Oceanography An Invitation To Marine Science 9th Edition Garrison Test Bank Download

Chapter 07 - Ocean Chemistry
Oceanography An Invitation to Marine Science

9th Edition Garrison Test Bank
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True / False
1. Sodium chloride as a compound does not truly exist in the ocean.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 7-1 Water is a Powerful Solvent
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.7-1-3 - Illustrate the difference between a solution and a mixture with
examples.
OTHER: Bloom’s: Remember
NOTES: Note that NaCl does not exist as a “salt” in seawater; its components are separated when salt
crystals dissolve in water, but they are joined when crystals re-form as water evaporates.
2. At saturation, the rate at which molecules of the solute are being dissolved is greater than the rate at which they are
precipitating at another location in the solution.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.7-1-5 - Define the terms saturation and precipitation as they relate to
solutions, and demonstrate the diffusion of a molecule in a solvent with an experiment.
NOTES: At saturation, the rate at which molecules of the solute are being dissolved equals the rate at
which they are precipitating (re-forming into crystals) at another location in the solution.
3. Pure water has four colligative properties associated with it.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1

REFERENCES: 7-2 Seawater Consists of Water and Dissolved Solids

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.7-2-1 - Summarize how the four colligative properties of seawater modify
the physical properties of pure water.
NOTES: Colligative properties are the properties of solutions. Water alone in not a solution. Seawater,
however, is a solution so these properties are associated with it.
4. Residence times are dependent upon steady-state conditions and a well-mixed ocean.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.7-2-6 - Explain the concepts of chemical equilibrium and residence time,
and illustrate their effects on the ocean.
OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand
NOTES: The concept of a steady state ocean suggests that ions are added to the ocean at the same rate
as they are being removed. This theory helps explain why the ocean is not growing saltier. If
constituent minerals remain in ocean water longer than the ocean’s mixing time, they will
become evenly distributed throughout the ocean. The relatively long residence times of
seawater’s major constituents assure thorough mixing, the foundation of Forchhammer’s
principle of constant proportions.
5. The salts in the ocean are similar to those of concentrated river water.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.7-2-3 - Compare and contrast the salts in river water and seawater, and
identify their sources.
NOTES: If crustal rock is the only source of dissolved minerals to the ocean, then the salts in the
ocean should be like those of concentrated river water. But they are not. River water is
usually a dilute solution of bicarbonate and calcium ions, while the principal ions in seawater
are chloride and sodium. The magnesium content of seawater would also be higher if
seawater were simply concentrated river water.
6. Forchhammer was the first to observe that seawater contains fewer silica and calcium ions than river water.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.7-2-4 - Examine the early work of Forchhammer and Dittmar and assess
their contributions to our current knowledge of seawater.
NOTES: This constant ratio is known as Forchhammer’s principle, or the principle of constant
proportions. Forchhammer was also the first to observe that seawater contains fewer silica
and calcium ions than concentrated river water, and the first to realize that removal of these
compounds by marine animals and plants to form shells and other hard parts might account
for part of the difference.
7. Long residence times are generally associated with elements that are considered to be nonconservative constituents.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.7-2-7 - Differentiate between conservative and nonconservative
constituents, and identify examples of each.
NOTES: Conservative elements have longer residence times. This is the reason these elements make
up the bulk of the ocean's dissolved materials.
8. Sodium and chloride are nonconservative constituents of seawater.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
NOTES: Sodium and chloride are constituents of seawater that occur in constant proportion or change
very slowly through time and are conservative constituents. Conservative elements have long
residence times.
9. There is a hundred times the amount of gaseous oxygen in the atmosphere than there is dissolved oxygen in the ocean.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 7-3 Gases Dissolve in Seawater
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.7-3-2 - Estimate the concentration of each of the major gases in seawater,
and compare it with their concentration in the atmosphere.
NOTES: About 36% of the gas dissolved in the ocean is oxygen, but there is about a hundred times
more gaseous oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere than is dissolved in the whole ocean.
10. Carbon dioxide is abundant near the ocean surface due to the photosynthesis activities of plants.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.7-3-3 - Hypothesize why the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the
ocean decreases with depth and carbon dioxide increases with depth.

