Phytoplasma-associated

diseases
a serious threat to agriculture

Assunta Bertaccini

DISTAL, Patologia vegetale

Alma Mater Studiorum
Università di Bologna, Italia
 Doi et al.,
1967 MLO
Doi et al., 1967 MLO discovery

Kirkpatrick et al., 1987 -

Molecular probes
Lee et al., 1988 - PCR

Sears 1994 – Phytoplasma name proposed

Oshima et al., 2006 – First full genome sequencing of

phytoplasmas

Contaldo et al., 2012 - 2016 - 2019

Phytoplasma growth in artificial media
 Phytoplasmas

plant pathogenic bacteria that infect

over 700 plant species
classified in the class Mollicutes

cell-wall-less, pleomorphic, 0.1~0.8

µm in diameter

Inhabit the plant phloem and the

insect emolimph

induce yellowing, stunting, witches’

broom and phyllody
 Gram + and mollicutes
Phytoplasma Spiroplasma
Mycoplasma
Clavibacter
Bacillus
Archaea
Sulfolobus

Pseudomonas
Rhizobium
Agrobacterium Escherichia
Xylella Erwinia
Xanthomonas
Liberibacter Gram -
Ralstonia
43 ‘Candidatus
Phytoplasmas’ species

36 ribosomal groups
… ribosomal subgroups
New ‘Candidatus species’ must have 16S rDNA homology lower of
97.5% compared to those already officially described
Mollicutes
 16S ribosomal groups
Aster yellows: AY 16SrI
Peanut witches’ broom: PnWB 16SrII
Peach X disease: CX 16SrIII
Coconut letal yellowing: LY 16SrIV
Elm yellows: EY 16SrV
Clover proliferation: CP 16SrVI
Ash yellows: ASHY 16SrVII
Loofah witches’ broom: LWB 16SrVIII
Pigeon pea witches’ broom: PPWB 16SrIX
Apple proliferation: AP 16SrX
Rice yellow dwarf: RYD 16SrXI
Stolbur: STOL 16SrXII
Mexican periwinkle virescence: MPV 16SrXIII
Bermudagrass white leaf: BGWL 16SrXIV
Hibiscus witches’ broom: HiWB 16SrXV
Sugarcane yellow leaf: SCYL 16SrXVI
Papaya bunchy top: PAY 16SrXVII
American potato purple top wilt: APPTW 16SrXVIII
Cassia witches’ broom: CaWB 16SrXIX……..
 Collection of micropropagated
periwinkle and other species of
worldwide phytoplasma strains
http://ipwgnet.org
‘Ca. P. asteris’ 16SrI-B ‘Ca. P. asteris’ 16SrI-D
Arabidopsis taliana

(From Hoshi et al., 2009)

(From Hoshi et al., 2009)
(From Kingdom et al., 2010)
Insect vectors
 Family
Cixiidae
Sub-order
Delphacidae
Fulgoromorpha
Derbidae
Flatidae

Order
Cicadomorpha Cicadellidae
Hemiptera

Sternorrhyncha Psyllidae
 Insect phytoplasma vectors
‘Ca. P. asteris’ (Europe) 16SrI-B Macrosteles quadripuctulatus
Euscelis spp. - Euscelidius spp.
Mulberry dwarf (Korea) 16SrI-D Hishimonoides sellatiformis
‘Ca. P. australasia’ (Australia) 16SrII-D Orosius argentatus
‘Ca. P. pruni’ (USA) 16SrIII-A Paraphlepsius irroratus -
Colladonus spp
‘Ca. P. ulmi’ (USA) 16SrV-A Scaphoideus luteolus
Grapevine ‘’flavescence dorée’’ 16SrV-C/D Scaphoideus titanus
‘Ca. P. mali’ 16SrX-A Cacopsylla costalis - C.
melanoneura
‘Ca. P. prunorum’ 16SrX-B C. pruni
‘Ca. P. pyri’ 16SrX-C C. pyri - C. pyricola - C.
pyritsuga
‘Ca. P. solani’ 16SrXII-A Hyalestes obsoletus -
Reptalus spp. - Pentastiridius
beierii
 Phytoplasma transovarial
transmission in some
insect / phytoplasma combinations
 Phytoplasma transovarial
transmission

