Per Unit System “In the power systems analysis field of electrical engineering, a per-unit system is the expression of system quantities as fractions of a defined base unit quantity. In a large interconnected power system with various voltage levels and various capacity equipments, it has been found quite convenient to work with per unit (p.u) system of quantities for analysis purpose rather than in absolute values of quantities. “The per unit quantity is defined Actual value of the quantity as: Per unit quantity Base value of that quantity “To completely define a per unit system, minimum four base quantities are required. Let us define: Actual Curent ” Base Current(I,)" _AetualVoltage | | Crema ’ BaseVoltage(V,)" Voltage(V) __ Actual impedance | impedance(Z),,, = | impedance(Z) mu =F impedance(Z,) Apparent Power (S),,, = Actual ApparentPower__ « " Base Apparent Power (S,)"Base Quantities “The selection of base quantities is also very important. Some of base quantities are chosen independently and arbitrarily while others automatically follow depending upon the fundamental relationships between system variables. +The rating of the equipments in a power system are given in terms of operating voltage and the capacity in AVA. Hence, universal practice is to use machine rating power (kVA) and voltage as base quantities and the base values of current and impedance are calculated from both of them. in electrical engineering, the three basic quantities are voltage, current and impedance. If we choose any two of them as the base or reference quantity, the third one automatically will have a base or reference value depending upon the other two. E.g. if V and [are the base voltage and current in a system, the base impedance of the system is fixed and is given by: Base impedaiBase Quantities This means that the per unit impedance is directly proportional to the base kVA and inversely proportional to the square of base voltage. “When all the quantities are converted in per unit values, the different voltage levels disappear and power network involving synchronous generators, transformers and line reduces to a system of simple impedances.Base Quantities “When the problems to be solved are more complex, and particularly when transformers are involved, the advantages of calculations in per unit are more apparent. +A well chosen per unit system can reduce the computational effort, simplify evaluation and facilitate the understanding of system characteristics.Importance of Per Unit System For an engineer, it is quite easy to remember the per unit values for all quantities rather than to remember actual values of all quantities. “Look at the Table and realize per unit system is easy to remember or actual value system. Actual ee aha eed eR aT Voltage u UL u 220 198V 209V 220V 231V 242V 440 396V 418V 440V 462V 484V likv 9.9kV 10.45kV 11kV 11.55kV 12.1 kV 33kv 29.71kV —31.35kV_ 33kV 34.65kV 36.3kV 66kv 59.4kV 62.7kV — 66kV 69.3kV —-72.6kV 132kv 118.8kV 125.4kV_ 132kV 138.6kV 145.2kV 220kv 198kV -209kKV-— 220kV-— 231kV— 242kV 500kv 450kV 475kKV-— SOOKV-— 525kV_— S50kVImportance of Per Unit System t can be observed that only for voltage at different levels, it is quite difficult to remember all these limits. However, on the other hand, per unit is easy to remember. Now, imagine the level of difficulty if an engineer has to remember values for current, power too. “Furthermore, it is quite difficult to find the error in the actual values as compared to per unit system. For example, if voltage crosses 0.9 limit, it can be easily understood that voltage has crossed its safe limit, but in actual voltage values, it is difficult to know whether voltage has crossed the safe limit. he per unit representation of the impedance of an equipment is more meaningful than its absolute value.Effect of 