Psychology Concepts and Connections 9th

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Chapter 6 Part B--Learning
Student:

1. Vicarious reinforcement is reinforcement that is:

A. direct.
B. indirect.
C. negative.
D. positive.

2. One interesting finding in Bandura's experiment with a Bobo doll was that:

A. children exposed to the non-aggressive model showed aggressive behavior that had not been
modeled.
B. children exposed to the aggressive model showed no aggressive behavior.
C. children exposed to the aggressive model also showed aggressive behavior that had not been
modeled.
D. children exposed to the aggressive model only showed aggressive behavior that had been modeled.

3. An interesting finding in Bandura's experiment with a Bobo doll was that bizarre attack behaviors
devised for the model:

A. were never demonstrated by the observing children.

B. were demonstrated by the observing children.
C. were only demonstrated by children who did not see the film.
D. were talked about but never demonstrated.

4. There is strong evidence that

1
 A. there is a connection between media violence and real-life violence.
B. there is a causal relationship between media violence and real-life violence.
C. media violence causes real-life violence.
D. there is no connection between media violence and real-life violence.

5. Which of the following is not true regarding media violence in America?

A. TV programs generally show the harmful long-term consequences of aggressive behavior.

B. Murders, beatings and sexual assaults are routinely presented.
C. Violence is often shown to have only temporary or minimal effects.
D. Violent video games increase both aggressive behavior and the likelihood for juvenile delinquency.

2
6. Studies reveal that children and adults who view violence in the media

A. later go out and commit violent crimes after viewing media violence.
B. do not imitate this behavior.
C. later show higher levels of aggressive behavior compared with individuals who were not exposed to
media violence.
D. learn aggressive behavior when they are docile to begin with.

7. According to the text, media violence is said to do all of the following except

A. increase arousal towards aggressive behavior.

B. disinhibit aggressive behavior.
C. encourage nonviolent behavior.
D. prime aggressive memories.

8. Media violence could the expression of aggressive behavior, especially when .

A. inhibit; the viewer has a predisposition for violent behavior

B. disinhibit; the media aggressor was rewarded
C. disinhibit; the media aggressor is punished
D. inhibit; the individual frequently views violence

9. Which of the following statements is correct concerning the effects of TV violence?

A. There are fewer violent events on TV than in the movies.

B. TV violence rarely effects children under 5 years old.
C. The harmful long term effects of aggression are rarely shown on TV.
D. Nothing is gained when adults watch TV with their children.

10. Most organizations of health professionals:

A. disagree about the effects of television.

B. agree that media violence does contribute to aggression.
C. believe media violence is less harmful to girls.
D. suggest that media violence effects have been exaggerated.

11. The statement "We become habituated to violence by watching TV" means:

A. we are aroused by violence.

B. we are desensitized to violence.
C. we want to see more violence.
D. we want to see less violence.

3
12. According to the research on televised violence and imitation, a 10-year-old boy is most likely to
imitate:

A. the incredible Hulk.

B. Wile E. Coyote.
C. a 10-year-old boy.
D. Bert and Ernie.

13. Which of the following is correct concerning the effects of playing video games?

A. Males and females are effected in a similar way.

B. It is connected with a history of juvenile delinquency.
C. It is connected with higher grades in school.
D. There does not seem to be any connection between video games and violent behavior.

14. Who among the following is a most likely candidate for the effects of violent television?

A. Tim, who is an A student.

B. Marcia, whose parents use drugs.
C. Michael, whose father is a fireman.
D. Tanya, who is in the marching band.

15. A parent can provide a model for a child to learn how to handle frustration without aggression by

A. releasing pent up frustration immediately while the child observes.

B. never exhibiting any emotion in front of the child.
C. telling the child "do as I say" not "as I do".
D. never responding to frustration with aggression in front of the child.

16. To help a child who watches violent programs act less aggressively one should inform the child that

A. the violent behavior they see in the media does not represent the behavior of most people.
B. the aggressive behaviors he or she watches are not real.
C. that there can be life changing consequences to violent behavior.
D. all of the above.

17. From the behaviorist perspective, is defined as a relatively permanent change

in behavior that arises from experience.

18. Among humans, the variety and complexity of behavior patterns are largely products of
.

4
19. conditioning is a simple form of associative learning that enables organisms to
anticipate events.

20. Cognitive theories of learning focus on the gained by the organism.

21. In the classical conditioning experiment by Pavlov, the bell first was a/an ; then,
after associating with meat powder it became a/an .

22. An experimental procedure in which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the
events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur is the definition of .

23. is the reoccurrence of an extinguished response as a function of the passage of

time.

