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1. Binding of a Molecule (RIBOSOME) It is a therapeutic strat-

egy to prevent transla-
tion.

2. Condensation It is when 2 amino

acids are formed to-
gether.

3. PROTEIN STRUCTURE 2 amino acid formed

through condensation

4. Peptide Bond 1 molecule of water

being formed

5. P.S.T.Q (Levels of Protein Structure) -Primary

-Secondary
-Tertiary
-Quaternary

6. Secondary Protein Structure alpha helix, pleated

sheet

7. Tertiary Protein Structure B polypeptide (3D).

Most adapted struc-
ture of proteins

8. Quaternary HEME group (Y sub-

units)

9. Alternative Splicing 1 gene compris-

es many synthesized
protein.

10. The Genetic Code enable us to identify

what amino acids will
be added in a fully
peptide chain.

11. RIBOSOME Prevents translation

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12. colinearity of gene and protein 1 Gene = 1 Protein
Synthesized

13. Nucleotide->Amino Acid->Protein Genetic Code

14. PROPERTIES OF THE GENETIC CODE 1. Non-overlapping

2. Triplet
3. Degenerate

15. Triplet codon-series of nu-

cleotide prod-amino
acid are 3

16. Degenerate codons that will spec-

ify a certain amino
acid.

17. post-translational modification changes made to

polypeptides follow-
ing translation. oth-
er processes that will
give rise to different
variations in proteins.

18. 6 max of a degenerate

codon

19. Each CODON is a TRIPLET .

20. Codon contain of 1 letter Specifies only 4 amino

acids

21. Codon contain 2 letters Specifies only 16

amino acids

22. Codon contains 3 letters Specifies 64 amino

acids

23. Enough number of an amino acid 20

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24. How many molecule of water is being formed from 1 molecule
a peptide bond?

25. polymorphism existence of two or

more common discon-
tinuous variants

26. mutants rare exceptional dis-

continuous variants

27. wild-type normal phenotype

28. replication synthesis of a DNA

29. transcription synthesis of an RNA

copy of a part of the
DNA

30. Translation synthesis of a

polypeptide directed
by the RNA sequence.

31. tRNA (transfer RNA) adapters that translate

the three-nucleotide
codon in the mRNA
into the corresponding
amino acid

32. amino acid acid that is brought by

the tRNA to the ribo-
some to translate any
mRNA

33. rRNA (ribosomal RNA) large macromolecular

complexes that as-
semble amino acids
to form protein whose
sequence is encoded
in a specific mRNA

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34. rRNA (ribosomal RNA) translates the mRNA's
of any protein-coding
gene

35. Location (same compartment in prokaryotes, dif- major feature that dis-
ferent in eukaryotes) tinguishes translation
in prokaryotes from
eukaryotes

36. proteins main determinants of

biological form and
function. Heavily influ-
ences the shape, col-
or, size, behavior and
physiology.

37. H Amino acids general

| formula
H2N-C-COOH
|
R

38. R (reactive) group gives amino acid its

unique properties

39. 1 protein=20amino acids .

40. peptide bond formed by the link-

age of the amino end
(NH2) of one amino
acid to the carboxyl
end (COOH)

41. globular proteins proteins that have

compact structures,
enzymes and antibod-
ies are best-known
globular proteins

42. fibrous proteins

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proteins with linear
shape, important for
skin, hair and tendons

43. amino acid sequence determines which R

groups are present at
specific positions and
available to bind with
other components

44. domains amino acid sequences

or CONSERVED pro-
tein folds

45. active site pocket of an enzyme

wherein R groups are
positioned to interact
a substrate and cat-
alyze chemical reac-
tions

46. 1953 year when DNA struc-

ture is deduced

47. Tryptophan synthetase probed the relation be-

tween altered genes
and altered proteins

48. Tryptophan synthetase a heterotetramer com-

posed of two alpha
and two beta subunits.
It catalyzes the con-
version of indole glyc-
erol phosphate into
tryptophan.

49. colinearity the correspondence

between the linear se-
quence of the gene

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and that of the
polypeptide**26

50. the linear sequence of nucleotides in a gene de- .

termines the linear sequence of amino acids in a
protein

51. overlapping code predicts that a single

base change will alter
as many three amino
acids

52. proflavin a chemical causing

mutations using rII
phenotype

53. codons triplets, three words in

a genetic sequence

54. T4 phage

55. UAG stop/amber codon

56. amber mutants mutants that are de-

fective owing to the
presence of an abnor-
mal amber codon

57. UGA opal codon

58. UAA ochre codon

59. anticodon nucleotide triplet car-

ried by a tRNA located
in the middle loop

60. aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase tRNAs enzymes

where amino acids are
attached

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61. O aminoacyl
||
H2N-CH-C-O-
|
CH3