1-@ and 3-@ on Per Unit System “The per unit system has the advantage that it equations remains same for single phase as well as three phase system. E.g. in single phase, we have the formula for Zyaye 48: “Now, for three phase, voltage and current are given by: Vn VgxV3 V5 V7 base aby BN LTB 3. OS, Ss, S, Base “Hence, it can be seen that per unit system has no effect of single phase and three phase system.Advantages of Per unit System +The per-unit system was originally developed to simplify laborious hand calculations and while it is now not always necessary (due to the widespread use of computers), the per-unit system does still offer some distinct advantages over standard SI values: “+The per unit values of impedance, voltage, and current of a transformer are the same regardless of whether they are referred to the primary or the secondary side. This is a great advantage since the different voltage levels disappear and the entire system reduces to a system of simple impedance. This can be a pronounced advantage in power system analysis where large numbers of transformers may be encountered. “Moreover, similar types of apparatus will have the impedances lying within a narrow numerical range when expressed as a per-unit fraction of the equipment rating, even if the unit size varies widely. “Similar apparatus (generators, transformers, lines) will have similar per-unit impedances and losses expressed on their own rating, regardless of their absolute size. Because of this, per-unit data can be checked rapidly for gross errors. A per unit value out of normal range is worth looking into for potential errors.Advantages of Per unit System Manufacturers usually specify the impedance of apparatus in per unit values. By normalizing quantities to a common base, both hand and automatic calculations are simplified. It improves numerical stability of automatic calculation methods. “The per unit value of the resistance of a machine furnishes almost at a glance its electrical losses in the percent of its rated power. For example, a transformer operating under rated conditions at unity power factor with a winding resistance of 0.01 per unit has a copper loss of 1%. PR= (1.0)? x0.01=0.01 pu =0.01x100=1% hhis information is very useful to a power system engineer because he can estimate and locate the quantity of the various copper losses simply by looking at the one line per unit impedance diagram. “Per unit parameters simplify the simulation of simple or complex power system problems on computers. Such simulations are important for transient and steady state analyses.Advantages of Per unit System the per unit system simplifies the analysis of problems that include star delta types of winding connections. The factor of V3 is not used for the per unit analysis. For example, consider the expression for the power: P=VI =VI cos@ When the voltage and the current are expressed in per unit, this relationship gives the total power in per unit, regardless of a delta or star winding connection. the per unit values of the impedance of a single or simple multi-component power system readily provide the short circuit current at different points on the network. For example a transformer with a per unit impedance of 5% would result (without taking into consideration the motor’s short circuit current contribution) in a short circuit current of Ic of: 1 T..