WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

Giri et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

SJIF Impact Factor 6.647

Volume 6, Issue 7, 1064-1072 Research Article ISSN 2278 – 4357

STUDY OF FISH DIVERSITY OF SHAHPURA LAKE, BHOPAL,

INDIA

Abhishek Giri* and Dr. Shriparna Saxena

Department of Zoology and Applied Aquaculture, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, M.P.

Article Received on
27 April 2017,
Revised on 16 May 2017,
Accepted on 07 June 2017
DOI: 10.20959/wjpps20177-9496
ABSTRACT
Shahpura Lake is situated in one of the posh localities of Bhopal, the
capital city of the state of Madhya Pradesh. This is also one of the
water bodies present in Bhopal and this is a manmade perennial lake
and construction during the period of 1974-1975. The latitude of the

*Corresponding Author
lake is 23˚12‟ N and longitude of the lake is 77˚25‟ E. The lake
Abhishek Giri receives untreated domestic sewage water from measure sewage inlets
Department of Zoology near Mata Mandir slums and Chunabhatti area. In the present study,
and Applied Aquaculture,
physico-chemical parameters viz. water temperature, pH, Dissolved
Barkatullah University,
Oxygen, Free CO2, Total Alkalinity of water of Shahpura Lake
Bhopal, M.P.
(Bhopal) were analyzed. On the basis of different physicochemical
parameters, the status of reservoir is polluted in nature and during the period under study 6
fish species have been recorded.

KEYWORDS: Fish Fauna, Physico-chemical Parameters, Conservation.

INTRODUCTION
Water is an elixir of life. It governs the evolution and functions of universe on the earth,
hence water is „mother of all living worlds‟. Majority of water available on the earth is saline
in the nature; only small quantity exists as fresh water. Fresh water has become a scare
commodity due to over exploitation and pollution. Industrial sewage and municipal wastes
are being continuously added to water reservoirs, affect physico-chemical quality of water
marking them unfit for use of livestock and other organisms.

Madhya Pradesh is rich with different aquatic ecosystem and has 3.0 lakhs hectare water area
in the form of reservoir and ponds. All these aquatic ecosystems support diversified flora and

www.wjpps.com Vol 6, Issue 7, 2017. 1064

Giri et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

fauna. In “Lake City Bhopal” large number of lakes and reservoirs are present, which are
polluted due to multiple anthropogenic factors in catchment area of wetlands.

Shahpura Lake was formed in 1974-1975. Water of good quality is required for living
organisms. Madhya Pradesh is rich source of water bodies, along with Upper Lake and Lower
Lake. Shahpura Lake is also known for fish culture which is known as the third lake of
Bhopal. The lake water has been used for fish culture. From 1975 onwards the lake water is
being used by fisheries department for fisheries activities. Factors responsible for pollution of
Shahpura Lake are: untreated sewage inflow, siltation, excessive growth of aquatic weeds,
encroachment, washing and bathing activities, deforestation, soil erosion and removal of
oxygenated surface water through waste water.

Water is necessary for the existence of man who appeared earth in the early Pleistocene about
two or three million years ago. In the recent years rapid increase in growth of population took
place. This has brought stress on agricultural and industrial sector to cope up with the
demand. It is also true that for this process water is a critical factor.

Today it is well known fact that the environment degradation has caused damage to
biodiversity including plants and animals. The damage to biodiversity can range from loss of
genetic diversity, population and even consequences leading to extinction of species. The
environmental threats could be manmade, natural or in combination with cascading and
interlinked impacts. Poor water quality has also lead to the reduction in number of native
fishes wetlands.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Water sample were collected from four sites during the month of September, October and
November during the year 2016. The Water samples were collected in plastic container to
avoid unpredictable changes in physico-chemical parameters. The testing of samples was
done according the “Work Book on Limnology, Adony, A.D., Joshi, G., Ghosh, K.,
Chaurasia, S.K., (1985)”. Fish samples were collected with the help of meshes of different
mesh sizes ranging from 10-100 mm and also fishermen. These fishermen use to catch fishes
with the help of caste nets. After collection, fish specimen were preserved in 5% formalin and
then identified on the basis of morphometric measurement, fin formula and the classification
given by Shrivastava, C.B.L., Khanna, S.S., Qureshi, T.A. & Qureshi, N.A.

www.wjpps.com Vol 6, Issue 7, 2017. 1065

Giri et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Temperature: Air and water temperature was measured with the help of 0-50˚C graded
mercury thermometer at the time of sampling.

Hydrogen ion concentration (pH): The hydrogen ion concentration of the water was
measured by using a portable griph pH meter.

Dissolved Oxygen: Dissolved Oxygen was analyzed by Winkler‟s method with azide
modification.

