Republic of the Philippines

UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES

LAOANG CAMPUS
Laoang, Northern Samar
web: http://uep.edu.ph; email: ueplaoangcampus@gmail.com

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

1st Semester, S.Y. 2022 – 2023

SHARLYNNE PEARL ROSS ANTHONETTE M. VILLARDO

Special Lecturer
 MODULE NO. 1

INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY
MATTER, PERIODIC TABLE, ORGANIC COMPOUND AND FUNCTIONAL
GROUP

OVERVIEW
What is your morning routine before going to school? What
you do the moment you get up from bed? What do you usually get
up for breakfast? How do you make your coffee? How do you get
to the market? These questions make you realize that in
everything you do, chemistry is at work.
You are a BS Criminology students, but why does the
Chemistry subject is included in your curriculum?

LEARNING OUTCOME
In this module you will learn how to:

✓ Define Chemistry
✓ Identify the areas of chemistry
✓ Relate the importance of chemistry to daily life.
✓ Characterize properties and Changes of Matter
✓ Familiarize with the use of periodic table
✓ Describe the special nature of carbon.
✓ Recognize the characteristic features of organic compounds.
✓ Recognize the common functional groups and understand
their importance.
WHY DO WE NEED TO STUDY CHEMISTRY?
Consider for a moments the activities that occupied your
24 hours. You likely showered with soap, drank a caffeinated
beverage and ate a few meals, read a newspaper, listened to a
CD, and traveled a vehicle that had rubber tires and was powered
by fossil fuels. If did any one of these, your life was

LEARNING TASK
ACTIVITY NO.1
Explore the objects in your house. Which among them do you think is
related to chemistry? ist as many as objects as you can. Beside the name
of each object is the explanation why you say the objects are related to
chemistry. Follow the format below.
OBJECTS RELATION TO CHEMISTRY
touched by chemistry.

Clothes, foods, medicines, gasoline, refrigerants,

and soaps are composed almost solely of organic compounds.
Some like cotton, wool, or silk are naturally occurring;
that is, they can be isolated directly from natural
sources. Others, such as nylon and polyester are synthetic,
meaning chemists in the laboratory produce them. By
studying the principles and concepts of organic chemistry,
you can learn more about compounds such as these and how
they affect the world around you.

WHAT IS CHEMISTRY?

Chemistry is the study of matter, its

composition, its structure, its properties, the
processes that matter undergoes, and the energy
changes that accompany these processes.

In studying chemistry, questions that you may ask

include: What is the composition of this solid? What
are the properties of this liquid? What happens to
this material when cooled or heated?

BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY
The study of modern chemistry has many branches,
but it can generally be broken down into five main
disciplines, or areas of study:

• Inorganic Chemistry: The study of compounds not

covered by organic chemistry; the study of inorganic
compounds, or compounds that don't contain a C-H bond
(many inorganic compounds contain metals).

• Physical Chemistry: The branch of chemistry that

applies physics to the study of chemistry, which
commonly includes the applications of thermodynamics.
• Biochemistry: The study of chemical processes that
occur inside of living organisms.
• Analytical chemistry: the science of obtaining,
processing, and communicating information about the
 composition and structure of matter. in other words,
it is the art and science of determining what matter
is and how much of it exists.
• Organic chemistry: The study of carbon and its
compounds; the study of the chemistry of life.

MATTER

• Matter is everything around you.

• Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.

WHAT MAKES UP MATTER?

Atoms- Extremely small building
blocks of matter
• All matter is composed of atoms.
• Atoms cannot be broken down into smaller pieces by
chemical means.
• The smallest distinct units in a sample of matter

LEARNING TASK
ACTIVITY NO.2
(Atomic Structure)
1. Draw and label the parts of atom.
2. What type of charge does the proton, neutron and
electron have?
3. Draw the atomic structure of strontium.
4. How many protons, neutrons and electrons does
Sr have?

PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Describing Matter
Physical Properties
• A property of matter that can be observed or
measured without changing the identity of the
matter.
• Physical properties identify matter.
• Examples include but are not limited to:
• Density
Amount of mass in a given volume
• Malleability
• The ability to be pounded into thin sheets.
Aluminum can be rolled or pounded into
sheets to make foil
• Ductility
 The ability to be drawn or pulled into a
wire Example

Copper in wiring – soldering wires or joints

• Solubility
The ability to dissolve in
another substance. Example:
Sugar or salt dissolve in water
• State
The physical form in which a substance
exists at room temperature, such as; Solid
– matter has a definite shape and volume,
Liquid – matter takes the shape of its
container and has a definite volume, Gas –
matter changes in both shape and volume.

• Thermal Conductivity
The ability to transfer thermal energy from
one area to another.
Examples:
Plastic foam is a poor conductor, so a hot
drink won’t burn your hand.
The inside of the toaster (hot coils)
• A property of matter that describes a substance
based on its ability to change into a new substance
with different properties.
• Combustibility
• Flammability
• Reactivity
• Acids
• Bases
• Oxidation

• Do not depend on the amount of the substance.

• Example: taste, color, hardness, boiling point,
melting point, density
• These properties change when the amount of
substance changes.
• Example: length, width, surface area, volume,
mass, weight.
 PHYSICAL CHANGE & CHEMICAL CHANGE
• Physical/chemical changes are closely related
to definitions of physical/chemical
properties.
• Physical change: matter changes its
appearance, but not its composition.
• Solid to Liquid (melting or liquefaction)
• Liquid to Gas (evaporation)
• Gas to liquid (condensation)
• Liquid to Solid (freezing or solidification)
• Solid to gas w/o passing through liquid
(sublimation)
• Gas to solid w/o passing the liquid state
(Deposition)
• Chemical change: matter changes its composition
Chemical changes occur through chemical reactions in
which reactants become products.
• Common Examples:
• Reactivity – Oxidation (rust) on a
bicycle
• Flammability – Burnt wood
• Combustibility - Fireworks

PERIODIC TABLE

• Divided into horizontal rows, called periods

• The vertical columns are called groups or families.

• We are now using Moseley’s periodic law which states

that: “The properties of the elements are the periodic
function of their atomic numbers. ”
Note:
Red- nonmetal
Green- metalloids
Powder blue-metals

EACH BOX IN THE TABLE REPRESENTS ONE ELEMENT. EACH BOX ON

THE CHART CONTAINS A SYMBOL WITH THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:

GROUP1A
Ø Are called alkali metals
 Ø This group consists of the elements of lithium(Li),
sodium(Na), potassium(K), rubidium(Rb), cesium (Cs),
and francium(Fr)
Ø They are soft, shiny metals.
Ø They are good conductors of heat and electricity.
Ø React vigorously with water
GROUP IIA
ž Elements are called alkaline earth metals.
ž Beryllium(Be), calcium(Ca), strontium(Sr), barium(Ba),
and radium(ra)
ž They are all metals but less active than group IA.
GROUP IIIA

ž Boron and aluminum family

ž Boron(B), aluminum(Al), gallium(Ga), indium(In) and
thallium(Tl).

GROUPIV
ž Carbon and silicon family.
ž Have 4 valence electron
ž Can react with almost anything
GROUP V
ž Nitrogen and phosphorus family
GROUP VIA
ž Oxygen and sulfur family
GROUP VII
ž Are called halogens
ž Halogens means “salt former”
ž This group is composed of fluorine(F), chlorine
(Cl), bromine(Br), iodine(I) and astatine(At).
GROUP VIII

ž Are called the noble gases.

ž They are also called inert gases because all have
eight electrons in their outermost energy level
(except for helium), wherein their outermost electrons
are filled, so they are stable.
ž Their stability makes these elements unreactive
ž Do not form compounds easily
ž Happy/inert elements (full outer shells)

METALLOIDS
• Have properties of both metals and non-metals
• Some of the metalloids are semi-conductors. This
means that they can carry an electrical
charge under special conditions. This
property makes metalloids useful in
computers and calculators
NON-METALS
• Not able to conduct electricity or heat very well
• Very brittle
• Do not reflect light.

