Psychology Fourth Canadian Canadian 4th Edition Wade Test Bank Download

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Psychology, Cdn 4e (Wade)
Chapter 9 Thinking and Intelligence
Quick Quiz (1)

1) A ________ is a unit of meaning made up of concepts that expresses a unitary idea.
A) proposition
B) cognitive schema
C) cognitive heuristic
D) prototype
Answer: A
Explanation: A) This is the definition of a proposition.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
2) Kagan argues that fully conscious awareness is needed in all of the following situations EXCEPT
when:
A) we must make a deliberate choice.
B) unexpected moods or feelings arise.
C) we are engaged in a repetitive task.
D) events happen that cannot be handled automatically.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) When we are engaged in a repetitive task, full conscious awareness is typically
not needed.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
3) Informal reasoning involves:

A) deductive and inductive reasoning.
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B) established methods for solving problems.
C) a single correct answer.
D) dialectical reasoning.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Dialectical reasoning, where opposing views are analyzed to determine the best
alternative, is part of informal reasoning.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
4) In the ________ stages, people understand that some things can never be known with certainty
and some judgments are more valid than others.
A) pre-reflective
B) semi-reflective
C) quasi-reflective
D) reflective
Answer: D
Explanation: D) This is a description of reasoning in the last two stages, where people are able to
make reflective judgments.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
2
5) ________ is the tendency for people to pay attention only to evidence that supports their beliefs.
A) The availability heuristic
B) Confirmation bias
C) Hindsight bias
D) Mental set
Answer: B
Explanation: B) The confirmation bias is a barrier to rational thinking that involves a tendency to
ignore information that doesn't support our beliefs.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
6) Which of the following is NOT a component of the triarchic theory of intelligence?

A) emotional intelligence
B) contextual intelligence
C) componential intelligence
D) experiential intelligence
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Sternberg included componential, contextual, and experiential intelligence as the
three aspects of intelligence in his triarchic theory.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
7) Tacit knowledge involves practical, action-oriented strategies for achieving goals that are not
usually formally taught. They are an aspect of:
A) contextual intelligence.
B) creative intelligence.
C) componential intelligence.
D) experiential intelligence.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Tacit knowledge is an important part of contextual intelligence which involves
considering the environment.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
8) ________ proposed the idea that there are multiple types of intelligence, including such things as
musical aptitude, kinesthetic intelligence, and the capacity for insight into ourselves and others.
A) David Wechsler
B) Howard Gardner
C) Daniel Goleman
D) Robert Sternberg
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Howard Gardner proposed the Theory of Multiple Intelligences.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
3
9) ________ is the knowledge or awareness of one's own cognitive processes.
A) Theory of mind
B) Meta-cognition
C) Cognitive schema
D) Tacit knowledge
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Theory of mind refers to our knowledge or awareness of our own cognitive
processing.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
10) Which of the following species is NOT able to pass the "mirror test" demonstrating self-
awareness?
A) chimpanzees
B) orangutans
C) spider monkeys
D) dolphins
Answer: C
Explanation: C) So far, only the great apes (chimpanzees, orangutans, and gorillas) and dolphins
have passed the "mirror test."
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
4
Quick Quiz (2)
1) A ________ is a network of knowledge, associations, beliefs, and expectations.
A) proposition
B) cognitive heuristic
C) cognitive schema
D) prototype
Answer: C
Explanation: C) This is the definition of a cognitive schema.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
2) A/An ________ process lies outside of awareness, but can be brought into consciousness when
necessary.
A) unconscious
B) subconscious
C) nonconscious
D) preconscious
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Subconscious processes lie outside of awareness, but can be brought into
consciousness when necessary, while nonconscious processes lie outside of awareness and cannot be
brought into consciousness. Unconscious and preconscious are Freudian terms.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
3) Which of the following is a difference between formal and informal reasoning?

