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Production Optimization Using Prosper Software 1692203101
Production Optimization Using Prosper Software 1692203101
Production Optimization Using Prosper Software 1692203101
• Production Optimization
• The concept of Nodal Analysis
• Inflow Performance
• Outflow Performance
• Case Histories
• Analyzing Multi-Well Systems
• Examples
The pressure drop of the fluid at any time would be the initial
pressure minus the final pressure
All of the energy driving flow Well Performance is about Why… to the separator?
through this system is supplied by understanding how to optimize
the “system”. A constant pressure is
the reservoir.
maintained on the separator by a
The greater the difference The system is comprised of back pressure regulator.
between the reservoir pressure components.
So, the system has a pressure
and the separator pressure, the Wellbore Each component can be boundary at the separator.
greater the potential flow rate. individually modeled.
Production from the well will not
The components can be affect the separator pressure.
connected to create a “system”
model.
Reservoir
Completion
Psep
ΔP flowline Pwf
GAS
Pwh Flowline
OIL
+WATER
Q
Separator
IS A METHODOLOGY TO ANALYZE
Tubing THE PRODUCTION SYSTEM AS AN
UNIT TO CALCULATE ITS CAPACITY
WITH THE OBJECTIVE OF:
ΔPtubing
• DESIGNING EACH COMPONENT OF THE
PRODUCTION SYSTEM
p8= Pwh-Psep
gas
Pwh-Pds = p5 p6= Pds-Psep
p1=Pr-Pwfs
Pwfs-Pwf = p2
10/11/2022 Production Optimization Using Prosper 16
Pressure Losses in Well System
P4 = (Pwh - Psep)
Gas
Sales line
Pwh Psep Liquid
Stock tank
Pwf Pwfs Pr Pe
Pressure (psi)
Pftp
Pflowline
Psep inlet
Pst tank
Flowline
Tubing
Choke
Tresv
Tftt
Tups ck
Tmanifold
Tds ck Tsep
Tst
• K-permeability
Well test data, e.g…, DST or Buildup analysis
• h-net productive thickness
Log evaluation
• rw- wellbore radius
Bit size, caliper log, etc…
• re –Drainage radius
Not critical, well test
• Bo, µo, µg, z
PVT lab report or correlations
Pwf
LINEAR
RADIAL
10/11/2022 Production Optimization Using Prosper 29
Radial Flow
re
r
dr
h
pe pwf pe
h
rw re
10/11/2022 Production Optimization Using Prosper 30
IPR Different Parameters
For the inflow system, the lower the pressure at
The inflow portion of the system can be
the bottom of the well, the more liquid can be
described by providing information for
pulled into the well.
various categories below:
The pressure at the bottom of the well is the
• Rock
flowing bottom hole pressure, Pwf [= FBHP]
• Fluid
• Pressure Reservoir Rock
• Drive Mechanism is described by:
Mineralogy - the kind of rock, fines, etc.
Porosity - the space that holds reservoir fluids
Permeability - the measure of how easily a
known fluid will flow through the pore space
10/11/2022 Production Optimization Using Prosper 31
IPR Different Parameters
Pressures Reservoir Fluid
Pwf - pressure at the bottom of the well Oil, Gas, Water, Condensate
Pres - average pressure in the reservoir each has specific properties at a given P&T
which provides the energy to the system ratios of each are important and change over
Drawdown - difference between Pres and Pwf time; ratios (as well as the properties) will
affect inflow performance
Skin - catch-all measure of the impedance to
the flow caused by effects near the well
Pwf and Pres need to relate to the same depth: the
‘bottom of the well’.
Pwf
The depth is often defined as the “datum” at the top or
Pr mid point of the producing interval.
Above this depth will require extrapolation of the
outflow part of the system.
10/11/2022 Production Optimization Using Prosper 32
Reservoir Drive Mechanisms
Reservoir
In the long term, inflow is heavily influenced by the reservoir drive mechanism.
