Readings in the Philippine History

Lesson 1: Meaning and Relevance of History

GENERAL GUIDELINES DISTINCTION OF PRIMARY AND

LEGEND FOR HEADERS SECONDARY SOURCES
PRIMARY SOURCES
MAIN TOPIC • firsthand, contemporary accounts of
events created by individuals during that
SUBTOPIC
period of time or several years later
SUB-SUBTOPIC • examples: correspondence, diaries,
memoirs, and personal histories
• other examples:
HISTORY a. Original documents such as
diaries, speeches, manuscripts,
• from the Greek word, “historia” which letters, interviews, records,
means "inquiry” (finding answers) eyewitness accounts,
• knowledge acquired through autobiographies.
investigation b. Empirical scholarly works such
• It is the study of the past. as research articles, clinical
• a broad term that encompasses past reports, case studies,
events as well as their memory, dissertations
discovery, collection, organization, c. Creative works such as poetry,
presentation, and interpretation. music, video, photography
❖ Happens everywhere ❖ Original work
❖ Different periods ❖ Helps us in looking for suit answers for
❖ Happens every second counts questions/studies
❖ Change ❖ Example: El Filibusterismo and Noli me
❖ Past events Tangere
RELEVANCE OF HISTORY SECONDARY SOURCES
1. History helps us develop a better • closely related to primary sources and
understanding of the world. often interpret them
2. History helps us understand ourselves. • These sources are documents that relate
3. History helps us learn to understand other to information that originated elsewhere
people. • often use generalizations, analysis,
4. History teaches a working understanding interpretation, and synthesis of primary
of change. sources
5. History gives us the tools we need to be • a work that interprets or analyzes an
decent citizens historical event or phenomenon
6. History makes us better decision makers. • It is generally at least one step removed
7. History helps us develop a new level of from the event is often based on primary
appreciation for just about everything. sources.
 • Examples of secondary sources include
textbooks, articles, and reference books
• Other examples:
a. journal articles that comment
on or analyse research
b. textbooks
c. dictionaries and encyclopedias
d. books that interpret, analyse
e. political commentary
f. biographies
g. dissertations
h. newspaper editorial/opinion
pieces
❖ related to primary sources
❖ how you interpret or comment to primary
sources
❖ interpretation
❖ laging kasama ng primary sources
We can approach history through the use of
primary sources and secondary sources
Analysis and interpretation
Evidences, artifacts
Answer for questions
Observe, analyze, interpret, or ask other people
Readings in the Philippine History
Lesson 2: Historiography and Historical Methodology
❖ What approaches were used: discussions,
lectures, artifacts, or evidences
GENERAL GUIDELINES
LEGEND FOR HEADERS HISTORICAL METHODOLOGY OR
METHODS USED
ARCHIVAL RESEARCH
MAIN TOPIC
• a type of investigation that entails
SUBTOPIC
searching for and extracting evidence
SUB-SUBTOPIC from archival records
• These records may be kept in collecting
institutions, such as libraries and
HISTORIOGRAPHY museums, or in the custody of the
organization (whether a government
• the study of historians' methods in body, business, family, or other agency).
developing history as an academic
discipline, and it includes any body of AUXILIARY (OR ANCILIARY)
historical work on a specific subject
• sciences of history are scholarly
• The historiography of a specific topic
disciplines that aid in the evaluation and
covers how historians have studied that
use of historical sources and are
topic using particular sources,
considered auxiliary to historical research
techniques, and theoretical approaches.
• Scholars discuss historiography by topic— EXAMPLES OF AUXILIARY
such as the historiography of the United
Kingdom that of WWII, the British ARCHAEOLOGY
Empire, early Islam, and China—and
• the study of human activity through the
different approaches and genres, such
recovery and analysis of material culture
as political history and social history
• The research interests of historians ARCHAEOGRAPHY
change over time, and there has been a
• the study of ancient (historical)
shift away from traditional diplomatic,
documents (antique writings)
economic, and political history toward
newer approaches, especially social ARCHIVAL SCIENCE
and cultural studies
• In the early modern period, the term • the study and theory of creating and
historiography meant "the writing of maintaining archives
history", and historiographer meant
CHOROGRAPHY
"historian.”
❖ History based • the study of regions and places
❖ Study of historian method
❖ How the historian writes/study (tools CHRONOLOGY
used/methods) • the study of the sequence of past events
CLIOMETRICS
• the systematic application of economic
theory, econometric techniques, and
other formal or mathematical methods to
the study of history