A) Formal reasoning uses algorithms rather than heuristics.
B) Formal reasoning is more useful for solving everyday problems.
C) Formal reasoning involves dialectical reasoning.
D) Formal reasoning is purposeful mental activity that involves operating on information in order to
reach conclusions.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) The only correct statement here is the first one. Formal reasoning uses
algorithms, which are guaranteed to lead to a correct answer, whereas informal reasoning uses heuristics,
or rules of thumb, to try to reach a solution.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
5
4) In the ________ stages, people assume that a correct answer always exists and can be obtained
through the senses or from authorities.
A) pre-reflective
B) semi-reflective
C) quasi-reflective
D) reflective
Answer: A
Explanation: A) This is a description of the belief of a person in one of the pre-reflective stages of
rational judgment.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
5) ________ is the tendency to try to solve new problems by using the same heuristics, strategies,
and rules that worked in the past on similar problems.
A) The availability heuristic
B) Hindsight bias
C) Confirmation bias
D) Mental set
Answer: D
Explanation: D) This is the definition of mental set.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
6) ________ is a state of tension that exists when a person simultaneously holds two cognitions that
are inconsistent with one another.
A) Mental set
B) Post-decision dissonance
C) Cognitive dissonance
D) Hindsight bias
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Cognitive dissonance occurs when a person simultaneously holds two beliefs
that are inconsistent with one another, or has a belief that is inconsistent with his or her behaviour.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
7) To qualify as a language, a communication system must meet all of the following criteria
EXCEPT:
A) meaningfulness.
B) meta-cognition.
C) productivity.
D) displacement.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Meta-cognition refers to awareness of one's own cognitive processing. The
criteria for a language are meaningfulness, productivity, and displacement.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
6
8) ________ refers to the practical application of intelligence.
A) Creative intelligence
B) Componential intelligence
C) Contextual intelligence
D) Experiential intelligence
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Contextual intelligence involves the application of knowledge to solving
practical problems.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
9) Which of the following animals learned to understand English words, short sentences, and
keyboard symbols without formal training?
A) Sultan, a chimpanzee
B) Alex, an African grey parrot
C) Rico, a border collie
D) Kanzi, a bonobo
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Kanzi learned to understand English simply by observing others.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
10) ________ is the tendency to falsely attribute human qualities to nonhuman beings.
A) Cognitive ethology
B) Anthropomorphism
C) Anthropodenial
D) Human bias
Answer: B
Explanation: B) We often tend to "see" human qualities in animals and believe that they are
similar to us in their thoughts and emotions. This is referred to as anthropomorphism.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
7
Test Questions
1) A third-year science student is most likely to describe ________ as an example of an intelligent
person.
A) Shakespeare
B) Freud
C) Picasso
D) Einstein
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Statement of fact.
Type: MC
Section: Chapter 9 Introduction
Skill: Conceptual
2) In order to explain the intelligence and creativity of humans, many cognitive psychologists have
likened the human mind to a:
A) video camera.
B) library.
C) computer.
D) file cabinet.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) The human mind is often compared to a computer that receives information,
processes and stores it, and makes decisions about actions.
Type: MC
Section: Thought: Using What We Know
Skill: Conceptual
3) When we think, we:

A) physically alter the environment.
B) mentally manipulate internal representations of objects, activities, and situations.
C) focus on present reality.
D) passively record information.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) One way of defining thinking is the mental manipulation of internal
representations of objects, activities, and situations.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
8
4) A mental category that groups objects, relations, activities, abstractions, or qualities having
common properties is called a/an:
A) concept.
B) mental set.
C) algorithm.
D) prototype.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) This is the definition of a concept.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
5) Caleb is surprised when his girlfriend eats the sugar-coated flower on her dinner plate because he
had assumed that the flower was garnish. It is evident that:
A) edible flowers would be considered prototypes of Caleb's concept of food.
B) mental set has influenced the way that Caleb's girlfriend acts to a novel item on her plate.
C) Caleb's girlfriend is exhibiting the concept of mindlessness.
D) Caleb's concept of flowers did not include the quality of being edible.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) A concept includes not only what an object is, but also what it can do or is used
for.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
6) Considering whether a penguin or a sparrow is more bird-like relates to:

A) basic concepts.
B) concept formation.
C) basic information processing.
D) prototypical concepts.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) A prototype is an especially representative sample of a particular concept.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
7) An especially representative example of a concept is called a/an:

A) concept.
B) mental set.
C) prototype.
D) algorithm.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) This is the definition of prototype.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
9
8) Which of the following is a prototype of the concept "fruit"?
A) apple
B) pineapple
C) grape
D) kiwi
Answer: A
Explanation: A) An apple is more typically representative of the concept of fruit than are the
other items.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
9) Which of the following is a prototype of the concept "dog"?