NOTES: Carbon dioxide is quickly used for marine photosynthesis, which causes oxygen to be more
abundant near the surface.
11. Marine animals are unable to break down water molecules to acquire oxygen, but marine plants can produce enough
carbon dioxide to support its own metabolism.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.7-3-1 - List the major dissolved gases found in seawater, and propose
reasons why their concentrations change in different geographical areas of the ocean.
NOTES: No marine animal has the ability to break down water molecules to obtain oxygen directly,
and no marine plant can manufacture enough carbon dioxide to support its own metabolism.
12. An acid is a substance that combines with a hydrogen ion in solution.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: 7-4 The Ocean's Acid-Base Balance Varies with Dissolved Components and Depth
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.7-4-1 - Define an acid and a base, and label their levels on the pH scale.
NOTES: An acid is a substance that releases a hydrogen ion in solution. A base is a substance that
combines with a hydrogen ion in solution.
13. Rapid amounts of photosynthesis can increase the alkalinity of seawater.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.7-4-2 - Describe the molecular reactions involved in the buffering of
seawater, and describe how they react to changes in pH.
NOTES: In areas of rapid photosynthesis, pH will rise because plants and plantlike organisms use
CO2. Because temperatures are generally warmer at the surface, less CO2 can dissolve in the
first place. So surface pH in warm productive water is usually around 8.5.
14. The pH scale is the logarithmic measure of hydrogen ion concentrations.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
NOTES: The pH scale is logarithmic, which means that a change of one pH unit represents a 10-fold
change in the hydrogen ion concentration.
15. A higher level of pH is associated with more hydrogen ions.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
NOTES: High levels of pH have less hydrogen ions. More acidic pH levels have more hydrogen ions.
Multiple Choice
16. What is a solute?

a. A homogeneously dispersed mixture
b. A heterogeneously dispersed mixture
c. A substance that dissolves into another substance
d. A mixture of two or more substances
e. A substance, usually a liquid, which dissolves other substances
ANSWER: c
examples.
NOTES: In solutions, the solute is usually a dissolved solid or gas. Generally, the concentration of a
solute in a solution is less abundant than the solvent.
17. _____ is a mixture, not a solution.

a. Groundwater
b. Air
c. Noodle soup
d. Coffee with cream
e. Seawater
ANSWER: c
examples.
NOTES: In a mixture, different substances are closely intermingled but retain separate identities. The
properties of a mixture are heterogeneous; they may vary from place to place within the
mixture. Think of noodle soup as a mixture of noodles and liquid.
18. Why does oil not dissolve in water?

a. It forms a solution with water
b. It has ionic bonds.
c. It is found within tissues of organisms.
d. It is a polar molecule.

e. It forms a mixture with water.

ANSWER: e
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.7-1-4 - Demonstrate how an ionic molecule (NaCl) reacts with a polar
molecule (water).
NOTES: Oil doesn’t dissolve in water even if the two are thoroughly shaken together. When oil is
dispersed in water, it forms a mixture because molecules of oil are nonpolar in character.
This means that oil has no positive or negative charges to attract the polar water molecule.
19. The average time water stays in the ocean before evaporating is about ____.
a. 4,100 years
b. 9 days
c. 10 years
d. 100 years
e. 9,100 years
ANSWER: a
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.7-1-2 - Differentiate between the residence time of water in the ocean and
air.
NOTES: The average time water stays in the ocean (before being evaporated) is about 4,100 years.
Once in the air, its residence time is only 9 days.
20. What is the main avenue that water takes while moving from ocean to air?
a. movement with glaciers
b. runoff from land
c. movement through ground
d. precipitation
e. evaporation from the ocean
ANSWER: e
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.7-1-1 - Construct a diagram of the hydrologic cycle, and illustrate the flow
patterns of water as it moves through the different reservoirs.
NOTES: Water cycles continuously. The hydrologic cycle is powered by solar radiation. About 85%
of all water entering the atmosphere evaporates from the ocean (the remaining 15% comes
from water on land).
21. What is a correct modification of a physical property of water by changing its salinity?
a. Freezing point increases with salinity.
b. Boiling point decreases with salinity.
c. Seawater evaporates faster than freshwater.
d. Osmotic pressure rises with increasing salinity.
e. Heat capacity increases with increasing salinity.
ANSWER: d