CODICOLOGY
• the study of books as physical objects

DIPLOMATICS
• the study and textual analysis of historical
documents

HISTORICAL METHOD
• a set of techniques and guidelines that
historians use to research and write
about the past
• Secondary sources, primary sources, and
material evidence, such as that derived
from archaeology, can all be used, and
the historian's skill lies in identifying these
sources, evaluating their relative
authority, and appropriately combining
their testimony to construct an accurate
and reliable picture of past events and
environments.
Readings in the Philippine History
Lesson 3: Analysis of Selected Primary Sources
GENERAL GUIDELINES
LEGEND FOR HEADERS
MAIN TOPIC
SUBTOPIC
SUB-SUBTOPIC
KKK
• Kataas taasan, Kagalanggalangang
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan
• arquably the most important
organization formed in Philippine History
• It was only the Katipunan envisioned:
a. A united Filipino nation that
revolt against the Spaniards.
b. The total independence of the
country from Spain.
• Previous armed revolts had already
occurred before the foundation of the
Katipunan, but none of them envisioned a
unified Filipino nation revolting against
the colonizers
DIEGO SILANG
• known as an Ilocano who took up his arms
and lead one of the longest revolts in The
country
• mainly concerned about his locality and
referred himself as El Rey de Ilocos ( The
King of Ilocos).
ILLUSTRADOS
• The propaganda movements led by the
Illustrados like Marcelo H. Del Pilar,
Graciano Lopez Jaena, and Jose Rizal did
not envision a total separation of the
Philippines from Spain but demanded
equal rights, representation, and
protection from the abuses of the friars
KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN
• In the conduct of their struggle, Katipunan
created a complex structure and a
defined value system that would give the
organization as a collective aspiring for a
single goal
• One of the most important Katipunan
documents
• The document was written by Emilio
Jacinto in 1896
EMILIO JACINTO
• Jacinto was only 18 years old when he
joined the movement. He was a law
student at the Universidad de Santo
Tomas
• On 15 April 1897, Bonifacio appointed
Jacinto as a commander of the
Katipunan in Northern Luzon, Jacinto was
22 years old
• He died of Malaria at the young age of 24
in the town of Magdalena, Laguna
KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN
• can be treated as the Katipunan's code of
conduct
• It contains rules that instruct the way a
Katipunero should behave, and which
specific values should be upheld
• Generally, the rules stated in the Kartilya
can be classified into two:
a. The first group contains the
rules that will make the
member an upright individuals
b. The second group contains the
rules that will guide the way he
treats his fellow men
KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN NI EMILIO
JACINTO
1. Ang kabuhayang hindi ginugugol sa isang
malaki at banal na kadahilanan ay kahoy
na walang lilim, kun di damong
makamandag.
2. Ang gawang magaling na nagbubuhat sa
pagpipita sa sarili, at hindi talagang
nasang gumawa ng kagalingan, ay di
kabaitan
3. Ang tunay na kabanalan ay ang
pagkakawang gawa, at pagibig sa kapwa
at and isukat ang bawat kilos, gawa't
pangungusap sa talagang katuiran.
4. Maitim man at maputi ang kulay ng
balat, lahat ng tao'y magkakapantay:
mangyayaring ang isa'y higtan sa
dunong, sa yaman, sa ganda..., ngunit di
mahihigtan sa pagkatao.
5. Ang may mataas na kalooban inuuna
ang puri sa pagpipita sa sarili; ang may
hamak na kalooban, inuuna ang
pagpipita sa sarili sa Puri.
6. Sa taong may hiya, salita'y panunumpa.
7. Huwag mong sayangin ang panahon: ang
yamang nawala'y mangyayari magbalik;
ngunit panahung nagdaan na'y di na muli
pang magdadaan.
8. Ipagtanggol mo ang inaapi; kabakahin
ang umaapi.
9. Ang taong matalino'y ang may pagungat
sa bawat sasabihin, at matuton ipaglihim
ang dapat ipaglihim.
10. Sa daang matinik ng kabuhayan, lalaki ay
siyang patugot ng asawa't mg anak: kung
ang umaakay ay tungo sa sama, ang
pagtutunguhan ng inaaka ay kasamaan
din.
11. Ang babai ay huwag mong tignang isang
bagay na libangan lamang, kun di isang
katuang at karamay sa mga kahirapan
nitong kabuhayan; gamitan mo ng boong
pagpipitagan ang kaniyang kahinaan, at
alalahanin ang inang pinagbuhatan at
nagiwi sa iyong kasanggulan.
12. Ang kamahalan ng tao'y wala sa
pagkahari, wala sa tangus ng ilong at puti
ng mukha, wala sa pagkaparing kahalili
ng Dios, wala sa mataas na kalagayan sa
balat ng lupa: wagas at tunay na mahal
na tao, kahit laking gubat at walang
nababatid kun di ang sariling wika, yaon
may magandang asal, may isang
pangungusap, may dangal at puri; yaon
di nagpapaapit di nakikiapi, yaong
marunong magdamdam at marunong
lumingap sa bayang tinubuan.
13. Paglalapat ng mga aral na ito at
maniningning na sumikat ang araw ng
mahal na Kalayaan dito sa kaabaabang
Sangkapuluan, at sabugan ng matamis
niyang liwanag ang nangagkaisang
magkakalahi't magkakapatid na ligayang
walang katapusan, ang mga ginugol na
buhay, pagud, at mga tinus na kahirapa'y
labis nang natumbasan.
ANALYSIS OF THE “KARTILYA NG
KATIPUNAN”
1. As a colonial regime, we can explain the
content and provisions of the Kartilya as
a reaction and response to certain value
systems that they found despicable in the
present state of things that they struggled
against with.
2. Moreover, one can analyze the values
upheld in the document as consistent with
the burgeoning rational and liberal ideals
in the eighteenth or nineteenth century.
3. In the contemporary eyes, the Katipunan
can be criticized because of this.
provisions. However, one organization
must not forget the context where the
organization was born.
4. Aside from this, the Kartilya was
instructive not just of the Katipunan's
conduct toward other people, but also for
the members' development as individuals
in their own rights.
 5. All in all, a proper reading of the Kartilya
will reveal a more thorough
understanding of the Katipunan and the
significant role that it played in the
revolution and in the unfolding of the
Philippine history, as we know it.
PROCLAMATION OF THE PHILIPPINE
INDEPENDENCE
• Every year, the country commemorates
the anniversary of the Philippine
Independence proclaimed on June 12,
1898 in the province of Cavite
• Indeed, such an event is a significant
turning point in the history of the country
because it signaled the end of the 333
years of Spanish colonization.
• The declaration was a short 2,000-word
document, which summarized the reason
behind the revolution against Spain, the
war for independence, and the future of
the new republic under Emilio Aguinaldo.
HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PROCLAMATION
SPEECH
1. A characterization of the conditions in the
Philippines during the Spanish colonial
period. The document specifically
mentioned abuses and inequalities in the
colony
2. A brief historical overview of the Spanish
occupation since Magellan's arrival in
Visayas until the Philippine Revolution,
with specific details about the latter,
especially after the Pact of Biak-na-Bato
had collapsed.
3. The mention of Rizal's execution, calling it
unjust.
4. The Cavite Mutiny of January 1872 that
caused the infamous execution of the
martyred native priests Jose Burgos,
Mariano Gomez, and Jacinto Zamora,
"whose innocent blood was shed through
theintrigues of those so-called religious
orders" that cited the three secular
priests in the said mutiny.
5. The established republic would be led
under the dictatorship of Emilio Aguinaldo
6. Its explanation on the Philippine flag that
was first waved on the same day.
RE-EXAMINATION OF THE DOCUMENT
1. The document reflects the general
revolutionary sentiment of that period.
2. The proclamation also gives us an
impression of how the victorious
revolutionary government of Aguinaldo
historicized the struggle for
independence.
3. There were mentions of past events that
were seen as important turning points of
the movement against Spain.
4. However, the Katipunan as the pioneer of
the revolutionary movement was only
mentioned once toward the end of the
document. There was no mention of the
Katipunan's foundation. Bonifacio and his
co-founders were also left out. The enmity
between Aguinaldo Magdalo and
Bonifacio's Magdiwang in the Katipunan
is no secret in the pages of our history.
5. The point is, even official records and
documents like the proclamation of
independence, while truthful most of the
time, still exudes the politics and biases of
whoever is in power
This manifests in the selectiveness of information
that can be found in these records.
It is the task of the historian, thus, to analyze the
content of these documents in relation to the
dominant politics and the contexts of people and
institutions surrounding it.
PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE
• This tells us a lesson on taking primary
sources like official government records
within the circumstances of this
production. Studying one historical
subject, thus, entails looking at multiple
primary sources and pieces of historical
evidence in order to have a more
nuanced and contextual analysis of our
past.
Readings in the Philippine History
Lesson 4: Spaces for Conflicts and Controversies
GENERAL GUIDELINES
LEGEND FOR HEADERS
MAIN TOPIC
SUBTOPIC
SUB-SUBTOPIC
HISTORICAL INTERPRETATION
• Firsthand documents can be
questionable
• Use multiple primary or secondary
sources
• Check the authors
GEOFFREY BARRACLOUGH
• defines history as "the attempt to
discover, on the basis of fragmentary
evidence, the significant things about the
past."
• He also notes "the history we read, though
based on facts, is strictly speaking, not
factual at all, but a series of accepted
judgments.'
❖ Educator, author, and scholar
❖ Discover
❖ Basis of authors
❖ Use other tools or methods to prove
where he or she based
❖ Consider the author and expertise
• Such judgments of historians on how the
past should be seen make the foundation
of historical interpretation.
• Historians utilize facts collected from
primary sources of history and then draw
their own reading so that their intended
audience may understand the historical
event, a process that in essence, "makes
sense of the past."
• The premise is that not all primary
sources are accessible to the general
audience, and without the proper training
and background, a non-historian
interpreting a primary source may do
more harm than good- a primary source
may even cause misunderstandings
sometimes, even resulting in more
problems.
• Interpretations of the past, therefore,
vary according to who reads the primary
source, when it was read, and how it was
read.
• As a student of history, we must be well
equipped to recognize different types of
interpretations, why these may differ
from each other and how to critically shift
these interpretations through historical
evaluation.
• Interpretations of historical events
change over time; thus, it is an important
skill for a student of history to track these
changes in an attempt to understand the
past
• Many of the things we accept as "true"
about the past might not be the case
anymore; just because these were taught
to us as facts when we were younger do
not mean that is set in the stone- history
is, after all, a construct. And as a
construct, it is open for interpretation.
• There might be conflicting and competing
accounts of the past that need one's
attention, and in the impact the way we
know our country's history and identity.
• It is important, therefore, to subject to
evaluation not only the primary source
but also the historical interpretation of the
same, to ensure that the current
interpretation is reliable to support our
acceptance of events of the past.
 MULTIPERSPECTIVE
•With several possibilities of
interpreting the past, another
important concept that we must note
is multiperspective.
• Multiperspective can be defined as a
way of looking at historical events,
personalities, developments, cultures,
and societies from different
perspectives.
• This means that there is a multitude of
ways by which we can view the world,
and each could be equally valid, and
at the same time, equally partial as
well.
❖ Several ways how an individual
understand
❖ Numbers of perspective/opinions
❖ Open and accepted in history
HISTORICAL WRITING
• by definition, biased, partial, and
contains preconceptions.
• The historian decides on what sources to
use, what interpretations to make more
apparent, depending on what his end is.
• Historians may misinterpret evidence,
attending to those that suggest that a
certain event happened, and then ignore
the rest that goes against the evidence
• Historians may omit significant facts
about their subject, which makes the
interpretation unbalanced.
• Historians may impose a certain ideology
to their subject, which may not be
appropriate to the period the subject was
from.
• Historians may also provide a single
cause for an event without considering
other possible causal explanations of said
events.
• These are just many ways a historian may
fall in his historical inference, description ,
and interpretation.
• With multiperspectivity as an approach
to history, we must understand that
historical interpretations can contain a lot
of interpretations.
• Exploring multiple perspectives in history
requires incorporating source materials
that reflect different views of an event in
history, because singular historical
narratives do not provide for space to
inquire and investigate.
• Different kinds of sources also provide
historical truths- an official document
may note different aspects of the past
than, say, a memoir of an ordinary person
on the same event.
• taking these in close regard in the reading
of historical interpretations, it provides for
the audience a more complex, but also a
more complete and rocher
understanding of the past.
CASE STUDY 1: FIRST CATHOLIC MASS
• The popularity of knowing where the
"firsts" happened in history has been an
easy way to trivialize history, but this case
study will not focus on the significance (or
lack thereof) of the site of the First
Catholic Mass in the Philippines, rather,
use it as a historiographical exercise in
the utilization of evidence and
interpretation in reading historical events.
• Butuan has long been believed as the site
of the first mass.
• In fact, this has been the case for three
centuries, culminating in the erection of a
monument in 1872 near Agusan River,
which commemorates the expedition's
arrival and celebration of Mass on Apri 8,
1521.
• The Butuan claim has been based on a
rather elementary reading of primary
sources from the past.
• Toward the end of the nineteenth century
and the start of the twentieth century,
together with the increasing scholarship
 on the history of the Philippines, more
nuanced reading of the available
evidence was made, which brought to
light more considerations in going against
the more accepted interpretation of the
first Mass in the Philippines, made both by
Spanish and Filipino Scholars.
• It must be noted that there are only two
primary sources that historians refer to in
identifying the site of the first Mass.
TWO PRIMARY SOURCES REFERED TO
LOG KEPT BY FRANCISCO ALBO
• Francisco Albo, a pilot of one of
Magellan's ship, Trinidad.
• He was one of the 18 survivors who
returned with Sebastian Elcano on the
ship Victoria After they circumnavigated
the world.
• It must be noted that in Albo's account,
the location of Mazava fits the location of
the island of Limasawa, at the southern
tip of Leyte.
• Also, Albo does not mention the first
Mass, but only the planting of the cross
upon mountain top from which could be
seen three islands to the west and
southwest, which also fits the southern
end of Limasawa.
Butuan or Limasawa: The Site of the First
Mass in the Philippines: A Reexamination
of Evidence (1981) lays down the
argument that in the Pigafetta account, a
crucial aspect of Butuan was not
mentioned- the river.
• Butuan is a riverine settlement, situated
on the Agusan River. The beach of Masao
is in the delta of the said river. It is a
crucial omission in the account of the
river, which makes part of a distinct
characteristic of Butuan's geography that
seemed to be too important to be missed.
• It must also be pointed out that later on,
after Magellan's death, the survivors of
his expedition went to Mindanao and
seemingly went to Butuan. In this
instance, Pigafetta vividly describes a trip
to a river. But note that this account
already happened after Magellan's
death.

