Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Availableonline
Available onlineatatwww.sciencedirect.com
www.sciencedirect.com
Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

Energy
Energy Procedia 117 (2017)000–000
00 (2017) 95–103
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

1st International Conference on Power Engineering, Computing and CONtrol, PECCON-2017, 2-

4 March 2017, VIT University, Chennai Campus

Design
Theand Optimization
15th International of Hybrid
Symposium Micro-Grid
on District System
Heating and Cooling

Assessing the feasibility of using

Jayachandran. the heat
Ma,*, Ravi. Gb demand-outdoor
temperature
Department of function
a,b
for aEngineering,
Electrical and Electronics long-term Pondicherrydistrict heat
engineering college, demand
Puducherry, forecast
605014, India

Abstract I. Andrića,b,c*, A. Pinaa, P. Ferrãoa, J. Fournierb., B. Lacarrièrec, O. Le Correc

a
HybridIN+microgrid
Center forsystems
Innovation, Technology
(HMGS) and Policy
comprise Researchparallel
of several - Instituto Superior Técnico,
connected Av. Rovisco
distributed Paiswith
resources 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
electronically controlled
b
strategies, which are capable Veolia
to Recherche
operate in & Innovation,
both islanded 291
and Avenue
grid Dreyfous Daniel,
connected mode. 78520
HMGS Limay, France
based on renewable energy sources
c
Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France
(RES) is the cost-effective option for solving the power supply problem in remote areas, which are located far from grids. In this
paper, the wind and solar meteorological data for Sundarban (India) station are used to design Islanded HMGS for providing
necessary electricity. Cost effectiveness and system reliability are major factors considered for designing HMGS to achieve better
power management scheme. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) scheme is applied to identify the sizing of wind turbines (WT),
Abstract
photovoltaic (PV) module, battery energy storage system (BESS) and diesel generator, and find the optimal configuration of
HMGS
Districtsystem.
heating The designare
networks andcommonly
optimal operation
addressed ofin HMGS systemashas
the literature onebeen developed
of the and validated
most effective solutionsthrough MATLAB
for decreasing the
software.
greenhouse gas emissions from the building sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through the heat
©sales.
2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
© 2017 Due to the changed
The Authors. Published climate conditions
by Elsevier Ltd. and buildingthe renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease,
1st International Conference on Power Engineering,
Peer-review
prolonging under
the responsibility
investment returnof the scientific
period. committee of
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Power Engineering,
Computing and
The main scope
Computing CONtrol.
of this paper is to assess the feasibility of using the heat demand – outdoor temperature function for heat demand
and CONtrol.
forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665
Keywords: HMGS; PSO algorithm; Power Management Scheme.
buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district
renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were
compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors.
1.The
Introduction
results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications
(the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation
In India,theover
scenarios, errorthree
valuehundred
increasedmillion people(depending
up to 59.5% still don’tonhave electricity.
the weather There are scenarios
and renovation twenty-eight thousand
combination villages
considered).
not
Theaccessing electricity
value of slope [1]. Sufficient
coefficient increased stand-alone systems
on average within the for regionally
range of 3.8% accessible
up to 8% perWind and PV
decade, thatrenewable
corresponds energy
to the
sources
decreasehave
in thebecome
number recommended
of heating hoursoption for remote
of 22-139h during areas [2]. BESS
the heating season and diesel generators
(depending are usedof for
on the combination backup
weather and
renovation
system scenarios considered).
to overwhelmed On the other
the stochasticity of hand,
wind function intercept
and irregular increased
nature for energy
of solar 7.8-12.7%[3].perON/OFF
decade (depending on the
and continuous
coupledstrategies
control scenarios).are The values suggested
involving could be
the operation of used to modify
the diesel the function
generator withinparameters
HMGS [4,5]. for the
PSO scenarios considered,
algorithm is used and
to
improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations.

© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +919345932131
Cooling.
E-mail address: jayachandran.escet@pec.edu
Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Power Engineering, Computing and CONtrol.

