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Asme Sec V A-5
Asme Sec V A-5
T-520 GENERAL
T-532 Search Units
T-521 Basic Requirements
The requirements of this article shall be used together The nominal frequency shall be from 1 MHz to 5
with Article 1, General Requirements. MHz unless variables such as production material grain
structure require the use of other frequencies to assure
adequate penetration or better resolution. Search units
T-522 Written Procedure Requirements with contoured contact wedges may be used to aid ultra-
T-522.1 Requirements. Ultrasonic examination shall sonic coupling.
be performed in accordance with a written procedure,
which shall, as a minimum, contain the requirements
listed in Table T-522. The written procedure shall estab- T-533 Couplant
lish a single value, or range of values, for each T-533.1 General. The couplant, including additives,
requirement. shall not be detrimental to the material being examined.
T-522.2 Procedure Qualification. When procedure T-533.2 Control of Contaminants
qualification is specified, a change of a requirement in (a) Couplants used on nickel base alloys shall not
Table T-522 identified as an essential variable from the contain more than 250 ppm of sulfur.
specified value, or range of values, shall require requali- (b) Couplants used on austenitic stainless steel or tita-
fication of the written procedure. A change of a require- nium shall not contain more than 250 ppm of halides
ment identified as a nonessential variable from the (chlorides plus fluorides).
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TABLE T-522
VARIABLES OF AN ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE
Essential Nonessential
Requirement Variable Variable
in. (25 mm), a width not to exceed 1⁄16 in. (1.5 mm), and
depth not to exceed 0.004 in. (0.10 mm) or 5% of the ness measurement) amplitude control linearity shall be
nominal wall thickness, whichever is larger. evaluated in accordance with Mandatory Appendix II of
(b) The calibration block shall be long enough to simu- Article 4.
late the handling of the product being examined through
the examination equipment. T-562 General Calibration Requirements
T-534.2 Casting Calibration Blocks. Calibration T-562.1 Ultrasonic System. Calibrations shall
blocks shall be the same thickness ±25% as the casting include the complete ultrasonic system and shall be per-
to be examined. formed prior to use of the system in the thickness range
under examination.
T-534.3 Bolting1 Material Calibration Blocks and
Examination Techniques. Calibration blocks in accor- T-562.2 Calibration Surface. Calibrations shall be
dance with Fig. T-534.3 shall be used for straight beam performed from the surface (clad or unclad; convex or
examination. concave) corresponding to the surface of the material
from which the examination will be performed.
1
“Bolting” as used in this Article is an all-inclusive term for any
type of threaded fastener that may be used in a pressure boundary T-562.3 Couplant. The same couplant to be used dur-
bolted flange joint assembly such as a bolt, stud, studbolt, cap screw, etc. ing the examination shall be used for calibration.
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D l/
(typ) 4
Lh
(typ)
(c) Block C
Dh
(typ) l/
2
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T-562.4 Contact Wedges. The same contact wedges calibration check shall be reexamined and their values
to be used during the examination shall be used for cali- shall be changed on the data sheets or re-recorded.
bration. T-563.3.2 Sensitivity Settings. If any sensitivity
T-562.5 Instrument Controls. Any control, which setting has changed by more than 20% or 2 dB of its
affects instrument linearity (e.g., filters, reject, or clip- amplitude, correct the sensitivity calibration and note the
ping), shall be in the same position for calibration, calibra- correction in the examination record. If the sensitivity
tion checks, instrument linearity checks, and examination. setting has decreased, all data sheets since the last valid
calibration or calibration check shall be marked void and
T-562.6 Temperature. For contact examination, the the area covered by the voided data shall be reexamined.
temperature differential between the calibration block and If the sensitivity setting has increased, all recorded indica-
examination surfaces shall be within 25°F (14°C). For tions since the last valid calibration or calibration check
immersion examination, the couplant temperature for cal- shall be reexamined and their values shall be changed on
ibration shall be within 25°F (14°C) of the couplant tem- the data sheets or re-recorded.
perature for examination.
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T-571.4 Castings. Castings shall be examined in T-573.2 Inservice Examination of Bolting. Inservice
accordance with SA-609/SA-609M, except as amended examination of bolting shall be in accordance with Man-
by the requirements elsewhere in this Article. datory Appendix IV.