ACTIVITY NO.3
COMPLETE THE TABLE BELOW
ELEMENTS ATOMIC GROUP PERIOD METALS/NONMETALS/METALLOIDS
NO.
F 9 Halogen 2 NONMETAL
Group
Rb
Ga
Sb
Sr
Rn

~~~~~~

We are focused on Organic Chemistry. So, we will discuss

first the unique nature of Carbon.

UNIQUENESS OF CARBON

Carbon: The Backbone of Life

• Carbon belongs to the group IV of the periodic table.
• It has four electrons in its outermost orbit, so its
valency is four.
• Carbon is a non-metal.
• Living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based
compounds
• Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large,
complex, and diverse molecules
• Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and other molecules
that distinguish living matter are all composed of
carbon compounds
• Ability to form four strong covalent bonds
• Each carbon atom has four unpaired electrons when
excited
• Tend to form four strong covalent bond
 • The valences of carbon and its most frequent partners
(hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen) are the “building
code” that governs the architecture of living
molecules.

CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Perhaps the best way to appreciate the variety of

organic molecules is to look at a few. Simple organic
compounds that contain just one or two carbon atoms,
respectively, are methane and ethanol.
Methane, the main component of natural gas, burns in the
presence of oxygen. The natural gas that we use today was
formed by the decomposition of organic materials millions
of years ago.

Ethanol, the alcohol present in wine and other

alcoholic beverages, is formed by the fermentation of
sugar. Ethanol can also be made in the lab a totally
different process. Ethanol produced in the lab is identical
to the ethanol
produced by fermentation.
 Two more complex organic molecules are capsaicin, the
compound responsible for the characteristic spiciness of
hot peppers, is the active ingredients in several topical
creams for pain relief. Caffeine, is the bitter-tastings
stimulant found in coffee, tea, cola beverages, and
chocolate.

WHAT ARE THE COMMON FEATURES OF THESE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS?

1. All organic compounds contain carbon atoms and most

contain hydrogen atoms.

Carbon always forms four covalent bonds, and hydrogen

form one covalent bond.
Carbon is located in group 4A of the periodic table, so a
carbon atom has four valence electrons available for
bonding (Section 4.1). Since hydrogen has a single valence
electron, methane (HC4) consists of four single bonds, each
formed from one electron from a hydrogen atom and one
electron from carbon.

2. Carbon forms single, double, and triple bonds to other

carbon atoms. When a compound contains two or more carbon
atoms, the number of atoms around carbon determines the
type of bonding.

• A Carbon atom surrounded by four atoms forms four

single bonds. In ethane (C2H6), each carbon atom is
bonded to three hydrogen atoms and one carbon atom.
All bonds are single bonds.
• A Carbon atom surrounded by three atoms forms one
double bond. In ethylene (C2H4), each carbon atom is
 surrounded by three atoms (two hydrogen and one
carbon); thus, each C forms a single bond to each
hydrogen atom and a double bond to carbon.

• A Carbon atom surrounded by two atoms generally forms

one triple bond. In acetylene (C2H2), each carbon atom
is surrounded by two atoms (one hydrogen and one
carbon); thus, each C forms a single bond to hydrogen
and triple bond to carbon.

3. Some compounds have chains of atoms and some compounds

have rings. For example, three carbon atoms can bond in
arrow to form propane, or form a ring called
cyclopropane. Propane is the fuel burned in gas grills,
and cyclopropane is an anesthetic.
4. Organic compounds may also contain elements other than
carbon and hydrogen. Any atom that is not carbon or
hydrogen is called a heteroatom. The most common
heteroatoms are, nitrogen, oxygen, and halogens (F, C1,
Br, I).

• Each heteroatom forms a characteristics number of

bonds, determined by its location in the periodic
table.
• The common heteroatoms also have nonbonding, lone
pairs of electrons, so that each atom is surrounded