Aster yellows (16SrI-B) Scaphoideus titanus

«Stolbur» (16SrXII-A)
Mulberry dwarf (16SrI-D)
Sugarcane white leaf (16SrXI-B)
‘Ca. P. prunorum’ (16SrX-B)
‘Ca. P. mali’ (16SrX-A)
Metcalfa pruinosa
Hishimonoides sellatiformis
Matsumuratettix hiroglyphicus
Cacopsylla pruni
Cacopsylla picta
Lime fruit AAAGACCTAGTGATAGGTATACTTTAGGAGGGGCTTGCGCCATATTAGTTAGTTGGTAGG
||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lime seedling AAAGACCTAGTAATAGGTATACTTTAGGAGGGGCTTGCGCCATATTAGTTAGTTGGTAGG

Lime fruit GTAATGGCCTACCAAGACGATGATGTGTAGCTGGACTGAGAGGTTGAACAGCCACATTGG

Seed transmission
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lime seedling GTAATGGCCTACCAAGACGATGATGTGTAGCTGGACTGAGAGGTTGAACAGCCACATTGG

Lime fruit GACTGAGACACGGCCCAAACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAGTAGGGAATTTTCGGCAATGGAG

|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||
Lime seedling GACTGAGACACGGCCCAAACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAGTAAGGAATTTTCGGCAATGGAG

Lime fruit GAAACTCTGACCGAGCAACGCCGCGTGAACGACGAAGTACTTTGGTATGTAAAGTTCTTT

||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lime seedling GAAACTCTGACCGAGCAACGCCGCGTGAACGACGAAGTACTTTGGTATGTAAAGTTCTTT

Lime fruit TATCAAGGAAGAAAAGCAAGTGGTGAACCATTTGTTTGCCGGTACTTGATGAATAAGCCC

||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lime seedling TATCAAGGAAGAAAAGCAAGTGGCGAACCATTTGTTTGCCGGTACTTGATGAATAAGCCC

Lime fruit CGGCTAATTATGTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAAGACATAAGGGGCAAGTGTTATCCGGAATTA

||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lime seedling CGGCTAATTATGTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAAGACATAAGGGGCAAGTGTTATCCGGAATTA

Lime fruit TTGGGCGTAAAGGGTGCGTAGGCGGTCTAGTAAGTCAGTGGTGTAATGGCAACGCTCAAC

||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lime seedling TTGGGCGTAAAGGGTGCGTAGGCGGTCTAGTAAGTCAGTGGTGTAATGGCAACGCTCAAC

Lime fruit GTTGTCCGGCTATTGAAACTGCTAAACTTGAGTTAGATAGAGGCGAGTGGAATTCCATGT

||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lime seedling GTTGTCCGGCTATTGAAACTGCTAAACTTGAGTTAGATAGAGGCGAGTGGAATTCCATGT

Lime fruit GTAGCGGTAAAATGCGTAAATATATGGAGGAACACCAGAGGCGTAGGCGGCTCGCTGGGT

||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lime seedling GTAGCGGTAAAATGCGTAAATATATGGAGGAACACCAGAGGCGTAGGCGGCTCGCTGGGT

Lime fruit CTTAACTGACGCTGAGGCACGAAAGCGTGGGGAGCAAACAGGATTAGATACCCTGGTAGT

||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

1 seedling - 16SrXII-A
Lime seedling CTTAACTGACGCTGAGGCACGAAAGCGTGGGGAGCAAACAGGATTAGATACCCTGGTAGT

Lime fruit CCACGCCGTAAACGATGAGTACTAAGTGTCGGGTTAAACCGGTACTGAAGTTAACACATT

||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

tomato 16SrXII-A 5 5
Lime seedling CCACGCCGTAAACGATGAGTACTAAGTGTCGGGTTAAACCGGTACTGAAGTTAACACATT

Lime fruit AAGTACTCCGCCTGAGTAGTACGTACGCAAGTATGAAACTTAAAGGAATTGACGGGACTC

||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lime seedling AAGTACTCCGCCTGAGTAGTACGTACGCAAGTATGAAACTTAAAGGAATTGACGGGACTC