ANTONIO PIGAFETTA’S TESTIMONY.

• The other, and more complete, was the
account by Antonio Pigafetta, Primo
viaggio intorno al mondo (First Voyage
Around the World)
• Pigafetta, like Albo was a member of the
Magellan expedition and an eyewitness of
the events, particularly of the first Mass.
• It must be pointed out that both Albo and
Pigafetta's testimonies coincide and
corroborate each other. Pigafetta gave
more details on what they did during their
weeklong stay at Mazaua.
• Using the primary sources available,
Jesuit priest Miguel A. Bernard in his work
Readings in the Philippine History
Lesson 5: Source Criticism
❖ In history, all perspectives are accepted
❖ Content of the book that you will use
GENERAL GUIDELINES
1. Why was it written?
LEGEND FOR HEADERS 2. What is the literal meaning of the
text(s)?
3. Is there internal consistency?
MAIN TOPIC 4. What are the connotations?
5. What are the meanings in context?
SUBTOPIC
SUB-SUBTOPIC FOREIGN PHILOSOPHERS ENGAGED TO
HISTORY
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
SOURCE CRITICISM
• “History is written by the winners”
EXTERNAL CRITICISM ❖ French military leader
• Appraises the authenticity and ❖ Very prominence during French
authorship of the data source revolution (1799-1804)
❖ Authenticity of the author GEORGE SANTAYANA
❖ Guide
1. When (date) was it written and • “Those who cannot remember the past,
published? are condemned to repeat it”
2. Where (localization) was it written ❖ English philosopher, writer, poet, and
and published? – local or foreign novelist
3. Who is the author? Is he/she ❖ Originally from Spain, but grew up in US
credible? – check and identifies himself as American
bionotes/background, publisher, if ❖ Wrote many things is history
registered
GEORGE ORWELL
4. Why did the document/story
survive? • “The most effective way to destroy people
5. From what pre-existing material was is to deny and obliterate their own
it produced? – another version / understanding of their history”
edition ❖ Eric Arthur Blair
6. In what original form was it ❖ English novelist, writer, journalist, and
produced? critique
7. What is the evidential value of its ❖ Born on June 25, 1903 in India
contents? – evidences, proof, check ❖ Has wrote many books
bibliography, references
CONFUCIUS
INTERNAL CRITICISM
• “Study the past if you would define the
• Appraises the meaning and intent of the future”
data source ❖ Chinese philosopher and politician
❖ Content ❖ Paragon of Chinese
 ❖ Kong Qiu lubhang pananalig noon sa historyang
likha ng mga dayuhan.
MARTIN LUTHER KING JR.
RENATO CONSTANTINO
• “We are not makers of history. We are
made by history” • ang kasaysayan ay hindi lamang para sa
❖ Very prominent person mayaman at mga kilala sa lipunan ngunit
❖ American Baptist minister, activist, para din ito sa mga ordinaryong tao at
spokesman, and leader mamamayan
❖ Popular in his writings, reactions, and
criticisms JOSE RIZAL
• Para kay Jose Rizal, malaki ang halaga ng
ROBERT PENN WARREN
kasaysayan sa paglalarawan,
• “The lack of a sense of history is the pagpapaliwanag, at paghuhusga ng
damnation of the modern world” kasalukuyan at sa paglalantad ng
❖ American poet, novelist, and literary hinaharap.
critique • Ilan sa kanyang mga akda ang
❖ One of the founders of new criticisms naghahayag kung gaano kaimportante
❖ He was from US also ang kasaysayan sa paghubog ng
❖ Has wrote many books indibidwal, grupo, at bansa.
• “Ang hindi marunong lumingon sa
MICHAEL CRICHTON pinanggalingan ay hindi makararating sa
• “If you don’t know history, then you don’t paroroonan.”
know anything. You are a leaf that doesn’t
know it is a part of a tree”

SELECTED PHILIPPINE HISTORIAN

ZEUS SALAZAR
• Kung ang “History” ay “written record,”
• ang salitang ugat naman ng
“Kasaysayan” ay “saysay”
• dalawa ang kahulugan: (1) isang salaysay
o kwento, at (2) kahulugan, katuturan,
kabuluhan at kahalagahan.
• Samakatuwid, ang “Kasaysayan” ay
“mga salaysay na may saysay.”

TEODORO AGONCILLO
• ang kinikilálang ”ama ng makabansang
pananaw sa pagsulat ng kasaysayan.”
• Iginiit niyá na dapat sulatin ang
kasaysayan ng Pilipinas ng isang Filipino
at sa pananaw na Filipino at ipinakita ito
sa kaniyang mga aklat, upang matigil ang
Readings in the Philippine History
Cry of PugadLawin
GENERAL GUIDELINES
LEGEND FOR HEADERS
MAIN TOPIC
SUBTOPIC
SUB-SUBTOPIC
AGOSTO 23, 1896
• Naganap ang hindi malilimutang
pangyayari sa Pilipinas
• Nagtipon-tipon ang hindi bababa sa higit
500 na miyembro ng Katipunan upang
punitin ang kanilang sedula sa
pamumuno ni Supremo Andres
Bonifacio
• Hudyat nito ang tunay na pagtiwalag sa
ilalim ng pamahalaang Espanya at
pagsimula ng himagsikang Pilipino laban
sa mga Kastila
KATIPUNAN/KKK
• Kataastaasan Kagalanggalangang
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan
• Isang lihim na Samahan na itinatag sa
Pilipinas ni Andres Bonifacio
• Layunin ay palayain ang bansa sa ilalim
ng mga mananakop ng pamahalaang
Espanyol
• Binuo ni Andres Bonifacio nang makulong
si Dr. Jose Rizal
• Binuo kasama pa ang dalawang pinuno
na si Deodato Arellano at Roman Basa
nung ika-7 ng Hulyo sa taong 1892
• Nabunyag nang umamin ang isang
Katipunan na si Teodoro Patino nang siya
ay mainggit kay Apolonio de la Cruz dahil
may dagdag na dalawang piso ang
kanyang sweldo sa imprintahan ng
dyaryo
• Si Teodoro ay nangumpisal kay Padre
Mariano Gil
• Nagpadala ng liham si Tenyente Manuel
Sityar sa gobyernong sibil upang ipaalam
ang kanilang nalalaman tungkol sa
binuong lihim na Samahan sa bayan
• Nakasaad sa liham ang brutal na pang-
aalila ng mga Kastila sa mga Pilipino
GREGORIA “ORYANG” DE JESUS
• Asawa ni Bonifacio
• Kasapi ng Katipunan
• Tagapagtago ng mga dokumento
LA LIGA FILIPINA
• Binuo ni Dr. Jose Rizal noong Hulyo 3, 1892
• Naging bahagi si Andres Bonifacio ng
kilusang propagandang ito
• Binuo ng mga uri ng intelektwal o
illustrado na nagtataguyod ng
mapayapang reporma
• Hinadlangan ng rehimeng Espanyol:
Camilo Garcia, Fernando De Rivera, at
Ramon Blanco
• Ang paghadlang ang nagpatunay kay
Bonifacio na walang saysay sa
mapayapang reporma sa ilalim ng
pamahalaang Espanya
AGOSTO 19, 1896
• Nilakbay ni Andres Bonifacio, Procopio
Bonifacio, at iba pang mga pinuno ng
Katipunan na si Emilio Jacinto, Teodoro
Plata, at Aguedo del Rosario ang
Balintawak, Quezon City
• Galling sila ng Tondo, Manila
• sinimulan ang rebolusyon noong gabi
AGOSTO 20, 1896
Readings in the Philippine History
Cry of PugadLawin
• Sumapi na rin ang Katipunan sa
pamumuno ni Pio Valenzuela
• Nagtipon ang 500 Katipuneros
• Kangkong, Caloocan