NOTES: Osmotic pressure, the pressure exerted on a biological membrane when the salinity of the
environment is different from that within the cells, rises with increasing salinity.
22. Which term describes the average length of time an atom of an element spends in the ocean?
a. longevity
b. durability time
c. saturation time
d. residence time
e. steady state
ANSWER: d
NOTES: Residence time explains why the ocean does not become progressively saltier with age. The
residence time of an element can be calculated by dividing the amount of an element in the
ocean by the rate at which the element is added or removed from the ocean.
23. What is the colligative property that deals with the freezing point of water?
a. Sea ice forms at a higher temperature than freshwater ice.
b. Salinity disrupts the hydrogen bonding in water and increases the freezing point.
c. Salt crystals become incorporated into ice as it forms causing the temperature to increase.
d. Salinity disrupts the hydrogen bonding in water and acts as a type of antifreeze.
e. Lake ice forms at a lower temperature than sea ice.
ANSWER: d
NOTES: Dissolved salts disrupt the webwork of hydrogen bonding in water. As salinity increases, the
freezing point of water becomes lower; the salts act as a sort of antifreeze. Sea ice therefore
forms at a lower temperature than ice in freshwater lakes.
24. Which element would be surprisingly considered a trace element in the ocean despite its abundance in the
atmosphere?
a. sodium
b. nitrogen
c. calcium
d. chloride
e. oxygen
ANSWER: b
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.7-2-2 - List the most abundant elements found in "sea salt".
NOTES: Nitrogen is a trace element in the ocean despite its abundance in the atmosphere. Any
element that is less than 1 part per million is considered a trace element.
25. What is the primary source of sodium ions to the ocean?

a. contact with fresh crust
b. volcanic vents and outgassing
c. weathering of crustal rocks
d. percolating seawater through mid-ocean rifts
e. dissolution of mineral deposits at hydrothermal vents
ANSWER: c
NOTES: The sodium ions come from the weathering of crustal rocks, while the chloride ions come
from the mantle by way of volcanic vents and outgassing from mid-ocean rifts.
26. What is the source of most of the dissolved materials found in the ocean?
a. biological activities
b. weathering of crustal rocks
c. outgassing
d. convection currents
e. atmospheric deposition
ANSWER: b
NOTES: Although there are multiple sources of the dissolved materials in the ocean, much of the
material comes from the weathering of surface rocks from rain and waves. The composition
of the ocean is different from rivers because there is the addition of excess volatiles coming
from the upper mantle.
27. What is the second most abundant ion in seawater?

a. sodium
b. chloride
c. magnesium
d. sulfate
e. calcium
ANSWER: a

NOTES: The most abundance ions in seawater (in order) include chloride, sodium, sulfate,
magnesium, calcium, potassium, and bicarbonate.
28. What is the approximate mixing time of the ocean?

a. 16,000 years
b. 160 years
c. 16 years
d. 1,600 years
e. 1.6 million years
ANSWER: d
NOTES: Because of the vigorous activity of currents, the mixing time of the ocean is thought to be on
the order of 1,600 years, so the ocean has been mixed hundreds of thousands of times during
its long history.
29. How does a salinometer measure salinity?

a. It calculates the salinity by measuring the chlorinity.
b. It measures the refractive index of seawater.
c. It calculates the salinity based on the density of the seawater.
d. It measures the conductivity of seawater.
e. It measures the number of salt molecules in a given mass of seawater.
ANSWER: d
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.7-2-5 - List the units of salinity and outline how it is measured.
NOTES: The conductivity of seawater varies with salt concentrations and temperatures. Salinometers
are able to adjust for the water temperature and be calibrated against samples of known
conductivity and salinity.
30. What is the term for ocean components not accounted for by the weathering of continents?
a. trace elements
b. colligative properties
c. conservative constituents
d. nonconservative constituents
e. excess volatiles
ANSWER: e
NOTES: The components of ocean water whose proportions are not accounted for by the weathering
of surface rocks are called excess volatiles.