by eight electrons.

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

In organic chemistry, a functional group is a specific

group of atoms or bonds within a compound that is
responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of
that compound. The same functional group will behave in a
similar fashion, by undergoing similar reactions,
regardless of the compound of which it is a part. Functional
groups also play an important part in organic compound
nomenclature; combining the names of the functional groups
with the names of the parent alkanes provides a way to
distinguish compounds.

In addition to strong C-C and C-H bonds, organic

molecules may have other structural features as well.
Although over 20 million organic compounds are currently
known, only a limited number of common structural features,
called functional groups, are found in these molecules.
• A functional group is an atom or a group of atoms
with characteristic chemical and physical
properties.
• Functional groups contains a heteroatom, a multiple
bond, or sometimes a heteroatom and a multiple bond.

A functional group determines a molecule’s shape,

properties, and the type of reactions it undergoes. A
functional group behaves the same whether it is bonded to
a carbon backbone having as few as two or as many as 20
carbons. For this reason, we often abbreviate the carbon
and hydrogen portion of the molecule by a capital letter
R, and draw the R bonded to a particular functional group.
Example of Alcohol: Ethanol
Alcohol

Alcohol in Alcoholic
beverage

Carboxylic Acid Example of carboxylic

acid:ethanoic acid
A.K.A acetic acid
 Example of aldehyde:

methanal A.K.A.
Formaldehyde
Aldehyde
Nail paint remover
Propanone
AKA Acetone

Ketones

MODULE 1
CHAPTER ASSESSMENT

1. What is the main difference between organic chemistry

and inorganic chemistry? Cite some examples.
2. Why would a fire fighter, pastry chef, expert in
electricity, an environmental health inspector, and a dental
assistant need to understand chemistry?
3. How various compounds formed by carbon?
4. What are the general characteristic of Organic compound
5. (Periodic Table Quiz is in the next page)
6. (Properties and Changes of Matter Quiz is in the next
page)
5.
Element Element Period Family Atomic Atomic Number Number Number Metals/ Solid/Liquid/
name Symbol number or number mass of of of Nonmetals/ Gas
Group protons neutron Electron metalloids
no.
Bromine
Zr
3 IIA
37
1
14
20
50
Au

*Rad-Radon
6.

6.

FEEDBACK

What have you learned so far? Did you find chemistry

subject interesting? Do you think that your profession
needs chemistry? How chemistry helpful to a Criminologist?

SUMMARY
Chemistry is the central science. This means that a
basic understanding of chemistry is essential in the study
of all other fields if science: physics, biology, earth
science, ecology, environment, forensic
science and others. Chemistry is likewise central to our
daily lives--- be it as individual or as a society.
Chemistry is the study of matter, its composition, its
structure, its properties, the processes that matter
undergoes, and the energy changes that accompany these
processes. It usually divided into five areas; Organic
chemistry, Inorganic chemistry, Physical chemistry,
Biochemistry and Analytical chemistry.
All organic compounds have carbon as a constituent
element.

SUGGESTED READINGS

A Work/Textbook in General Chemistry

Tonog, Merle N., University of Eastern
Philippines, Philippines, 2012

General Chemistry, The Essential

Concepts Chang, Raymond et.
al,,6th Edition, 2012

General Organic Chemistry

Smith, J.,. et. al.,, McGraw Hill Int’l Edition,
Pte, Ltd., 2nd Edition, 2013
 MODULE NO. 2
SATURATED HYDROCARBONS

OVERVIEW

Organic compounds are classified based on composition

and structure. The simplest organic compounds contain only
carbon and hydrogen and are called Hydrocarbon.
• Alkanes have only C-C single bonds and no functional
group. Ethane CH3CH3, is a simple alkane.
• Alkanes have a C-C double as their functional group.
Ethylene, CH=CH2, is a simple alkene.
• Alkenes have a C-C triple bond as their functional
group. Acetylene, HC≡CH, is a simple alkyne.