=— =— =20pu 7905 2Advantages of Per unit System ‘er-unit impedance values of equipment are normally found over a small range of values irrespective of the absolute size. On the other hand, ohmic values may have significant variation and are often proportional to nominal rating. The ohmic value of impedances as referred to secondary is different from the value as referred to primary. However, if base values are selected properly, the p.u. impedance is the same on the two sides of the transformers. i.c., Star or Delta.Changing the Base of Per unit Quantities “Some times the per unit impedance of a component of a system is expressed on a base other than the one selected as base for the part of the system in which the component is located. “Since all impedances in any part of a system must be expressed on the same impedance base when making computations, it is necessary to have a means of converting per unit impedances from one base to another. “Weknowthat , _ Z,xS, ~ pt V's Sbaseynew aa XG 2 Zonunew ——" V (Baseynew _ x Si Baseynew x V"(Baseyold ~ ~ “ act 2 Zinuold 7x S Baseold V" (Baseynew — Zycp ¥ Scpaseyota Lac XG V"(Baseyola 3 2 Zoouynew _ Vi easeyold x S (Baseynew _ V saseyotd 4, SBasednew Zo, wold V" (Baseynew SBaseyola V aaseynew S\sase)otdChanging the Base of Per unit Quantities 2 V, S, _ (Baseyold (Baseynew Zooaynew = Zp uold + ja (Base)new |(Base)old ‘given Z, =2 (patron — “rset ‘| basekV,,, basekV, ] basekVA,., PASE RV aren | OOSCEVA nee basekVA given “If the old base voltage and new base voltage are the same, then formula becomes: basekVA givenoe This example is taken from the book Power System "e mE le: analysis by Stevenson, Chapter one, Example 1.5. % The reactance of a generator designated X” is given as 0.25 per unit based on the generator’s nameplate rating of 18 kV, 500 MVA. The base for calculations is 20 AV, and 100 MVA. Find X” on the new base. “Data: FX? civen = 0.25 p.u, Base KV given =18 kV, Base kVA gi,.,= 500 MVA, Base kKVyey,= 20 KV, “Base kVAy,,= 100 MVA, X” 1 =? “Solution: + we know that the formula for finding the new impedance is given as below: basekVer, | baSCKVA yoy Z =Z nota *| >, | XT (pat)new basekV, basekVA new given “The above formula for X” can be modified as below:“*Example: given new | basekV, basekVA new given X"(pu)new =X (payotd X [ basekV, ] basekVA PaSERV com | OASCEVA rey “By putting the values in above equation we get: 1810007 100x10° [] 1 =0.25x x X"(pat)nev = 0.25x x——__ —| x= (pw) [eae 500x10° 20 X"(pu)nev = 025x578 xt =0.25x0.81x0.2 X"(pat)new = 0.0405 p.u“*Example: A single phase 20 kVA, 480/120V, 60 Hz single phase transformer has an impedance of Z,,) = 0.0525<78.13 degrees ohms referred to the LV winding. Determine the per unit transformer impedance referred to the LV winding and the HV winding. The equation of Z,,; is taken from transformer primary and secondary number of turns equation derivation. Solution: “+ The transformer impedance referred to the HV winding is given by: Log =a Legos OR Z primary =a XL secondary 42 2 Leg = 480 x (0.0525278.13°) = 48 x (0.0525278.13°) 7! 120 | 12 Zug, = (4Y x (0.0525278.13°) = (16) x (0.0525278.13°) 2.4 =Z = 0.84.278.13° eq primary“*Example: According to our convention, the base values for this system are: Shase = 20 KVA, Viaser = Vase Primary — A80V, Vease2 = Vase Secondary = 120V Now, the resulting base impedance for primary and secondary are: 2 va _Vrae_rrinry 480° _ 230400 _ 23041) oy ~ 20x1000 20000 200 Z, ase_primary = “me Shase 2 2 Z = Vira secondary 120° _ 14400 _ 144 _ 9 9 base_sesondary 5, ~ 20x1000 20000 200 base “+ Now, the resulting per unit impedance at primary and secondary side of the transformer are:— Z seruat_primary — 0.84278.13° pene 7, , 11.52 ‘base_primary =0.0729278.13° pu — 2 sctual_secondary _ _ 0.0525278.13° p._secondary = ‘base_secondary 0.72 |Z. = 0.0729278.13° pu “Hence, it can be observed that the per unit impedance are equal a ge for both sides of the transformer. $ However, their actual values are different. »“*Example: “Draw an impedance diagram for the system shown in Figure, expressing all values as per unit values. Choose common base kVA as 50 kVA, and base voltage 2500 V. T, Transmission T line Ezz 60 + aS 40kVA 80KVA =. 