31. What causes a decrease in oxygen levels beyond the sunlit layer?
a. There are fewer animals present
b. Mineral precipitation
c. The respiration of marine animals and bacteria
d. Decreased saturation because of cooler water
e. The by-products of photosynthesis
ANSWER: c
NOTES: The oxygen concentration decreases below the sunlit layer because of the respiration of
marine animals and bacteria, and because of the oxygen consumed by the decay of tiny dead
organisms slowly sinking through the area.
32. What type of water mass dissolves a higher concentration of gases?

a. temperate water masses
b. subtropical water masses
c. tropical water masses
d. equatorial water masses
e. polar water masses
ANSWER: e
NOTES: Unlike solids, gases dissolve most readily in cold water. A cubic meter of chilly polar water
usually contains a greater volume of dissolved gases than a cubic meter of warm tropical
water.
33. What is a primary source of oxygen to ocean surface water?

a. decay of marine organisms
b. photosynthesis
c. chemosynthesis
d. respiration from bacteria
e. large quantities of organisms
ANSWER: b
NOTES: The sources of the ocean’s dissolved oxygen are the photosynthetic activity of plants and
plant-like organisms, and the diffusion of oxygen from the atmosphere.
34. Which essential gas is often in an unusable form in the ocean and atmosphere?
a. nitrogen
b. oxygen
c. carbon dioxide
d. methane
e. hydrogen
ANSWER: a
NOTES: The upper layers of ocean water are usually saturated with nitrogen gas; that is, additional
nitrogen gas will not dissolve. Living organisms require nitrogen to build proteins and other
important biochemicals, but the vast majority of them cannot use the nitrogen gas in the
atmosphere and ocean directly. It must first be bound, or fixed, into usable chemical forms by
specialized organisms.
35. The concentration of ____ increases with depth, and is affected by the calcium carbonate compensation depth.
a. ammonia
b. carbon dioxide
c. hydrogen
d. oxygen
e. nitrogen
ANSWER: b
NOTES: In contrast, plants and plantlike organisms use carbon dioxide during photosynthesis, so
surface levels of CO2 are low. Because photosynthesis cannot take place in the dark, CO2
given off by animals and bacteria tends to build up at depths below the sunlit layer. Levels of
CO2 also increase with depth because its solubility increases as pressure increases and
temperature decreases.
36. Forchhammer's principle explains ____.

a. seawater pH
b. seawater buffering capacity
c. the carbonate cycle
d. conservative seawater constituents
e. the salinity gradient in the water column
ANSWER: d
NOTES: In 1865, the chemist Georg Forchhammer noted that although the total amount of dissolved
solids (salinity) might vary among samples, the ratio of major salts was constant in samples
of seawater from many locations. In other words, the percentage of various salts in seawater
is the same in samples from many places, regardless of how salty the water is. This constant
ratio is known as the principle of constant proportions and identifies the conservative and
nonconservative constituents of seawater.
37. What factor accounts for the slow return of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere?
a. geological uplift
b. burial of calcium carbonate shells and skeletons in ocean sediments
c. increase of solubility with depth
d. photosynthesis by surface organisms
e. sediment dissolution
ANSWER: b
NOTES: CO2 moves quickly from atmosphere to ocean, but more slowly from ocean to atmosphere.
This is because some dissolved CO2 forms carbonate ions, which combine with calcium ions
in seawater to form the calcium carbonate, used by many marine organisms to build shells
and skeletons. When these organisms die, their coverings and bones sink to form sediments
that may, in time, become limestone rock. Most of Earth’s surface carbon is stored in
sediments. This carbon slowly re-enters the cycle as sediments dissolve and re-form CO2 that
can enter the atmosphere.
38. Why can seawater hold many times more carbon dioxide than either nitrogen or oxygen at saturation?
a. Carbon dioxide is not used in photosynthesis.
b. Carbon dioxide is used in mineral formation.
c. Carbon dioxide combines chemically with water to form carbonic acid.
d. Carbon dioxide is more reactive.
e. Carbon dioxide is used by plankton for energy.
ANSWER: c
NOTES: Because CO2 combines chemically with water to form a weak acid, water can hold perhaps a
thousand times more carbon dioxide than either nitrogen or oxygen at saturation. Carbon
dioxide is quickly used for marine photosynthesis, however; dissolved quantities of CO2 are
almost always much less than this theoretical maximum. Even so, there is about 60 times as
much CO2 dissolved in the ocean as in the atmosphere.
39. Which substance is considered a nonconservative constituent in seawater?