1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Power Engineering, Computing
and CONtrol.
10.1016/j.egypro.2017.05.111
96 Jayachandran M et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 95–103
2 M.Jayachandran / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

minimize the annual cost of the HMGS and it is directly depending on its reliability [6]. PSO will be recognized as a
simple concept and shorter computation time when compared to GA [7,8]. PSO is the most promising and powerful
strategies to find the best configuration in HMGS [9].
The main goal of this paper, is to choose a cost effective and reliable HMGS by using PSO method, owing to find
high Renewable Factor (RF), the lowest Price of Electricity (POE) and Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP).
Meteorological data for Sundarban station is used to design HMGS which is situated in North east of India and lies
on geographical coordinates of latitude 21.95° N and longitude 89.1833° E.
The paper is structured as follows. Section 1 provides an introduction of Islanded HMGS. Section 2 describes the
mathematical model of hybrid microgrid system. Section 3 and 4 briefly introduces power management scheme and
particle swarm optimization algorithm respectively. Design considerations of islanded HMGS explain in Section 5.
Section 6 and 7 presents economic analysis and simulation results.

2. Hybrid microgrid system

HMGS is designed as low voltage distribution network to supply 220V, 50 Hz, 1Φ AC system and detailed
model depicted in Fig.1 (a). Load profile determination is the primary step for designing HMGS. In India, most of
the loads are lights, fans, Television, Mixer, Laptop, Mobile phone and others [10]. The average power requirement
to meet the load demand is approximately 6kWh per day and peak load is approximately 1.5kW per house as
tabulated in Table. 1. The load profile of 15 houses in Sundarban site as shown in Fig.1 (b) with a peak load of 8.75
kW and the hourly load profile as depicted in Fig. 2 (a).
2.1. Mathematical model for HMGS
Fig. 2(b) shows the hourly solar incident of the horizontal for Sundarban site. It is clear from the figure that the
average horizontal solar radiation is 239 W/m2 and the peak solar irradiance exceeds 1000 W/m2 [11]. The input
data of PV generator could be the hourly solar radiation on the horizontal surface. The solar irradiation of PV can be
calculated by [12],

�
�������� �1 � �� ��� − ���� ������� (1)
����

����� = ���� ∗ η�� (2)

�� = ���� � �0.0�� × �) (3)

Where, � and ���� are solar radiation (W/m2) and solar irradiation at reference conditions (���� = 1000 ����� ))
respectively. �� is the temperature coefficient of maximum power ( �� = −3.7 × 10�� (1/oC)) for mono and
polycrystalline silicon. ���� , is the PV cell temperature at reference condition (���� = 25oC). �� , is cell temperature
and ���� is the ambient temperature as shown in Fig. 2(c). ����� is the rated power of the PV panel at reference
conditions and ������� is hourly output power of PV cell as shown in Fig. 2(d).
The bi-directional inverter offers a path from the DC bus to the AC load and acts like a rectifier, which converts
AC supply to DC voltage to charge the battery banks. The inverter has been selected 20% more than the rated power
of AC loads.

a b
Average daily load power
10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Hour

Fig. 1. (a) Hybrid Microgrid system; (b) Load profile consumption per day for 15 houses
 Jayachandran M et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 95–103 97
M.Jayachandran / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 3

Table 1. Peak Load and Power Requirement per Day for Rural Homes
Appliances Power Quantity No of hours Electric load Power required in
in Watts used per day in Watts Watts hour/ day
Fluorescent Light 40 5 6 200 1200
Lamps (Bulb) 60 1 3 60 180
Lamps (CFL) 15 2 8 30 240
Ceiling Fan 75 2 9 150 1350
Table Fan 75 1 5 75 375
Laptop/PC 60 2 3 120 360
Television 100 1 11 100 1100
Mixer 500 1 1 500 500
Grinder 300 1 1 300 300
Mobile phone 7 2 3 14 42
Mosquito Repellent 9 1 12 9 108
Total 1558 5755

a b
Load Profile
10

8 Solar Radiation (W/m2)

0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
Hour of the year
c
d
Temperature
40
Temperature (0 C)

35
Power (Watts)

30

25

20
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
hour of the year

e f
Wind Speed
Wind Generator Power (KW)

10
Wind Speed (m/s)

0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
Hour of the year

Fig. 2. (a) Hourly power consumption by load; (b) Hourly solar radiation; (c) Hourly ambient temperature; (d) Hourly PV power;
(e) Hourly wind speed; (f) Hourly WT power
RES such as PV generators may not be able to compensate the power required by load during night times.
Batteries are connected between the DC bus and the load of HMGS. The storage capacity �������� (Watt-h) can be
obtained from the following relation [16],