25kVA 2500/8000 V 10,000/5000 V 4000 V Z=0.1 pu Z=0.09 pu“Note: The selected/chosen common base kVA and base kV are > Ex ample: always termed as new base kVA and new base kV, whereas, the base kVA and base kV of the equipment are always termed as old base kVA and base kV. Solution: We know that the formula for new per unit impedance is given by: ‘given Z =Z, (pat)me * same | ack. basekVA given [ basekV, ] basekVA,,, ata | «New Per unit Impedance of Generator G 2500) 50%1000_ j0.2x1 x22 = j0.2x1%5 = j1.0 pu “{ 2500] “1ox1000 ” 10 ’ 2G, (pu)new — New Per unit Impedance of Generator G,: (ay « 50x1000 _ 5 fl.s Zo = j03xix2=22 = 50.75 Gy (pu)new 7" 9500] *20%1000— 2 2 7PM«New Per unit Impedance of Transformer T;: 52500] 50x1000 5 j0.5 Z = j0.1x| 2300 f,, 50%1000 ig tty 5 = 205 = jo.125 pu T(p4s)nen —4 fed 40x1000 7 a4 70 OP “New Per unit Impedance of Transmission Line: “It can be observed that for transmission line the base voltage is changed. Hence, first new base voltage is required to determined. Then its per unit impedance can be calculated. The formula for finding new base voltage is given by: New Base Voltage= Old Base Voltagex 2 7 New Base Voltage=2500x 8000 _ 8,000V 2500 “Now, it can be noticed that the impedance of transmission line is given in ohms instead of per unit values. Hence, the formula to find per unit impedance of transmission line is given by:1% «*Example: ’ Vs (Base kV) 50x 1000 50x 1000 5 2S = (50+ j200)x 2 = (50+ 7200) x (8000) 64,000,000 64,00 (250+ 1000) “Line ps) ~ 64,00 New Per unit Impedance of Transformer T,: 2 2 2 Zp = 0.09x| 12.000 | ,30%1000 jo.0%{ 2] a jooo{5| x (PU )new 8,000 | 80x1000 8] 8 4} 8 = j0.09x [1.25 x 0.625= j0.09x1.5625x0,625= 70.088 pu Z, A Line( pt) = (50+ 7200) = (0.039+ 0.156) pus 27, (put)nw «New Per unit Impedance of Load: “It can be observed that for load, due to transformer, the base voltage is again changed. Hence, first new base voltage is required to determined. By using the formula for _ finding new base voltage we get: ‘“*Example New Base Voltage=8,000x 5,000 _ ¢.000x > =8,000x1 =4,0007 10,000 10 2 “Now, it can be noticed that in data, rated kVA of motor is given instead of its impedance. Hence, we require only to calculate the per unit kVA which is given by: Actual Apparent Power _ 25x1000_ Apparent Power (S) y= 0.5 pw ~ Base Apparent Power (S,) 50x1000 “Based upon these per unit values, the given one line diagram can be converted into its equivalent impedance diagram as below:«*Example For Practice: “A simple power system is shown in Fig. Redraw this system when the per unit impedance of the components are represented on the common base Of 5000 VA and 250 V. T, Transmission T; E line 3 Z= (40 +4150) melee 8000VA 9500 val 25 ]0.2 pu 1000/500V yoo v 20008 Z=j0.06pu 20 2 [0p“*Example: Solution: We know that the formula for new per unit impedance is given by: ‘given Zz =Z, (pu)nen — eweld “| basekV,, basekVA given [ basekV, ] basekVA,,, ata | «New Per unit Impedance of Generator G Dede} = f02x1x5 = 1.0 pit 2507" 51000 _ “| 250 “71000 4G, (p.)new New Per unit Impedance of Generator G,: 2507 5x1000 j0.3x1x> = 215 — 50.75 pu “| 250 Zz - . Gy (pate *>x1000 7 2 2“ «New Per unit Impedance of Transformer T;: 250] _ 5x1000 5 Zz = j0.2x| PP} x2 = joax1x2 = Ty(pat)non 7 {| 4x1000 7 4.4 “New Per unit Impedance of Transmission Line: = j0.25 pu “It can be observed that for transmission line the base voltage is changed. Hence, first new base voltage is required to determined. Then, its per unit impedance can be calculated. The formula for finding new base voltage is given by: New Base Voltage= Old Base Voltagex 2 7 800 New Base Voltage= 250x— =800V. 250 “Now, it can be noticed that the impedance of transmission line is given in ohms instead of per unit values. Hence, the formula to find per unit impedance of transmission line is given by:“*Example: Zou =Zoag, Base kVA, ° (Base