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Sec 1 Stu Chap 1 Notes
Sec 1 Stu Chap 1 Notes
Sec 1 Stu Chap 1 Notes
Learning Outcomes
1.1 What is Science?
● show an awareness that science is not confined to the laboratory, but is manifested in all aspects of
our lives
● show a healthy curiosity about the natural phenomena in the world
● show an appreciation of Science being a human endeavour, with scientific knowledge contributed
by different civilisations over the centuries
Definition Characteristics
Science is the study of the natural world i.e. Scientific knowledge contributed by different
study of human behaviour is not science. civilisations over the centuries
Examples Non-examples
Studying how high rise buildings affect birds Studying the lifestyles of ancient humans
Discussing about scientific ethics and values Studying the lifestyles of ancient humans
Studying the history of science Discussing about scientific ethics and values
Studying earthquakes and any other Studying the history of science
examples Calculating today's luck and any other
examples
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Learning Outcomes
1.2 What is the Nature of Scientific Knowledge?
● recognise that scientific evidence can be quantitative or qualitative, and can be gathered through
one’s senses or instruments as extensions of one’s senses
● understand how scientific knowledge is built from systematic collection and analyses of evidence
and rigorous reasoning based on the evidence
● show an awareness that scientific evidence is subject to multiple interpretations
● Data obtained are the information. There are 2 kinds of data - _____________________
and ________________________. Both are obtained through _______________________.
Qualitative data are usually _________________________, while quantitative data are
usually ____________________________.
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Learning Outcomes
1.4 How do we practise Science?
● use scientific inquiry skills such as posing questions, planning and carrying out investigations,
evaluating experimental results and communicating findings (Estimation and measurement
skills, knowledge of SI units, and
using appropriate units for the respective physical quantities, should be infused into the
respective topics)
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Criteria of a good hypothesis:
1) address the phenomena
Variables
Terms Definitions
Variable what is the variable you are _______________ and what is the
variable you are _______________?
_______________
the setting the variable should be in to effect a change e.g. more
variable apples
_______________
why will the _______________ _______________ happen?
variable
2) _____________________________
3) _____________________________
4) _____________________________
5) _____________________________
6) _____________________________
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Quantitative observations Qualitative observations
heavy/_______________,
rough/_______________,
hard/_______________
By taste sweet/sour/_______________
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1.4.2 Collecting Quantitative Data through Measurements
S/ 😥 😐 😊
Success Criteria
N
1 I can differentiate between the commonly used units and the S.I units for volume, mass and length.
2 I can identify the correct units for volume, mass and length, by using the appropriate scale for different situations.
Name of apparatus Measuring Degree of precision S.I unit Commonly used unit for this apparatus
metre (m) centimeter (cm)
Metre rule
millimeter (mm)
metre (m) centimeter (cm)
Measuring tape
length millimeter (mm)
1 mm
metre (m) centimeter (cm)
Vernier caliper
millimeter (mm)
second (s)
Stopwatch time 1 ms seconds (s) minute (min)
hour (h)
degree Celsius (°C)
Thermometer temperature 1 °C Kelvin (K)
degree Farenheit (°F)
grams (g),
milligrams (mg),
Electronic balance mass 1 mg kilogram (kg)
kilogram (kg),
tonnes
cubic centimetre (cm3)
cubic metre (m3)
Measuring cylinder 0.1 cm3 millilitre (ml)
litre (l)
Gas syringe 0.1 cm3 cubic metre (m3) cubic centimetre (cm3)
millilitre (ml)
volume
litre (l)
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Pipette cubic centimetre (cm3)
0.1 cm3 cubic metre (m3)
Burette 0.01 cm3 cubic metre (m3) cubic centimetre (cm3)
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Learning Outcomes
● show an understanding that accuracy refers to the closeness of agreement between a
measured value and the true value of what is being measured
● show an understanding that precision of measurement refers to the closeness of agreement
between measured values obtained by repeated measurements
● identify zero error as the condition where the measuring instrument registers a reading when
there should not be any reading
● identify parallax error as an error in reading an instrument as a result of not viewing the
measurement scale from the correct position
● *show an understanding that measurement errors may exist due to errors that are either
unpredictable (e.g. human error) and/or consistent (e.g. zero error of instrument)
Terms Definitions
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4. Errors
● Errors are the the differences between observed values and what is true in nature
● Reading a meniscus
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1.4.4 Claim-Evidence-Reasoning
S/N Success Criteria 😥 😐 😊
1 I can apply the Claim-Evidence-Reasoning framework to analyse the
data collected and conclude by stating data to support my claim and using
previously known knowledge to reason.