• Solution gas drive
• Gas cap drive
• Water drive
• Gravity drive
In addition to these, compaction of the rock can be a drive mechanism.
There are usually multiple drive mechanisms at work in a real reservoir.
Inflow Performance
Pwf = fn(Q)
Pwf
Pwf
AOF
Rate
• Homogeneous reservoir
• Isotropic Permeability
• Radial Flow
q q
p1 p p2
k dp kAdp
v q vA
dx dx
= fluid viscosity
10/11/2022 Production Optimization Using Prosper 42
Reservoir Capabilities
• Darcy’s Law
• Liquid flow in Laminar Flow through a permeable medium is described by
Darcy’s Law
7.08 X 10 k h p p w f
3
q
re
o Bo ln 0.75 s
w r
10/11/2022 Production Optimization Using Prosper 43
Reservoir Capabilities
k ra
s 1 ln
ka rw
q
J STB / D / psi
p p wf
10/11/2022 Production Optimization Using Prosper 45
Productivity Index in Terms of Darcy’s Law
3
7.08 X 10 k h
J
re
o Bo ln 0.75 s
rw
q J (p pwf )
pwf1
q omax
q1 q
qo1 qo1 qo max qo1 qo 2
PI J tan
p p pwf 1 p pwf 2 pwf 1
10/11/2022 Production Optimization Using Prosper 48
Straight-Line IPR Relationship
Useful for simple estimates of changes near a Pwf (small incremental changes) or at very small drawdowns.
Useful (if not particularly accurate) for making comparison between zones.
(“Hey, what’s the PI?”)
Doesn’t take gas flow into account so PI over predicts liquid production at lower pressures in oil/gas
systems.
Pr
Pwf
AOF
Rate
10/11/2022 Production Optimization Using Prosper 52
Vogel Curve
1
0.8
0.6
pwf/pr
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
q/qmax
pR
Straight Line IPR
Pressure
pb
Curved IPR
Flow Rate
Two-phase flow
• IPR Curve - Vogel plotted the data using the following dimensionless variables
p wf q
and
p qmax
q
2
pwf pwf
1 0.2 0.8
qmax p p
AOF J p
qmax
1.8 1.8
0.8
0.6
pwf/pr
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
10/11/2022 q/qUsing
Production Optimization max Prosper 58
Predicting Present Time IPR’s for Oil Wells
Undersaturated Reservoirs (Pr > Pb)
q-qb
= 1 – 0.2( Pwf ) – 0.8( Pwf )2
q=J (Pr–Pwf) qmax- qb Pb Pb
Pr
FLOW RATE
10/11/2022 Production Optimization Using Prosper 59
Combination Darcy/Vogel
pb
Pressure
pwf
J pb
qb
1.8 qmax
O
qb J p pb
for p pb , Darcy's law applies : q J p pwf
pwf pwf
2
for p pb then : q qb qmax qb 1 0.2 p 0.8 p
b b
J pb
qmax qb
1. 8
qo = C(Pr2 – Pwf2) n
qo = producing rate,
Pr = average reservoir pressure,
Pwf = bottom hole flowing pressure,
C = flow coefficient ,and
n = exponent depending on well characteristics.
A plot of Pr2 – Pwf2 versus qo on log – log scales will result in straight line
having a slope of 1/n and an intercept of qo=C for Pr2 – Pwf2 = 1.
10/11/2022 Production Optimization Using Prosper 62
Procedure for Fetkovich Method
EXAMPLE
log104 - log103 1. Plot values of Pr2-Pwf2/103 versus q on log-log
slope = scales, using the data from the multirate test.
log4000 – log150
2. Draw the best straight line through the points.
3. Calculate the slope of the straight line, by
calculating the change in flow rate for one cycle
in the vertical log scale.
4. Calculate n=1/slope.
5. Calculate C by substituting a known value of q
150 4000 and Pwf in the Fetkovich equation.
