Molar Volume of a Gas

At r.t.p. (room temperature and pressure, 25oC, 1atmosphere)

The molar volume = 24 L / mol

At s.t.p. (standard temperature and pressure, 0oC, 1atmosphere)

The molar volume = 22.4 L / mol

At certain condition (known temperature and pressure)

Ideal gas equation :
PV = nRT
V = nRT
P
P = pressure (atmosphere)
V = volume (L)
n = the number of mol
R = constante (0.082 L atm mol-1 K-1)
T = temperature (K)

Condition that refer to other gases condition

Avogadro :
At the same T and P :

A B

VA : VB
= nA : nB VA = VB → nA = nB
VA = nA
VB nB
nA = nB
VA VB
n = n
V A V B
Example 1 :
Order the mass of 1 L of all gases !

H2 O2 CH4 CO2

Example 2 :
What is the volume of 0.2 mol of CO2 at :
a. r.t.p.
b. s.t.p.
c. 27oC 1 atm
d. certain temperature and pressure where 1 mol of O2 = 25 L

a. V r.t.p. = mol x molar volume r.t.p.

= 0.2 mol x 24 L/mol
= 4.8 L

b. V s.t.p. = mol x molar volume s.t.p.

= 0.2 mol x 22.4 L/mol
= 4.48 L

c. V = nRT = 0.2 mol x 0.082 L atm mol-1 K-1 x 300 K

P 1 atm
= 4.92 L

d. V O2 = n O2
V CO2 n CO2
25 L = 1 mol
V CO2 0.2 mol
V CO2 = 25 L x 0.2 mol
1 mol
= 5L
 CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS

The Idea of Concentration

Look at the two orange drinks (Figure). Which one is more concentrated ?
What is your reason ? What do you think we mean by concentration ? Think
about these questions before reading on.

different concentration of orange juice

The concentration of a solution tells us the amount of solute in a unit volume

of a solution.

Measuring Concentration
In Chemistry, two common ways of measuring amount of substance are (a)
mass in grams, and (b) number of moles. To measure volumes, chemists use
cubic decimeter (dm3) or litre (L) as the standard unit. Therefore, there are
two ways to measure concentration :
1. The mass (in grams) of solute in 1 L of solution (g/L).
A concentration of 10 g/L means there are 10 g of solute in every 1 L of
solution.
2. The number of moles of solute in L of solution (mol/L) = Molar (M)

Molar (M) = mol of solute = mmol of solute

L of solution mL of solution

The dilute sodium hydroxide in the laboratory has a concentration of 2

mol/L. This mean that 1 L of solution contains 2 moles of NaOH.
 The formula for calculating concentration is therefore :

Concentration = Number of grams (or moles) of solute

Volume of solution (in L)

Note :
 In measuring concentration, we use volume of solution and not volume of
solvent. Thus, if 20 g of a solute are dissolved in 1 L of water (solvent), the
volume of the solution will be slightly greater than 1 L; hence the
concentration of the solution will be slightly less than 20 g/L.
 Density has the unit g/mL. However, the concentration of a solution is not
the same as its density. Density (mass/volume) uses the mass of the
solution and the volume of the solution. Concentration uses the mass of
the solute and the volume of the solution.

Example 8.11 :
A solution contains 10 g of sodium hydroxide, NaOH, in 200 mL of solution.
Calculate the concentration in (a) g/L, and (b) mol/L.

(a) Mass of solute = 10 g

Volume of solution = 200 mL = 0.2 L
Concentration = 10 g
0.2 L
= 50 g/L

(b) Molar mass of NaOH = (23 + 16 + 1) g = 40 g

Number of moles of NaOH = 10 g
40 g / mol
= 0.25 mol
Concentration = 0.25 mol
0.2 L
= 1.25 mol / L
= 1.25 M
Comparing Concentration of Coloured Solutions

100 mL
50 mL 50 mL

Solution A Solution B Solution C

Coloured solutions of different concentrations

Solution A and B have the same volume. However, as Solution B has twice the
amount of solute as Solution A, it has twice the concentration of Solution A.
Hence, Solution B also has a deeper colour than Solution A.
In Solution B and C, the amount of solute are the same. As Solution C has twice
the volume as Solution B, it has half the concentration of Solution B and its
colour is lighter.

Calculating the Amount of Solute

When using solutions, we often need to know the number of moles of solute in
a known volume of a solution. This can be calculated by rearranging the
formula for concentration. That is :

Number of moles of solutes :

= Concentration (mol/L) x Volume of solution (L)
= Concentration (mmol/mL) x Volume of solution (mL)

From the number of moles, we can then calculate the mass of solute.
Example 8.12
Calculate the mass of solute in 600 mL of 1.5 mol/L sodium hydroxide solution.

Volume of solution = 600 mL = 0.6 L

Number of moles of NaOH = 1.5 mol/L x 0.6 L
= 0.9 mol
Mass of NaOH = 0.9 mol x 40 g / mol
= 36 g

DILUTION OF THE SOLUTION

To obtain the lower concentration of solution from the higher concentration of

solution :
V1 x M1 = V2 x M2
V1 = Volume of the higher concentration of solution
M1 = Concentration of the higher concentration of solution
V2 = Volume of the lower concentration of solution
M2 = Concentration of the lower concentration of solution
Example :
Make 250 mL of 0.5 M HCl solution from 2 M HCl solution !

V1 x M1 = V2 x M2
V1 x 2 mol/L = 0.5 mol/L x 0.25 L

V1 = 0.5 mol/L x 0.25 L

2 mol/L

V1 = 0.0625 L = 62.5 mL

To make 250 mL of 0.5 M HCl solution :

Measure exactly 62.5 mL of 2 M HCl solution. Put into volumetric flask, then
add water until 250 mL.