A) golden retriever
B) poodle
C) Pomeranian
D) chihuahua
Answer: A
Explanation: A) A golden retriever is more typically representative of the concept of dog than are
the other items.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
10) In Canada, which of the following would be considered a prototype of the concept "sport"?
A) weight lifting
B) track
C) swimming
D) hockey
Answer: D
Explanation: D) In Canada, hockey is more typically representative of the concept of sport than
are the other items.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
11) Which of the following is a prototype of the concept "high school course"?
A) math
B) photography
C) psychology
D) life skills
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Math is more typically representative of the concept of high school course than
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
10
12) A unit of meaning that is made up of concepts and expresses a single idea is called a:
A) prototype.
B) mental image.
C) proposition.
D) cognitive schema.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) This is the definition of proposition.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
13) ________ is a prototype of the concept "bachelor."

A) Pope John Paul II
B) Leonardo DiCaprio
C) Paul McCartney
D) Robert Redford
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Leonardo DiCaprio is more typically representative of the concept of bachelor
than are the other men.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
14) A two-year-old has just figured out that the soft, furry, four-legged creatures that she loves so
much are "cats." Her mental representation of this category is called a:
A) mental image.
B) prototype.
C) concept.
D) schema.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) A concept is a mental category that groups objects, relations, activities,
abstractions, or qualities having common properties.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
15) Basic concepts are distinguished from concepts in general by the fact that basic concepts:
A) have fewer instances than general concepts.
B) have a moderate number of instances.
C) have many more instances than general concepts.
D) convey too much irrelevant information.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Basic concepts have a moderate number of instances.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
11
16) Which of the following is most likely to be classified as a basic concept?
A) mammal
B) dog
C) Dalmatian
D) living creature
Answer: B
Explanation: B) A dog is an example of a basic concept. Other choices are examples of concepts.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
17) Which example of the concept chair is prototypical?

A) dining room chair
B) rocking chair
C) high chair
D) reclining chair
Answer: A
Explanation: A) A dining room chair is more typically representative of the concept of chair than
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
18) Peter's mental representation of Canada Day includes associations (fireworks), attitudes (it will
be fun to picnic with the whole family), and expectations (it is probably going to be crowded at the park
on July 1). They are all part of his:
A) proposition concerning the holiday.
B) heuristic of the holiday.
C) nonconscious processing regarding the holiday.
D) cognitive schema for the holiday.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) This is an example of a cognitive schema that includes a number of concepts and
mental images linked by propositions.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
12
19) ________ is defined as an integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations
concerning a particular topic.
A) Prototype
B) Cognitive schema
C) Mental image
D) Proposition
Answer: B
Explanation: B) This is the definition of cognitive schema.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
20) Which of the following is in the correct order from the basic building blocks of thought to
complex networks of knowledge?
A) concepts→cognitive schemas→propositions
B) propositions→concepts→cognitive schemas
C) concepts→propositions→cognitive schemas
D) cognitive schemas→concepts→propositions
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Concepts are linked together by propositions, and a group of propositions make
up a cognitive schema.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
21) ________ are linked together by propositions.

A) Words
B) Cognitive schemas
C) Concepts
D) Mental images
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Concepts are the basic building blocks of thought that are linked together by
propositions.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
22) Both concepts and mental images can be used to construct:

A) implicit thoughts.
B) propositions.
C) cognitive schemas.
D) prototypes.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Both concepts and mental images are included in cognitive schemas.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
13
23) A representation that may occur in many sensory modalities, and that resembles what it
represents, is a:
A) cognitive schema.
B) prototype.
C) proposition.
D) mental image.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) This is the definition of a mental image.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
24) Psychologists who were interested in studying visual images found that:
A) the images occur in a mental "space" of a fixed size.
B) the images cannot be manipulated by the participant.
C) larger images contain less detail than do smaller images.
D) it is not possible to study them because the images cannot be "seen."
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Psychologists found that mental images occur in a mental "space" of a fixed size
and that small ones contain less detail than larger ones.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
25) Peter's mental representation of Thanksgiving includes associations about turkeys, attitudes
toward the holiday, and expectations about the weight he'll gain! These are all part of his ________ for the
holiday.
A) cognitive schema
B) hindsight bias
C) heuristic
D) algorithm
Answer: A
Explanation: A) This is an example of a cognitive schema that includes a number of concepts and
mental images linked by propositions.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
14
26) As she moves quietly around the restaurant where she is a waitress, Alicia finds herself hearing
"in her mind's ear" the song "Just whistle while you work!" This would be an example of a/an:
A) auditory image.
B) cognitive schema.
C) prototype.
D) proposition.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) This is an auditory image or mental representation.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
27) Multitasking is possible because some of our cognitive processing is:

A) subconscious.
B) mindless.
C) deliberate.
D) conscious.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Because some processing is subconscious, consciousness is freed up to do other
things.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
28) When Mitch was learning to drive, he couldn't imagine how he could ever remember to steer the
wheel, flip on the turn signal, put on the gas, and still manage to turn the car! Now that he has been
driving for three years, Mitch's reactions have become automatic, and so when he drives a car:
A) divergent thinking is involved.
B) subconscious processes are involved.
C) nonconscious processes are involved.
D) convergent thinking is involved.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Automatic processes are generally subconscious.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
15
29) Insight and intuition probably involve two stages of mental processing, namely:
A) convergent thinking and divergent thinking to form a solution.
B) clues that trigger nonconscious processing and conscious awareness of a solution.
C) mental images and meta-cognition in regard to the solution.
D) mental inertia and subconscious awareness of a solution.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) When we have a sudden insight or our intuition tells us something, it is a result
of nonconscious processing of information that has led to a solution.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
30) Intuition involves two stages of mental processing. The first stage is ________ and the second
stage is ________.
A) explicit; implicit
B) effort; automatic
C) nonconscious; conscious
D) subconscious; nonconscious
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Intuition results from nonconscious processing, the results of which becomes
conscious.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
31) Dawn and Erin can't figure out how they can fit two lofts, a futon, a computer, and a refrigerator
into their small dorm room! Just when it seems hopeless, Erin says, "Aha. I've got it!" and begins moving
the items. Erin's sudden revelation is most likely due to:
A) clues that triggered nonconscious processing about the room arrangement followed by conscious
awareness of the solution.
B) subconscious processing and automatic routines that she has learned so that she can perform
them without thinking.
C) beginning the task in a state of mindlessness but then directing her conscious thinking to the task
at hand.
D) simplifying the process by imagining a prototype of a college dorm room and then making a
decision based on the prototype.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) This is an example of insight where the results of nonconscious processing
become conscious.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
16
32) Which of the following occurs outside of conscious awareness but is accessible to consciousness
when necessary?
A) convergent thinking
B) nonconscious processes
C) subconscious processes
D) divergent thinking
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Subconscious processes are easily accessible to consciousness.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
33) Starting with the basic building blocks of thought and working up, which of the following is the
correct sequence of the elements of cognition?
A) propositions and mental images, concepts, cognitive schemas
B) concepts, propositions and mental images, cognitive schemas
C) mental images, propositions and cognitive schemas, concepts
D) concepts, propositions and cognitive schemas, mental images
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Statement of fact.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
34) Implicit learning primarily involves:

A) subconscious processes.
B) mindlessness.
C) unconscious processes.
D) nonconscious processes.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Implicit learning occurs when you acquire knowledge without conscious
awareness.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
35) ________ is defined as learning that occurs when you acquire knowledge about something
without being aware of how you did so and without being able to state exactly what it is you have
learned.
A) Declarative learning
B) Episodic learning
C) Implicit learning
D) Semantic learning
Answer: C
Explanation: C) This is the definition of implicit learning.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
17
36) Fenton has learned a great strategy for winning a card game, but he developed the strategy
without being able to consciously identify what he was doing. He isn't even sure what exactly he has
learned! This type of learning is called:
A) declarative learning.
B) semantic learning.
C) episodic learning.
D) implicit learning.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) This is an example of implicit learning, where something is learned without
awareness of exactly how it was learned or what it is.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
37) ________ occurs when we act, speak, and make decisions out of habit.
A) Insight
B) Implicit learning
C) Mindlessness
D) Conscious thinking
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Speaking, acting, or making decisions out of habit is often referred to as
mindlessness because a person has not thought about what he or she is doing.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
38) Florence is just about to use a photocopier when Judith scurries up saying, "Excuse me, may I use
the Xerox machine, because I have to make copies." According to our textbook, Florence is likely to
comply with Judith's request because:
A) the reason given by Judith sounds like an authentic explanation even though it is meaningless.
B) the strategy necessary to solve this problem is not incorporated into Florence's mental network.
C) Florence's cognitive schema doesn't include concepts for dealing with business requests.
D) people are generally polite enough to let others go ahead of them, whatever the reason.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) This is an example of mindless action.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
18
39) Karyn is just about to use a photocopier when Bob scurries up saying, "Excuse me, may I use the
Xerox machine, because I have to make copies." According to our textbook, Karyn is likely to comply
with Bob's request because:
A) Karyn heard the form of the request but not the content, so she mindlessly stepped aside.
B) Karyn's cognitive schema doesn't include concepts for dealing with business requests.
C) people are generally polite enough to let others go ahead of them, whatever the reason.
D) the strategy necessary to solve this problem is not incorporated into Karyn's mental network.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) This is an example of a mindless action resulting from an explanation that, on the
surface, sounds authentic.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
40) According to our textbook, the mindless processing of information:

A) usually leads to positive behaviours because we get a lot done on "automatic pilot."
B) has benefits, but also can lead to mishaps and serious errors.
C) usually leads to negative behaviours, both mishaps and serious errors.
D) has little effect on behaviour because the processing goes on outside of awareness.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Mindless processing of information is efficient, but may result in errors when
some of that information is atypical.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
41) Jerome Kagan likens consciousness to the staff of a fire department because:
A) most of the time it is making critical decisions about the events of the day.
B) most of the time it is quietly playing cards in the back room and it performs only when the alarm
sounds.
C) it is almost always alert and attentive, ready to respond to any type of emergency.
D) it is almost always "on the road" looking for the relevant information to be used to decipher
unexpected situations.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Our consciousness is always available, when needed, but not always active.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
19
42) Zelda dials her boyfriend's phone number instead of her mother's number, as she intended. Her
error can be attributed to:
A) pre-reflective reasoning.
B) inductive reasoning.
C) mindlessness.
D) stereotype threat.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) This is an example of an error resulting from mindless action.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
43) Maggie is surprised to hear her little brother say "Hello!" because she had intended to call her
best friend. Her error in dialling the wrong number can be attributed to:
A) mindlessness.
B) hindsight bias.
C) nonconscious processes.
D) mental set.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) This is an example of an error resulting from mindless action.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
44) Benjamin Whorf’s proposition that language moulds our cognition and perception:
A) is generally accepted by psychologists and linguists today.
B) has fallen into disfavour among psychologists and linguists.
C) is once again receiving attention and has support from research on language and perception.
D) has recently been disproved by research.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Whorf’s idea that language affects the way we think and perceive the world has
recently received some support.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
45) The drawing of conclusions or inferences from facts, observations, or assumptions is called:
A) reasoning.
B) intelligence.
C) mental set.
D) confirmation bias.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) This is a definition of reasoning.
Type: MC
Section: Reasoning Rationally
Skill: Factual
20
46) A/An ________ is a set of procedures guaranteed to produce a solution.
A) algorithm
B) prototype
C) heuristic
D) deduction
Answer: A
Explanation: A) This is the definition of algorithm.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
47) MariAnne is eager to try her hand at making a pumpkin pie for her family's Thanksgiving
dessert. The most effective way to approach this task is by means of:
A) reflective judgment.
B) an algorithm.
C) heuristics.
D) dialectical thinking.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) A recipe is an example of an algorithm, a set of procedures guaranteed to
produce a pumpkin pie.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
48) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of formal reasoning?