The water samples were collected in round glass stoppered bottles (±250 ml capacity)
without bubbling and were immediately fixed by adding 2 ml each of manganous sulphate
and alkaline iodide azide respectively. The resultant brown precipitate was dissolved by
adding 2 ml of concentrated (H2SO4) and then shaking the bottle upside down for at least 5-6
times. 50 ml aliquot was titrated against sodium thiosulphate titrant using starch as an
indicator. The dissolved oxygen content was calculated using the following formula;
8 X 1000 X N
Dissolved oxygen(mg/l)= ----------------------------- X v
V

Where N= Normality of titrant

V= Volume of sample fixed
v= Volume of titrant used in ml

Free Carbon dioxide: Free CO2 content of the water was determined by adding two drops of
phenolpthelein indicator to 50 ml of water sample, if pink colour is not developed i.e. Free
CO2 is present, titrated with 0.0025 N sodium hydroxide (NaOH) titrant till the faint pink
colour develops, which is the end point of the reaction. The free carbon dioxide reaction. Free
CO2 was calculated by using formula as.

Calculation.
Volume of titrant used
Free Carbon dioxide(CO2) mg/l= ------------------------------------- X 1000
ml of sample

Total alkalinity: Alkalinity (phenolphthalein and Total) were estimated by using

phenolphthalein and methyl orange as indicators and 0.02 N sulphuric acid as titrant.

www.wjpps.com Vol 6, Issue 7, 2017. 1066

Giri et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Following formula was used for computation.

ml of titrant „P‟
Phenolphthalein alkalinity (P) as mg/1 CaCO3= --------------------- X 1000
ml of sample

ml of titrant „T‟
Total alkalinity (T) as mg/1 CaCO3= ----------------------------- X 1000
ml of sample

where,
P= titrant used for phenolphthalein end point.
T= titrant used to reach methyl orange end point.

Morphometric Features of Shahpura Lake

Period of construction 1974-1975
Type of Dam Man made perennial Lake
Latitude 23˚12‟ N
Longitude 77˚25‟ E
Catchment Area 8.29 sq. km.
Max. Depth 5.6 m
Mean Depth 1.5 m
Source of Water Rain, Sewage water of Residential colony.
Main use of Water Irrigation, Recreation & Aquaculture.

www.wjpps.com Vol 6, Issue 7, 2017. 1067

Giri et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

During the period under study the range of variation in different physico-chemical parameters
is as.

Water Temperature: Water temperature is one of the most important physical factors. It is
indispensible for the growth of the living organisms and plants of the water mass. In the
present study water temperature ranges from 25.3˚C to 33.6˚C. The minimum water
temperature was recorded 25.3˚C at site-2 Fishing Port, in the month of November and
maximum water temperature was recorded 33.6˚C at site-3 Mid Site in the month of
September.

Hydrogen Ion Concentration: Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH) indicates the acidity or
alkalinity of water. It is the logarithm of the reciprocal of hydrogen ion concentration. pH
plays an important role in plankton‟s production (Davis 1955). This is mainly due to calcium
salts in the form of bicarbonates and carbonates fluctuation in pH values mostly depend upon
ingredient input in the water body. Chemical and biochemical reaction table place to their
best between 8-8.7 at all station and depth throughout the study period. The maximum pH
value were recorded during 8.6 at site-2 Fishing Port in the month of October and the
minimum pH value was recorded 7.3 at site-3 Mid Site in the month of October.

www.wjpps.com Vol 6, Issue 7, 2017. 1068

Giri et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Dissolved Oxygen: DO in water is great importance to all aquatic organisms and is

considered to be the factor that reflects the biological activity taking place in a water body
and determines the comparatively higher in during period 11.4 mg/l at the site-4 Mid Site in
the month of October and lower volume of DO 5.3 mg/l at site-4 Mid Site in the month of
November.

Free CO2: Carbon dioxide (Free CO2) is the source of carbon that can be assimilated and
incorporated into living matter of all the aquatic autotrophs. Free CO2 is directly proportional
to bicarbonates and inversely to carbonates. Availability of free CO2 in natural surface water
depends on temperature, pH and amount of organic matter. Dissolved and particular in
natural water carbon dioxide can very from 0-17 mg/l (Hutchinson 1967). During the present
study domestic wastes decomposition matter demand oxygen and the value of carbon dioxide
was recorded at comparatively higher levels at site-2. Presence or absence of free CO2 in
surface water is mostly governed by algae during photosynthesis and also through its
diffusion from air. Minimum levels free CO2 was recorded at site-1 and site-3. The minimum
free CO2 was recorded 0 mg/l and maximum Free CO2 2.2 mg/l was recorded at site-3 Mid
Site in the month of November.

www.wjpps.com Vol 6, Issue 7, 2017. 1069

 Giri et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Total Alkalinity :Total Alkalinity is due to salts of weak acids and bicarbonates to highly
alkaline water are imputable. The Total Alkalinity of an ecosystem is largely governed by the
chemical composition of the system (Narain et al., 2004). The minimum Total alkalinity was
recorded 186 mg/l at the site-3 in the month of October and maximum Total Alkalinity 210
mg/l was recorded as site-1 in the month of October.

Summary of Water Quality Parameter.

SL. NO. PARAMETER RANGES
1 Water Temperature 23.6-33.6 ˚C
2 pH 7.3-8.6
3 Dissolved Oxygen 5.3-11.4 mg/l
4 Free CO2 0.0-2.2 mg/l
5 Total Alkalinity 186-218 mg/l

On the basis of the observations that Shahpura Lake are polluted in nature.