Lime fruit

Lime seedling

Lime fruit

Lime seedling
CGCACAAGCGGTGGATCATGTTGTTTAATTCGAAGATACCCGAAAAACCTTACCAGGTCT
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CGCACAAGCGGTGGATCATGTTGTTTAATTCGAAGATACCCGAAAAACCTTACCAGGTCT

TGACATGTTTTTGCGAAACGGTAGTAATATCGTGGAGGTTATCAGAAACACAGGTGGGTG
||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||| || |||||||||||||||||| ||||
TGACATGTTTTTGCGAAACGGTAGT-ATATCGTAGA-GTTATCAGAAACACAGGT-GGTG
2 seedlings - 16SrI-B
Lime fruit CATGG-TTGTCGTCAG-CTCGTGTCGTGAGATGCTAAGGTTAAGTCCCTAAAACGAGCGA
||||| |||||||||| |||||||||||||||| || | ||||||| |||||||||||
Lime seedling CATGGCTTGTCGTCAGCCTCGTGTCGTGAGATGTTACG--TAAGTCCTAAAAACGAGCGA

Lime fruit AACCCTTAT-CGTT-AGCTGCCAGCACGTT

|| ||||| |||| || ||||||||||||
Lime seedling AACTCTTATCCGTTAAGTTGCCAGCACGTT

Tsp509I Restriction site

alfalfa lime tomato corn

Back to the past..
cultivation in artificial media
Mollicutes
phylogeny
on 16S
ribosomal
gene
Phytoplasma colonies from
grapevine leaves and corn
seedlings
Phytoplasma cultivation in media
 Isolation on solid medium

Repeat three times

Colony
morphology
check
From a single
colony
PCR/RFLP
0.8 µm and direct
filters sequencing
One colony
in 2.5 ml
filtering and
trasfer in
tube

Colony morphology check

From a single colony PCR/RFLP and
direct sequencing
‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ (16SrI-B)
aster yellows AY-3bar

Medium CBs (2 days)

CBl g/l Supplement S (for 80 ml of CBl medium)

Pancreatic digest of casein 17.0 Horse serum 20.0 ml

Papaic digest of soybean meal 3.0 Yeast extract (25% w/v) 10.0 ml
Sodium chloride 5.0 Sterile distilled water 20.0 ml
Di-potassium hydrogen phosphate 2.5 Ampicillin 25 μg/ml
Glucose 2.5 Nystatin 50 μg/ml
pH 7.3 ± 0.2 at 25°C phenol red 0.005%

CBs g/l
Pancreatic digest of casein 17.0
Papaic digest of soybean meal 3.0 Microaerophylic
conditions
Sodium chloride 25.0
Di-potassium hydrogen phosphate 2.5
Glucose 2.5
Agar N°3 12 The new developed
Ampicillin 25 μg/ml
Nystatin 50 μg/ml
media composition
 CBs medium performance

Acholeplasma laidlawii strain PG8

Aster yellows from Aster yellows from grapevine in CBs

grapevine plus tetracycline
Phytoplasma isolated purification

 10-3 - 10-4 liquid

media dilutions

 purification by
streaking onto
plates
RFLP analyses on 16S ribosomal amplicons (1,000 bp)
from colonies
TaqI Tru1I

colonies colonies
 Viability of aster yellows phytoplasmas
isolated from corn seedlings
Seedlings Phytoplasma Phytoplasma Phytoplasma Phytoplasma
detecte ind 40 detected in tubes detected in detected in tubes
day-old inoculated with 40 90 day-old inoculated
seedlings day-seedlings seedlings with 90 day-seedlings
Corn HF 16SrI Negative 16SrI Negative
Corn HD 16SrI Negative Negative Negative
Corn 1.1 16SrI Negative 16SrX-A Negative
Corn 1.2 16SrXII-A Negative Negative Negative
Corn 1.4 16SrI Negative Negative Negative
Corn 1D 16SrI Negative 16SrI Negative
Corn 3F 16SrV Negative Negative Negative
Corn 3E 16SrI 16SrI+16SrVII Negative 16SrI+16SrIII+16SrXII-A
Corn 3.1v 16SrI Negative 16SrXII-A Negative
Corn 4A 16SrXII-A 16SrXII-A 16SrI 16SrXII-A
Corn 4.5 16SrI 16SrI Negative 16XII-A+16SrI+16SrIII
Corn 4.3v 16SrI Negative 16SrXII-A Negative
Corn 4.1v 16SrXII-A Negative Negative Negative
Corn 4.4v 16SrI Negative Negative Negative
Corn 4.1n 16SrI Negative Negative Negative
Corn 5B 16SrII Negative Negative Negative
Corn 5.4 16SrI Negative Negative Negative
 Phytoplasma cultivation
phytoplasmas & endosymbionts