����� ���
�������� = (4)
�������� ���

Where, ����� is the average load in a day for the whole village (����� = peak residential load*number of houses in a
village). How long system to run without recharging is known as autonomy days (AD is typically 3-5 days). How
98 Jayachandran M et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 95–103
4 M.Jayachandran / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

deeply you are willing to discharge the battery pack is called depth of discharge (DOD is 50-80% common for deep
cycle batteries). The inverter and battery efficiencies are ���� = 92% and �� = 85% respectively.
Energy is available in the wind for each hour is calculated by using wind speed [11]. The wind data are available
from the National Solar Radiation Database for Sundarban site. The average wind speed of at a height of 40m is
4.14 m/s and peak wind speed exceeds 8.37 m/s as shown in Fig. 2(e). In this study, 5 kW rated capacity of wind
turbine is considered. The wind speed at hub height is considered to compute output power of WT, [13],
�
� ����
= � � (5)
���� ����

� �������� � � � �������
�
� ������ �������
������������� = �� ��� � � � �� � � � � ������� � � � ������ (6)
����� �������� ������ ��������
������ ������ � � � ��������
����� = ������������� � �� (7)

Where, � is the wind speed at desired height (ℎ��� = 4��� in current time step and ���� is the wind speed (m/s) at
reference height (ℎ��� = 4����); � is the ground surface friction coefficient (� = ���) and � = ��25 for heavily
forested landscape. ������ is rated power of wind turbine (������ = 5��). ������� is cut-in wind speed (������� =
2�5 ���), ������ is rated wind speed (������ = 9�5 ���), �������� is cut-out wind speed (�������� = 4� ���).
Even when the wind speed is very low, the wind turbines can operate efficiently. The blade diameter is 6.4m of
wind turbine. The swept area is the product of pi and square of radius of the blade and the efficiency of the wind
turbine (η wind) is 95% [14-15]. Hourly output power of wind turbine as depicted in Fig. 2(f).
During peak demand, diesel generator acts as a secondary energy storage. The diesel generator fuel consumption
FDG is obtained by [18-19],

��� = �� � ����� � �� � ������� (8)

Where, ����� (kW) is the nominal power. The average load power demand for every hour is 3.54 kW, hence, the
diesel generator rated power is P���� = 4kW is considered. ������� (kW) is the diesel generator output power.
�� = ��24� ����ℎ and �� = ���8�45 ����ℎ. �� and �� are diesel consumption coefficients (load/kWh).

3. Power management scheme

In this methodology, the wind, PV, BESS and a diesel generator are utilized to keep a continuous power to meet
the power required by load in HMGS.
Case1: Renewable energy source has the highest priority to supply the load demand. The excess energy is utilized
to charge the BESS.
Case 2: PV & wind energy is not sufficient to meet the power required by load, hence BESS as well as renewable
energy sources are turned on.
Case 3: BESS, PV and wind energy are not enough to meet the power required by load, then the diesel generator
has turned on to supply power to the load and charge the BESS.
Case 4: PV and/or wind energy is more than the power required by load and BESS; the surplus energy is
distributed to dump loads [12].

4. Particle Swarm Optimization

HMGS optimization is considered as a multi-objective problem. Using linear scalarization method, multi-objective
function is transformed in to a single-objective function and objectives could be either linear function or constraints
[17]. It can be defined by objective (fitness) function and constraints defined as,
 Jayachandran
M.Jayachandran M et al.Procedia
/ Energy / Energy00
Procedia
(2017) 117 (2017) 95–103
000–000 599

�� (�)
������� = ��� �∑���� �� � ���� �� ≥ 0 and ∑���� �� = 1 (9)
�����
min �� (x) ≥ 0 (10)

Where, k is the number of objectives, f is the fitness function, ����� is the upper bound of the ith cost function and x
is the vector decision variables. In this paper, the tness function is dened as high RF and lowest POE and LPSP.
The procedure for PSO as follows,
1) Define the objective function and set the constraints which are renewable factor [> 0.01], PV [5,50],
autonomy days, [0,5], wind turbines, [0,5] and number of houses, [1,15].
2) Initialize position, velocity of a particle, Population Array, Global Best and Population members.
3) Randomly select velocity and position of particles, generate the initial population and nd the optimum
tness value from whole swarm.
4) Set the personal best. The smallest POE and LPSP have selected as a global best and update iteration.
5) Update personal best position and global best position. Apply stopping condition.