LEARNING OUTCOME:

1. Identify and draw the saturated hydrocarbon (alkanes)

2. Name alkanes using the IUPAC system of nomenclature
3. Predict the physical properties of alkanes
4. Familiarize with common alkanes and their uses.

ALKANES

Alkanes are hydrocarbons having only C-C and C-H single

bonds. The carbons of an alkane can be joined together to
forms chains of rings of atoms.
• Alkanes that contain chains of carbon atoms but no
rings are called acyclic alkanes.
An acyclic alkane has the molecular formula CnH2n+2,
where n is the number of carbons it contains. Acyclic
alkanes are also called saturated hydrocarbons because
they have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms per
carbon.
• Cycloalkanes contain carbons joined in one or more
rings. Since a cycloalkane has two fewer H’s than an
acyclic alkane with the same number of carbons, its
general formula is CnH2n.
SIMPLE ALKANE
Methane, CH4 has a single carbon atom surrounded by
four hydrogens to give it four bonds.
§ Ethane, CH3CH3, has two carbon atoms joined together
by a single bond. Each carbon is also bonded to three
hydogens to give it four bonds total.
§ The bends in a carbon chain don’t matter when it
comes to identifying different compounds.
§ Butane, CH3CH2CH2CH3, has four carbon atoms in a row.
Butane is a straight-chain alkane, an alkane that has
all of its carbons in one continuous chain.
§ Isobutane, (CH3)3CH, has three carbon atoms in a row
and one carbon bonded to the middle carbon. Isobutane
is a branched-chain alkane, an alkane that contains
one or more carbon branches bonded to a carbon chain.

HOW TO NAME AN ALKANE USING THE IUPAC SYSTEM

The General Formula of ALKANES is:

CnH2n+2
PREFIX

suffix

"ane"
EXAMPLE:
METHANE has 1 Carbon,
Since the formula of ALKANES is
CnH2n+2 n=
Number of Carbon
Therefore, C1H2(1)+2
2X(1)+2=4
So, the number of H in 4
The formula for Methane is CH4
The structural formula of Methane is

ACTIVITY No. 2
Give the formula and structural formula of the
following:
1. ETHANE
2. HEXANE
3. NONANE

COMMON ALKANES AND THEIR USES

Here are some common alkanes that you will encounter in
your daily life:

METHANE (CH4)
• It is used as a fuel for homes, ovens, water
heaters, kilns and automobiles as it combust with
oxygen to produce heat.
• Also used for electricity generation.
• As a vehicle fuel in the form of liquefied natural
gas (LNG). It is more environments friendly than
gasoline/petrol and diesel.
• Highly refined liquid methane is used as rocket fuel.

• Used in the preparation of ethene and certain heavier

hydrocarbons.
• Ethane can be used as a refrigerant in cryogenic
refrigeration systems.
• Used to produce ethylene, which is used to
manufacture plastic, automotive antifreeze, and
detergents.

• Used as a domestic and industrial fuel.

• Propane is the primary fuel for hot air balloons.
• Propane powers locomotives, buses, forklifts, taxis,
furnaces, water heaters, laundry dryers, barbecues,
portable stoves, and motor vehicles.
• Propane is commonly used in theme parks and in
movies for explosions and special effects.

BUTANE (C4H10)
• Butane is a key ingredient of synthetic rubber.
• It is used as a fuel in cigarette lighters.
• When blended with propane and other hydrocarbons, it
may be referred to commercially as LPG, for
liquefied petroleum gas.
• Butane fuel canisters are used in camping stoves.
• Also used in aerosol spray cans.
• Butane gas cylinders are used in cooking.

• It is used in the formulation of glues for shoes,

leather products, and roofing.
• They are also used to extract cooking oils (such as
canola oil or soy oil) from seeds.
 • Also for cleansing and degreasing a variety of
items, and in textile manufacturing.
NONANE (C9H20)
• Nonane is also used as a solvent, distillation
chaser, fuel additive, and a component in
biodegradable detergent.
• Used in automotive fuel and jet fuel.
• Used as a component in organic solvents

MODULE 2
CHAPTER ASSESSMENT
1. DRAW THE STRUCTURAL FORMULA OF THE FOLLOWING
HYDROCARBON:
a. Heptane
b. Butane
c. Methane
2.Why Carbon considered unique?
3.Do a research work. Answer the following questions:
a. Name and describe at least 2 commercial