24. The same response to different stimuli is called .

25. Different responses to different stimuli is called .

26. conditioning occurs when a conditioned stimulus is used to condition a neutral

stimulus.

27. In conditioning, is the tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by

stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned.

28. According to cognitive psychologists conditioning involves the learning of

relationships among events, none of which evokes an unlearned response.

5
29. In , a pleasant stimulus is repeatedly paired with a fear-evoking object, thereby
counteracting the fear response.

30. With the bell-and-pad method of stopping bedwetting, the bell serves as the ,
and is the UR.

31. Systematic desensitization is used to overcome responses.

32. conditioning focuses on how organisms form anticipations about their

environments, where conditioning focuses on what they do about them.

33. is a simple form of learning in which organisms learn to engage in behavior

that is reinforced.

34. developed the concept of reinforcement.

35. reinforcers increase the probability that operants will occur when they are
applied.

36. In operant conditioning the extinction of learned responses results from the repeated performance of
operant behavior without .

37. , like reinforcers, are stimuli that increase the frequency of behavior.

38. If you want to behavior you should reinforce it. If you want to
behavior, punish it.

6
39. From the cognitive perspective, we could suggest that organisms that have experienced
do not expect reinforcement every time they engage in a response.

40. Gambling is a/an schedule of reinforcement.

41. The theory claims that learning occurs when stimuli provide information about
the likelihood of the occurrence of other stimuli.

42. helped to determine the principles of observational learning.

43. In Tolman's experiments with rats and mazes he distinguished between and
.

44. Social learning relies on reinforcement to change the probability of behavior.

45. Media may violence, which means desensitize aggressive behavior allowing a
more frequent expression.

46. From a behaviorist perspective, learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that arises from
practice or experience.

True False

47. In the classical conditioning study by Pavlov, the meat powder was the unconditioned stimulus.

True False

48. In the classical conditioning study by Pavlov, the bell was the unconditioned stimulus.

True False

49. In the classical conditioning study by Pavlov, salivating to the bell was the unconditioned response.

True False

7
50. In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus must be presented
together a number of times for the conditioned response to be acquired.

True False

51. Once the conditioned response has been extinguished it is unlikely that it would reappear.

True False

52. Counterconditioning is used to overcome fear responses.

True False

53. Flooding is to systematic desensitization as intense exposure is to gradual exposure.

True False

54. Classical conditioning and operant conditioning differ because in the latter responding is involuntary.

True False

55. The law of effect states that behavior followed by a positive outcome will be repeated and behavior
followed by a negative outcome will not.

True False

56. Mr. B.F. Skinner was the first to demonstrate the law of effect with his "project pigeon."

True False

57. When you buy groceries to avoid starvation, your behavior is positively reinforced.

True False

58. Negative reinforcement and punishment are basically the same thing.

True False
59. Immediate reinforcers are less effective than delayed reinforcers.

True False

60. The most difficult schedules of reinforcement to extinguish are the variable schedules.

True False

61. There is compelling evidence that watching television that is violent will lead to aggressive behavior by
the watcher.

True False

8
62. During biofeedback training the "bleep" functions as a reinforcement to modify muscle tension and heart
rate.

True False

63. Programmed learning incorporates the shaping principle of operant conditioning.

True False

64. Latent learning occurs when the learned behavior is performed immediately.

True False

65. Some learning occurs in the absence of any reinforcement.

True False
66. Using the process of classical conditioning describe how a child may become fearful of people dressed
in a white uniform after receiving an injection at the doctor's office.

67. Explain two methods based on classical conditioning that a therapist might use to help a client overcome
their fear of heights.

9
68. Describe, with examples, the four schedules of intermittent reinforcement.

69. Explain the two operant conditioning methods that can be used to decrease a child's temper tantrums.

70. Why would Bandura agree that children who grow up in abusive homes are likely to repeat this behavior
pattern?

10
71. Compare and contrast classical conditioning with operant conditioning.

72. How does classical conditioning occur in everyday life? Compare that with how operant conditioning
occurs in everyday life.

73. Explain the research suggesting the media violence causes children to be more aggressive. Use terms in
classical and operant conditioning to explain your answer.

11
 Chapter 6 Part B--Learning Key
1. Vicarious reinforcement is reinforcement that is:

A. direct.
B. indirect.
C. negative.
D. positive.

2. One interesting finding in Bandura's experiment with a Bobo doll was that:

A. children exposed to the non-aggressive model showed aggressive behavior that had not been
modeled.
B. children exposed to the aggressive model showed no aggressive behavior.
C. children exposed to the aggressive model also showed aggressive behavior that had not been
modeled.
D. children exposed to the aggressive model only showed aggressive behavior that had been
modeled.