(a) For straight-beam examinations, the sensitivity
T-573.3 Inservice Examination of Cladding. Inser-
compensation in paragraph 8.3 of SA-609/SA-609M shall
vice examination of cladding, excluding weld metal over-
not be used.
lay cladding, shall be in accordance with SA-578/SA-
(b) A supplementary angle-beam examination shall be 578M.
performed on castings or areas of castings where a back
reflection cannot be maintained during straight-beam
examination, or where the angle between the front and T-574 Thickness Measurement
back surfaces of the casting exceeds 15 deg. Thickness measurement shall be performed in accor-
T-571.5 Bolting Material. Bolting material shall be dance with SE-797, except as amended by the require-
examined in accordance with SA-388/SA-388M, except ments elsewhere in this Article.
as amended by the requirements elsewhere in this Article.
(a) Bolting material shall be examined radially prior
to threading. Sensitivity shall be established using the T-580 EVALUATION
indication from the side of the hole in calibration block For examinations using DAC calibrations, any imper-
A at radial metal paths of D⁄4 and 3D⁄4. The instrument fection with an indication amplitude in excess of 20% of
gain shall be adjusted such that the indication from the DAC shall be investigated to the extent that it can be
D
⁄4 or 3D⁄4 hole (whichever has the highest indication ampli- evaluated in terms of the acceptance criteria of the refer-
tude) is 80% ±5% of full screen height (FSH). This shall encing Code Section.
be the primary reference level. A distance-amplitude cor-
rection (DAC) curve shall be established using the indica-
tions from the D⁄4 and 3D⁄4 holes and shall be extended to T-590 DOCUMENTATION
cover the full diameter of the material being examined. T-591 Recording Indications
(b) Bolting material shall be examined axially from
T-591.1 Non-Rejectable Indications. Non-rejectable
both end surfaces, either before or after threading. The
indications shall be recorded as specified by the referenc-
instrument gain shall be adjusted such that the indication
ing Code Section.
from the flat-bottom hole producing the highest indication
amplitude, is 80% ±5% FSH. This shall be the primary T-591.2 Rejectable Indications. Rejectable indica-
reference level. A DAC curve shall be established using tions shall be recorded. As a minimum, the type of indica-
the indications from the three flat-bottom holes and shall tion (i.e., crack, lamination, inclusion, etc.), location, and
be extended to cover the full length of the material being extent (i.e., length) shall be recorded.
examined. If any flat-bottom hole indication amplitude
is less than 20% FSH, construct two DAC lines using T-592 Examination Records
calibration blocks A and B, and calibration blocks B and
C and record the gain setting necessary to adjust the For each ultrasonic examination, the following infor-
highest indication amplitude for each DAC to 80% mation shall be recorded:
±5% FSH. (a) procedure identification and revision;
(c) Immersion techniques may be used. (b) ultrasonic instrument identification (including
manufacturer’s serial number);
(c) search unit(s) identification (including manufactur-
T-572 Examination of Pumps and Valves er’s serial number, frequency, and size);
Ultrasonic examination of pumps and valves shall be (d) beam angle(s) used;
in accordance with Mandatory Appendix I. (e) couplant used, brand name or type;
(f) search unit cable(s) used, type and length;
(g) special equipment, when used (search units,
T-573 Inservice Examination wedges, shoes, automatic scanning equipment, recording
T-573.1 Nozzle Inner Radius and Inner Corner equipment, etc.);
Region. Inservice examination of nozzle inner radii and (h) computerized program identification and revision,
inner corner regions shall be in accordance with Manda- when used;
tory Appendix II. (i) calibration block identification;
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(j) simulation block(s) and electronic simulator(s) (q) areas of restricted access or inaccessible areas;
identification, when used; (r) examination personnel identity and, when required
(k) instrument reference level gain and, if used, damp- by referencing Code Section, qualification level;
ing and reject setting(s); (s) date of examination. A06
(l) calibration data [including reference reflector(s), Items (b) through (m) may be included in a separate
indication amplitude(s), and distance reading(s)]; calibration record provided the calibration record identi-
(m) data correlating simulation block(s) and electronic fication is included in the examination record.
simulator(s), when used, with initial calibration;
(n) identification of material or volume scanned; T-593 Report
(o) surface(s) from which examination was conducted, A report of the examinations shall be made. The report
including surface condition; shall include those records indicated in T-591 and T-592.
(p) map or record of rejectable indications detected or The report shall be filed and maintained in accordance
areas cleared; with the referencing Code Section.
