whirl frequency ratio (ωwrl):

As indicated in Fig. 14, the whirl frequency ratio (ω wrl)
versus dimple depth (hd) has been plotted. It is seen that the
whirl frequency ratio (ω wrl) continuously diminishes with
dimple depth (hd) in partial textured configuration-2 bearing,
which makes the bearing more stable at high turbulence.
However in configuration-1 bearing, its value enhances
gradually in all around with the deeper dimple depth (hd). At
eccentricity ratio (ε) 0.4 and dimple depth (hd) 0.16, the value
of whirl frequency ratio (ωwrl) is 3.93 and 4.28 percent less than
the configuration-1 at Reynolds number (Re) of 6000 and 12000
respectively.

4.2.8 Critical mass of journal (Cmass):

As critical mass of bearing is measure of threshold stability,
so the critical mass of journal (Cmass) is plotted versus dimple
depth(hd) as shown in Fig. 15, which clearly shows that critical
mass (Cmass) improves in configuration-2, when the dimple going Fig. 15 Variation of critical mass of journal (C mass) versus
to deep, whereas its value is diminishing in configuration-1 dimple depth (hd )
with dimple depth (hd). For particular value of eccentricity ratio
(ε) 0.4 and dimple depth (hd) 0.16, the value of critical mass of
journal (Cmass) in configuration-2 is 17.89 and 18.17 percent more