Paenibacillus spp. - Geobacillus spp. - Virgibacillus spp. - Lactobacillus fermentum

 Colony
morphology…

…bacteria or / and inside or outside

phytoplasmas????? agar?????

Phytoplasma cultivation
Phytoplasma cultivation
new media and new conditions
F1 F2 F3
Phytone 3 g/l Phytone 3 g/l Phytone 3 g/l

Trypticase 17 g/l Trypticase 17 g/l Trypticase 17 g/l

NaCl 25 g/l NaCl 25 g/l NaCl 25 g/l

K2HPO4 2.5 g/l K2HPO4 2.5 g/l K2HPO4 2.5 g/l

Glucose 2.5 g/l Yeast extract 5 g/l Sucrose 2.5 g/l

Ampicillin 50 µg/l Ampicillin 50 µg/l Ampicillin 50 µg/l

Penicillin 0.5 µg/l Penicillin 0.5 µg/l Penicillin 0.5 µg/l

Agar 12 g/l Agar 12 g/l Agar 12 g/l

 Glucose - Arginine - Urea
1 2 3 4 5

1 CONTROL pH 7.6

CONTROL
for medium 2 CONTROL pH 7.0

3 ARGININE

ISOLATE 3J 4 UREA

5 GLUCOSE

Acholeplasma
laidlawii
BIOCHEMICAL TESTS
Fulfill the Kock postulates

Implement collaborative research

Coconut lethal yellowing
 Lethal yellowing
‘Candidatus Phytoplasma palmicola’
16SrXXII-A

J. Bila - Mozambique J. Nkansah-Poku - Ghana

Lethal yellowing
16SrIV

Haplaxius crudus
«Marchite letal»
Oil palm
Colombia

‘Candidatus
Phytoplasma asteris’
16SrI-B

Alvarez et al., 2014

«Flavescence dorée» 16SrV-C/D - Scaphoideus titanus
«Bois noir» 16SrXII-A - ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma
solani’ - Hyalestes obsoletus

Grapevine yellows ……
Grapevine yellows

RFLP with TaqI on 16Sr DNA amplicons

 EU-France 16SrV-C, 16SrV-D Flavescence dorée
16SrXII-A Bois noir
EU-Italy 16SrV-C, 16SrV-D Flavescence dorée
16SrXII-A Bois Noir
16SrI-B, 16SrI-C, 16SrIII
16SrV-A, 16SrX Yellows
EU-Spain 16SrV-D Flavescence dorée
Grapevine yellows

16SrXII-A Bois noir

EU-Germany 16SrV-C Yellows
Iran, China,
16SrXII-A Vergilbungskrankheit
Bosnia &
EU-Portugal 16SrXII-A Bois noir Hercegovina,
16SrV-D Flavescence dorée Bulgaria,
EU-Greece 16SrXII-A Bois noir Montenegro,
EU-Slovenia 16SrXII-A, 16SrI Bois noir, Yellows FYR Macedonia,
16SrV-C Flavescence dorée Turkey, Ukraine
EU-Hungary 16SrXII-A, 16SrX-B Bois noir, Yellows
«Bois noir»
EU-Austria 16SrXII-A, 16SrV-C Bois noir, Flavescence dorée
Croatia 16SrXII-A Bois noir
16SrV-C Flavescence dorée
Serbia 16SrXII-A, 16SrV-C Bois noir, Flavescence dorèe
16SrX-B Yellows
Israel 16SrIII, 16SrXII-A Yellows, Bois noir
USA-Virginia 16SrI-A, 16SrIII-I Yellows
Chile 16SrI-A, I-B. I-C,
16SrVII-A, 16SrXII-A Yellows, Bois noir
Australia 16SrXII-B, 16SrII-A Yellows
South Africa 16SrII-B, 16SrXII-A ,16SrI-BYellows, Bois noir
 Apple proliferation
‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’
16SrX-A
Cacopsylla picta
Cacopsylla melanoneura
European stone fruit yellows
‘Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum’
16SrX-B