AGOSTO 21, 1896

• Nilakbay ang Kangkong at nagpahinga sa
bahay ni Apolonio Samson

AGOSTO 22, 1896

• Hapon nang binagtas nila ang
PugadLawin
• Bahay Toro, Quezon City

AGOSTO 23, 1896

• Narrating ang tahanan ng itinuring na Ina
ng Katipunan na si Melchora Aquino
• Sa bakuran ng bahay ni Melchora Aquino,
sa pangunguna ni Supremo Andres
Bonifacio, buong tapang na pinunit ng
500 na miyembro ng Katipunan ang
kani-kanilang mga sedula
• Isinagaw nila “Mabuhay ang Kalayaan”
• Pagpunit ng sedula: pagkalas ng mga
Pilipino sa Kastila
• Katipunan: naging unang gobyerno ng
Pilipinas
• Andres Bonifacio: unang pangulo ng
Pilipinas
• Higit tatloong daan at tatlumpung taon
ang pananakop ng Espanya
Readings in the Philippine History
Lesson 1: Agrarian Reform Policies in the Philippines

GENERAL GUIDELINES LAND REFORM VS AGRARIAN REFORM

LEGEND FOR HEADERS LAND REFORM
MAIN TOPIC
SUBTOPIC
SUB-SUBTOPIC
AGRARIAN REFORM
• The transfer of control and ownership of
agricultural land to the actual tillers.
• Agrarian reform can refer to either a
government-initiated or government-
backed redistribution of agricultural land
(see land reform) or, more broadly, to an AGRARIAN REFORM
overall redirection of the country's
agrarian system, which frequently
includes land reform measures.
❖ Efficient towards the development of
agrarian
❖ Improvement
❖ Government can control
❖ To manage the rural area
❖ Pagbabago, mga batas, and transfer ng
Karapatan
❖ Financial support para lumago sakahan
SEC. JOHN R. CASTRICIONES CARP
• Namamahala sa DAR
• Department of Agrarian Reform
DAR
• Kagawaran ng Repormang Pansakahan
Elliptical Road, Diliman, Quezon City
Philippines 1107
• Email Address: contact_us@dar.gov.ph
• Department of Agrarian Reform
• Sumasaklaw sa lahat ng farmers sa PH
• Improvement of the farmers
relationship to the land that they
cultivate.
• It is concerned with rights in land, and
their character, strength and
distribution.
❖ Development
❖ Irrigation, machines, technologies to
speed up planting and harvesting
❖ Land title
❖ Properties
❖ Example: San Miguel corporation and
Villar
• Concerned is the total development of
farmers on economic, social and political
transformation.
• Focuses not only on these but also a
broader set of issues: the class character
of the relations of production and
distribution in farming and related
enterprises, and how these connect to the
wider class structure.
❖ Lahat ng paraan in a general concept
❖ Presyo, tubo, benefits
• Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
Program
• It is the redistribution of lands, regardless
of crops or fruits produced, to farmers
and regular farm who are landless,
irrespective of tenurial arrangement, to
include to totality of factors and support
services designed to lift the economic
status of the beneficiaries and all other
arrangements alternative to the physical
 redistribution of lands, such as production
or sharing, labor administration, and the
distribution of shares of stocks which will
allow beneficiaries to receive a just share
of the fruits of the lands they work.
• RA 6657 Comprehensive Agrarian Law
serves as the basis of CARP. (bylaws)
❖ Land titles
❖ Tenurial – kasunduan, nakasaad sa
kontrata
❖ has vision and mission
SCOPE OF AGRARIAN REFORM
• All public and private agricultural lands
as provided in proclamation No. 131
(Instituting a Comprehensive Agrarian
Reform Program) and executive order
No. 299 (Implementation of CARP),
including other lands of the public
domain suitable for agriculture.
❖ All lands
❖ Irrigation, machine, binhi
SALIENT OR NOTICEABLE FEATURED OF
CARP
• Coverage
• Retention limits
• Schedule or priorities – 10 yrs
• Beneficiaries
• Exclusion- exemption and deferment
• Administrative and financial
requirements of the program – percent ng
hatian
COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN REFORM
LAW
• Republic Act No. 6657
• signed by Corazon Aquino on June 10,
1988.
• responsible for the implementation of the
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
Program (CARP)
❖ ruling and benefits
SCHEDULE OF IMPLEMENTATION
• The distribution of all lands covered by
this act shall be implemented
immediately and completed within ten
(10) years from the effectivity.
❖ After 10 years, can be renewed or
amended or implemented
HISTORY OF AGRARIAN REFORM IN THE
PHILIPPINES
PRE-SPANISH PERIOD
• This land is Ours God gave this land to
us”
• Before the Spaniards came to the
Philippines, Filipinos lived in villages or
barangays ruled by chiefs or datus.
• The datus comprised the nobility. Then
came the maharlikas (freemen), followed
by the aliping mamamahay (serfs) and
aliping saguiguilid (slaves).
• However, despite the existence of
different classes in the social structure,
practically everyone had access to the
fruits of the soil. Money was unknown, and
rice served as the medium of exchange.
❖ Crops – pera, medium of exchange,
barter/palitan ng kalakal
SPANISH PERIOD
• United we stand, divided we fall”
• When the Spaniards came to the
Philippines, the concept of encomienda
(Royal Land Grants) was introduced. This
system grants that Encomienderos must
defend his encomienda from external
attack, maintain peace and order within,
and support the missionaries. In turn, the
encomiendero acquired the right to
collect tribute from the indios (native).
• The system, however, degenerated into
abuse of power by the encomienderos
The tribute soon became land rents to a
few powerful landlords. And the natives
who once cultivated the lands in freedom
 were transformed into mere share
tenants.
❖ Prominent - encomienda
FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
• The yoke has finally broken”
• When the First Philippine Republic was
established in 1899, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo
declared in the Malolos Constitution his
intention to confiscate large estates,
especially the so-called Friar lands.
• However, as the Republic was short-lived,
Aguinaldo’s plan was never
implemented.
❖ division and number of hectares
AMERICAN PERIOD
• Long live America”
PHILIPPINE BILL OF 1902
• Set the ceilings on the hectarage of
private individuals and corporations may
acquire: 16 has. for private individuals
and 1,024 has. for corporations.
LAND REGISTRATION ACT OF 1902
• Act No. 496
• Provided for a comprehensive
registration of land titles under the
Torrens system.
PUBLIC LAND ACT OF 1903
• introduced the homestead system in the
Philippines.
TENANCY ACT OGF 1933
• Act No. 4054 and 4113
• regulated relationships between
landowners and tenants of rice (50-50
sharing) and sugar cane lands.
• the Americans instituted for the
registration of lands, did not solve the
problem completely.
• Either they were not aware of the law or if
they did, they could not pay the survey
cost and other fees required in applying
for a Torrens title.
COMMONWEALTH PERIOD
• Government for the Filipinos”
• President Manuel L. Quezon espoused the
"Social Justice" program to arrest the
increasing social unrest in Central Luzon.
1935 CONSTITUTION
• "The promotion of social justice to ensure
the well-being and economic security of
all people should be the concern of the
State”
COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 178
• An Amendment to Rice Tenancy Act No.
4045
• Nov. 13, 1936
• Provided for certain controls in the
landlord-tenant relationships.
NARIC
• National Rice and Corn Corporation
• 1936
• Established the price of rice and corn
thereby help the poor tenants as well as
consumers.
COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 461
• 1937
• Specified reasons for the dismissal of
tenants and only with the approval of the
Tenancy Division of the Department of
Justice.

