Chapter 05 - Data Storage Technology

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1. A storage device consists of a read/write mechanism and a storage medium.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 151

2. Wait states increase CPU and computer system performance.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 152

3. Primary storage extends the limited capacity of CPU registers.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 153

4. The CPU moves data and instructions continually between registers and primary storage.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 153

5. With current technology, secondary storage speed is typically faster than primary storage speed.
a. True
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Chapter 05 - Data Storage Technology

b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 154

6. Block size is normally stated in bytes and is generally the same between storage devices, especially in a single storage
device.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 154

7. 512- and 4096-byte blocks are the most common data transfer units for magnetic disks.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 154

8. Volatility is a matter of degree and conditions.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 154

9. Magnetic tape and disk are considered volatile storage media.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 154

10. The physical structure of a storage device’s read/write mechanism and storage medium determines the ways in which
data can be accessed.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 154

11. Serial access time depends on the current position of the read/write mechanism and the position of the target data item
in the storage medium.
a. True
b. False
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Chapter 05 - Data Storage Technology

ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 155

12. Cost per unit decreases as an access method moves from serial to random to parallel.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 155

13. Secondary storage is generally expensive compared with primary storage.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 156

14. Capacitors can charge and discharge much faster than batteries.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 156

15. SRAM has higher density then DRAM.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 159

16. Electrical current can generate a magnetic field but a magnetic field cannot generate electricity.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 158

17. Disk drives share one set of read/write circuits among all read/write heads.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 167
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Chapter 05 - Data Storage Technology
18. HTH switching time is the most important component of access time.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 168

19. Because sequential access time is so much faster than average access time, disk performance is improved dramatically
if related data is stored in sequential sectors.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 169

20. Communication channel capacity is generally a restriction on a single disk drive’s data transfer rate.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 169

21. Coercible material per sector is greater at the center than in the platter edge.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 171

22. To increase capacity per platter, disk manufacturers divide tracks into two or more zones and vary the sectors per track
in each zone.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 171

23. Computing average access time is more complex when sectors are more densely packed on the platter’s outer portions
because the assumption that an average access requires moving the read/write head over half the tracks is no longer valid.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 171

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Chapter 05 - Data Storage Technology
24. SSDs are much more tolerant to shock and other negative environmental factors commonly encountered with portable
devices, such as multifunction cell phones, netbooks, and laptop computers.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 173

25. Magnetic disk drives have an advantage over SSDs in power consumption.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 173

26. Most optical storage media can retain data for decades because they aren’t subject to magnetic decay and leakage.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 175

27. Rewritable DVDs use a single standard adopted by the entire industry.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 177

28. Magnetic and optical storage are currently direct competitors.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 176

29. The write operation for recordable discs is destructive, so recordable disc formats can be written only one time.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 178

30. Magneto-optical technology peaked in the mid-1980s.

a. True
b. False
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Chapter 05 - Data Storage Technology

ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 179

31. The ____ is the device or substance that actually holds data.
a. storage device
b. storage medium
c. storage method
d. storage speed
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 151

32. ____ is the most important characteristic differentiating primary and secondary storage.
a. Capacity
b. Density
c. Transfer rate
d. Speed
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 152

33. A ____ is a CPU cycle spent waiting for access to an instruction or data.
a. wait state
b. hold state
c. purge state
d. clock state
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 152

34. ____ in the CPU are storage locations for instructions and data.
a. ALUs
b. Shifters
c. Registers
d. Controllers
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 152

35. Storage device speed is called ____.

a. retrieval time
b. access time
c. movement time
d. fetch time
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Chapter 05 - Data Storage Technology

ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 153

36. Access times for secondary storage devices are typically expressed in ____ or microseconds.
a. milliseconds
b. exoseconds
c. nanoseconds
d. picoseconds
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 154

37. ____ is a generic term for describing secondary storage data transfer units.
a. Sector
b. Wafer
c. Cluster
d. Block
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 154

38. A storage device or medium is ____ if it holds data without loss over long periods.
a. volatile
b. dynamic
c. nonvolatile
d. archival
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 154

39. A storage device or medium is ____ if it can’t hold data reliably for long periods.
a. nonvolatile
b. volatile
c. transient
d. archival
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 155

40. A ____ storage device stores and retrieves data items in a linear, or sequential, order.
a. direct access
b. random access
c. dynamic access
d. serial access
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Chapter 05 - Data Storage Technology

ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 155

41. A ____ device isn’t restricted to any specific order when accessing data.
a. random access
b. serial access
c. dynamic access
d. linear access
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 155

42. Data is represented in the CPU as ____.

a. analog electrical signals
b. quantum signals
c. digital electrical signals
d. digital optical signals
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 158

43. The term ____ describes primary storage devices that are implemented as microchips, can read and write with equal
speed, and can randomly access bytes, words, or larger data units.
a. RAM
b. PROM
c. ROM
d. semiconductor
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 158

44. Modern computers use memory implemented with ____.

a. vacuum tubes
b. resistors
c. quasiconductors
d. Semiconductors
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 158