Cacopsylla pruni
Empoasca descedens
 Pear decline
‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’
16SrX-C
 Banana (Musa spp.)
‘Candidatus Phytoplasma noviguineense’

Plantain yellowing
and/or leaf necrosis
Discontinuous necrotic vascular streaks
and pockets of rot and discoloration

Solomon Islands and Papua New

Guinea

(Davis et al., 2012, 2015)

 Citrus species
Country Speices infected / disease Phytoplasmas Other pathogens year

Brazil Citrus spp./ huanglongbin 16SrIX ‘Ca. Liberibacter’ spp. 2008

Citrus spp./ witches’ broom - 1979
-
China
16SrI-B ‘Ca. Liberibacter’ spp. 2009
‘Ca. Liberibacter’ spp.
China grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) 16SrII-A 2014

16SrI-B and ‘Ca. Liberibacter’ spp.

Mexico Orange and lime 2014
16SrI-S
Puerto Rico C. sinensis and C. limon 16SrIX - 2015
Oman,
16SrII-B/ ‘Ca. P. 1991
India, Iran, Lime witches’ broom
aurantifolia’ 1999/2015
Arabian -
/2016
Emirates
Sweet orange (C. sinensis) and
Egypt Not identified - 2015
mandarin (C. reticulatum)
Pakistan Citrus spp. 16SrI - 2009
 Papaya
Geographic
Disease Phytoplasma year
distribution
‘Ca. P. australasia’ / 16SrII-D
Mosaic (PpM) Australia 1996

Yellow crinkle (PpYC) ‘Ca. P. australasia’ / 16SrII-D Australia 1996

‘Ca. P. australiense’ / 16SrXII-B
Dieback (PpD) Australia 1999

‘Ca. P. caricae’ / 16SrXVII 2005

Bunchy top (PpBT) Caribbean / Cuba
16SrI 2011
Sri Lanka
Dieback 16SrI 2016

Yellows 16SrI Taiwan 2011

Dieback and axillary
16SrI 16SrII India 2011
soot proliferation
Dieback and axillary
16SrXII Israel 2005
soot proliferation
 Lulo “machorreo”

(Solanum quitoense) 16SrIII Colombia

Cassava frog skin disease
(Manihot esculenta) 16SrIII-L Colombia

Alvarez et al., 2009)

Opuntia malformations
16SrII-C
Italy, China, Mexico…..
 Identification of phytoplasma strains
associated with epidemic diseases

Multiple locus analyses

Elongation factor tuf all

Ribosomal protein S3 all*
Nitroreductase gene 16SrX
Ribosomal recycling factor + aminoacid kinase 16SrI-A/B
Amp/Imp genes all*
Translocation genes SecA all
Translocation genes SecY all*
GroEL genes all*
TruI Tsp509I

AluI TaqI SecY gene

TruI Tsp509I
 16S-23S rDNA P1/P7
Strain
Country/year TruI/TaqI/Tsp509I
RE Emilia, Italy/2001 16SrV-A
MO31 Emilia, Italy/2001 16SrV-A
EY1 NY. State, USA 16SrV-A
ULW France, EU 16SrV-A
JWB China 16SrV-B
FD 7 0 France, EU/1970 16SrV-C
AL202 Piemonte, Italy/2000 16SrV-C
PV259 Lombardy, Italy/2000 16SrV-C
LIG Liguria, Italy/2001 16SrV-C
TV54 Veneto, Italy/2000 16SrV-C
SERBIA Serbia/2002 16SrV-C
VR32 Veneto, Italy/2001 16SrV-C
PC4 Emilia, Italy/2002 16SrV-C
MS Tuscany, Italy/2002 16SrV-C
ALY Campania, Italy 16SrV-C
ribosomal gene