a. bicarbonate
b. magnesium
c. phosphate
d. potassium
e. sulfate
ANSWER: c

NOTES: Nonconservative constituents are those substances dissolved in seawater, which are tied to
biological or seasonal cycles or to very short geological cycles. They have short residence
times. Biologically important nonconservative constituents include dissolved oxygen
produced by plants, carbon dioxide produced by animals, silica and calcium compounds
needed for plant and animal shells, or the nitrates and phosphates needed for production of
protein and other biochemicals.
40. The ocean is becoming more acidic as it absorbs additional ____ from the atmosphere.
a. nitrogen
b. ozone
c. ammonia
d. carbon dioxide
e. oxygen
ANSWER: d
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.7-4-3 - Discuss how anthropogenic inputs could lead to increased
acidification of the ocean with examples.
NOTES: Burning fossil fuels to provide energy for transportation and industry produces a large
amount of carbon dioxide. The ocean serves as a natural sink for this excess carbon
dioxide—the ocean took up about 25% of the CO2 emitted by human activity in the period
2000 to 2006. The CO2 combines with water to become carbonic acid. The additional
carbonic acid produced has made the ocean less alkaline.
41. What is the source of high carbon dioxide levels at middle depths in the ocean?
a. mineral formation
b. plant photosynthesis
c. atmospheric deposition
d. decay of the remains of organisms
e. venting and outgassing
ANSWER: d
NOTES: At middle depths and in deep water, more CO2 may be present than at the surface. Its source
is the respiration of animals and the decay of the remains of organisms falling from the sunlit
layer above (bacterial respiration).
42. What happens to pH levels in regions where there is excess carbon dioxide present?
a. Carbon dioxide does not heavily impact pH levels.
b. The seawater is able to buffer enough that there is no change.
c. The pH levels increase in these regions.
d. The seawater becomes more alkaline.

e. The pH levels decrease in these regions.
ANSWER: e
NOTES: The pH level in the ocean can be altered in the ocean with changes in carbon dioxide. Higher
levels of carbon dioxide, which often occurs at, middle depths in the ocean causes the water
to be less alkaline.
43. When carbon dioxide first enters the ocean and combines with water, what chemical compound is formed first?
a. bicarbonate
b. carbonate
c. carbonic acid
d. calcium carbonate
e. hydrogen ions
ANSWER: c
NOTES: When CO2 combines with water in ocean carbonic acid is first formed.
44. What is the average pH of the ocean?

a. 7.0
b. 7.5
c. 6.5
d. 8.5
e. 8.0
ANSWER: e
NOTES: Although the pH can vary in particular regions and depths of the ocean, the average pH is
8.0. The amount of carbon dioxide can have large impacts on the pH levels. The range of pH
found in the ocean is approximately 7.0 to 8.5.
45. Which item is not considered to have a basic pH?

a. baking soda
b. household ammonia
c. black coffee
d. seawater
e. bleach
ANSWER: c

NOTES: The pH scale is logarithmic, which means that a change of one pH unit represents a 10-fold
change in the hydrogen ion concentration. A modern nonphosphate detergent is a thousand
times more alkaline than seawater, and black coffee is a hundred times more acidic than pure
water. Pure water, which is neutral (neither acidic nor basic), has a pH of 7; lower numbers
indicate greater acidity, and higher numbers indicate greater alkalinity.
Matching
Match the term with the corresponding description

a. Iron
b. Chloride
c. pH increases
d. pH decreases
e. Sulfate
46. Hydrogen ions are consumed

ANSWER: c
47. Hydrogen ions are produced

ANSWER: d

a. Iron
b. Chloride
c. pH increases
d. pH decreases
e. Sulfate
48. Seawater constituent with the longest residence time.