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ringing time — the time that the mechanical vibrations nonparallel or longitudinal scan — a scan whereby
of a piezoelectric element continue after the electrical the probe pair motion is perpendicular to the ultrasonic
pulse has stopped beam (e.g., parallel to the weld axis)
scanning surface — see test surface parallel or transverse scan — a scan whereby the
simulation block — a reference block or other item probe pair motion is parallel to the ultrasonic beam (e.g.,
in addition to the basic calibration block that enables perpendicular to the weld axis)
correlation of ultrasonic system response initially probe center spacing (PCS) — the distance between
obtained when using the basic calibration block the marked exit points of a pair of TOFD probes for a
SAFT-UT — Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique specific application
for ultrasonic testing TOFD display — a cross-sectional grayscale view of
static calibration — calibration for examination the weld formed by the stacking of the digitized incremen-
wherein the search unit is positioned on a calibration tal A-scan data. The two types of scans (parallel and non-
block so that the pertinent reflectors can be identified and parallel) are differentiated from each other by calling one
the instrumentation adjusted accordingly a B-scan and the other a D-scan. Currently there is no
(c) The following definitions are used in conjunction standardized terminology for these scans and they may
with Article 4, Appendix L: be interchanged by various manufacturers (e.g., one call-
acoustic pulse — the duration of time between the start ing the scan parallel to the weld axis a B-scan and another
and end of the signal when the amplitude reaches 10% a D-scan).
of the maximum amplitude
B-scan (parallel scan) — scan that shows the data
collected when scanning the transducer pair in the direc- APPENDIX IV — INSERVICE
tion of the sound beam transversely across a weld
EXAMINATION OF BOLTS
back-wall signal — sound wave that travels between
the two transducers with a longitudinal velocity that IV-510 SCOPE
reflects off the materials back surface
This Appendix describes supplementary requirements
D-scan (non-parallel scan) — scan that shows the data to Article 5 for inservice examination of bolts.
collected when scanning the transducer pair perpendicular
to the direction of the sound beam along a weld
diffracted signals — diffracted waves from the upper
IV-530 EQUIPMENT
and lower tips of flaws resulting from its interaction with
the incident sound wave IV-531 Calibration Blocks
free-run — recording a set of data without moving the Calibration blocks shall be full-scale or partial-section
search-units bolts, which are sufficient to contain the maximum sound
lateral wave — sound wave that travels directly beam path and area of interest, and to demonstrate the
between the transducers with a longitudinal velocity just scanning technique.
below the surface of the material
time-of-flight — the time it takes for a sound wave to IV-531.1 Material. The calibration block shall be of
travel from the transmitting transducer to the flaw, and the same material specification, product form, and surface
then to the receiving transducer finish as the bolt(s) to be examined.
A06 (d) The following definitions are used in conjunction IV-531.2 Reflectors. Calibration reflectors shall be
with Article 4, Mandatory Appendix III: straight-cut notches. A minimum of two notches shall
back-wall echo — a specular reflection from the back- be machined in the calibration standard, located at the
wall of the component being examined minimum and maximum metal paths, except that notches
diffraction — when a wave front direction has been need not be located closer than one bolt diameter from
changed by an obstacle or other in-homogeneity in a either end. Notch depths shall be as follows:
medium, other than by reflection or refraction Bolt Size Notch Depth*
free run — taking data, without the movement of the
Less than 2 in. (50 mm) 1 thread depth
probes (e.g., held stationary), of the lateral wave and 2 in. (50 mm) and greater, but 5
⁄64 in. (2.0 mm)
back-wall reflection to check system software output less than 3 in. (75 mm)
3
lateral wave — a compression wave that travels by 3 in. (75 mm) and greater ⁄32 in. (2.5 mm)
the most direct route from the transmitting probe to the
*
receiving probe in a TOFD configuration Measured from bottom of thread root to bottom of notch.
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As an alternative to straight-cut notches, other notches primary reference level. The search unit shall then be
(e.g., circular cut) may be used provided the area of the manipulated, without changing instrument settings, to
notch does not exceed the area of the applicable straight- obtain the maximum responses from the other calibration
cut notches required by this paragraph. reflector(s) to generate a DAC curve. The calibration shall
establish both the sweep range calibration and the distance
amplitude correction.
IV-560 CALIBRATION
A06 IV-561 DAC Calibration
A DAC curve shall be established using the calibration IV-570 EXAMINATION
reflectors in IV-531.2. The sound beam shall be directed
IV-571 General Examination Requirements
toward the calibration reflector that yields the maximum
response, and the instrument shall be set to obtain an The general examination requirements of Article 4,
80% of full screen height indication. This shall be the T-471 shall apply.
94.1