Table 2. (a) PSO Results for sizing of HMGS; (b) Inputs for the simulation program
a b
Number Autonomy PV Number of Price of Item Value
of Days Power Wind Turbines Electricity
Wind turbine cost (Rs/kW) 80,000
Houses (kW) (Pr wind = 5kW) (Rs/kWh) PV cost (Rs/kW) 65,000
15 1 4 4 74.74 PV installation cost (Rs/kW) 10,000
15 2 5 2 62.37 Bi-directional inverter cost (Rs) 7,600
15 3 6 1 62.27 PV regulator cost (Rs) 4,000
15 3 10 0 62.34 PV Installation cost (RS) 6,000
15 4 7 0 63.36 Wind regulator cost (Rs) 4,000
15 5 7 0 73.05 Wind Generator Installation cost (RS) 6,000
Battery cost (Rs/kWh) 12,500
Diesel generator cost (Rs/kVA) 32,200
Operational and Management cost (Rs) 1,400

The PSO scheme is applied to attain the best configuration and sizing the components of HMGS. The results show
that PSO provides the different configuration of optimum solar, wind and battery ratings and the best solution for 15
houses is displayed in Table 2(a). Swarms of motion in 20 iterations have considered. Optimum value for LPSP and
POE as shown in Fig. 3 (a). The fitness value of each particle has evaluated. Then the convergence curve for 20
iterations depicted in Fig. 3 (b). It is evident from the convergence curve that the POE has decreased and maintained
constant at 6th iteration with the lowest cost of 62.27 Rs/kWh for 6kW PV power, 5kW wind turbine and 3-
autonomy days.

5. Islanded HMGS design

A 48V DC bus is considered where the BESS is connected. The output of charge controller and bidirectional
inverter should be at this level of voltage. Full sun hours (kWh/m2/day) are termed as insolation. It varies from 2-6
depending on the time of year and part of the country. It is thought that full sun hours occur from 10am to 3pm (5
hours) a day. Polycrystalline PV panels of 24V, 250W peak power with efficiency (��� ) of 80% are selected. From
the simulation results, the optimized value of PV power is 6kW. The number of PV panels is attained as NPV =
6kW/250W = 24 PV modules. In this case, 12 parallel strings, each string has two modules has coupled in series to
reach 48V. The orientation of PV panels should be positioned in a north-south direction and north side of the panel
is elevated at 21.950 which are equal to the latitude of Sundarban region. The rated power of PV charge controller
6kW has chosen.
The rated power of wind turbine has selected depending on wind speed in Sundarban region. Hence, 1 phase 220
V, 50Hz output voltage with the rated power of 5kW has chosen. It has 3 blades with 6.4 m diameters. The rated
power of rectifier and wind charge controller of 5 kW can be supported to have 48V DC rated voltage as its output.
For sizing of Bidirectional inverter, peak load demand which is 8.75 kW should be reckoned. The rated power of
the bi-directional inverter should be 20% more than the peak load, hence, 48V, 10kW power rating of a bidirectional
100 Jayachandran M et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 95–103
6 M.Jayachandran / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

inverter with efficiency (ηinv) of 92% has been chosen to design the hybrid microgrid system. Four 12V lead acid
batteries are connected in series to attain 48V at the DC bus. Capacity of battery in Watt-hour is obtained
approximately 43kWh by using equation 4. Ampere-hour capacity is required for sizing of batteries for the period of
3 autonomy days is ��� = 43kWh/12V = 3583Ah. Lead acid batteries with 100Ah have selected number of batteries

a b
Price of Electricity vs LPSP

0.3

Best Cost
0.2

0.1

0
40 60 80 100 120 140
Price of Electricity (Rs/KWh)

Fig. 3. (a) Optimum value for LPSP and Price of Electricity; (b) Convergence curve of Price of Electricity for different iterations

required to cover the load demand is ����� = 3583/100 = 36 batteries. In this case, 9 parallel strings are connected
and each string 4 batteries are connected in series. Average load demand for Sundarban site is 3.8kW is reckoned for
sizing of the diesel generator. Hence, the 4kW diesel generator is required for this place to satisfy the load
requirements.