TORRENS SYSTEM RURAL PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION

• created March 2, 1939
 • Provided the purchase and lease of
haciendas and their sale and lease to the
tenants.
COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 441
• enacted on June 3, 1939
• Created the National Settlement
Administration with a capital stock of
P20,000,000.
JAPANESE OCCUPATION
• The Era of Hukbalahap”
• The Second World War II started in Europe
in 1939 and in the Pacific in 1941.
• Hukbalahap controlled whole areas of
Central Luzon; landlords who supported
the Japanese lost their lands to peasants
while those who supported the Huks
earned fixed rentals in favor of the
tenants.
• Unfortunately, the end of war also
signaled the end of gains acquired by the
peasants.
• Upon the arrival of the Japanese in the
Philippines in 1942, peasants and workers
organizations grew strength. Many
peasants took up arms and identified
themselves with the anti-Japanese
group, the HUKBALAHAP (Hukbo ng
Bayan Laban sa Hapon).
PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
• The New Republic”
• After the establishment of the Philippine
Independence in 1946, the problems of
land tenure remained. These became
worst in certain areas. Thus the Congress
of the Philippines revised the tenancy law.
PRESIDENT MANUEL ROXAS
• 1946-1948
• relationship between tenants and
landlords
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 34
• Established the 70-30 sharing
arrangements and regulating share-
tenancy contracts.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 55
• Provided for a more effective safeguard
against arbitrary ejectment of tenants.
PRESIDENT ELPIDIO QUIRINO
• 1948-1953
• Protects rights of tenants/farmers
EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 355
• issued on October 23, 1950
• Replaced the National Land Settlement
Administration with Land Settlement
Development Corporation (LASEDECO)
which takes over the responsibilities of the
Agricultural Machinery Equipment
Corporation and the Rice and Corn
Production Administration.
PRESIDENT RAMON MAGSAYSAY
• 1953-1957
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1160 OF 1954
• Abolished the LASEDECO and established
the National Resettlement and
Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) to
resettle dissidents and landless farmers.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1199
• Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954
• governed the relationship between
landowners and tenant farmers by
organizing share-tenancy and leasehold
system.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1400
• Land Reform Act of 1955
• Created the Land Tenure Administration
(LTA) which was responsible for the
acquisition and distribution of large
 tenanted rice and corn lands over 200
hectares for individuals and 600 hectares
for corporations.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 821
• Creation of Agricultural Credit
Cooperative Financing Administration
• Provided small farmers and share
tenants loans with low interest rates of six
to eight percent.
PRESIDENT CARLOS P. GARCIA
• Continued the program of President
Ramon Magsaysay.
• No new legislation passed.
PRESIDENT DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL
• 1961-1965
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 3844
• August 8, 1963
• Agricultural Land Reform Code
• Abolished share tenancy, institutionalized
leasehold, set retention limit at 75
hectares, invested rights of preemption
and redemption for tenant farmers,
provided for an administrative machinery
for implementation, institutionalized a
judicial system of agrarian cases,
incorporated extension, marketing and
supervised credit system of services of
farmer beneficiaries.
• The RA was hailed as one that would
emancipate Filipino farmers from the
bondage of tenancy.
PRESIDENT FERDINAND E. MARCOS
• 1965-1986
PROCLAMATION NO. 1081
• September 21, 1972
• ushered the Period of the New Society.
Five days after the proclamation of
Martial Law, the entire country was
proclaimed a land reform area and
simultaneously the Agrarian Reform
Program was decreed.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6389
• Code of Agrarian Reform
• Together with RA No. 6390 of 1971 --
Created the Department of Agrarian
Reform and the Agrarian Reform Special
Account Fund.
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO.2
• September 26, 1972
• Declared the country under land reform
program.
• It enjoined all agencies and offices of the
government to extend full cooperation
and assistance to the DAR.
• It also activated the Agrarian Reform
Coordinating Council.
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 27
• October 21, 1972
• Restricted land reform scope to tenanted
rice and corn lands and set the retention
limit at 7 hectares.
PRESIDENT CORAZON C. AQUINO
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6657
• June 10, 1988
• former President Corazon C. Aquino
signed into law
• known as the Comprehensive Agrarian
Reform Law (CARL).
• The law became effective on June 15,
1988.
• instituted a comprehensive agrarian
reform program to promote social justice
and industrialization providing the
mechanism for its implementation and
for other purposes.
• This law is still the one being implemented
at present.
EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 228 REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7881
• July 16, 1987 • 1995
• Declared full ownership to qualified • Amended certain provisions of RA 6657
farmer-beneficiaries covered by PD 27. and exempted fishponds and prawns
from the coverage of CARP.
EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 229
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7905
• July 22, 1987
• Provided mechanism for the • 1995
implementation of the Comprehensive • Strengthened the implementation of the
Agrarian Reform Program (CARP). CARP.

PROCLAMATION NO. 131 EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 363

• July 22, 1987
• Instituted the CARP as a major program
of the government.
• It provided for a special fund known as the
Agrarian Reform Fund (ARF), with an
initial amount of Php50 billion to cover
the estimated cost of the program from
1987-1992.
EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 129-A
• July 26, 1987
• streamlined and expanded the power
and operations of the DAR.
EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 405
• June 14, 1990
• Vested in the Land Bank of the Philippines
the responsibility to determine land
valuation and compensation for all lands
covered by CARP.
EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 407
• June 14, 1990
• Accelerated the acquisition and
distribution of agricultural lands, pasture
lands, fishponds, agro-forestry lands and
other lands of the public domain suitable
for agriculture.
PRESIDENT FIDEL V. RAMOS
• 1992-1998
• 1997
• Limits the type of lands.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8435
• 1997
• Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization
Act AFMA
• Plugged the legal loopholes in land use
conversion.
REPUBLIC ACT 8532
• 1998
• Agrarian Reform Fund Bill
• Provided an additional Php50 billion for
CARP and extended its implementation
for another 10 years.
PRESIDENT JOSEPH E. ESTRADA
• 1998-2000
• During his administration, President
Estrada launched the Magkabalikat Para
sa Kaunlarang Agraryo or MAGKASAKA.
• The DAR forged into joint ventures with
private investors into agrarian sector to
make FBs competitive.
• However, the Estrada Administration was
short lived.
EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 151
• September 1999
• Farmer’s Trust Fund
 • Allowed the voluntary consolidation of
small farm operation into medium and
large scale integrated enterprise that can
access long-term capital.
PRESIDENT GLORIA MACAPAGAL
ARROYO
• 2000-2010
LAND TENURE IMPROVEMENT
• DAR will remain vigorous in implementing
land acquisition and distribution
component of CARP.
• The DAR will improve land tenure system
through land distribution and leasehold.
PROVISION OF SUPPORT SERVICES
• CARP not only involves the distribution of
lands but also included package of
support services which includes: credit
assistance, extension services, irrigation
facilities, roads and bridges, marketing
facilities and training and technical
support programs.
INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS
• DAR will transform the agrarian reform
communities.
KAR
• The KALAHI Agrarian Reform (KAR) Zones
were also launched.
• These zones consists of one or more
municipalities with concentration of ARC
population to achieve greater agro-
productivity.
AGRARIAN JUSTICE
• To help clear the backlog of agrarian
cases, DAR will hire more paralegal
officers to support undermanned
adjudicatory boards and introduce quota
system to compel adjudicators to work
faster on agrarian reform cases.
• DAR will respect the rights of both farmers
and landowners.
PRESIDENT BENIGNO AQUINO III
• 2010-2016
• President Benigno Aquino III vowed
during his 2012 State of the Nation
Address that he would complete before
the end of his term the Comprehensive
Agrarian Reform Program (CARP), the
centerpiece program of the
administration of his mother, President
Corazon Aquino.
• The younger Aquino distributed their
family-owned Hacienda Luisita in Tarlac.
Apart from the said farm lots, he also
promised to complete the distribution of
privately-owned lands of productive
agricultural estates in the country that
have escaped the coverage of the
program.
ARCCESS
• Agrarian Reform Community
Connectivity and Economic Support
Services project
• created to contribute to the overall goal of
rural poverty reduction especially in
agrarian reform areas.
APCP
• Agrarian Production Credit Program
• provided credit support for crop
production to newly organized and
existing agrarian reform beneficiaries’
organizations (ARBOs) and farmers’
organizations not qualified to avail
themselves of loans under the regular
credit windows of banks.
LCMS
• The legal case monitoring system
• a web-based legal system.
PRESIDENT RODRIGO ROA DUTERTE
• 2016 – present
• The President directed the DAR to launch
the 2nd phase of agrarian reform where
landless farmers would be awarded with
undistributed lands under the
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
Program (CARP).
• Duterte plans to place almost all public
lands, including military reserves, under
agrarian reform.
• The President also placed 400 hectares of
agricultural lands in Boracay under CARP.
• Under his administration the DAR created
an anti-corruption task force to
investigate and handle reports on alleged
anomalous activities by officials and
employees of the department.