3. An interesting finding in Bandura's experiment with a Bobo doll was that bizarre attack behaviors
devised for the model:

A. were never demonstrated by the observing children.

B. were demonstrated by the observing children.
C. were only demonstrated by children who did not see the film.
D. were talked about but never demonstrated.

4. There is strong evidence that

A. there is a connection between media violence and real-life violence.

B. there is a causal relationship between media violence and real-life violence.
C. media violence causes real-life violence.
D. there is no connection between media violence and real-life violence.

5. Which of the following is not true regarding media violence in America?

A. TV programs generally show the harmful long-term consequences of aggressive behavior.

B. Murders, beatings and sexual assaults are routinely presented.
C. Violence is often shown to have only temporary or minimal effects.
D. Violent video games increase both aggressive behavior and the likelihood for juvenile
delinquency.

1
6. Studies reveal that children and adults who view violence in the media

A. later go out and commit violent crimes after viewing media violence.
B. do not imitate this behavior.
C. later show higher levels of aggressive behavior compared with individuals who were not exposed
to media violence.
D. learn aggressive behavior when they are docile to begin with.

7. According to the text, media violence is said to do all of the following except

A. increase arousal towards aggressive behavior.

B. disinhibit aggressive behavior.
C. encourage nonviolent behavior.
D. prime aggressive memories.

8. Media violence could the expression of aggressive behavior, especially when .

A. inhibit; the viewer has a predisposition for violent behavior

B. disinhibit; the media aggressor was rewarded
C. disinhibit; the media aggressor is punished
D. inhibit; the individual frequently views violence

9. Which of the following statements is correct concerning the effects of TV violence?

A. There are fewer violent events on TV than in the movies.

B. TV violence rarely effects children under 5 years old.
C. The harmful long term effects of aggression are rarely shown on TV.
D. Nothing is gained when adults watch TV with their children.

10. Most organizations of health professionals:

A. disagree about the effects of television.

B. agree that media violence does contribute to aggression.
C. believe media violence is less harmful to girls.
D. suggest that media violence effects have been exaggerated.

11. The statement "We become habituated to violence by watching TV" means:

A. we are aroused by violence.

B. we are desensitized to violence.
C. we want to see more violence.
D. we want to see less violence.

2
12. According to the research on televised violence and imitation, a 10-year-old boy is most likely to
imitate:

A. the incredible Hulk.

B. Wile E. Coyote.
C. a 10-year-old boy.
D. Bert and Ernie.

13. Which of the following is correct concerning the effects of playing video games?

A. Males and females are effected in a similar way.

B. It is connected with a history of juvenile delinquency.
C. It is connected with higher grades in school.
D. There does not seem to be any connection between video games and violent behavior.

14. Who among the following is a most likely candidate for the effects of violent television?

A. Tim, who is an A student.

B. Marcia, whose parents use drugs.
C. Michael, whose father is a fireman.
D. Tanya, who is in the marching band.

15. A parent can provide a model for a child to learn how to handle frustration without aggression by

A. releasing pent up frustration immediately while the child observes.

B. never exhibiting any emotion in front of the child.
C. telling the child "do as I say" not "as I do".
D. never responding to frustration with aggression in front of the child.

16. To help a child who watches violent programs act less aggressively one should inform the child that

A. the violent behavior they see in the media does not represent the behavior of most people.
B. the aggressive behaviors he or she watches are not real.
C. that there can be life changing consequences to violent behavior.
D. all of the above.

17. From the behaviorist perspective, is defined as a relatively permanent

change in behavior that arises from experience.

learning
18. Among humans, the variety and complexity of behavior patterns are largely products of
.

experience

3
19. conditioning is a simple form of associative learning that enables organisms
to anticipate events.

Classical

20. Cognitive theories of learning focus on the gained by the organism.

information

21. In the classical conditioning experiment by Pavlov, the bell first was a/an ;
then, after associating with meat powder it became a/an .

neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus

22. An experimental procedure in which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the
events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur is the definition of .

extinction
23. is the reoccurrence of an extinguished response as a function of the passage
of time.

Spontaneous recovery

24. The same response to different stimuli is called .

generalization

25. Different responses to different stimuli is called .

discrimination

26. conditioning occurs when a conditioned stimulus is used to condition a

neutral stimulus.