2 I can identfy the characteristics of a good CER response by comparing
and contrasting examples of good and bad CER responses.
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Frayer’s Model: What is CER?
Claim: statement that expresses the answer or conclusion to a Good claim is clear without reading question, specific language
question/problem Good evidence has specific data, describes trends, compares and
Reasoning: justification that connects claim to evidence Good reasoning uses scientific principles, easy to follow logic,
easy to connect back to claim
What is CER?
Claim: Burning fossil fuels causes global warming. Claim: Burning fossil fuels is bad to the environment.
Evidence: Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide, Evidence: Burning fossil fuels release gases. It also
methane, and particles into the air generates heat
Reasoning: These gases trap heat from the sun, which Reasoning: Burning fossil fuels release gases. Burning
warms up the atmosphere fossil fuels is bad to the environment.
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The scientific method
Flow chart:
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S/N Success Criteria 😥 😐 😊
1 I can use C-E-R framework to answer 'Explain' and 'Describe' questions
by applying the characteristics of a good CER response.
Example:
Mr Tan observed that when the temperature of the water in the first pond is higher, more fishes died.
He conducted an experiment to measure the amount of oxygen in the water at different temperatures.
His results are shown in the graph below.
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So the amount of oxygen in water decreases
when the temperature of water increases.
Learning Outcomes
1.3 What influences the way we practise Science?
● show attitudes such as creativity, objectivity, integrity, open-mindedness and perseverance in
carrying out scientific inquiry
● demonstrate safety consciousness and adopt safe practices when carrying out investigations
S/ 😥 😐 😊
Success Criteria
N
1 I can demonstrate the importance of values, ethics and attitudes in science
by making a decision or making a stand about an issue based on these.
Laboratory rules
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Common apparatus
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Use for uniform heating of liquid, for
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e.g. in process of simple distillation
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11 For heating purpose
Test Test
Dropper
tube tube
bottle
rack holder
Plastic
Reagent
dropper Tongs
bottle
s
Glass
rod/
Spatula
glass
Lighter
stirrer
Hazard symbols
Symbol
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Name
Example
Symbol
Name
Example
Bunsen Burner
A) Parts of the Bunsen Burner
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B) Features of the Type of Flame
Air-hole
Air flow Very little air enters Steady supply of air enters
Colour
Visibility
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C) Safety Rules when heating or mixing chemicals
1. Wear safety goggles to protect your eyes when using chemicals or when heating.
2. Place flammable substances away from a naked flame.
3. Point the mouth of a test tube which is being heated away from yourself or your friends.
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Heating strongly Heating gently
Temperature Higher Lower
Position
2. Light up the Bunsen burner, using the type of flame that is suitable for heating.
3. Hold the test-tube at about 45° using a test tube holder, pointing the mouth of the test tube away
from anyone. Heat the solid directly by moving the test tube horizontally from left to right through
the hottest part of the flame.
While heating, shake the test-tube to ensure even heating of the solid.
4. Once there are no further colour change(s), leave the test-tube on the test-tube rack for cooling
to room temperature.
Answer: The _______________ (initial colour) copper (II) carbonate turned ___________(final
colour) upon strong heating.
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PART II Procedures and Precautions
1. To the cooled solid (black solid) obtained in Stage 1, add in around ⅓ full of dilute sulfuric acid
(one of the laboratory reagents).
2. Use a clean spatula to ensure that all the solid is immersed into the acid (if needed).
3. Light up the Bunsen burner and use the appropriate type of Bunsen flame for heating.
4. Use a test-tube holder to hold the test-tube at an angle of 45o above the flame.
5. Heat gently!
Avoid heating at one point for too long! This will cause the liquid to spurt out of the test-
tube! Instead, move the test-tube over the flame and occasionally remove it from the
flame!
Upon warming, the black solid gradually ______________ into the solution.
The solution gradually changes from ______________(initial colour) to ___________ (final colour).
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Plastics - Good or Bad?
Modern life would be impossible without plastic – but we have long since lost control over
our invention. Why has plastic turned into a problem and what do we know about its
dangers?
Evidence - What did you see that made you say so?
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