OPLAN ZERO BACKLOG

• The Department also pursues an “Oplan
Zero Backlog” in the resolution of cases in
relation to agrarian justice delivery of the
agrarian reform program to fast-track
the implementation of CARP.
• Agrarian reform cases. DAR will respect
the rights of both farmers and
landowners.
Readings in the Philippine History
Lesson 2: Philippine Constitution
❖ Pwedeng i-amend and revise
❖ Constitutional Commission –
GENERAL GUIDELINES
committee, bubuo, aaral, and bawas
LEGEND FOR HEADERS
WHY DO WE NEED CONSTITUTION?
• To state how your association is to be
MAIN TOPIC structured.
SUBTOPIC • To detail the safeguards needed to ensure
that it operates fairly on behalf of the
SUB-SUBTOPIC whole community.
• As a basic requirement to apply for
funding.
1987 CONSTITUTION ❖ Pondo
❖ Tax
❖ Saligang Batas ng Pilipinas
❖ Civil rights
❖ Enacted and promulgated by the law for
❖ Economic rights
them to follow
❖ For us to be able to control, manage, one REQUISITES OF A GOOD WRITTEN
way of guide CONSTITUTION
❖ Nakatakdang sundin at gawin
❖ Article I to Article XVIII and additional BRIEF
other provision
• because if a constitution is too detailed, it
❖ Fundamental law
would lose the advantage of a
❖ Supreme law
fundamental law.
❖ Adapted sa United States
❖ Maiski at naiintindihan, but detailed
❖ Can have amendments and revisions
❖ Ensure to protect the Philippines itself
CONSTITUTION
BROAD
• The body of those written or unwritten
• because a statement of the powers and
fundamental laws which regulate the
functions of government and of the
most important rights of the higher
relations between the governing body
magistrates and the most important
and the governed, requires that it be as
essential privileges of the subjects.
comprehensive as possible.
• It is the constitution or supreme law of the
❖ Malawak saklaw
Republic of the Philippines.
❖ Nilalaman ang functions
• Its final draft was completed by
❖ Distinct power of 3 branches of
the Constitutional Commission on
government:
October 12, 1986 and was ratified by
o Legislative Branch
a nationwide plebiscite on February 2,
o Judicial Branch
1987.
o Executive Branch
❖ Fundamental laws
❖ Limitations and separation of powers of
❖ Gabay
the politicians
❖ Susundin ng mamamayan
DEFINITE
• because otherwise the application of its
provisions to concrete situations may
prove unduly difficult if not possible.
❖ Kung ano tinutukoy, yun lang
❖ Clearly stated or decided
❖ Concrete
❖ Aligned with the situation
THE 1935 CONSTITUTION
FRAMING AND RATIFICATION
• Briefly stated, the steps which led to the
drafting and adoption of the 1935
Constitution of the Philippines are as
follows:
MARCH 24, 1934
• Approval on March 24, 1934 by President
Franklin D. Roosevelt of the Tydings-
McDuffie Law, otherwise known as the
Philippine Independence Act, enacted by
the United States Congress, authorizing
the Philippine Legislature to call a
constitutional convention to draft a
constitution for the Philippines
MAY 5, 1934
• Approval on May 5, 1934 by the Philippine
Legislature of a bill calling a constitutional
convention as provided for in the
Independence Law
FEBRUARY 8, 1935
• Approval on February 8, 1935 by
convention by a vote of 177 to 1 of
Constitution the signing began on
following day and was completed
February 19, 1935
MARCH 23, 1935
• Approval on March 23, 1935 by Pres.
Roosevelt of the Constitution as
submitted to him, together with a
certification that the said Constitution
conformed with the provisions of the
Independence Law
MAY 14, 1935
• Ratification on May 14, 1935 of the
Constitution by the Filipino electorate by
a vote of 1,213,046, with 44,963 against.
LIMITATIONS AND CONDITIONS
• While the Tydings-McDuffie Law
empowered the Filipinos to frame their
own constitution, it contained, however
provisions limiting such authority
• Aside from other specific limitations and
conditions laid down therein, it enjoined
that the constitution to be drafted:
a. should be republican in form,
b. should include a bill of rights,
and
c. should contain certain
provisions
• intended to define the relations between
the Philippines and the United States
during the commonwealth period and
after the establishment of the Philippine
Republic.
• The 1938 Constitution ceased to operate
during the Japanese occupation from
1942 to 1944.
• It automatically became effective upon
the reestablishment of the
Commonwealth Government on
February 27, 1945 (supra.) and the
inauguration of the Republic of the
the Philippines on July 4,1946
the ❖ Tydings-Mucduffie Law – encouraged us
the to create own government
on
SOURCES
• The 1935 Constitution of the Philippines
did not contain original ideas of
government.
• While the dominating influence was the
Constitution of the United States, other
 sources were also consulted by the
framers, particularly the Malolos
Constitution and the three organic laws
that were enforced in the Philippines
before the passage of the Tydings-
MeDute Law, namely
• The Instruction of Pres. William McKinley
to the Second Philippine Commission on
April 7, 1900; the Philippine Bill of July 1,
1902, and the Jones Law of August 26,
1916 which, of the three mentioned, was
the nearest approach to a written
constitution.
SCOPE
• The Constitution as approved by the 1935
1899 MALOLOS CONSTITUTION
Constitutional Convention was intended
both for the Commonwealth and the
Republic.
• Thus, Article XVII (which later became
Article XVIII after the Constitution was
amended) declares "The government
established by this Constitution shall be
known as the Commonwealth of the
Philippines.
• Upon the final and complete withdrawal
of the sovereignty of the United States
and the proclamation of Philippine
Independence, the Commonwealth of the
Philippines shall henceforth be known as
the Republic of the Philippines.
AMENDMENTS
• The 1935 Constitution had been amended
three times.
• Among the amendments are that
establishing a bicameral legislature; that
allowing the eligibility of the President and
the Vice-President for a second four year
term of office; that creating a separate
Commission on Elections, and the so-
called Parity Amendment which gave to
American citizens equal right with the
Filipinos in the exploitation of our natural
resources and the operation of public
utilities
• Concerning women suffrage, this issue
was settled in a plebiscite held on April
30, 1937, when 447.725 women reportedly
voted yes and 44,307 women voted no, in
compliance with the 1935 Constitution
(Art V. See 1 thereof), the National
Assembly passed a law which extended
right of suffrage to women.
❖ Commission on Election – agency
nangunguna sa elections
❖ Women not allowed to vote
❖ Karapatan ng kababihan sa pagpili ng
iboboto at makilahok sa gobyerno
• The Political Constitution of 1899
informally known as the Malolos
Constitution, was the constitution of
the First Philippine Republic.
• It was written by Felipe Calderón y
Roca and Felipe Buencamino as an
alternative to a pair of proposals to
the Malolos Congress by Apolinario
Mabini and Pedro Paterno.
• After a lengthy debate in the latter part of
1898, it was promulgated on 21 January
1899.
• The constitution placed limitations on
unsupervised freedom of action by the
chief executive which would have
hampered rapid decision making.
• As it was created during the fight for
Philippine independence from Spain,
however, its Article 99 allowed
unhampered executive freedom of action
during wartime.
• Unsupervised executive governance
continued throughout the Philippine–
American War which erupted soon after
proclamation
❖ Gave first government
❖ 1st Saligang Batas ng Pilipinas
DRAFTING cooperation, nor the legislative power
vested in one single individual.
• After the Malolos Congress was
convened on 15 September 1898, a TITLE V, ARTICLE 50 AND TITLE VII,
committee was selected to draft ARTICLE 56
a constitution for the republic.
• The committee was composed of: • The Government of the Republic is
o Hipólito Magsalin a Responsible Government, a very
o Basilio Teodoro important aspect of parliamentarianism
o José Albert Where the executive branch is directly
o Joaquín González responsible to the legislative branch
o Gregorio Araneta TITLE V, ARTICLE 50
o Pablo Ocampo
o Aguedo Velarde • The National Assembly of
o Higinio Benitez Representatives (the unicameral
o Tomás del Rosario legislature of the Republic) shall have the
o José Alejandrino right of censure and each of the members
o Alberto Barretto the right of interpellation.
o José Ma. de la Viña • Interpellation is a right granted to
o José Luna representatives to directly question
o Antonio Luna members of the executive branch.
o Mariano Abella • In other words, there are Question
o Juan Manday Periods allotted to each member of the
o Felipe Calderón executive branch.
o Arsenio Cruz
TITLE VII, ARTICLE 56
o Felipe Buencamino
• They were all wealthy and well educated • stated that executive power resides in
the President of the Republic, who shall
RATIFICATION exercise it through his Secretaries
convened in a Council of government that
is led by the President of the council of
government.