FD 8 8 France, EU/1988 16SrV-D

B1872 France/EU 16SrV-D
PCc Emilia, Italy/2002 16SrV-D
PR Emilia, Italy/2000 16SrV-D
MO30 Emilia, Italy/2002 16SrV-D
PD26 Veneto, Italy/2000 16SrV-D
TV29 Veneto, Italy/2000 16SrV-D
BO13 Emilia, Italy/2002 16SrV-D
Catalogna Spain, EU/2001 16SrV-D
RuS Campania, Italy 16SrV-E
 FD9 fragment FD9f3/r2
Strain
Country/year
Ta q I TruI Tsp509I Al u I
RE Emilia, Italy/2001 C E H F XI
MO31 Emilia, Italy/2001 C E H F XI
EY 1 NY. State, USA C F D F VI
UL W France, EU C E I F V
JWB China D G G C VII
F D7 0 France, EU/1970 B C A B III
AL202 Piemonte, Italy/2000 A A A A I
PV259 Lombardy, Italy/2000 A A A A I
LIG Liguria, Italy/2001 A A A A I
TV54 Veneto, Italy/2000 A A A A I
SERBIA Serbia/2002 A A A A I
VR32 Veneto, Italy/2001 B D F B X
PC4 Emilia, Italy/2002 B D A B II
MS Tuscany, Italy/2002 C B C D IX
A LY Campania, Italy B D F B X
FD88 France, EU/1988 B D E E IV
SecY gene

B1872 France/EU B D E E IV
PCc Emilia, Italy/2002 B D E E IV
PR Emilia, Italy/2000 B D E E IV
MO30 Emilia, Italy/2002 B D E E IV
PD26 Veneto, Italy/2000 B D E E IV
TV29 Veneto, Italy/2000 B D E E IV
BO13 Emilia, Italy/2002 B D E E IV
Catalogna Spain, EU/2001 B D E E IV
RuS Campania, Italy B H B G VIII
 Ribosomal protein fragment rpVF2/rpR1
Strain
Country/year TruI Tsp509I
RE Emilia, Italy/2001 D C V
MO31 Emilia, Italy/2001 E D VI
EY1 NY. State, USA E D VI
ULW France, EU E D VI
JWB China F H VII
FD70 France, EU/1970 A B III
AL202 Piemonte, Italy/2000 A A I
PV259 Lombardy, Italy/2000 A A I
ribosomal protein gene

LIG Liguria, Italy/2001 A A I

TV54 Veneto, Italy/2000 B E II
SERBIA Serbia/2002 B B XI
VR32 Veneto, Italy/2001 C F XII
PC4 Emilia, Italy/2002 A E XIII
MS Tuscany, Italy/2002 B E II
ALY Campania, Italy G B VIII
FD88 France, EU/1988 I B IV
B1872 France/EU I B IV
PCc Emilia, Italy/2002 I B IV
PR Emilia, Italy/2000 I B IV
MO30 Emilia, Italy/2002 I B IV
PD26 Veneto, Italy/2000 I B IV
TV29 Veneto, Italy/2000 I B IV
BO13 Emilia, Italy/2002 I E X
Catalogna Spain, EU/2001 I E X
RuS Campania, Italy H I IX
 Lime witches’ broom
‘Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia’ - 16SrII-B
MLGA
16Sr RNA Lime witches’ broom
SecA
Imp Al-Abadi et al., 2016
 Prevention and management

Use of phytoplasma-free material in

orchards

Elimination of symptomatic plants

Identification and elimination of insect

vectors

Elimination of alternative host plants

Producing phytoplasma – free
plant material

Thermotherapy
Meristem-tip culture
Chemiotherapy
Combinations
Others…..PAW
Bertaccini’s lab (founded 1989)

…Monica Vibio - Fabio Gennari

- Ermanno Murari - Alberto
Danielli - Nicola Mori - Marta
Martini - Samanta Paltrinieri -
Simona Botti- Bojan Duduk -
Nicola Fiore - Alberto Calari -
Nicoletta Contaldo - Enrico
Biondi - Nemanja Kuzmanovic
Juan F. Mejia - Eleonora Satta -
Yuri Zambon - Majd Aldaghi -
Alireza Esmailzadeh Hosseini
Set Perez Fuentealba - Stefano
Ardizzi
Mara Tedeschi…
Muchisimas gracias…
http://valencia2019.ipwgnet.org/
…2012…