45. ____ is implemented entirely with transistors.

a. Dynamic RAM
b. Static RAM
c. Dynamic ROM
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Chapter 05 - Data Storage Technology

d. Static ROM
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 159

46. ____ stores each bit by using a single transistor and capacitor.
a. Dynamic ROM
b. Static ROM
c. Dynamic RAM
d. Static RAM
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 159

47. Programs usually access instructions and data items ____.

a. randomly
b. dynamically
c. repeatedly
d. sequentially
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 160

48. ____ is a read-ahead RAM that uses the same clock pulse as the system bus.
a. Synchronous DRAM
b. Asynchronous DRAM
c. Flash DRAM
d. Continuous DRAM
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 160

49. Memory devices comprised of semiconductors and other forms of RAM with long-term or permanent data retention
are generically known as ____.
a. volatile memory
b. tertiary storage
c. nonvolatile memory
d. persistent memory
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 160

50. Software stored in NVM is called ____.

a. software
b. firmware
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Chapter 05 - Data Storage Technology

c. flash storage
d. system software
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 160

51. The ____, a newer packaging standard, is essentially a SIMM with independent electrical contacts on both sides of the
module.
a. double inline memory module
b. dual inline package
c. surface mount package
d. zero-insertion force package
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 161

52. The tendency of magnetically charged particles to lose their charge over time is called ____.
a. magnetic half-life
b. magnetic flux
c. magnetic field
d. magnetic decay
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 164

53. The surface area allocated to store on a bit is called the ____.
a. bit density
b. surface density
c. areal density
d. object density
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 163

54. A(n) ____ is a ribbon of plastic with a coercible (usually metallic oxide) coating.
a. optical disk
b. magnetic tape
c. magnetic disk
d. recordable disk
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 165

55. A ____ consists of all tracks at an equivalent distance from the edge or spindle on all platter surfaces.
a. cylinder
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Chapter 05 - Data Storage Technology

b. sector
c. block
d. cluster
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 166

56. A single disk sector usually holds ____ or 4096 bytes.

a. 250
b. 512
c. 760
d. 1024
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 166

57. Multiple hard drives can be enclosed in a single storage cabinet; this arrangement is referred to as a ____.
a. drive cluster
b. drive tray
c. drive unit
d. drive array
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 166

58. Read/write circuitry uses ____ data to compensate for minor variations in rotation speed and other factors that might
disturb the precise timing needed for reliable reading and writing.
a. quantization
b. aggregation
c. synchronization
d. averaging
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 168

59. The time needed to move from one track to another is called ____, typically measured in milliseconds.
a. track-to-track seek time
b. random seek time
c. average seek time
d. relocation seek time
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 168

60. The time the disk controller must wait for the right sector to rotate beneath the heads is called ____.
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Chapter 05 - Data Storage Technology

a. track-to-track seek time

b. rotational delay
c. average access time
d. synchronization delay
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 168

61. ____ is the sum of average access delay and the time required to read a single sector.
a. Average access time
b. Rotational latency
c. Track-to-track seek time
d. Synchronization delay
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 169

62. ____ is the time required to read the second of two adjacent sectors on the same track and platter.
a. Track-to-track seek time
b. Rotational delay
c. Sequential access time
d. Average access time
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 169

63. A disk with many program and data files scattered on it is said to be ____.
a. partitioned
b. segmented
c. clustered
d. fragmented
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 169

64. A ____ reorganizes disk content so that a file’s contents are stored in sequential sectors, tracks, and platters.
a. disk defragmentation utility
b. disk organization utility
c. disk defragmentation firmware
d. disk reorganization firmware
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 169

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Chapter 05 - Data Storage Technology
65. A ____ is a storage device that mimics the behavior of a magnetic disk drive but uses flash RAM or other NVM
devices as the storage medium and read/write mechanism.
a. traditional hard drive
b. hybrid hard drive
c. solid-state drive
d. memory drive
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 171

66. Current SSDs use ____ as the storage medium.

a. SDRAM
b. flash RAM
c. EEPROMs
d. PGAs
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 172

67. Modern SSDs use a technique called “____” to spread write operations around the storage medium, thus evening out
the impact of destructive writes and extending the storage device’s useful life.
a. wear aggregation
b. wear prevention
c. wear mitigation
d. wear leveling
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 172

68. Sony and Philips originally developed compact disc (CD) technology for storing and distributing music in the ____
format.
a. disk digital audio
b. MPEG Layer 3
c. CD digital audio
d. compressed digital audio
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 176

69. In a CD, flat areas in the reflective layer that represent bit values are called “____.”
a. lands
b. grooves
c. rings
d. plateaus
ANSWER: a
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Chapter 05 - Data Storage Technology

POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 176

70. In a CD, concave dents in the reflective layer that are used to represent bit values are called “____.”
a. lands
b. grooves
c. hills
d. pits
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 176

71. A storage device consists of a read/write mechanism and a(n) ____________________.

ANSWER: storage medium
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 151

72. A(n) ____________________ provides the interface between the storage device and system bus.
ANSWER: device controller
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 151