TITLE IX, ARTICLE 75

• The Constitution also stated in Title IX,
Article 75 that the secretaries of
FORM OF GOVERNMENT government shall be held jointly
TITLE II, ARTICLE 4 responsible by the National Assembly for
the general policies of Government, and
• The Government of the Republic is to be individually for their personal actions like
popular, representative, alternative and in most parliamentary systems.
responsible, and shall exercise three
distinct powers: namely, the legislative,
the executive, and the judicial.
• Any two or more of these three powers
shall never be united in one person or
BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH
• Mambabatas
• Congressman
• Philippine Legislature
• Senators
• House of Representatives
• Make laws
• Study, debates, botohan

EXECUTIVE BRANCH
• President
• Vice President
• Cabinet members
• Pinaka may power
• Sign laws

JUDICIAL BRANCH
• Supreme court
• Chief justices
• Pinakamataas

FELIPE BUENCAMINO
• a lawyer and revolutionary leader
• was one of the writers of the Malolos
Constitution

BARASOAIN CHURCH
• The church where the constitution was
ratified.
Readings in the Philippine History
Lesson 3: Taxation
GENERAL GUIDELINES
LEGEND FOR HEADERS
MAIN TOPIC
SUBTOPIC
SUB-SUBTOPIC
TAXATION
• a term for when a taxing authority,
usually a government, levies or imposes a
financial obligation on its citizens or
residents.
• Paying taxes to governments or officials
has been a mainstay of civilization since
ancient times.
• It is the process by which the sovereign,
through its law making body, races
revenues use to defray expenses of
government.
• It is means of government in increasing its
revenue under the authority of the law,
purposely used to promote welfare and
protection of its sovereignty.
• It is the collection of the share of individual
and organizational income by a
government under the authority of the
law.
• It is the inherent power of the state to
impose and demand contribution upon
persons, properties, or rights for the
purpose of generating revenues for public
purposes.
❖ Funds for the projects of the government
❖ Generate revenues
❖ Sustain projects of the government
❖ Compulsory and mandated by the law
❖ Obligation
❖ Acquired from income and
products/services
❖ Increase economy
❖ Serve people
TYPES OF TAXATION
INCOME TAX
• Governments impose income taxes on
financial income generated by all entities
within their jurisdiction, including
individuals and businesses.
CORPORATE TAX
• This type of tax is imposed on the profit of
a business.
CAPITAL GAINS
• A tax on capital gains is imposed on any
capital gains or profits made by people or
businesses from the sale of certain assets
including stocks, bonds, or real estate.
PROPERTY TAX
• A property tax is asses by a local
government and paid for by the owner of
a property. This tax is calculated based on
property and land values.
INHERITANCE
• A type of tax levied on individuals who
inherit the estate of a deceased person.
SALES TAX
• A consumption tax imposed by a
government on the sale of goods and
services.
• This can take the form of a value-added
tax (VAT), a goods and services tax
(GST), a state or provincial sales tax, or
an excise tax.
HISTORY OF TAX and companies and are levied directly on
the incomes generated by them.
• To support the colony, several taxes and • These are the personal income and the
monopolies were established. corporate tax.
❖ Pay taxes using what you have ❖ Professionals or workers
❖ Pay taxes to avoid works ❖ Businesses
BUWIS INDIRECT TAXES
• Tribute • the value added tax (VAT) or the goods
• could be paid in cash or kind, with and services tax (GST) is the most
tobacco, chickens, produce, gold, important one.
blankets, cotton, rice, or other products ❖ Consumer
depending on the region of the country. ❖ Buyer
BANDALA CLASSIFICATIONS OF FILIPINO
• from the Tagalog word mandala TAXPAYERS
• a round stack of rice stalks to be
threshed), an annual forced sale and
INDIVIDUALS
requisitioning of goods such as rice- Polo • A citizen can further be classified as either
y Servicious. a resident citizen or a non resident citizen.
❖ Every citizen
HOW TO PAY TAX IN THE PHILIPPINES
• Computing income tax expense and
CORPORATIONS
payable is different for individuals and • can be classified into domestic, foreign
corporations. and partnership.
• Taxable corporations may be taxed using • A split between two or more individuals in
a fixed income tax rate. a business setting.
• On the other hand, if you are a self- ❖ Businesses
employed professional or an owner of a
single proprietorship business, your FIDUCIARIES
income tax expense is computed using a • A person who holds the legal title to real
graduated tax rate. or personal property for the use and
• It is a progressive tax which the tax rate benefit of another
increases as the taxable base amount • includes a personal representative of a
increases. decedent's estate or a trustee of a
❖ BIR – Bureau of Internal Revenue testamentary. (living trust).
❖ BIR – government agency to collect taxes ❖ Lawyer handles property
then send to the Department of Finance
❖ Based on salary, rate, or cities LEGISLATIONS RELATED TO TAXATION IN
THE PHILIPPINES
TAXES TO BE PAID IN THE PHILIPPINES
• The National Internal Revenue Code,
DIRECT TAXES which was enabled in 1997 and it is the
• apply to the citizens and residents of most important law regulating taxation
the Philippines, individuals here;
o The Income Tax Law
 o The Value Added Tax Code
o The Excise Taxes Code
INCOME TAX LAW
• Tax is a tax on a person's income,
emoluments, profits arising from
property, practice of profession, conduct
of trade or business or on the pertinent
items of gross income specified in the Tax
Code of 1997 (Tax Code), as amended,
less the deductions if any, authorized for
such types of income, by the Tax Code, as
amended, or other special laws.
VALUE ADDED TAX CODE
• Value Added Tax is a form of sales tax.
• It is a tax on consumption levied on the
sale, barter, exchange or lease of goods
or properties and services in the
Philippines and on importation of goods
into the Philippines.
• It is an indirect tax, which may be shifted
or passed on to the buyer, transferee or
lessee of goods, properties or services.
❖ Consume
❖ Buy/rent
EXCISES TAXES CODE
• Excise Tax is a tax on the production, sale
or consumption of a commodity in a
country.
• Applicability:
o On goods manufactured or
produced in the Philippines for
domestic sale or consumption or
for any other disposition; and on
goods imported.
• There are two types of Excise Tax
SPECIFIC TAX
• refers to the excise tax imposed which is
based on weight or volume capacity or
any other physical unit of measurement
AD VALOREM TAX
• refers to the excise tax which is based on
selling price or other specified value of the
goods/articles
TRAIN ACT
• Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion
(TRAIN) Act
• President Rodrigo Roa Duterte signed into
law Republic Act No. 10963
• the first package of the Comprehensive
Tax Reform Program (CTRP, on December
19, 2017 in Malacanang.
• provide hefty income tax cuts for majority
of Filipino taxpayers while raising
additional funds to help support the
government’s accelerated spending on its
“Build, Build, Build” and social services
programs.
• This tax reform package corrects a
longstanding inequity of the tax system
by reducing personal income taxes for 99
percent of taxpayers, thereby giving them
the much needed relief after 20 years of
non-adjustment of the tax rates and
brackets.
• This is the biggest Christmas and New
Year gift the government is giving to the
people.
• In a separate message, President Duterte
has vetoed certain provisions of the
TRAIN. The vetoed five line items are the
following provisions:
1. Reduced income tax rate of employees of
Regional Headquarters (RHQs), Regional
Operating Headquarters (ROHQs), Offshore
Banking Units (OBUs), and Petroleum
Service Contractors and Subcontractors;
2. Zero-rating of sales of goods and services to
separate customs territory and tourism
enterprise zones;
3. Exemption from percentage tax of gross
sales/receipts not exceeding five hundred
thousand pesos (P500,000.00);
 ❖ NIA, DOF, and BIR emphasize and
4. Exemption of various petroleum products implement laws sa bracketing of salaries
from excise tax when used as input, and percentage of kaltas
feedstock, or as raw material in the
manufacturing of petrochemical products,
or in the refining of petroleum products, or
as replacement fuel for natural gas fired
combined cycle power plants; and
5. Earmarking of incremental tobacco taxes.

• raises significant revenues to support the

President’s priority social and
infrastructure programs, which will help
realize his administration’s goal of
reducing the poverty rate from 21.6 to 14
percent by 2022.
• Some 70 percent of the incremental
revenues will help fund the government’s
infrastructure modernization program,
while the balance will go to social services.
❖ Increased price of products
❖ Control shares and taxes

GOVERNMENT BUDGET AND

EXPENDITURES
• In National Income Accounting,
government spending, government
expenditure, or government spending on
goods and services includes all
government consumption and
investment by a state.
• Government acquisition of goods and
services for current use to directly satisfy
individual or collective needs of the
members of the community is called
government final consumption
expenditure.
• Government acquisition of goods and
services intended to create future
benefits, such as infrastructure
investment or research spending is called
gross fixed capital formation, or
government investment, which usually is
the largest part of the government.
Readings in the Philippine History
Lesson 4: Filipino Cultural Heritage & Filipino-American Relations
o Trade and Skills
GENERAL GUIDELINES TANGIBLE HERITAGE
LEGEND FOR HEADERS • Natural Heritage
• Environment
• Natural Landscape Landforms
MAIN TOPIC • Coastal and Inland Water – Flora and
SUBTOPIC Fauna
• Terrestrial
SUB-SUBTOPIC • Marine

MAN MADE BUILT HERITAGE

HERITAGE
• It is defined with different shades and
meanings.
• It can be monuments and sites that
embody the cultural, political, economic
or social history of the community, nation
or state.
• It is the “the cultivation of cultural
patrimony” -CHRISTOPHER TUNNARD
• “Heritage can also state the property,
which parents handed down to their
progeny and can also refer to an
intellectual or spiritual legacy. -Graeme
Davidson
• Heritage or “pamana” is anything that
one values.
• It may be a tangible or intangible thing
that is worth cherishing and nurturing.
• It is the manifestation of our nation’s
development through history and it
embodies our unique cultural identity.
• Cultural Landscape
• Archeological Sites
• Historic Urban Sites/Heritage Groups
• Monuments, Buildings or Structures
THE VALUE OF HERITAGE
WORLD HERITAGE COMMISSION
UNESCO
• Our cultural and natural heritage are
both irreplaceable sources of life and
inspiration.
DICK NETZER
• The value of cultural heritage is seen in the
strengthening of the sense of national,
regional and local identity, as its value is
complimentary to other goods and
services in which the external benefits- as
part of the education and acculturation of
the young.

