Module :3

3]i23
Intoduchion
fuontim lnping
Suantun omputing iuis an emerging
ietring quantum physies, theontical computer
seince.
presnt day compui wtich are
clauical computen. mayb cal,
quantum emp intonotisn is Stoed G y man.
wbing atoms or glaetons elaebona Sina, atbm
6

Quantum comut
BaL au s quantum muchaics
main tatbure s n t signs

SLushi by wn comnication).
maintaining
1|Al23 Compui Soid state
Science

Quatum NMR( Nuclear

phyaies Ronana
Quanhun Compuing
guantum Sptial
denitas Communicatin
Mathematics Atomic physics
Discipls that conknaut to a Quantum
Campilahion 4 Quantum wfomatie prousing.

Moore's la
qordan mote a-toundn ntel indical ht d to t
shinciag Sia of tranaistos tb the Mano- Scale uy yea
transistrs wtld b ae to t ont Compuli
 Statemunt:
noo transistors n a mico Chio
Moores low tas t a t t
too yeons.

nano ciruuks an atkaind twtu reductio

obon Neo aee taat
chalngiug. campusten
in ttlsize s tranistors is extrnemy
reacud teir dimit n tranistor capacity and
Systum May hae lauo Jhas
poe t
ivdustry leodes oating that moores
an ed.

btw classical 4 Quantum lomputing

Ditene
Classi cal Computing Quantm omputing
Data is stored as os i's Data stored as o's,1s and
linear Combinaton these statA
representd by capacitus
banistucs. DCcupitd by photuns or electoni or
>)
atoma or moluculu los

Prouuing petomed through

) Procaasing pentumd though logic quantum logic galis
gala

3) A bit is eit Quit alpha ro ket

(paralle)

4) t ib darge stale ntyrad

H is high spud | Compula baled
On auatum mehanics
multipunpoe computn
at a 2 n bit stala at a
9) e pDCAs (1n -bit)stai
timi.
time
 ’ Quantun Bit
in a loes ehgy
Stali.

by aton that iu
a Singu abo
data iu repveaentd
A bit
too stoala
denotd lay quit.
Asingle bit d thiu tomnotation sr Ket vectr
| > ’ Dirac
which nepresen a quantwm Sta.

that are inea Lombingk

A&inge bit can exsit in the states
Supenbasiton taL tuo stai

complux numbeá.

Te staia

> gualitahe Erample:

I4 ohili 4 Black cotar Correponds to the stoa
, t n a qubit can be imagind tD be amy shadi
of 9y

Properties f Qubit uit

D TwD vetor

to sau Systen with a sta

vector with

qult yieds eno lo) oith pnbali lity

Sne () ith propaliuhy \ |o| o
 ) Aswming the auantum
auantum nature the autit hnaes its stai ct on,
meuremert mans one cannot copy
shen sujected to
inomatian from qulits.
xist in eitt groud shote excited statt e
fame: The eschron can
Or

Can call these stalas l6> and li reepectively uita cxctaticn

procsss the electn may be tound n lo or i sta.
thes stalas
Te quoit is eprented lay inar combination
ndiale the pvohalility stis being ocupled
rOzgntadee rom wane functin.

Single Quhit L2-stotu System<2d vecto Saay

The Single qutit is ato dimnsinal vector spaca, t i n
gunal ritten as
comalx notation te system, such that \ +1A -.
Drthohal bae aystem.
(wats)
a orthoneal bae eckors

Tso Qubits Multiple Qubits

loD qubits has t stat dunoted byi loo>, 01>,|10 |uz.
Since pair d quits can alan exist un supu pasitional stalia
He stat Vector duscibing the ait ytm may be eprented

oh aoo,a1i d,, au Called

CoelhiciuT reprenting amlitude
 magnitde the es pectie stala

QQutit s also called " Bell state" or EPR pair,

’ Jhs
EPR ’ Einkein , Podeaky 4 Rosen

stai has a propety tuat meaunment on first qulit a

arut o, with probalility Wa and
pnbali lity Va.
’A mawnt on Hhe
He 2n quuit also qires the sam resut
’ In gunal torn qutit egisten in a
Can be
supnpesitin inwotiing
90-1 represented by
aclz>

whet b oiten in bnay notatin

BLOCH SPHERE1 MARYS

rprtsent qutit
Spe
A
o wnit geomabrialy we use
rodws called bdea sph
a threu di menicnal

Comjek numbe
Lrou 4 4r sing

Z-rb
 -z-ais

the v ctr K-y ploan

Far = Q0 Supnpsition stai
Ja
alorg + y-axis

i a supnpositin stat alo

y-aris

For
(11> + >) is asppesitian state alang
+z- ais

Supnposition stali along

-xais

P:T.0
 Bussn belew:

Similay

Paudi aices
Poui Mabicas. These
e notati na . Iw
matis ohich go bya vanky
matnie 4thir co aponding netati
shoun alror, Te pouli mabnes
te study o quantum
operatim ot Pauli manias
conmputatin
on o>
4 quanum ntemation
s4 bai skala