6. Generate the IPR curve by assuming values
FLOW RATE, STB/D of Pwf and calculating the flow rate from the
Fetkovich equation.
2.310 14 * b * Bo * o
2
B
h2 *rw
1.88 1010
b 1.47 0.53 Unconsolidated Sand
k
2.33 10 10
Consolidated Sand
b 1.201
k
2.0
pr pwf
A B qo
pr pwf
qo
qo
1.5
B (slope)
10/11/2022
0.5 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Production Optimization Using Prosper
900
66
Qo, STB/day
Note that the pressure varies radially from the well, starting at the
Pwf and rising out into the reservoir to the Pres.
Pr
Pressure
Pwf
Radius
skin effect
turbulence effect
Actual IPR
10/11/2022 Production Optimization Using Prosper 71
Outflow Performance
Pwf
Rate
Pftp Pressure
•Gradient curve
•[Pressure] Traverse
Pwf
Pressure
.45
psi/ft
Pressure
ID 2.441”
Water Cut 40%
GOR 1000
Depth
Bottomhole
depth
Pwf
VLP curve
Rate
10/11/2022 Production Optimization Using Prosper 76
Single Phase Flow
FLUID VELOCITY
Is the flow rate (q) divided by the pipe cross sectional area (A)
through which the fluid flows at the pressure and temperature
conditions of the pipe element
v
q A
P,T
v=q/A
10/11/2022 Production Optimization Using Prosper 77
Tubing Performance (Outflow Performance)
• Just as we optimise the Inflow performance of flow from the reservoir to
the wellbore, we also need to optimise the Outflow performance from
the bottom of the well to surface
• Tubing performance is the term used to describe Outflow performance.
It is also called Vertical Lift Performance
• Tubing Performance looks at optimising/minimising pressure losses at
lowest life cycle cost. By minimising pressure drop, we maximise
production.
Tubing Curve
3000
• Total Pressure Loss Due to
• Out-flow 1000
From the Wellbore up all
the way to the separator 500
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10/11/2022 Production Optimization Using Prosper Production rate, STB/D 79
Factors Affecting Outflow Performance
• Fluid properties
Oil
Viscosity, Gas oil ratio, bubble point
Formation volume factor, density
Gas
Viscosity, Z factor, Compressibility
• Outflow correlation used e.g. Oil-Duns & Ross, Gray
• Friction
• Gravity
– Affected by oil & gas gravity, water cut, GOR, flow regime
• Friction
– Affected by fluid velocity, flow regime, and wall roughness
• Acceleration
– Ignorable for all systems except gas with large depressurization
dP/dZ
dP g f m m vm
m vm dvm 2
m sin
dZ tot g c 2 gc d g c dZ
Elevation
Friction
Acceleration
10/11/2022 Production Optimization Using Prosper 84
Gravity Term
ΔP ρm
( )elevation =
ΔL 144
qg v
A
qL
Pipe element with liquid and gas travelling at the same velocity, V
v = (qL+qg) / A
qg v
Ap
qL
AL
Pipe element with liquid and gas travelling at the same velocity, V
vSG = qg / Ap
It is the velocity that the gas phase would exhibit if it flowed through the total cross sectional area
of the pipe alone.
10/11/2022 Production Optimization Using Prosper 90
Superficial Liquid Velocity, VSL
Ag
L
qg v
Ap
qL
AL
Pipe element with liquid and gas travelling at the same velocity, V
vSL = qL / Ap
It is the velocity that the liquid phase would exhibit if it flowed through the total cross
sectional area of the pipe alone.
Vm= Vsl + Vsg
10/11/2022 Production Optimization Using Prosper 91
No-Slip Liquid Holdup (Input Liquid
Content), λ
Ag
L
qg v
Ap
qL
P,T
AL
Ratio of the volume of liquid in a pipe element that would exist if the gas and the liquid
traveled at the same velocity (no slippage) divided by the volume of the pipe element.
qg v
Ap
qL
P,T
AL
Ratio of the volume of liquid in a pipe element that would exist if the gas and the liquid traveled at the
same velocity (no slippage) divided by the volume of the pipe element.