kV) 5x1000 5x1000 5 Z 40+ j150)x 40+ j150)x = (40+ j150)x—— Line pau) = ( )) (600° = (4047 )* 40,000 (40+ 7 x0 Zaneipan = CUETO) (031254 j1.1718) pa New Per unit Impedance of Transformer T,: mre 2 Zn = j0.06% coe 2000 _ 50.06) 2] 5-006 5| mo (Pe )new 800 | 8000 [8] 8 4) 8 Zp = 0.06x[1.25f x 0.625 = 0.06% 1.5625x0.625= j0.0585 par (Ps )new «New Per unit Impedance of Load: “it can be observed that for load, due to transformer, the base voltage is again changed. Hence, first new base voltage is required to determined. By using the formula for _ finding new base voltage we get:“*Example New Base Voltage=800x 500 _ 800x> =800x4 =400V 1,000 10 “Now, it can be noticed that in data, rated kVA of motor is given instead of its impedance. Hence, we require only to calculate the per unit kVA which is given by: __Actual Apparent Power _ 2,500 pa = Apparent Power (S) Base ApparentPower(S,) 5,000 “Based upon these per unit values, the given one line diagram can be converted into its equivalent impedance diagram as below: va JO pu j0.25 pu 0.0585 p.u (0.312 +j1.1718)p.u ; .Hadi Sadat Method Chapter Three, “Example: Example 3.7 “The one line diagram of a three phase power system is shown in Figure. Select a common base of 100 MVA and 22 kV on the generator side. Drawn an impedance diagram with all impedances including the load impedance marked in per unit. The three phase load at bus 4 absorbs 57 MVA, 0.6 power factor lagging at 10.45 kV. Line 1 and 2 have reactance of 48.4 ohms and 65.3 ohms respectively. The manufacturer’s data for each device is given as follow: i a a G 90MVA 22kV X=18% = T, SOMVA 22/220kV X=10% T, 40MVA 220/11kV X=6.0% T, 40MVA 22/110kV X=6.4% T, 40MVA 110/11kKV X=8.0% M 66.5MVA 10.45kV — -X=18.5%Fe ey gtn, | The reactance is given in percent. Its per unit is obtained by dividing it by “Solution: | 100, such as 18% = 18/100 = 0.18p.u We know that the formula for new per unit impedance is given by: ‘given basekV,,., =Zeowotd *| [ basekV, ] basekVA,,., 2ase RF iver |g POSE A now basekVA «New Per unit Reactance of Generator G: 2 22x10° | _ 100x10° 10 sls Xa = ji ———_ = j0.18x1x— = = j0.2 p. G(pat)now ~ I (eae) ox) gg “New Per unit Reactance of Transformer T,: 2 22x10 | 100x10° 10 fl.0 Xx, = j0.1x =| x = j0.lxlx >= = j0.2 pu T,(pat)now —/ [=e soxi0” 5 5 7? «New Per unit Reactance of Transmission Line 1: “It can be observed that for transmission line the base voltage is changed. Hence, first new base voltage is required to determined, then its per unit reactance can be calculated. The formula for finding new base voltage is given by: °“Example: E. New Base Voltage= Old Base Voltagex z 1 220kV. New Base Voltage= 22 kV x =220kV 22kV. ¢-Now, it can be noticed that the reactance of transmission line is given in ohms instead of per unit values. Hence, the formula to find per unit reactance of transmission line is given by: Zn = Zins xSe = Zins «Base kA, ’ Vs (Base kV) 100x10° 100 _ j4840 xX = (48.4) x ———__ = (48.4) x —— =—— = j0.1 pu terion = TBD Goro | M484 Gea00 7 48400 OP “New Per unit Reactance of Transformer T,: = j0.06x1x4= 2S - 70.15 pu 220x10* i 100x10° 4 Xp = j0.06x) ———__ | x —____ Ty(pt)non —F [ze 40x10°% Exampl “New Per unit Reactance of Transformer T,: 22x10" Xx, = j0.064x| << Tx(pii)non Ae «New Per unit Reactance of Transmission Line 2: , , 100x10 = 0.064110 = £0.64 40x10° 4 = j0.16 pu “St can be observed that for transmission line 2, the base voltage is changed again. The new base voltage is calculated as below: New Base Voltage= 22 kV x LOK 22kV =110kV “Now, it can be noticed that the reactance of transmission line is given in ohms instead of per unit values. Hence, the per unit reactance of transmission line is calculated as below: , 100x10° . 