Higher-order

27. In conditioning, is the tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by

stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned.

generalization

28. According to cognitive psychologists conditioning involves the learning of

relationships among events, none of which evokes an unlearned response.

higher-order

4
29. In , a pleasant stimulus is repeatedly paired with a fear-evoking object,
thereby counteracting the fear response.

counterconditioning

30. With the bell-and-pad method of stopping bedwetting, the bell serves as the ,
and is the UR.

US; waking up

31. Systematic desensitization is used to overcome responses.

fear

32. conditioning focuses on how organisms form anticipations about their

environments, where conditioning focuses on what they do about them.

Classical; operant
33. is a simple form of learning in which organisms learn to engage in behavior
that is reinforced.

Operant conditioning

34. developed the concept of reinforcement.

B.F. Skinner or
B. F. Skinner

35. reinforcers increase the probability that operants will occur when they are
applied.

Positive

36. In operant conditioning the extinction of learned responses results from the repeated performance of
operant behavior without .

reinforcement
37. , like reinforcers, are stimuli that increase the frequency of behavior.

Rewards
38. If you want to behavior you should reinforce it. If you want to
behavior, punish it.

increase; decrease

5
39. From the cognitive perspective, we could suggest that organisms that have experienced
do not expect reinforcement every time they engage in a response.

partial reinforcement

40. Gambling is a/an schedule of reinforcement.

variable ratio

41. The theory claims that learning occurs when stimuli provide information
about the likelihood of the occurrence of other stimuli.

contingency

42. helped to determine the principles of observational learning.

Bandura
43. In Tolman's experiments with rats and mazes he distinguished between and
.

learning; performance or
performance; learning

44. Social learning relies on reinforcement to change the probability of

behavior.

vicarious

45. Media may violence, which means desensitize aggressive behavior allowing
a more frequent expression.

disinhibit

46. From a behaviorist perspective, learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that arises from
practice or experience.

TRUE

47. In the classical conditioning study by Pavlov, the meat powder was the unconditioned stimulus.

TRUE

48. In the classical conditioning study by Pavlov, the bell was the unconditioned stimulus.

FALSE

49. In the classical conditioning study by Pavlov, salivating to the bell was the unconditioned response.

FALSE

6
50. In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus must be presented
together a number of times for the conditioned response to be acquired.

FALSE

51. Once the conditioned response has been extinguished it is unlikely that it would reappear.

FALSE

52. Counterconditioning is used to overcome fear responses.

TRUE

53. Flooding is to systematic desensitization as intense exposure is to gradual exposure.

TRUE
54. Classical conditioning and operant conditioning differ because in the latter responding is
involuntary.

FALSE

55. The law of effect states that behavior followed by a positive outcome will be repeated and behavior
followed by a negative outcome will not.

TRUE

56. Mr. B.F. Skinner was the first to demonstrate the law of effect with his "project pigeon."

FALSE

57. When you buy groceries to avoid starvation, your behavior is positively reinforced.

FALSE

58. Negative reinforcement and punishment are basically the same thing.

FALSE

59. Immediate reinforcers are less effective than delayed reinforcers.

FALSE

60. The most difficult schedules of reinforcement to extinguish are the variable schedules.

TRUE

7
61. There is compelling evidence that watching television that is violent will lead to aggressive behavior
by the watcher.

TRUE

62. During biofeedback training the "bleep" functions as a reinforcement to modify muscle tension and
heart rate.

TRUE

63. Programmed learning incorporates the shaping principle of operant conditioning.

TRUE

64. Latent learning occurs when the learned behavior is performed immediately.

FALSE

65. Some learning occurs in the absence of any reinforcement.

TRUE

66. Using the process of classical conditioning describe how a child may become fearful of people
dressed in a white uniform after receiving an injection at the doctor's office.

Answer not provided.

67. Explain two methods based on classical conditioning that a therapist might use to help a client
overcome their fear of heights.

Answer not provided.

68. Describe, with examples, the four schedules of intermittent reinforcement.

Answer not provided.

8
69. Explain the two operant conditioning methods that can be used to decrease a child's temper
tantrums.

Answer not provided.

70. Why would Bandura agree that children who grow up in abusive homes are likely to repeat this
behavior pattern?

Answer not provided.

71. Compare and contrast classical conditioning with operant conditioning.

stimulus comes first in classical; voluntary responses in operant; elicit versus emits.

72. How does classical conditioning occur in everyday life? Compare that with how operant conditioning
occurs in everyday life.

Any example of classical conditioning: traffic lights; alarm clocks. Any example of operant
conditioning: grades; money.

73. Explain the research suggesting the media violence causes children to be more aggressive. Use terms
in classical and operant conditioning to explain your answer.

Eron study. Huesman study; Social learning. Bandura.