62. 5' end 3'end

G C,U
C G
A U
U A,G
I U,C,A

63. tRNA anticodon codon

tRNA Ser 1 ACG+Wobble UCC, UCU
tRNA Ser 2 AGU +wobble UCA, UCG
tRNA Ser3 UCG + wobble AGC,AGU

64. genetic code degenerate bec. more than one

codon is assigned to a
single amino acid

65. 30s and 50s small and large sub-

units of prokaryotes

66. 70s complete prokaryotic

ribosome

67. 40s and 60s small and large eu-

karyotic subunits

68. 80s complete ribosome

69. rRNA component that actu-

ally carry out the pro-
tein synthesis process
bec. it has catalytic ac-
tivities.

70. prokaryotes
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50s>23s rRNA + 5s rRNA + 31 proteins
30s> 16s rRNA + 21 proteins

71. 60s>28s rRNA + 5.8S rRNA+ 5S rRNA + 49 pro- eukaryotes

teins
40s> 18s+33 proteins

72. -growing polypeptide chain key sites of interaction

-peptidyl-transferase center in the ribosome
-decoding center
-deacylated tRNA released from E site

73. A Site (for aminoacyl) binds an incoming

aminoacyl-tRNA

74. P site (for peptidyl) binds growing peptide

chain, part of which
fits into a tunnel-like
structure in the 50s
subunite

75. E site (exit site) contains deacylated

tRNA, no longer car-
ries amino acid, and is
ready to be released
from the ribosome

76. decoding center ensures that only tR-

NAs carrying anti-
codons that match the
codon will be accept-
ed into the A site

77. peptidyltransferase center where cognate tRNAs

associate, and pep-
tide-bond formation is
catalyzed.

78. initiation places changed

amino acid in the P
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site. Place the first
aminoacyl in the P site
and establish the cor-
rect reading frame of
the new mRNA.

79. Shine-Dalgarno sequence special sequence that

precedes initiation
codons to pair with
3'end of an rRNA
in the 30s ribosomal
unit.
correctly positions the
initiator codon in the P
site where the initiator
tRNA will bind.

80. 16srRNA 3' end of an rRNA

81. IF3 necessary to keep the

30s subunit dissociat-
ed from the 50s sub-
unit

82. IF1 and IF2 acts to ensure that

only the initiator tRNA
enters the P site.

83. 30s subunit, mRNA, initiator tRNA constitutes the initia-

tion complex

84. 70s formed by the associ-

ation of the 50s large
subunit with the initi-
ation complex and re-
lease of the initiation
factors.

85. EF-Tu and EF-G

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two protein factors
that assist the elonga-
tion process

86. blue.aminoacyl t-rna binds + ternary com- Steps in Translation

plex>blue green>peptide bond forms> blue green elongation
slanted the ball of blue napunta na sa green>
+GTP > then yung GTP naging GDP (translo-
cation)> blue green GDP> green red yung blue
nawala yung bola niya naiwan then>aminoa-
cyl-trna binds to a site + trna leaves e site> pabind
na si red kay green.

87. release factors proteins that recog-

nize stop codons

88. recognizes UAA or UAG RF1

89. RF2 recognizes UAA or

UGA

90. Restriction Mapping determine or map the

sites where restric-
tion enzymes cut your
DNA molecules

91. palindromic sites specific site where

DNA molecules are
cut

92. protease enzyme that break-

down proteins

93. lipase enzyme that break-

down lipids

94. nuclease enzyme that break-

down nucleic acids

95. plasmids
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replicate independent-
ly
some harbor genes
that confer antibiotic
resistance

96. Recombinant DNA 1. Cut DNA

2. Mix and Ligate
3. Transformation

97. suppressor counteracts the ef-

fects of a nonsense
mutation

98. Key players of translation 1. Ribosome

2. mRNA
3. tRNA
4. rRNA

99. Ubiquitinization targets protein for

degradation

100. auxotroph fails to produce an es-

sential nutrient

101. prototroph able to produce all

nutrients required for
growth

102. Screening methods Antibiotic resistance

gene
Functional compensa-
tion
Blue-white screening

103. lac z responsible for forma-

tion of beta-galactosi-
dase

104. lac y permease

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105. lac A trans-acetylase

106. DNA Library all sequence is on one

plate

107. Genomic library all sequences

108. CDNA Library exons only

109. Carbon clarke equation: N-no. of clone

N= ln(1-P)/ln(1-f) P-probability at cer-
tain confidence inter-
val that a sequence
is represented at least
once in the library.
f= insert size/ genome
size

110. CDNA LIBRARY CONSTRUCTION -isolate RNA

1. Mature mRNA ex-
traction
2. Construction of
cDNA
3. Restriction diges-
tion, transformation,
culture

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