TYPES OF HERITAGE WORLD HERITAGE SITES IN THE

PHILIPPINES
INTANGIBLE HERITAGE
• Historic Town of Vigan
• Culture
• Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras
o Traditions (Oral and Written)
(1995)
• Intagible Heritage
• Baroque Churches of the Philippines
o Customs
(1993)
o Values
o Manila
 o Santa Maria
o Paoay
o Miag-ao
• Puerto-Princesa Subterranean River
National Park (1999)
• Tubbataha Reef Marine Park (1993)
FILIPINO AMERICAN RELATIONSHIP
• The Philippines’ relationship with the
United States has been robust, dynamic
and strategic.
• This relationship is nurtured by a shared
history and adherence to common
values, especially a commitment to
freedom, democracy and a market
economy.
• From combating war against terrorism to
war against poverty, the partnership
between the Philippines and the US is
broad-based, opening fresh avenues for
greater cooperation.
1898 AMERICA’S MANIFEST DESTINY AND
THE FILIPINO’S ASPIRATIONS FOR
FREEDOM
• We had by then proclaimed our
independence from Spain — clashed and
collided in a bloody guerrilla war ending
with the capture of our President
Aguinaldo and the demise of Asia’s first
Republic.
• Over time, the bitterness of defeat and
the triumphalism of empire gave way to
grudging collaboration, then evolving into
mutual trust and respect.
• Filipinos won America’s admiration for
their patriotism, love of country, and their
steadfast and unwavering resolve to be
free.
• And the United States committed itself to
ever-greater measures of self-
government for its Pacific empire.
• Eventually in 1935, we achieved home rule
through a Commonwealth — and the
pledge within a decade of full
independence
THE OUTBREAK OF THE SECOND WORLD
WAR
• strengthened even more the ties that
joined the Philippines and the United
States.
• The Filipinos stood as one, shoulder to
shoulder with America and its allies in the
war against aggression.
• For both our peoples, Filipinos and
Americans, freedom and democracy are
not just abstract ideas or principles.
• They are real, day-to-day values we are
willing to defend—values for which we are
willing to pay the ultimate price.
1940’S
• And that price we paid – then, in the
1940’s from the foxholes of Bataan and
the tunnels of Corregidor to the
barbarous death march to Capas and
Camp O’Donnell;
• and now, against extremism, poverty and
terrorism.
1946
• At war’s end, the Philippines attained its
hard— earned independence.
1951 MUTUAL DEFENSE TREATY
• the Philippines became the United States’
first treaty ally in Asia.
DEFENSE AND SECURITY ENGAGEMENT
• Engagement The Philippines and the
United States entered into a Mutual
Defense Treaty in 1951.
• The Philippines is one of only two US treaty
allies in Southeast Asia (the other one
being Thailand).
FY2012
• the US has allocated a total of US $ 158.8
million in defense and development
assistance for the Philippines.
• The package includes:
o US $30 million in Foreign Military
Financing (FMF)
o US $81.05 million in Development
Assistance (DA)
o US $33.8 million in Global Health
Programs
o US $1.8 million in International
Military Education and Training
(IMET)
o US $2.45 million in International
Narcotics Control and Law
Enforcement (INCLE)
o US$9.52 million in
NonProliferation
DEFENSE AND SECURITY COOPERATION
• is coordinated through the framework of
the Mutual Defense Board and the
Security Engagement Board. The Mutual
Defense Board provides continuing
intergovernmental machinery for direct
liaison and consultation on military
matters of mutual concern to develop
and to improve both countries’ common
defense.
SECURITY ENGAGEMENT BOARD
• provides the framework and mechanism
for continuing liaison and consultation on
non-traditional threats to security such as
terrorism, transnational crimes, maritime
security, and natural and manmade
disasters.
LEGISLATIVE AFFAIRS AMBASSADORS
• From 1907, during the American
occupation, the Philippines had been
represented in the United States
Congress by Philippine resident
commissioners until the U.S. granted
Philippine independence in 1946.
• The commissioners were chosen by the
Philippine Legislature and the National
Assembly, and they represented the
Philippines as one congressional.
• Today, Philippine relations with the United
States Congress continue to be actively
promoted in view of the sustained and
enduring close linkages.
FILIPINO VETERANS OF WORLD WAR II
• The most important piece of legislation in
the US Congress that had been the focus
of Philippine advocacy for many years
was the Filipino Veterans Equity Act.
• In February 2009, President Barack
Obama signed into law a provision
recognizing the military service of Filipino
veterans in World War II and providing
them with lump sum benefits.
JOSE L. CUISIA, JR
• has further intensified the Embassy’s
engagement with the United States
Congress since assuming his post as
Ambassador on April 4, 2011.
• Ambassador Cuisia has met with
Congressional leaders, Senators, and
Representatives to highlight the
importance of Philippines-United States
Alliance in pursuing mutual goals of
economic growth, democratic
governance, and regional security.
• The relationship between the Philippines
and the United States Congress are
steeped in history.
US ASSISTANCE TO THE PHILIPPINES &
DEFENSE COOPERATION
• The US Congress had allocated US$2
billion for the Philippines from 1999 to
2011.
 • US assistance contributes to:
o building peace in Mindanao
o strengthening democratic
institutions in the country
o enhancing economic growth
o reinforcing greater stability in the
region.
SAVE OUR INDUSTRIES ACT
• To expand textiles and apparel trade
between the Philippines and the U.S.,
• the SAVE Act is an innovative win-win
trade legislation that will sustain jobs and
increase exports in both the United States
and the Philippines.
ECONOMIC AFFAIRS BILATERAL TRADE &
INVESTMENT BILATERAL
• Both countries meet regularly under the
auspices of a Trade and Investment
Framework Agreement (TIFA) that was
signed in November 1989.
• Currently, the U.S. is the Philippines’
number one source of Foreign Direct
Investments (FDIs).
• In January 2012 alone, FDIs from the U.S.
rose significantly to $497.61 million
(compared to $19.45 million in January
last year).
• Philippine exports to the US valued at $7.1
billion in 2011 mainly comprise of
o components/semiconductor
devices
o garments
o coconut oil
o electronic equipment and parts
o electronic data processing
o other manufactures
o sugar
o processed food and beverages
o machinery and transport
TIFA
• a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU)
to Cooperate on Stopping Illegal
Transshipments of Textiles and Apparel
was signed by the Philippines
• Memorandum of Understanding (MOU)
Regarding the Implementation of
Minimum Access Commitments by the
Philippines was signed in 1998.
SOCIO-CULTURAL AFFAIRS EDUCATION
• Cooperation in education is also a
cornerstone of Philippine-U.S. relations.
• The public education system in the
Philippines is one of the legacies of
American occupation in the Philippines.
Professional and student exchanges
between the Philippines and the United
States have expanded over time.
• Filipino Americans in elected office Filipino
Americans also occupy elected office
such as Representative Steve Austria in
the US Congress
o Delegate Ron Villanueva of the
Virginia General Assembly
o Delegate Kris Valderrama in the
Maryland House of Delegates
o Filipino Americans in other states
who serve in local governments
and in the judiciary.
• In addition to other goods, the Philippines
imports raw and semi processed
materials for the manufacture of
semiconductors, electronics and
electrical machinery, transport
equipment, and cereals and cereal
preparations.
• The two countries have a bilateral trade
and investment framework agreement
and a tax treaty
FULLBRIGHT PROGRAM
• The Fulbright Program in the
Philippines, established in 1948
• the world’s oldest continuous Fulbright
program.
FILIPINO ASSOCIATIONS
• There are at least 3,000 Filipino and
Filipino-American organizations in the
United States according to the National
Federation of Filipino American
Associations (NaFFAA).
• The various organizations may be
classified as
o Sociocivic
o Cultural
o Alumni
o Professional
o regional/provincial
o religious,
• Most of these organizations undertake
projects that aim to extend assistance to
various causes in the Philippines.

PHLIPPINES’ MEMBERSHIP IN
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
• Philippines and the United States belong
to a number of the same international
organizations, including the
o United Nations
o ASEAN Regional Forum
o AsiaPacific Economic Cooperation
forum
o International Monetary Fund
o World Bank
o World Trade Organization
• Philippines also is an observer to the
Organization of American States