products obtained from petroleum including
their uses.
b. What environmental problems arise from the use
of petroleum products as fuel?

c. Importance of stdying hydrocarbon in your

field(fire fighter, police etc.)

FEEDBACK

We use hydrocarbons every day, mainly as fuels, such

as natural gas, acetylene, propane, butane, and the
principal components of gasoline, diesel fuel, and heating
oil. The familiar plastics polyethylene, polypropylene, and
polystyrene are also hydrocarbons.
Do you think studying hydrocarbons can be very useful in
your course?
SUMMARY

Hydrocarbons contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms and

are simplest organic compounds.
Alkanes are open-chain hydrocarbon with single covalent
bonds between carbon atoms with a general formula CnH2n+2.
In naming alkanes the suffix is always “ane”. The prefix
is depends on how many carbon are presents.

SUGGESTED READING

A Work/Textbook in General Chemistry

Tonog, Merle N., University of Eastern
Philippines, Philippines,
2012

General Chemistry, The Essential

Concepts Chang, Raymond et.
al,,6th Edition, 2012

General Organic Chemistry

Smith, J.,. et. al.,, McGraw Hill Int’l Edition,
Pte, Ltd., 2nd Edition, 2013
 MODULE NO. 3
UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS
(ALKENES AND ALKYNES)

OVERVIEW

ALKENES AND ALKYNES

Alkenes and alkenes are two families of organic molecules

that contain multiple bonds.
• Alkenes are compounds that contain a carbon-carbon
double bond. The general molecular formula of an alkene
is CnH2n, so an alkene has two fewer hydrogen than an
acyclic alkane, which has general molecular formula of
CnH2n+2. Ethylene (C2H4) is a simplest alkene. Since each
carbon of ethylene is surrounded by three atoms. Each
carbon is trigonal planar. All six atoms of ethylene lie
in the same plane, and all bond angles are 120 degree.

LEARNING OUTCOME

In this chapter you will learn how to:

1. Identify and draw the unsaturated hydrocarbon (alkenes
and alkynes)
2. Name alkenes and alkynes using the IUPAC system of
nomenclature
3. Predict the physical properties of unsaturated
hydrocarbon.
4. Familiarize with common alkenes and alkynes and their
uses.

Ethylene is a hormone that regulates plant growth and fruit

ripening. This allow the individuals to enjoy bananas,
strawberries, and tomatoes that we grow in faraway
countries. Fruit can be picked green and sprayed with
ethylene when repining is desired is upon arrival as its
destination.
The general molecular formula for an alkyne is CnH2-2, so
an alkene has two fewer hydrogens than an acyclic alkane.
Acetylene (C2H2) is the simplest alkyne. Each carbon of
acetylene is surrounded by two atoms, making each carbon
linear with bond angles of 180 degree.

Because alkenes and alkynes are composed of nonpolar

carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds, their physical
properties are similar to other hydrocarbons. Like alkenes:
• Alkenes and alkynes have low melting points and
boiling points and are insoluble in water.
Recall from module 2 that acyclic alkanes are called
saturated hydrocarbons, because they contain the maximum
number of hydrogen atoms per carbon. In contrast, alkenes
and alkynes are called unsaturated hydrocarbons.
• Unsaturated hydrocarbons are compounds that contain
fewer than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms per
carbon.

NOMENCLATURE OF ALKENES AND ALKYNES

Whenever we encounter a new functional group, we must learn

how to use the IUPAC system to name it. There are two new
facts to learn: how to name the suffix that identifies the
functional group, and how to number the carbon skeleton.
In the IUPAC system:
• An alkene is identified by the suffix -ene.
• An alkyne is identified by the suffix -yne.

How To Name an Alkenes

The General Formula of ALKENES is:

CnH2n
PREFIX
suffix

"ene"
EXAMPLE:
ETHENE has 2 Carbon,
Since the formula of ALKENES is CnH2n
n= Number of Carbon

Therefore, C2H2(1)
2X(2)=4

So, the number of H in 4

The formula for ethene is C2H4
The structural formula of ethene is
Note: alkenes is saturated hydrocarbon so it has a

double bond.

ACTIVITY No. 2