ANSWER: b
49. Seawater constituent with a short residence time.

ANSWER: a

a. Iron
b. Chloride

c. pH increases
d. pH decreases
e. Sulfate
50. A conservative constituent of seawater.

ANSWER: e
Completion
51. The ____________ ____________ describes the movement of water through its various reservoirs on Earth.
ANSWER: hydrologic cycle
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.7-1-1 - Construct a diagram of the hydrologic cycle, and illustrate the flow
patterns of water as it moves through the different reservoirs.
52. The residence time of water in air is ____________ days.

ANSWER: nine, 9
air.
53. ____________ bonds are formed by electrostatic attraction that exists between two components that have opposite
charge.
ANSWER: Ionic
air.
54. The random movement of materials through a solution is ____________.

ANSWER: diffusion
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.7-1-5 - Define the terms saturation and precipitation as they relate to
solutions, and demonstrate the diffusion of a molecule in a solvent with an experiment.
55. ____________ is a measure of the total quantity (or concentration) of dissolved inorganic solids in water.
ANSWER: Salinity
56. The reason that freshwater evaporates quickly from a swimmer's skin, but seawater takes longer is an example of a(n)
____________ ____________ of water.
ANSWER: colligative property
57. The most abundant ion in seawater is ____________, which comes from the mantle through volcanic vents and
outgassing from mid-ocean rifts.
ANSWER: chloride
Cl-
58. River water is usually a dilute solution of ____________ and ____________ ions.
ANSWER: bicarbonate; calcium
calcium; bicarbonate
HCO3-; CO32-
CO32-; HCO3-;
59. The principle of ____________ ____________ is based on the observations of Forchhammer that conclude although
the total amount of dissolved solids in seawater might vary among samples, the ratio of major salts is constant.
ANSWER: constant proportions
60. The concept of a(n) ____________ ____________ ocean suggests that ions are added to the ocean at the same rate as
they are being removed.
ANSWER: steady state
61. ____________ constituents are those substances dissolved in seawater that are tied to the biological, seasonal, or very
short geological cycles.
ANSWER: Nonconservative

62. The proportions of dissolved gases in the ocean are very different from the proportions of the same gases in the
atmosphere because of differences in their ____________ in water and air.
ANSWER: solubility
63. ____________ is the most abundant gas dissolved in seawater.

ANSWER: Nitrogen
64. A(n) ____________ is a substance that releases a hydrogen ion in solution.

ANSWER: acid
65. Carbonic acid loses ____________ hydrogen ions to become a carbonate ion.
ANSWER: two, 2
Subjective Short Answer
66. Summarize the colligative properties of water and how salinity affects them.
ANSWER: Water's colligative properties are those four properties, which vary with the quantity of
solutes dissolved in the water. Because colligative properties are the properties of solutions,
the more concentrated (saline) water is, the more important these properties become.
(Because it is not a solution, pure water has no colligative properties.)
(1) The heat capacity of water decreases with increasing salinity; that is, less heat is
necessary to raise the temperature of seawater by 1° than is required to raise the temperature
of freshwater by the same amount.
(2) Dissolved salts disrupt the webwork of hydrogen bonding in water. As salinity increases,
the freezing point of water becomes lower; the salts act as a sort of antifreeze. Sea ice
therefore forms at a lower temperature than ice in freshwater lakes.