100 _ 76530 X rnexipay = G53) = (65.3) =O j0.54 ps (Hoxie? pu x = =i 12100 12100“Example: “New Per unit Reactance of Transformer T,: 2 110x10° | 100x10° 10 j0.8 Xx, = 0.08%| VOTO | MOOT _ i0.08x1x 2-25 - 02 p: Ty(pin)new 4 [as | 40x10? 4 pepe 4 «New Per unit Reactance of Motor M: “It can be observed that for motor, the base voltage is changed again from two points. One from transformer T, and other from transformer T,. but, the new base voltage from both must have the same value. The new base voltage as calculated from Transformer 7 is given as below: 11kV New Base Voltage=220kV x =11kV 220kV ‘The new base voltage as calculated from Transformer T, is given as below: New Base Voltage=110kV x ky =11kV 110kV It can be noticed that both has the same voltage. The per unit reactance of motor is now calculated as below:“Example: x10 $6 5x1 0F 7 0 185x (0.95) x1.5037 = j0.185x0.9025x1.5037= j0.25 pu 7? 10.45x10° | 100x10° Xue pan = 135 HOS x XM (par)nev “New Per unit Impedance of Load: The load apparent power at 0.6 power factor lagging is 57 MVA. The angle for 0.6 power factor will be: cos(@)=0.6; @=cos'(0.6) =53.13° Hence, the load is 57<53.13 degree MVA. To calculate the per unit impedance of the load, we need to first calculate actual impedance and base impedance of the load. The actual impedance of the load is calculated as below: ~ Ge .) _ (10.45x10°)” 109.2025 Z = 51, 91583253.13 71 Actual) = 57x10° 2-53.13 57Z-53.13 Suse 1.91583x(cos53.13-+ jsin53.13) = 1.91583 (0.6-+ 0.8) 71 Actual) ~ 21 Actual = (1495+ f1.5326) 2“Example: ‘The base impedance of the load is calculated as below: > 32 — Vase) = lx10) 21 _sy10 L(Base) gs, -100x10° 100 Now, the per unit impedance is calculated as below: Z1(Actual) _1.1495+ j1.53267 2L(pu YZ Z1(Base) 121 =(0.95+ /1.2667) pu% Exampl The per unit circuit is now given as below:D.Das Book Method (Electrical Power System Example 5.8) “Example: “The one line diagram of a three phase power system is shown in Figure. Select a common base of 100 MVA and 13.8 KV on the generator side. Drawn an impedance diagram with all impedances including the load impedance marked in per unit. The three phase load at bus 4 absorbs 57 MVA, 0.8 power factor lagging at 10.45 kV. Line 1 and 2 have reactance of 50 ohms and 70 ohms respectively. The manufacturer’s data for each device is given as follow: EE G 90MVA = 13.8kV X=18% T, SOMVA 13.8/220kV X=10% T, SOMVA 220/11kV X=10.0% T; SOMVA 13.8/132kV X=10.0% T, SOMVA 132/11kV X=10.0% M 80MVA 10.45kV X=20%“Solution: We know that the formula for new per unit impedance is given by: ‘given Z, = Zoo X (pui)nen — ewreld | basekv,,, basekVA [ basekV, ] basekVA,,., 2ase RF iver |g POSE A now «New Per unit Reactance of Generator G: 2 13.8x10° } _100x10° 10_ js Xx, = 0.18] S810 | MOOT = 0.18 1x12 = 18 — 50.2 pu G(pu)nov ~4 [Bets] 90x10" 7 9 9 7? “New Per unit Reactance of Transformer T,: x = 70,1] 13:8*10" J 100x108 T,(pat)nen “738x108 | * 530x108 «New Per unit Reactance of Transmission Line 1: = jo.ixtxie=L8 - j0.2 pu “It can be observed that for transmission line the base voltage is changed. Hence, first new base voltage is required to determined, then its per unit reactance can be calculated. The formula for finding new base voltage is given by:“Example: New Base Voltage= Old Base Voltagex z 1 220kV. New Base Voltage=13.8 kV x =220kV 13.8kV “Now, it can be noticed that the reactance of transmission line is given in ohms instead of per unit values. Hence, the formula to find per unit reactance of transmission line is given by: ’ Vs (Base kV) 100 _ 3000 _ 0.1033 pu 6 100x10° (j50)x _ 48400 48400 Xx, = j50x———~_ = Linel(p.u) = J *@20x10° “New Per unit Reactance of Transformer T,: 20x10" 100x106 101.0 Xp = j0.Lx] OEE | OEE jg.txtx l= F8 = 50.2 pu Ty(p1)new ~ aes | soxi0”” 5 5 7?% Exampl “New Per unit Reactance of Transformer T,: 3? 