This phenomenon is known as “slippage between phases” , and the volumen fraction occuppied by the liquid in the
pipe element under this conditions is known as“Hold-Up Factor” (HL), and is dependent on flow pattern, gas and
liquid properties, pipe diameter and pipe inclination.
10/11/2022 Production Optimization Using Prosper 93
Liquid Holdup
VL
HL
Vg VL V g
m H L L 1 H L g
slug
flow
chum
flow
Depth
bubble Approximate
flow linear
temperature
profile
Single-
phase
oil
p > pBP
oil
10/11/2022 Production Optimization Using Prosper 96
Two-Phase Vertical Flow
Analysis and Calculations are Complex
1 Flow regime (gas distribution)
Mist Flow 2 Proportion gas vs liquid changes
(slippage)
Flow
Factors affecting Pvert.
1 Mass flow rate:
Churn Flow Oil Rate
Gas Rate (GLR)
Water Rate (CUT)
Plug OR 2 Physical properties PVT
Viscosity
Slug Flow Surface tension
3 Conduit Configuration Size
Bubble Flow Roughness
Concentric?
Single Phase 4 Pressure
Liquid Flow
10/11/2022 5 Temperature
Production Optimization Using Prosper 97
Multi-phase flow upward in vertical pipes
2. SLUG FLOW: at higher rates, the bubbles coalesce into larger bubbles, which eventually fill
up the entire pipe section. Between the large gas bubbles are slugs of liquid that contain
smaller bubbles of gas entrained in the liquid.
3. CHURN FLOW: with further increase in gas rate, the larger gas bubbles become unstable
and collapse, resulting in a highly turbulent pattern. Both phases are dispersed. Churn flow
is characterized by oscillatory up-and-down motions of liquid.
4. ANNULAR FLOW: at higher rates, gas becomes the continuous phase, with liquid flowing in
an annulus coating the surface of the pipe and with liquid droplets entrained in the gas
phase.
FN
10
FROTH FLOW
BUBBLE FLOW
1
0.5
SLUG FLOW
0.2
PLUG FLOW
HEADING As , Increases, heading
0.1
regime may range up to MIST FLOW
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 1 2 3 5 7 10 100 1000
RN = Dimensionless Gas Velocity Number RN
10/11/2022 Production Optimization Using Prosper 100
FN = Dimensionless Liquid Velocity Number
Multi-phase flow in horizontal pipes
Tubing Curve
3000
Flowing bottomhole pressure, psi
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10/11/2022 Production Optimization
Production UsingSTB/D
rate, Prosper 102
CORRELATIONS
• Babson (1934)
• Gilbert (1939 / 1952)
• Poettmann & Carpenter (1952)
• Duns & Ros
• Hagedorn & Brown
• Orkiszewski
• Aziz, Govier and Fogarasi
• Chierici et al
• Fancher & Brown
• Beggs &Brill
• Duckler Flannigan
• Gray
• H.MONA, Asheim
• Hasan and Kabir
10/11/2022 Production Optimization Using Prosper 103
Wellbore Correlations for Oil Early Empirical
Models
• Developed primarily from data on high flow rate wells
• Assume equal gas and oil velocities
• Modify Fanning friction factor to agree with multiphase flow data
• Poettman and Carpenter (1952)
• Baxendell and Thomas (1961)
• Fancher and Brown (1963)
1 4 L g
vt 1.912
14
g 12
Nomenclature
vt = terminal velocity of liquid droplet, ft/sec
L = liquid density, lbm/ft3
g = gas density, lbm/ft3
= interfacial tension, dynes/cm
3060 pvt A
qc
Tz
Nomenclature
A = area open to flow, ft2