(3) Because dissolved salts tend to attract water molecules, seawater evaporates more slowly
than freshwater. Swimmers usually notice that freshwater evaporates quickly and completely
from their skin, but seawater lingers.
(4) Osmotic pressure, the pressure exerted on a biological membrane when the salinity of the
environment is different from that within the cells, rises with increasing salinity. This is a key
factor in transmitting water into and out of cells.
67. Compare and contrast the main salts in river water and seawater.
ANSWER: Much of the sea’s dissolved material originated from the ability of rain, groundwater, or
crashing surf to dissolve crustal rock, crustal rock is not the only source of the ocean’s
solutes. If crustal rock is the only source, then the salts in the ocean should be like those of
concentrated river water. But they are not. River water is usually a dilute solution of
bicarbonate and calcium ions, while the principal ions in seawater are chloride and sodium.
The magnesium content of seawater would also be higher if seawater were simply
concentrated river water. The proportions of salts in isolated salty inland lakes, such as
Utah’s Great Salt Lake or the Dead Sea, are much different from the proportions of salts in
the ocean. So weathering and erosion of crustal rocks cannot be the only source of sea salts.
The components of ocean water whose proportions are not accounted for by the weathering
of surface rocks are called excess volatiles. To find the source of these excess volatiles, we
must look to Earth’s deeper layers. The upper mantle appears to contain more of the
substances found in seawater (including the water itself) than are found in surface rocks, and
their proportions are about the same as found in the ocean. Some of the ocean’s solutes are
hybrids of the two processes of weathering and outgassing. Table salt, or sodium chloride, is
an example. The sodium ions come from the weathering of crustal rocks, while the chloride
ions come from the mantle by way of volcanic vents and outgassing from mid-ocean rifts. As
for the lower-than-expected quantity of magnesium and sulfate ions in the ocean, research at
a spreading center east of the Galápagos Islands suggests that the chemical composition of
seawater percolating through mid-ocean rifts is altered by contact with fresh crust. The water
that circulates through new ocean floor at these sites is apparently stripped of magnesium and
a few other elements. The magnesium seems to be incorporated into mineral deposits, but
calcium is added as hot water dissolves adjacent rocks.
68. Discuss the concentration gradients of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the ocean water column.
ANSWER: Oxygen is abundant near the surface in the ocean’s brightly lit upper layer because of the
activity of marine photosynthesizers (plants and plantlike organisms). Since plants and
plantlike organisms require carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, surface CO2 concentrations
tend to be low. A decrease in oxygen below the sunlit upper layer usually results from the
respiration of bacteria and marine animals, as well as, oxygen consumption through the decay
of tiny dead organisms slowly sinking through the area. Because photosynthesis cannot take
place in the dark, CO2 given off by animals and bacteria tends to build up at depths below the
sunlit layer. Levels of CO2 also increase with depth because its solubility increases as

pressure increases and temperature decreases. Oxygen levels are slightly higher in deeper
water because fewer animals are present to take up the oxygen that reaches these depths.
69. Formulate the main reactions that contribute to the ocean's buffering capacity, and discuss how the reaction proceeds.
ANSWER: When dissolved in water CO2 is present in several different forms: carbonic acid (H2CO3),
the bicarbonate ion (HCO3-), and the carbonate ion (CO32-), including the release of
hydrogen ions (H+) as these constituents breakdown.
Step One: CO2 + H2O <=> H2CO3