6 Fea 100x10 10 0 J «592 pu Xx, = = j0.1x1x T,(p1t)nv 7") 22x10 | “S0x10° «New Per unit Reactance of Transmission Line 2: “St can be observed that for transmission line 2, the base voltage is changed again. The new base voltage is calculated as below: New Base Voltage= 22 kV x 22*Y 22kV =132kV “Now, it can be noticed that the reactance of transmission line is given in ohms instead of per unit values. Hence, the per unit reactance of transmission line is calculated as below: 100x108 100 _ 77000 Xx, 70) x OO =(j70)x LD = 0.4017 ps tinainan = FTO G3 rose * Ty ap4~ ana! pe“Example: “New Per unit Reactance of Transformer T,: 37 6 ee | 100x10' = 0.2 pu x, = j0.1x| BRNO | WO Ty(p1t)nee 7 [es 50x10" «New Per unit Reactance of Motor M: “It can be observed that for motor, the base voltage is changed again from two points. One from transformer T, and other from transformer T,. but, the new base voltage from both must have the same value. The new base voltage as calculated from Transformer 7 10 = j0.1x1x 12 = J 5 is given as below: 11kV New Base Voltage=220kV x =11kV 220kV ‘The new base voltage as calculated from Transformer T, is given as below: New Base Voltage=132kV x kV =11kV 132kV It can be noticed that both has the same voltage. The per unit reactance of motor is now calculated as below:“Example: 3 7? yo 10.45%10 y 100%10" _ 0.2% (0.95)? x1.25 X = j0.2x}| ——_— M(put)new 11x10" 80x10° XM (pis)non = 10.2% 0-9025K1.25 = j0.2256 pa “New Per unit Impedance of Load: The load apparent power at 0.8 power factor lagging is 57 MVA. The angle for 0.8 power factor will be: cos) =0.8; @=cos'(0.8) =36.87° Hence, the load is 57<36.87 degree MVA. To calculate the per unit impedance of the load, we need to first calculate actual impedance and base impedance of the load. The actual impedance of the load is calculated as below: 2 32 Zz, Win) _ (10.45%10°) — 109.2025 _ | oi 59973687 L(Actual) g ,,. 57x10°2-36.87 57Z-36.87 =1,91583x (cos36.87+ jsin36.87) = 1.91583x (0.8 + j0.6) 21 (Actual) 21 Actual) = 0-53267+ f1.1499) 2“Example: ‘The base impedance of the load is calculated as below: > 32 — Vase) = lx10) 21 _sy10 L(Base) gs, -100x10° 100 Now, the per unit impedance is calculated as below: 21 (Aetual) _1.53267+ j1.1495 Zz = L( pu (pu) Z1(Base) 1.21 = (1.2667+ 0.95) pu“Example: The per unit circuit is now given as below: p2 joi033 po 4 D2 fU4N7 0.2 J LD.Das Book Method (Electrical Power System Example 5.4) “Exampl “A 100 MVA, 33 kV, three phase generator has a reactance of 15%. The generator is connected to the motors through a transmission line and transformers as shown in Figure. Motors have rated inputs of 40 MVA, 30 MVA, and 20 MVA at 30 kV with 20% reactance each. Draw the per unit circuit diagram. Assume 100 MVA and 33 kV as common base values. —(i,) 40 MVA, x, 0.20 pu @ 3 seme cw 30 MVA, x,,= 0.20 pu 100MVA, {10MVA 33 kV AWY ona | (i) 20MVA, x, 0:20 pu 420.15 pu 32/110 kV 110/32 kv , = 0.08 pu X;, = 0.0B pu We know that the formula for new per unit impedance is given by: given basekV,,, basekVn | basekVA ye (P. wold %* xu | * basekVA given Z(pus)newExample: «New Per unit Reactance of Generator G: mel 100x108 Xx, = j0.15x| 32210 | 00x10 0.1511 = 70.15 ps G(psi)new 7 Een 1oox10" ” mee Pe “New Per unit Reactance of Transformer T,: 3} 6 2 x = j0,0%| 322201] 100%10" _ 59,32] 10 T(p)new ” 33x10° | 110x10 33] 11 XT (pain = 10-08%[0.9696} 0.90909 j0.08% 0.94012 0.90909 0.0683 pax 1 (Pdnw «New Per unit Reactance of Transmission Line: “It can be observed that for transmission line the base voltage is changed. The new base voltage is determined by: L1OKV 32kV, “Now, it can be noticed that the reactance of transmission line is given in ohms instead of per unit values. Hence, the new per unit reactance of transmission line is given by: New Base Voltage=33 kV x =33 kV x3.4375=113.4375kV“Example: 100x10° 100 j6000 Xx, = j60x———_____ = (60) x —__ = ~—____= 0,466 pu tinetpay = (113.4375x10°)* (6) 