p = flowing pressure, psia
qc = critical rate, Mscf/D
T = flowing temperature, ºR
vt = terminal velocity of liquid droplet, ft/sec
z = real gas deviation factor, dimensionless
10/11/2022 Production Optimization Using Prosper 120
Effect of Tubing Size
Pwf Pwfs Pr Pe
2500
1957.1 psi
2000
1500
1000
500
2111 STB/D
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10/11/2022 Production Optimization
Production UsingSTB/D
rate, Prosper 123
Solution Node At Wellhead
P4 = (Pwh - Psep)
Gas
Sales line
Pwh Psep Liquid
Stock tank
Pwf Pwfs Pr Pe
1000
800
500 psi
600
400
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
10/11/2022 Production Optimization
Production UsingSTB/D
rate, Prosper 125
10/11/2022 Production Optimization Using Prosper 126
WELL RESTRICTED BY PIPING SYSTEM AND
Well Restricted by Piping System and Near NEAR WELLBORE SKIN EFFECT
2 OUTFLOW
1
4
INFLOW
3
0
0
FLOW RATE, Q
10/11/2022 Production Optimization Using Prosper 127
Finding optimum tubing size
• At a specific rate when these two pressures are equal, the flow system
is in equilibrium and flow is Stable
P10 5“
Q
10/11/2022 Production Optimization Using Prosper 135
Case History
• NODAL ANALYSIS FOCUSED GAS LIFT
ON ARTIFICIAL LIFT
ELECTRICAL SUBMERSIBLE
1 PUMP (ESP)
BUBBLE PRESSURE
Pb
ON ARTIFICIAL LIFT
3 ZERO GAS IN
THE PUMP
Pwf > Pb
BUBBLE PRESSURE
Pb
WELL WITH A
VERY STRONG
SKIN EFFECT 2
0
0 PRODUCTION INCREASE
FLOW RATE, Q
10/11/2022 Production Optimization Using Prosper 137
Case History
ON INFLOW RESERVOIR
0
0
FLOW RATE, Q
10/11/2022 Production Optimization Using Prosper 138
Analyzing Multi-well Systems
A change made in any component in the system would affect the producing
capacity of the total system, Some of the changes that could be considered are:
• Working over individual wells
• Placing some wells on artificial lift
• Add new wells
• Shutting in some of the existing wells
• Changes in producing characteristics with time
• Effect of surface line sizes
• Installation of pumps or compressors
• Effect of the final outlet pressure
PA System
Q1 Capacity
Well 1
A B
QA=Q1+Q2+Q3
Well 2
Pwf2
Q2 Well 3
Pwf3
Q3
10/11/2022 Production Optimization Using Prosper 140
Well Performance Software
The most noteworthy well performance programs on the market today are:
• Prosper (Petroleum Experts)
• WellFlo (Edinburgh Petroleum Services)
• Perform (Dwight’s / IHS Energy Services)
• PipeSim (Schlumberger)
• WEM (P.E. Mosely & Associates)
In addition to these programs, numerous other well performance programs have been developed
for commercial or private use.
• W.C. =60% 0 60
• Permeability = 200 md 8000 250
• Thickness = 40 ft
• Drainage = 3000 acres
• Dietz shape = 31.6
• Wellbore radius = 0.433 ft
• S=5
• Top node pressure = 250 psig
7800
10/11/2022 3.992 4.5 Optimization Using Prosper
Production 154
Example-4
• Total depth = 8000 ft
• Geothermal gradient, Overall heat coefficient = 8
• Darcy IPR
• Reservoir Pressure = 4000 psig Depth “ft” Temperature “F”
• W.C. =0% 0 60
• Permeability = 150 md 8000 200
• Thickness = 100 ft
• Drainage = 340 acres
• Dietz shape = 31.6
• Wellbore radius = 0.354 ft
• S=0
• Top node pressure = 250 psig