73. A CPU with a 1 GHz clock rate needs a new instruction and supporting data every ____________________.
ANSWER: nanosecond
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 152

74. ____________________ is the time required to perform one complete read or write operation.
ANSWER: Access time
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 153

75. The term ____________________ describes the data transfer unit for magnetic disk and optical disc drives.
ANSWER: sector
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 154

76. ____________________ is the only widely used form of serial access storage.
ANSWER: Magnetic tape
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 155

77. A(n) ____________________ device can access multiple storage locations simultaneously.
ANSWER: parallel access
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 155
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Chapter 05 - Data Storage Technology

78. Primary storage devices must closely match CPU speed and word size to avoid ____________________.
ANSWER: wait states
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 158

79. Each refresh operation in DRAM is called a(n) ____________________.

ANSWER: refresh cycle
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 159

80. ____________________ is a read-ahead RAM that uses the same clock pulse as the system bus.
ANSWER: SDRAM
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 160

81. ____________________ stores bit values by using two magnetic elements, one with fixed polarity and the other with
polarity that changes when a bit is written.
ANSWER: Magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM)
Magnetoresistive RAM
MRAM
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 161

82. ____________________ RAM is the most common non-volatile RAM used today.
ANSWER: flash
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 160

83. ____________________ is the capability of a substance or magnetic storage medium to accept and hold a magnetic
charge.
ANSWER: Coercivity
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 162

84. The stored charge held within a bit of magnetic storage must be above the ____________________ for a read
operation to be successful.
ANSWER: read threshold
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 163

85. For a two-dimensional storage medium like a disk platter, having the length and width of the area that stores one bit
increases storage capacity by a factor of ____________________
ANSWER: 4
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 163

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Chapter 05 - Data Storage Technology
86. Magnetic disk media are flat, circular ____________________ with metallic coatings that are rotated beneath
read/write heads.
ANSWER: platters
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 166

87. A(n) ____________________ is one concentric circle of a platter, or the surface area that passes under a read/write
head when its position is fixed.
ANSWER: track
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 166

88. In a magnetic disk drive, a(n) ____________________ is mounted on the end of an access arm for each platter
surface.
ANSWER: read/write head
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 166

89. Average access time is computed under the assumption that two consecutive accesses are sent to
____________________ locations.
ANSWER: random
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 168

90. Over time, file contents tend to become ____________________ in many nonsequential sectors.
ANSWER: fragmented
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 169

91. A disk drive’s data ____________________ rate is a summary performance number combining the physical aspects of
data access with the electronic aspects of data transfer to the disk controller or system.
ANSWER: transfer
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 170

92. The ____________________ data transfer rate is the fastest rate the drive can support.
ANSWER: maximum
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 170

93. Optical storage devices store bit values as variations in ____________________.

ANSWER: light reflection
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 1875

94. Current optical storage devices use a(n) ____________________ storage medium.
ANSWER: disc
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Chapter 05 - Data Storage Technology

POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 175

95. In a magneto-optical drive, the laser polarity shift used in reading is known as the “____________________ effect.”
ANSWER: Kerr
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 178

96. List important characteristics among which storage devices and technologies vary.
ANSWER: Speed
Volatility
Access method
Portability
Cost and capacity
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 152

97. How is a storage device’s data transfer rate computed?

ANSWER: A storage device’s data transfer rate is computed by dividing 1 by the access time (expressed in seconds)
and multiplying the result by the unit of data transfer (expressed in bytes).
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 154

98. Explain the two ways that storage device portability is typically implemented.
ANSWER: The entire storage device—storage medium, read/write mechanism, and possibly controller—can be
transported between computer systems (for example, a USB flash drive).
The storage medium can be removed from the storage device and transported to a compatible storage
medium on another computer (for example, a DVD).
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 156

99. What is an advantage of optical storage over magnetic storage?

ANSWER: Typical optical recording densities are at least 10 times higher than for magnetic storage devices.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 175

100. Describe phase-change optical discs.

ANSWER: Phase-change optical technology enables nondestructive writing to optical storage media. The
technology is based on the same GST material used in MRAM, which can change state easily from
amorphous to crystalline and then back again. The reflective characteristics of this material are quite
different in the amorphous and crystalline states. The difference is less than with manufactured or dye-
based discs but enough to be detected by newer optical scanning technologies.
GST changes from an amorphous state to a crystalline state when heated to a precise temperature.
Heating the material to its melting point changes it back to an amorphous state. The melting point is low,
so high-power lasers aren’t required. However, multiple passes are usually required to generate enough
heat, so write times are substantially longer than read times. The reflective layer loses its capability to

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Chapter 05 - Data Storage Technology

change state with repeated heating and cooling. Current rewritable media wear out after about 1000 write
operations.
CD-Rewritable (CD-RW) is a standard for phase-change optical discs that use the CDROM format.
Rewritable DVDs use one of four different standards: DVD+RW, DVD-RW, DVD+RW DL, and DVD-
RW DL. BD-RE is the rewritable version of the Blu-ray standard.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 178

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