6. Economic analysis

The hybrid microgrid system has designed for 15 houses in the rural area. The constant price per unit is
calculated by well-known parameter called price of electricity, which is calculated by,

������������������������������� �(���)�
�������������������� � � × (11)
����������� (���)� ��

Where, n is the system life period and�� is the interest rate [16]. POE production in Rs/kWh in HMGS includes
initial capital costs of PV panels with inverters, wind turbines with regulators, BESS and Diesel generator, operation
and maintenance (O&M) cost, and replacement cost is tabulated in Table. 2(b). The probability of power supply
failure is defined by [4],

�����������∑������ ���� ������ ����(���)� ��(���) ]�������� ]

���� � ∑ �����
(12)

Reliability is evaluated in the worst condition P(t)Load > P(t)generator

∑������ ���� ������ �����(���) �������� ]

����������� � ∑ �����
(13)

A boundary between diesel energy to renewable energy is defined as Renewable factor (RF) which is described by
[15],

∑ �������
����������������(%) � �� � ∑ � × ��� (14)
��� ��∑ �����
 Jayachandran M et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 95–103 101
M.Jayachandran / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 7

Table 3. (a) Results for the simulation program; (b) Price of Electricity, Renewable Factor and LPSP for different values of Ads
a b
Parameter AD=1 AD=2 AD=3 AD=3
AD POE Renewable LPSP
PV power (kW) 4 5 10 6
WT power (kW) 5 5 5 5 (Rs/kWh) Factor (%)
Number of WTs 4 2 0 1 0 42.55 43.06 0.13
Diesel generator power(kW) 4 4 4 4 0.5 43.71 63.71 0.16
PV contribution (%) 27 38 61 46.4 1 44.98 65.97 0.15
WT contribution (%) 44 25 0 12.2 1.5 50.33 69.40 0.13
BESS contribution (%) 18 26 28 30.4 2 55.67 73.81 0.12
Diesel generator contribution (%) 11 11 11 11 2.5 56.93 76.84 0.07
Dump energy (kW) 22.2 11.72 20.59 77.19 3 62.27 81.33 0.05
Reliability 2.51 4.73 6.75 6.62 3.5 67.60 86.39 0.05
LPSP 0.09 0.08 0.05 0.05 4 72.95 89.50 0.03
RF (%) 84.8 80.59 81.31 81.33 4.5 78.31 90.40 0.03
POE (Rs/kWh) 74.74 62.37 62.34 62.27 5 83.67 90.64 0.02
Number of Iterations & Particles 20 20 20 20

7. Simulation Results

Simulation results for different configuration and device sizing of HMGS are obtained for 15 houses for different
ADs are tabulated in Table. 3(a). Results for POE, RF and LPSP for different values of ADs are presented in Table
3(b). The results provide evidence that the POE and RF are increased as the number of autonomy days and the
higher POE as well as lower LPSP. Thus, the lowest POE for Sundarban site is 42.55 Rs/kWh at 27% PV
contribution.
It is important to note from Table 3(a) that the lowest POE is Rs.62.27/kW with a high renewable factor of
81.33% is achieved in Sundarban region. In Fig. 4, the simulation through the year of the case of 46.4% PV, 12.2%
Wind and 30.4% battery contribution for 3-ADs can be observed. The energy produced by the PV is more than the
power required by load during June-September. Hence, diesel generator has not contributed as illustrated in Fig.
4(a). This excess energy is utilized to charge the battery and distributed to the dump load as shown in Fig. 4(b).
It is observed that high quantities of dump energy are stored in the battery is 77.19kW. It can be utilized for street
lighting, heating, water pumping and refrigeration. As per our assumption, the depth of discharge is 80%. It can be
observed from Fig. 4(c), the state of charge (SOC) of battery is not less than 20%. It is important to note from Table
3(a) that the lowest price of electricity is Rs.62.27/kW with the high renewable factor.
Diesel Generator Energy Dump Energy
4 b
10
a
Dump Energy (KWh)

3 8

6
2
4
1
2

0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
Hour of the year Hour of the year

c d
Battery Energy
40
Battery SOC (KWh)

30

20

10

0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
Hour of the year
e
102 Jayachandran M et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 95–103
8 M.Jayachandran / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

Fig. 4. (a) Diesel Generator Output Energy; (b) Battery Dump Energy during the year; (c) Battery Energy during the year; (d) Sensitivity
Analysis of PV, WT and Diesel Energy; (e) Energy Contribution for PV, WT, BESS and diesel generator in HMGS System.

Sensitivity analysis of HMGS system can be observed in Fig. 4(d) that the POE is more affected by the power of
wind turbines. However, the POE will be decreased by increasing the number of PV panels. The percentage of PV,
WT, BESS and diesel energy over a year and the contribution of Solar PV energy is higher than the wind, battery
and diesel energy is depicted pie chart in Fig. 4(e).
8. Conclusion
In this paper, Hybrid microgrid system (HMGS) has been designed and investigated in islanded mode.
Comprehensive analysis on cost optimization, energy flow management, and device sizing of HMGS has been
reviewed in Sundarban region. By applying PSO technique, sizing of the system components and the best
configuration of the hybrid system have been obtained. Reliability has been evaluated in the worst condition and
sensitivity analysis has been conducted to validate the results. It is observed from the results that HMGS basically
work on wind and solar energy due to a high potential of renewable energy source. Hence, using renewable energy
resource in Sundarban region can be viewed as the best solution to increase energy access.