A_ply |

oto

z li = -|>
 CoNTOGAIE0EA MATRIX.
If a matrix A A Conist o a complx nm emen
mabix obtaind by the omepmding conjugat
then te mabnx
COmpax elemna s called he conjugal A4 iu dended
by A

A D A

) A A -i

A
A 1+ 31

|-4i
A
-ai
|-i
1+ 4i]

TRANSPOSE F A MARK
1f A u matix 6rdn tn a mabnx o du
nxm taind by ntechanging the mab
A
called t Tranupesl o A is denoted by A'
Hhen

AT

then AT

A
thn AT ai
2i |-4i
|-4
 transpose
t mati
ut I Conjugati
ldåntity
ONITARY MATRIX
U Conyga Tranpese o
repreaended as
A wnitany mabrxcalladis
ut(u- daggeny
unitamy ratix is: any otr
Te proputy a unitamy ma mabis)
whu I is a wnit mabrix (ldantity
dsub the
Unitay patore important bcaue tey
s a auantun tat.
time ewalutisn

P.t
Eximple

2-i
(-a+i) (-2-)

4 + cati)(-a-i) e-i[-2ti)a
aÍ (2) ++al-2i) 2+i(2-) +2)
4 +C-2)' -(i)'
22-i2 +4

8+1

Ko Coluan matices their Mutiplitatia (laner þrdut

A Bra vectors
<BI B,,B2}
ahd Ket vectors
which also mns,

nni produet is
 Kplw>= Innen produc

Exampl: wae tunckm ai +ibË

ëa))()*a)

Iyt a -ib] :[a -is]

<y! lnnupoduct.

B
 3m cauah on ond

Qrthnality
Condition or t : Iwe procct
Examplek <o<i>
<o1

Examph 2: <ib>

Dethoharmnaity . then the

4 te nn produue the same productYl
t each
nomalised. elment a a set o uecturs u
vector i
nomalisd u the eumn are or thoganal
oitth respect to each
we 8oy the
orthonomal.
Coni den tu set kol,>3
orthonoma
or thogona
or khogonl
rthononal

QUANTUM GATE

A quantum not ga r a çulit s a procss that taus

Staa J0> to the statt | and ve vensa
Supwpsition the auantwm NOT
in te stat o |o> t pl> iu taen to t stai

quantum stet NDT 9au ià reprented n mab tom b

manx X as shoun belo.

folowina ae tue
ga
*Sumbol

Tnth talti
Input
Output
Pro

PautiZ- Gat
It is dukind as, in matix m:z

Symba

atput
Input

+ slo>
<01
<
:qufis

mdma
<ol
<T

R
9-223
Hadamard cateH-gute
as H=.
Hadamaud qati iu defind

notatin as
dl6>t B is witen m ecr
hadamand gate as

s ransfome du to

Ja

’Sumbol

’ hadamand gan applid o lo>

e get HD>

|D> +|1>

’ f hadamand qai appued o i

JS
 Truth Toble
Output
Input

Phase qate or S gate

Symbaf to

S-gal

Appy 1) on S- goa

S- ga

’ Tnth Table
Dtput
Input
i>
 t

9 <

<
<it<o

<a]
SMas MuLTPLE Qust GATES

0. Contild ai (c Nor late)

olao tru. Ais wualy rnd to a

conboled qubit and B a the tongek qubit.
quit 0 thun the taget qubit is not atred.
4 the contolud qubit is thun the tongt quo ia ntnted,
Howe t e cotol quit remains nated in both cales

C NoT Gote

’ Tnth Table

lnpt Dt p t

3
4

input stat 00> (onbol quit = targt usbi ) Both te

bils renain wnatteued E henu the atut stal bLuoms oe>
hich Same as input stali

nput stoti lo) (ontrot qutit D, tagt qubit | betth

rtmain wnatd 4 henu the utut stau becon
the ots
0>hich is Same as nput stat
3"ipt ’ for input stata |1o) (iotl quitl,tanset
tanet auit
tanget auit u Pibpd uented to
stah bcOmes |11>

4" inpuat ’ faT input state |i>(ontrol autit l, tonget qyatit

taget quit is ip ped to wo. Heme the outut staT, L.

TengY bndud
 o

Input matix tom

C NoT Gate matix reprasentodion :

Jes.oY produ
Study ihe matnt
matnk om
 SWAP GATE
’ circuit ot SAP hate.
Taraet
Control

tayet

’ AswAP GATE is a quantum circuit wshich antai

in a SwAP gat tue autput t .
abut to te secend

Two qwbiks is duaad in tae final outtut.

In gonnal AB> thanged to |BA>

’ Thuth Table
Input Output

101>

Contnolld Z- 4ati
Tudh l a
Input

Toftoli ate
a rerensible ga haning 3 inputs a, b,c aand 3 outpu
remaina wnateetd
a',b, c'. The hirst t 0 bits oare Conbru bia oich
ahm of totoli gaa. Te thid is the tonget bit which is
by the change
iueesed both thu Contol bia a 1 or else it des not
an be wd to simulaa pERA ihnible
Jhe auantum TotHoli gat
one Doaple u colng
claical wgic qalis 4 inunes tnat tuy
any computation

C C ab
Truth Takte

UTotoli