PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING NOTES

EBENEZER HOWARD (URBAN PLANNER)

- PUBLISHED THE BOOK "To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform"
- PROPOSED THE IDEA OF GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT
"a town designed for healthy living and industry of a size that makes possible a full measure of social life
but not larger, surrounded by a rural belt; the whole of the land being in public ownership, or held in trust for
the community"

RECOMMENDED TOTAL POPULATION: 30,000 PEOPLE

FAMOUS WORKS:
1. LETCHWORTH (FIRST GARDEN CITY), 1903
Planned by: RAMOND UNWIN & RICHARD BARRY PARKER
-Hertfordshire, England (outside of London)
2. WELWYN GARDEN CITY (SECOND GARDEN CITY),1920
Planned By: LOUIS DE SOISSONS
-Hertfordshire, England (outside of London)

IAN BENTLEY
- PUBLISHED THE BOOK "Responsive Environments"
- PROPOSED THE IDEA OF 7 PRINCIPLES OF RESPONSIVENESS:
a. Permeability - is defined as a place that is accessible to users and can
offer them a choice.
b. Variety - is characterized as the quality or condition of being extraordinary or
diverse, the shortfall of consistency or repetitiveness.
c. Legibility - is the quality of being clear enough to be described, understood, and
read.
d. Robustness - spaces that can be used for different purposes offer the users more
choices than places where design limits them to a single fixed use.
e. Visual appropriateness - is significant in the places which are most likely to be visited
by people from a wider range and variety of backgrounds, particularly
when the appearance cannot be altered by the users themselves.
f. Richness - is the interesting quality of something that has a lot of different features or
aspects.
g. Personalization - clarifies the gist of designing to meet someone’s requirements.

LEWIS MUMFORD
- PUBLISHED THE BOOK "The Story of Utopias"
-advocated the regional city and the balanced neighborhood as the solution to the
problems of the congested and overgrown city.

DOLORES A. ENDRIGA
- PUBLISHED THE BOOK "The Language of Environmental Planning in the
Philippines", 2004
a. "Collector Streets - those which carry traffic from minor streets to the major system of
arterial streets and highways, including the principal entrance streets for
circulation within a development. Right-of-way is 16-20 meters."
b. "Superhighway - a highway of major cross sectional and longitudinal dimension,
especially designed to accommodate very large traffic movement at a high
 rate of speed and which may also have provisions for rapid transit in a medial
or side strip."
c. "Avenue - same as street or highway frequently used to designate streets of a certain
direction."
d. "Arterial Streets - those which are used primarily for fast or heavy traffic. These are
the only streets permitted to intersect with expressways. Right-of-way is 25 -
40 meters."
e. "Highway - a general term for a public way used for vehicular travel, including the
entire area within the right-of-way."
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a. "Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) - the document issued by the
government agency concerned certifying that the project under consideration
will not bring about an unacceptable environmental impact and that the
proponent has complied with the requirements of the environmental impact
statement system."
b. "Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) - the document which aim to to identify,
predict, interpret and communicate information regarding changes in
environmental quality associated with a proposed project and which
examines the range of alternatives for the objectives of the proposal and their
impact on the environment."
c. "Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) System - the entire process of organization,
administration, and procedures institutionalized for purposes of assessing the
significance of the effects of any project or undertaking on the quality of the
physical, biological, socio-economic environment, and designing appropriate
mitigating and enhancement measures."
d. "Environmental Management Plan (EMP) - a component of the comprehensive land
use plan which delineates proposals on the conservation of natural
resources, protection of bio-diversity and enhancement of land, air and water
quality."
e. "Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) - the use of scientific methods and
information to define the probability and magnitude of potentially adverse
effects which can result from exposure to hazardous materials or situations."

LUCIO COSTA (URBAN PLANNER)

-Won the Design competition for the master plan of Brazilia (The New Capital of
Brazil) being Oscar Niemeyer as Chief Architect & Israel Pinheiro da Silva as
Chief Engineer

EDMUND BACON (ARCHITECT & URBAN PLANNER)

- PUBLISHED THE BOOK "Design of Cities", 1976
- PROPOSED ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO DESIGN:
a. The endotopic “approach culminates in thinking of the building as a
discrete object, created independently of its background, arbitrarily
placed in anonymous space. The negative aspects are stressed
because so many designers are heavily entropic, but true design
involves the interplay of endotopic and exotopic thinking.”
b. The exotopic “approach form emerges naturally from the movement
systems [earlier described] so that the step of creating capricious
shapes doesn’t exist in the design process. A key test of design is
 whether shapes are arbitrary or derived from the movement systems.”
-PROPOSED THE "8 Elements of Involvement"
1. Meeting the Sky
2. Meeting the Ground
3. Points in Space
4. Recession Planes
5. Design in Depth
6. Ascent and Descent
7. Convexity and Concavity
8. Relationship to Man

ALBERT MEYER (Architect & Urban Planner)

- The original urban planner who made the master plan for Chandigarh, India.Only
Le Corbusier who made the plans and designs for the buildings in Chandigarh.

ANDRES DUANY & ELIZABETH PLATER-ZYBERK

- PUBLISHED THE BOOK " The Neighborhood, The District and the Corridor" &
"The Street, the Block and the Building"
a. Corridor: "Corridors are connectors and separators of neighborhoods and districts."
(The Neighborhood, the District and the Corridor)
b. Blocks: "Blocks are field on which unfolds the building fabric and the public realm of
the city. A versatile, ancient instrument, the traditional block allows a mutually
beneficial relationship between people and vehicles in urban space."
(The Street, the Block and the Building)
c. Districts: "Districts are areas dominated by a single activity."
(The Neighborhood, the District and the Corridor)
d. Neigborhoods: "Neighborhoods are urbanized areas with a balanced mix of human
activity."
(The Neighborhood, the District and the Corridor)
e. Buildings: "Buildings are the smallest increment of growth in the city. Their proper
configuration and placement relative to each other determines the character
of each settlement."
(The Street, the Block and the Building)

JEAN GOTTMAN (GEOGRAPHER)

- PUBLISHED THE BOOK "MEGALOPOLIS"
- Conceptualized urban complexes in north-eastern United States.
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