Give the formula and structural formula of the following:
1.PROPENE
2.HEPTENE

How To Name Alkynes

The General Formula of ALKYNES is:

CnH2n-2
PREFIX

suffix

"yne"
EXAMPLE:
PROPYNE has 3 Carbon,
Since the formula of ALKYNES is
CnH2n-2 n=
Number of Carbon
Therefore, C3H2(3)-2
2X(3)-2=4
So, the number of H in 4
The formula for propyne is C3H4

The structural formula of propyne is

Note: alkynes is saturated hydrocarbon so it has a triple

bond.

ACTIVITY No. 3
Give the formula and structural formula of the following:
1.HEPTYNE
2. BUTYNE
COMMON UNSATURATED
HYDROCARBON AND THEIR USES

• Alkenes: Industrial Importance

• Alkenes find many diverse applications in industry.
They are used as starting materials in the syntheses
of alcohols, plastics, lacquers, detergents, and
fuels. The most important alkenes for the chemical
industry are ethene, propene and 1,3-butadiene.
• Ethene is the most important organic feedstock in the
chemical industry. Worldwide production in 1977
amounted to about 88 million metric tons, second in
tonnage after sulfuric acid. Ethene is produced from
natural gas and crude oil by cracking. It is used as
feedstock for many chemical products such as
polyethylene, vinyl chloride, styrene, ethanol,
acetaldehyde, and many more.
• Propene, the second most important feedstock for
organic products with an estimated worldwide
production in 2000 of about 50 million metric tons,
is mainly used for the production of polypropylene and
various oxidation products such as butanol, acrylic
acid, acrolein, acrylic acid ester, glycerol, allyl
chloride, and epichlorohydrin.
 MODULE 3
CHAPTER ASSESSMENT
1. DRAW THE STRUCTURAL FORMULA OF THE
FOLLOWING HYDROCARBON:
1. Nonyne
2. Heptene
3. pentyne
4. decene
5. butane
6. Hexene
2. What is meant by saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon?
3. Compare and contrast; Alkanes, Alkenes and
Alkynes?
4. (Assessment of common hydrocarbon and uses is in the next
page)

FEEDBACK
After studying about the saturated (alkanes) and unsaturated
(alkenes and alkynes) hydrocarbon, what do you think is the common
hydrocarbons you encounter in your daily life? Are you much familiar
with saturated hydrocarbons?

SUMMARY

Hydrocarbons contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms and are

simplest organic compounds. The unsaturated hydrocarbon are alkenes
and alkynes.

Alkenes are open-chain hydrocarbon with double covalent

bonds between carbon atoms with a general formula CnH2n. An
alkene is identified by the suffix -ene.
Alkynes are open-chain hydrocarbon with single covalent
bonds between carbon atoms with a general formula CnH2n-2. An
alkyne is identified by the suffix -yne.
 Matching type. Match column A (common hydrocarbon) with column B (uses)

HYDROCARBONS USES
____1.Methane A. It is used in the formulation
of glues for shoes, leather
products, and roofing.
____2.Propane B. Also used as a solvent,
distillation chaser, fuel
additive, and a component in
biodegradable detergent.
____3.Butane C. Used as a domestic and
industrial fuel and is the primary
fuel for hot air balloons. it is
also used in theme parks and in
movies for explosion and special
effects.
____4.Pentane D. Used in camping stoves. And
also used in aerosol spray cans.
____5.Hexane E. Also known as acetylene.
____6.Octane F. is produced from natural gas
and crude oil by cracking. It is
used as feedstock for many
chemical products such as
polyethylene, vinyl chloride,
styrene, ethanol, acetaldehyde,
and many more.
____7.Ethene G. It is used as a fuel for homes,
ovens, water heaters, kilns and
automobiles as it combust with
oxygen to produce heat. And also
used for electricity generation.
____8.Ethyne H. also used as a solvent,
distillation chaser, fuel
additive, and a components in
biodegradable detergent.
____9.Nonane I. Welding torch fuel
____10. Propyne J. Vital in preventing engine
damage
SUGGESTED READING

A Work/Textbook in General Chemistry

Tonog, Merle N., University of Eastern Philippines,
Philippines,
2012

General Chemistry, The Essential Concepts

Chang, Raymond et. al,,6th Edition, 2012

General Organic Chemistry

Smith, J.,. et. al.,, McGraw Hill Int’l Edition, Pte, Ltd.,
2nd Edition, 2013