FISH DIVERSITY
Six fish species belonging to two families are found in the Shahpura Lake. Out of all these
species, Tilapia mossambica is flourishing well because it breeds in every three months,
grows well in the sewage polluted waters and is the most dominant species in this lake as is
predatory in nature. Hypophthalmichthys molitrix is found less in number in comparison to
the other species.

Sl. Scientific Shahpura Feeding Economic

September October November
No. Name Lake Habit Importance
1 Catla Catla ++ Np,Wf Mff 19.18% 20.09% 14.53%
2 Labeo Rohita ++ Hf Mff 13.69% 19.61% 18.81%
3 Cirrhinus Mrigala ++ Of Mff 12.33% 10.53% 15.38%
Hypophthalmichthys
4 ++ Hf Mff 6.85% 7.66% 12.82%
Molitrix
5 Cyprinus Carpio ++ Of,Np Mff 15.53% 13.88% 16.24%

www.wjpps.com Vol 6, Issue 7, 2017. 1070

 Giri et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Communis
6 Tilapia Mossambica +++ Pd Mff 32.42% 28.23% 22.22%
+= Rare
++= Average
+++= Abundant
HF= Harbivorous Fish
OF= Omnivorous Fish
CF= Carnivorous Fish
PD= Predatory Fish
PF= Plankton Feeder
MFF= Major Food Fish
NP= Non Predatory

CONCLUSION
The information generated through the present studies has been found to be exceedingly
valuable. This base line information of current status can form the basis for development of
conservation strategies for such species. It is urgently necessary to initiate studies for
developing appropriate species wise specific workable methods of conservation against the
identified causative factors and the knowledge of present status etc. prompt alertness on the
part of the government on the above aspects can save the impending catastrophic. The current
study was conducted for period of three months from September to November (2016) to
investigation. The fish diversity of Shahpura Lake of Bhopal, M.P. The physic chemical
environment mainly control the biological diversity.

During the study it was found that destructive fishing using explosive and electrocution is
practiced in the area and catching of under-sized fish is also common which needs attention
of lake authorities.

Shahpura lake is stocked with IMC and Exotic carps for fish culture. In Shahpura lake Tilapia
was found in abundance, which is an exotic fish and not stocked. Abundance of Tilapia is
posing threat to local fish of lake. It has been concluded that Shahpura Lake is required to
study to identify on breeding grounds and availability of juveniles of different fishes. So that,
areas requiring protection for fish breeders and juveniles could be identified. There is also
need for creating awareness among the tribal community to ensure their participation in
conservation measures.

www.wjpps.com Vol 6, Issue 7, 2017. 1071

Giri et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I have thankful to head, Dept. of Zoology and Applied Aquaculture, Barkatullah University,
Bhopal for providing facilities, help and support for completion of the work.

REFERENCES
1. AWWA, APHA, WPFC: Standared methods for the examinations for the water and waste
water, 19th edition, DC, USA, 1995.
2. Hora, S.L.: On a collection of fish from the headwaters of the Mahanadi River, Raipur
District, C.P. Rec. Indian Mus, 1940; 42(2): 361-373.
3. Adoni, A.D. Work Book on Limnology, Publishers Sagar, 1985; 1-126
4. Adoni, A.D., Joshi, G., Ghosh, K., Chaurasia, S.K., (1985): Work book on limnology.
Pratibha Publisers C-10, Gour Nagar, Sagar-470003, India.
5. Johri, M. : Limnological and water quality status of Bhopal lakes with special references
to zooplankton, macrophytes and periphyton components, Ph.D. Thesis, Barkatullah
University, Bhopal, 1990.
6. Menon, A.G.K.: Conservation of Ichthyofauna of India, conservation and management of
Inland capture fish resources. Bulletin number, 57: 23: 33, CIFRI, Barrackpore, India,
1986.
7. De, A.K. Environmental Chemistry, 4th edition, New Age International Publication, New
Delhi, 2002; 231-232.
8. Shrivastava, A.: Limnological study of Kerwan reservoir w/r cons ervation and
management of threatened fish mahseer. Ph.D. Thesis, B.U., Bhopal, 2003.
9. Saxena, R.: Limnological and water quality status of the Lower Lake of Bhopal with
special references to certain phytoplankton, micro-invertibrates and microbiological
components, Ph.D. Thesis, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, 1990.
10. Qureshi, T.A. and Qureshi, N.A.: Indian Fishes, Brij Brothers, 1983; 209.
11. Tamot, P. and Awasthi, A. Biodiversity and conservation of indigenous fish species of
Upper Lake, Bhopal, Proc. Nat. Sem.Int.- Livelihood, 2010; 378-388.
12. Zoological Survey of India: Aquatic resources of Madhya Pradesh with references to
faunal components. Zoological Survey of India in: Standing Committee if Biodiversity
Group-II Meeting Wetland and Aquatic Resources: 10 pp- Bhopal, M.P. Council of
Science and Technology, 2000.

www.wjpps.com Vol 6, Issue 7, 2017. 1072