12868066 12868066 / p «New Per unit Reactance of Transformer T,: 3 2 6 2 Xp = j0.08x 110x10 _ 4100x108 +0.08x| 110 _] ,.10 (Pa)new 113.4375x10° | 110x10' 113.4375] 11 = j0.08x [0.9696 x 0.90909= 70.08% 0.94012x0.90909= 0.0683 pu XD, (pan +*New Per unit Reactance of Motor M,: “It can be observed that for motor, the base voltage is changed again. The new base voltage is calculated as below: 324V _113,4375kV x0.2909=33kV 110K New Base Voltage=113.4375kV x “The per unit reactance of motor 1 is now calculated as below:“Example: [30x10°] _100x10° [3010 = j0.2x 33 2x| - = x | 33x10" | 40x10 4 = j0.2x[0.90909f x 2.5 = j0.2x0.8263x 2.5 = j0.413 pu xX = My (pu)nov x Mi (pur)new «New Per unit Reactance of Motor M,: 32 6 2 Xu -jnax| 1 00x10 = 02x] | io 2 (pat)nov 33x10° | 30x10 33] 3 Xy = j0.2x[0.90909f x3.333= j0.2 x0.8263x3.333= 0.551 pu 2 (pat)new «New Per unit Reactance of Motor M;: oe 7 2 x | 100x10° 2») 34] lo = j0.2x x = —_ Msp 1u)nou q es 20x10° 33] 2 Xy = j0.2x[0.90909f x5 = 70.2 x0.8263x5 = 0.826 pu 3(pa)nes“Example: The per unit circuit is now given as below: ~Oo SHO #00683 4015 $UOOY 10-466 frais #0-0683 M. #0551 (826C.LWadhwa Book Method (Electrical Power System Example 1.1) “Example: “A 100 MVA, 33 KV, three phase generator has a sub transient reactance of 15%. The generator is connected to the motors through a transmission line and transformers as shown in Figure. Motors have rated inputs of 30 MVA, 20 MVA, and 50 MVA at 30 kV with 20% sub transient reactance each. Selecting the generator rating as the base quantities in the generator circuit, Draw the per unit circuit diagram. (if) 30 MVA, x, = 0.20 pu @ 3 ses &-@ame Xqp = 0.20 pu 100 MV 110MVA. ohh i HHO WA \__(it,) 50 MVA, x, = 0.20 pu Xy =0.15 pu eae kV 110/32 kV 7, = 0.08 pu %, = 0.0B pu “Solution: | We know that the formula for new per unit impedance is given by: given basekV,,, basekVA given basekVn | basekVA ye (P. wold %* xu | *Example: «New Per unit Reactance of Generator G: mel 100x108 Xx, = j0.15x| 32210 | 00x10 0.1511 = 70.15 ps G(psi)new 7 Een 1oox10" ” mee Pe “New Per unit Reactance of Transformer T,: 32x10" | 100x10° 32] 10 x, = j0.08x x = J0.08%) | x T\(pat)now [es] 110x10° A im XP Cptt)sou = 0.08x[0.9696f x0.90909= 0.08% 0.94012x0.90909= 0.06838 pu 1 (Pd)nw «New Per unit Reactance of Transmission Line: “It can be observed that for transmission line the base voltage is changed. The new base voltage is determined by: L1OKV 32kV “Now, it can be noticed that the reactance of transmission line is given in ohms instead of per unit values. Hence, the new per unit reactance of transmission line is given by: New Base Voltage=33 kV x =33 kV x3.4375=113.4375kV“Example: 100x10° 100 /5000 PIE = (750) x P= PO 0.3888 pu (113.4375x10")? X sineiguy = 150 = tnetpay = J * 72868066 12868066 «New Per unit Reactance of Transformer T,: ; FP 6 2 x = j0.08%| 210x210 . 410010" _ -0.08x| —110_} , 10 Ty(p0)new 113.4375x10° | 110x10' 113.4375] 11 = j0.08x 0.9696} x 0.90909= j0.08x0.94012x0.90909= 0.06838 pu Dy (pada +*New Per unit Reactance of Motor M,: “It can be observed that for motor, the base voltage is changed again. The new base voltage is calculated as below: 32kV New Base Voltage=113.4375kV x 1104V =113.4375KV x0.2909=33 kV “The per unit reactance of motor 1 is now calculated as below:“Example: 2 1 Xy = | 3] x10 ' (pas)new 133] 3 Xy = j0.2x[0.90909 x3.333= 0.2x0.8263x3.333= 0.5509 pu (pat)new «New Per unit Reactance of Motor M,: 3? 6 2 Xyg H02| OIE] lOO jaasl 32) 2 2( pat) new 33x10 20x10' 33, 2 = j0.2x[0.90909f x5 = j0.2x0.8263x5 = j0.826 pu 2( pat) new Xu. «New Per unit Reactance of Motor M;: ae 6 2 Xy = j0.2x) 30210" J, Loostot _ 0233] 10 3(p.t)now 33x10° | 50x10 33] 5 = j0.2x[0.90909f x2 = 0.2 x0.8263x 2 = j0.3305 pu xX M301) nevThe per unit circuit is now given as below: 1 0.38882 —j 0.06838. Q