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 Influence of Surface Texture on the Performance of Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing Operating under Turbulent Regime
than the configuration-1 at Reynolds number (Re) of 6000 and
12000 respectively. The results indicate that configuration-2 has
better stability compared to configuration-1 bearing.
4.3 Influence of Reynolds number
To study the influence of Reynolds number (R e ) the
Fig. 16 Variation of load carrying capacity (Fo) versus Reynolds
number (Re)
Fig. 17 Variation of fluid-film friction coefficient (fo) versus
Reynolds number (Re)
Fig. 18 Variation of attitude angle (Ø) versus Reynolds number
(Re)
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simulated data has been generated corresponding to Reynolds
number (R e) of 0, 6000 and 12000 at fixed eccentricity ratio
(ε) and dimple depth (h d) of 0.4 and 0.16 respectively. The
computed results for bearing performance are plotted in Figs.
16-22 and discussed below:
Fig. 19 Variation of fluid-film stiffness parameter (Szz) versus
Reynolds number (Re)
Fig. 20 Variation of fluid film damping coefficients (Dzz) versus
Reynolds number (Re)
Fig. 21 Variation of whirl frequency ratio (ω wrl ) versus
Reynolds number (Re)
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 RK Awasthi and Jagjit Singh Maan
Fig. 22 Variation of critical mass (C mass) versus Reynolds
number (Re)
4.3.1 Load carrying capacity (Fo):
Figure 16, presents the variation of load carrying capacity
(Fo) versus Reynolds number (Re) which illustrates that with
increase in Reynolds number (Re) the load carrying capacity (Fo)
enhances in all configurations, but at any particular Reynolds
number (Re) the load carrying capacity (Fo) is higher in partial
textured configuration-2 bearing. This is due to the textures
on surface of bearing, which changes the fluid-film thickness
of lubricant that hikes the hydrodynamic lift. For fixed value
of eccentricity 0.4, the value of load carrying capacity (F o) of
configuration-2 is 6.66, 9.04 and 9.41 percent more than the
smooth bearing at 0, 6000 and 12000 Reynolds number (R e)
respectively.
4.3.2 Coefficient of fluid-film friction (fo):
The variation in coefficient of fluid-film friction parameter
(fo) versus Reynolds number (Re) is presented in Fig. 17. It is
clear that coefficient of friction (f o) developing in fluid-film
diminishing continuously with increment in Reynolds number
(Re). Moreover the value of fluid-film friction parameter (fo)
in configuration-2 is less than the smooth and configuration-1
bearing. This is due to the reason that dimples act as micro-
reservoirs which stores extra lubricant that supply the lubricant
directly to the contact zone during any instance of starvation. In
contrast with smooth bearing, it is observed that the percentage
reduction of fluid-film friction coefficient (fo) in partial textured
configuration-2 bearing is 6.14, 7.92 and 8.07 percent at 0, 6000
and 9000 Reynolds number (Re) respectively.
4.3.3 Attitude angle (Ø):
Figure 18, depicts the change in attitude angle (Ø) versus
Reynolds number (Re) at fixed eccentricity ratio (ε) of 0.4. Here
the attitude angle obtained in the smooth bearing is on higher
side than the configuration-1 and configuration-2 bearing at
each Reynolds number (Re). Also, there is gradual increase in
value of attitude angle (Ø) when Reynolds number (Re) changes
from 0 to 12000. At Reynolds number (Re) of 0, 6000 and 12000
the value of the configuration-2 is 5.70, 5.34 and 5.39 percent
less than the smooth bearing respectively.
4.3.4 Fluid-film stiffness parameter (Szz):
As fluid–film stiffness is significant parameter of bearing
while designing a dynamically loaded journal bearing. So in
order to observe the effect, the plot as shown in Fig. 19 has been
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made between direct fluid film stiffness parameter (Szz) versus
Reynolds number (Re). It is observed that the dimensionless
direct fluid–film stiffness coefficient (S zz) along the vertical
direction of both smooth and textured journal bearing
configurations increases with Reynolds number (Re). However
the value is found higher in partially textured configuration-2
bearing in contrast with other bearing configurations. At
Reynolds number (Re) of 12000, the value of fluid-film stiffness
parameter (Szz) of configuration-2 bearing is 20.13 and 6.11
percent more than the smooth and configuration-1 bearing
respectively.
4.3.5 Fluid film damping coefficient (Dzz):
Again as seen in Fig. 20, the direct fluid-film damping
parameter (D zz ) in vertical direction is plotted against
the Reynolds number (R e). It is seen that direct fluid film
damping parameter (D zz) of smooth bearing is more than
the partial textured configuration-2 and configuration-1
bearing. At eccentricity ratio (ε) of 0.4, the direct fluid-film
damping parameter (Dzz) at Reynolds number (Re) of 12000 in
configuration-2 is 206.09 and 35.38 percent more than the value
at 0 and 6000 Reynolds number (Re).
4.3.6 Whirl frequency ratio (ωwrl):
In Fig. 21, the whirl frequency ratio (ωwrl) has been plotted
against the Reynolds number (Re) which depicts that the value
of whirl frequency ratio (ωwrl) in configuration-2 bearing is less
than the smooth and configuration-1 bearings at each Reynolds
number (R e). Moreover, this value increases with Reynolds
number (Re) up to 6000 and beyond this, the value diminishes.
For a selected eccentricity ratio of 0.4 and Reynolds number
(Re) of 12000 the whirl frequency ratio (ωwrl) of configuration-2
is 1.82 and 4.28 percent less than the smooth bearing and
configuration-1 bearing.
4.3.7 Critical mass of journal (Cmass):
As shown in Fig. 22, the critical mass of journal (Cmass) has
been plotted against Reynolds number (Re). It is clearly shown
that with Reynolds number (Re), the critical mass of journal (Cmass)
enhances which make the bearing more stable even at high
turbulence. Furthermore at particular Reynolds number (Re) the
value of configuration-2 bearing is more than the smooth and
configuration-1 bearing which enables the bearing to perform
more stable. At chosen value of eccentricity ratio, the value of
critical mass of journal (Cmass) of configuration-2 is 4.14, 6.08 and
7.32 percent more than the smooth bearing at Reynolds number
(Re) of 0, 6000 and 12000 respectively.
5 Conclusions
In the current study, a methodology to theoretically
investigate the effect of turbulence on performance of textured
hydrodynamic journal bearing has been presented. The surface
engineering aspect in the form of textured surface and texture
depth on the static, dynamic and stability performance of a
hydrodynamic bearing operating at high rotor speed has been
studied. The computed results indicate that texture location on
the bearing surface suitably placed enhances its performance.
Based upon results obtained from the simulated model, the
conclusions are as under:
1. Presence of textures on the surface of configuration-2
bearing improves its load carrying capacity, stiffness
and stability parameters as compared to smooth bearing
Tribology Online, Vol. 16, No. 2 (2021) /110
 Influence of Surface Texture on the Performance of Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing Operating under Turbulent Regime

operating under turbulent regime.

2. The optimum performance parameters are obtained when µ
ρUh
Re =
ρUc h
µ , Mean Reynolds
c ( )
number

hd
the value of texture aspect ratio ( = 1 ) is nearly one.
rd
References
3. Turbulence enhances stability threshold and indicates a
better stability from the point view of critical mass and [1] Syed, I. and Sarangi, M., “Influence of Texture Orientation on
whirl frequency ratio for textured configuration-2. Hydrodynamic Lubrication,” Proc 1st International Conference on
Machine and Mechanisms, 2013, IIT Roorkee, India.
[2] Tala-Ighil, N., Maspeyrot, P., Fillon, M. and Bounif, A., “Effects of
Acknowledgement Surface Texture on Journal-Bearing Characteristics under Steady-
Authors are grateful for the financial support under State Operating Conditions,” Proceedings of the Institution of
competitive research fund of TEQIP-III vide letter no. HimTu- Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology, 221,
3(Acad)M-CR/2019/771. 6, 2007, 623–633.
[3] Tala-Ighil, N., Fillon, M. and Maspeyrot, P., “Effect of Textured
Area on the Performances of a Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing,”
Nomenclature: Tribology International, 44, 3, 2011, 211–219.
Dimensional parameters: [4] Etsion, I. and Burstein, L., “A Model for Mechanical Seals with
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