References

[1] Jay Giri, “Rural Electrification, Microgrids and Renewables,” May-2015 IEEE newsletters. http://smartgrid.ieee.org/newsletters/may-
2015/rural-electrification-microgrids-and-renewables.
[2] A. Chauhan and R. P. Saini, “Renewable energy based power generation for stand-alone applications: A review,” 2013 Int. Conf. Energy
Effic. Technol. Sustain., pp. 424–428, 2013.
[3] M. Fadaee and M. a. M. Radzi, “Multi-objective optimization of a stand-alone hybrid renewable energy system by using evolutionary
algorithms: A review,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 3364–3369, 2012.
[4] A. Kashefi Kaviani, G. H. Riahy, and S. M. Kouhsari, “Optimal design of a reliable hydrogen-based stand-alone wind/PV generating system,
considering component outages,” Renew. Energy, vol. 34, no. 11, pp. 2380–2390, 2009.
[5] K. Kusakana, “Optimal scheduled power flow for distributed photovoltaic/wind/diesel generators with battery storage system,” IET Renew.
Power Gener., vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 916–924, 2015.
[6] R. Luna-Rubio, M. Trejo-Perea, D. Vargas-Vázquez, and G. J. Ríos-Moreno, “Optimal sizing of renewable hybrids energy systems: A review
of methodologies,” Sol. Energy, vol. 86, no. 4, pp. 1077–1088, 2012.
[7] M. Mohammadi, S. H. Hosseinian, and G. B. Gharehpetian, “GA-based optimal sizing of microgrid and DG units under pool and hybrid
electricity markets,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 83–92, 2012.
[8] E. S. Sreeraj, K. Chatterjee, and S. Bandyopadhyay, “Design of isolated renewable hybrid power systems,” Sol. Energy, vol. 84, no. 7, pp.
1124–1136, 2010.
[9] C. Wang and M. H. Nehrir, “Power management of a stand-alone wind/photovoltaic/fuel cell energy system,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers.,
vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 957–967, 2008.
[10] http://www.tangedco.gov.in/load%20calculator.htm
[11] http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/old_data/nsrdb/
[12] A. K. Daud and M. S. Ismail, “Design of isolated hybrid systems minimizing costs and pollutant emissions,” Renew. Energy, vol. 44, pp.
215–224, 2012.
[13] H. Kord and A. Rohani, “An integrated hybrid power supply for off-grid applications fed by wind/photovoltaic/fuel cell energy systems,”
24th International Power System Conference (PSC2009), pp. 1-11, 2009.
[14] L. Wang and C. Singh, “PSO-based multi-criteria optimum design of a grid-connected hybrid power system with multiple renewable sources
of energy,” Proc. 2007 IEEE Swarm Intell. Symp. SIS 2007, no. Sis, pp. 250–257, 2007.
 Jayachandran M et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 95–103 103
M.Jayachandran / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 9

[15] H. Borhanazad, S. Mekhilef, V. Gounder Ganapathy, M. Modiri-Delshad, and A. Mirtaheri, “Optimization of micro-grid system using
MOPSO,” Renew. Energy, vol. 71, pp. 295–306, 2014.
[16] M. M. Mahmoud and I. H. Ibrik, “Techno-economic feasibility of energy supply of remote villages in Palestine by PV-systems, diesel
generators and electric grid,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 128–138, 2006.
[17] S. Diaf, D. Diaf, M. Belhamel, M. Haddadi, and A. Louche, “A methodology for optimal sizing of autonomous hybrid PV/wind system,”
Energy Policy, vol. 35, no. 11, pp. 5708–5718, 2007.
[18] C. Darras et al., “Sizing of photovoltaic system coupled with hydrogen/oxygen storage based on the ORIENTE model,” Int. J. Hydrogen
Energy, vol. 35, no. 8, pp. 3322–3332, 2010.
[19] R. Dufo-López and J. L. Bernal-Agustín, “Multi-objective design of PV-wind-diesel-hydrogen-battery systems,” Renew. Energy, vol. 33, no.
12, pp. 2559–2572, 2008.