Step Two: H2CO3 <=> HCO3- + H+
Step Three: HCO3- + H+ <=> CO32- + 2H+
In Step One, carbon dioxide and water combine to form carbonic acid. Carbonic acid rapidly
dissociates into a bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) and a hydrogen ion (H+) in Step Two. Most of the
CO2 dissolved in seawater ends up as HCO3-. Some of the bicarbonate and hydrogen ions
will then combine to form carbonate (CO32-) ions and two hydrogen ions (2H+) in Step
Three. At any given pH CO2, H2CO3, HCO3-, CO32- and H+ exist in equilibrium with each
other. If acid is added to the system and pH decreases, the reaction proceeds toward Step One
(to the left), raising the pH by removing excess H+ ions. If an alkaline solution is added, and
the pH increases, the reaction proceeds toward Step Three (to the right), lowering the pH by
releasing H+ ions.
OTHER: Bloom’s: Create
70. Identify anthropogenic inputs that could increase the acidity of the ocean.
ANSWER: (1) Burning fossil fuels to provide energy for transportation and industry produces a large
amount of carbon dioxide. The ocean serves as a natural sink for this excess carbon dioxide.
The CO2 combines with water to become carbonic acid. The additional carbonic acid
produced has made the ocean less alkaline. The surface ocean pH has dropped by about 0.1
units since the industrial revolution began, and it is estimated that it will drop by an
additional 0.3 to 0.5 units by 2100 as the ocean absorbs more anthropogenic (human-
generated) carbon dioxide.
(2) Increasing acidity decreases the concentration of calcium carbonate in the water, making
it unavailable to organisms for the construction of some hard parts (shells, skeletons, and
rigid coverings).
(3) The ocean’s extensive, and productive coral reefs are in particular danger from
accelerating ocean acidification. In 2014, the atmospheric concentration of CO2 was about
398 parts per million by volume—at no time in the last 10 million years has the concentration
been so high. Since 1990, the growth of coral in the Australian Barrier Reef has slowed to its
lowest rate in at least 400 years, possibly as a result of the warmer and more acidic ocean.
(4) Additionally, coral skeletons appear to have lost some of their density, and thus are
thinner and more brittle. The ability of coral colonies to withstand wave stress may be
compromised, and their resistance to predation by grazing animals (parrotfish, urchins, and
other gnawing species) lowered. Also, as coral species exert more energy to maintaining
skeletal integrity, cellular resources are diverted from other essential processes such as
reproduction and fighting disease.
(5) Apart from the obvious loss of species diversity and extinctions that a rapid decline in
coral reefs would involve, there are other considerations. People, infrastructure, lagoon and
estuarine ecosystems, mangrove forests, fisheries, aquaculture operations, tourism, sand
generation, bird populations, and a host of other interconnected systems would be negatively
affected.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.7-4-3 - Discuss how anthropogenic inputs could lead to increased
acidification of the ocean with examples.

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Chapter 07 - Ocean Chemistry

Oceanography An Invitation to Marine Science

Test Bank: https://testbankpack.com/p/test-bank-for-oceanography-an-

Solution Manual: https://testbankpack.com/p/solution-manual-for-

1. Sodium chloride as a compound does not truly exist in the ocean.

3. Pure water has four colligative properties associated with it.

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REFERENCES: 7-2 Seawater Consists of Water and Dissolved Solids

8. Sodium and chloride are nonconservative constituents of seawater.

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12. An acid is a substance that combines with a hydrogen ion in solution.

13. Rapid amounts of photosynthesis can increase the alkalinity of seawater.

14. The pH scale is the logarithmic measure of hydrogen ion concentrations.

16. What is a solute?

17. _____ is a mixture, not a solution.

18. Why does oil not dissolve in water?

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e. It forms a mixture with water.

REFERENCES: 7-2 Seawater Consists of Water and Dissolved Solids

25. What is the primary source of sodium ions to the ocean?

27. What is the second most abundant ion in seawater?

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28. What is the approximate mixing time of the ocean?

29. How does a salinometer measure salinity?

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32. What type of water mass dissolves a higher concentration of gases?

33. What is a primary source of oxygen to ocean surface water?

36. Forchhammer's principle explains ____.

39. Which substance is considered a nonconservative constituent in seawater?

REFERENCES: 7-2 Seawater Consists of Water and Dissolved Solids

d. The seawater becomes more alkaline.

44. What is the average pH of the ocean?

45. Which item is not considered to have a basic pH?

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Match the term with the corresponding description

46. Hydrogen ions are consumed

47. Hydrogen ions are produced

Match the term with the corresponding description

48. Seawater constituent with the longest residence time.

49. Seawater constituent with a short residence time.

Match the term with the corresponding description

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50. A conservative constituent of seawater.

52. The residence time of water in air is ____________ days.

54. The random movement of materials through a solution is ____________.

OTHER: Bloom’s: Remember

REFERENCES: 7-2 Seawater Consists of Water and Dissolved Solids

63. ____________ is the most abundant gas dissolved in seawater.

64. A(n) ____________ is a substance that releases a hydrogen ion in solution.

Subjective Short Answer

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Step One: CO2 + H2O <=> H2CO3

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