A) There is typically one correct answer.
B) You usually know when the problem is solved.
C) All premises are supplied.
D) The problem typically has personal relevance.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Formal reasoning does not have to be applied to a personally relevant problem.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
49) Deductive reasoning involves:

A) drawing conclusions from a set of observations or premises.
B) comparing and evaluating opposing points of view in order to resolve differences.
C) generalizing from past experience.
D) use of an algorithm to solve a problem.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Deductive reasoning involves drawing conclusions from a set of observations or
premises. A conclusion necessarily follows from a set of observations in deductive reasoning.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
21
50) The ability to reason deductively might be hindered if:
A) people avoid mentally reversing a premise.
B) the problem is abstract.
C) the premises tend to be implicit rather than explicit.
D) the premises tend to be explicit rather than implicit.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Deductive reasoning is more difficult to use with abstract problems.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
51) If your premises are "I didn't see any cars on Mackinac Island my first day here" and "I didn't see
any cars the rest of the week either," then you might reasonably reach the conclusion, "There aren't any
cars on Mackinac Island". This kind of reasoning is called ________ reasoning.
A) inductive
B) dialectical
C) deductive
D) formal
Answer: A
Explanation: A) This is an example of inductive reasoning, in which a conclusion probably
follows from certain premises but could conceivably be false.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
52) Whereas formal problems can often be solved with a/an ________, informal problems often call
for a/an ________.
A) cognitive schema; algorithm
B) algorithm; heuristic
C) heuristic; deductive strategy
D) inductive strategy; deductive strategy
Answer: B
Explanation: B) A heuristic is a rule of thumb that may lead to an answer, whereas an algorithm
will lead to an answer.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
22
53) Kathryn's grandma says that if Kathryn uses the old family recipe for Irish soda bread, then she is
guaranteed to have delicious results. Kathryn's grandma is encouraging her granddaughter to:
A) make use of her family's tacit knowledge.
B) rely upon a heuristic.
C) engage in dialectical thinking.
D) use an algorithm.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) This is an example of using an algorithm to guarantee a result.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
54) When using inductive reasoning:

A) conclusions follow necessarily from the premises.
B) conclusions are likely, but not certain.
C) the task is to determine whether a conclusion that is given is valid.
D) the two premises are assumed to be correct.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Inductive reasoning is typically used in those situations where premises provide
support for a conclusion, but it is still possible for the conclusion to be false.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
55) If you were playing a game of chess, you might try to analyze all of the possible moves and then
pick the best one, but there are just too many, so you will probably use a strategy such as "protect the
king." Such "rules of thumb" are known as:
A) mental blocks.
B) analogies.
C) heuristics.
D) algorithms.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Heuristics are rules of thumb that suggest potential courses of action without
guaranteeing optimal solutions.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
23
56) When there are typically several possible answers that vary in quality, then the mode of thought
is:
A) an algorithm.
B) intuition.
C) formal reasoning.
D) informal reasoning.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Informal reasoning is used when there is no clearly correct solution and many
possible solutions compete.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
57) As Bud and his sister Marilou play bridge, he whispers that she should play her high cards first.
Bud wants to make sure that Marilou remembers a/an ________ concerning bridge.
A) heuristic
B) prototype
C) deduction
D) algorithm
Answer: A
Explanation: A) This is an example of using a heuristic, or rule of thumb.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
58) Heuristics would be useful for all of the following individuals EXCEPT a/an:
A) renter trying to decide whether or not to lease an apartment.
B) investor trying to predict fluctuations of the stock market.
C) high school student trying to solve problems on an entrance exam.
D) doctor trying to determine the best treatment for a patient.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) The high school student wants to find the correct answer and so would more
appropriately use an algorithm.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
59) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of informal reasoning?

A) The person usually knows when the problem is solved.
B) Some premises are implicit and some are not supplied at all.
C) Problems are often solved as a means of achieving other goals.
D) The problem typically has personal relevance.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) With informal reasoning, a person does not always realize when the problem is
solved.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
24
60) Dialectical reasoning involves:
A) generalizing from past experience.
B) use of an algorithm to solve a problem.
C) comparing and evaluating opposing points of view in order to resolve the difference.
D) drawing conclusions from a set of observations or premises.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) In dialectical reasoning, two opposing points of view are compared and
evaluated.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
61) In order to arrive at a verdict, juries are supposed to:

A) use an algorithm to make sure that the decision produces a just result.
B) engage in dialectical reasoning for and against the defendant's guilt.
C) make sure all the premises have been supplied by the attorneys.
D) use deductive reasoning so the verdict necessarily follows from the evidence.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Dialectical reasoning involves evaluating two opposing points of view and
deciding which one is more likely correct.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
62) A process in which opposing facts are weighed and compared to determine the best solution is
called:
A) factor analysis.
B) dialectical reasoning.
C) justification of effort.
D) contextual intelligence.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) This is the definition of dialectical reasoning.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
25
63) When he begins deliberating with fellow jurors, DeAndre is convinced of the defendant's guilt.
As he listens attentively, he rethinks his own position in order to evaluate the evidence from the
perspective of innocence. This point–counterpoint method of deliberation is an example of:
A) justification of effort.
B) factor analysis.
C) dialectical reasoning.
D) contextual intelligence.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) This is an example of dialectical reasoning, that is, evaluating two opposing
points of view.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
64) Pre-reflective stages of thought involve the belief that:

A) a correct answer always exists.
B) some judgments are more valid than others.
C) all opinions are created equal.
D) some things can never be known with certainty.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Pre-reflective stages involve the assumption that a correct answer always exists
and that it can be obtained directly through the senses.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
65) The belief that a correct answer can be determined directly through the senses or from authorities
occurs during:
A) pre-reflective stages.
B) reflective stages.
C) semi-reflective stages.
D) quasi-reflective stages.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) This is a description of pre-reflective thinking.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
26
66) Reflective judgments involve all of the following EXCEPT:
A) reaching conclusions that can be defended as plausible.
B) the ability to evaluate and integrate evidence.
C) the realization that all opinions are created equal.
D) relating evidence to theories or opinions.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) All opinions are not created equal. Those that ignore empirical evidence and the
rules of logic are not valid.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
67) According to Kitchener and King, there are ________ stages on the way to achieving reflective
thought.
A) seven
B) five
C) six
D) three
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Seven cognitive stages were identified.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
68) Quasi-reflective thinkers would be likely to say that:

A) some judgments are more valid than others due to their coherence.
B) because knowledge is uncertain, any judgment about the evidence is purely subjective.
C) correct answers always exist and they can be obtained through the senses.
D) their conclusions are the most compelling based on current evidence.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Quasi-reflective thinkers believe that all opinions are equally valid because some
things cannot be known with absolute certainty.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
69) Most individuals do not show evidence of reflective judgment until ________, if at all.
A) their early to middle thirties
B) their teen years
C) their late thirties to early forties
D) their middle to late twenties
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Most people do not show evidence of reflective judgment until their middle to
late twenties.
Type: MC
Section: Barriers to Reasoning Rationally
Skill: Factual
27
70) According to the availability heuristic, the tendency to judge the probability of an event depends
on:
A) the burden of doubt people feel about their abilities to determine probability from available
information.
B) whether or not the event is more available mentally than other types of events.
C) statistical consideration of the frequency with which the event occurs in everyday life.
D) the need to be right, which makes it hard to listen to the available information with an open
mind.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) What is meant by the availability heuristic is the tendency to judge the
probability of an event by how easy it is to think of examples of it.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
71) According to the availability heuristic, Jayne and her husband are most likely to exaggerate the
risk to their children caused by:
A) accidental drowning.
B) being kidnapped.
C) delinquency.
D) depression.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) It is easy to think of examples of kidnappings because they get so much media
coverage.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
72) When John worries about getting bitten by a shark when swimming at the beach, but doesn't
worry about getting cancer from the cigarettes he smokes, he is:
A) exaggerating the improbable.
B) exhibiting confirmation bias.
C) avoiding loss.
D) exhibiting hindsight bias.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) This is an example of exaggerating the improbable.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
28
73) People are more likely to overestimate the national rate of unemployment if they know several
people who have lost their jobs. This is an example of:
A) the availability heuristic.
B) informal reasoning.
C) mindlessness.
D) deductive logic.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) The availability heuristic refers to the tendency to judge the probability of a type
of event by how easy it is to think of examples or instances.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
74) If Mary chooses to buy a raffle ticket that has a 5% chance of winning over one that has a 95%
chance of losing, she is:
B) exhibiting hindsight bias.
C) avoiding loss.
D) exhibiting confirmation bias.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) In general, people try to minimize their risks, so when a choice is framed in terms
of risk they will respond more cautiously than if it is framed in terms of success.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
75) When individuals are asked to rate the effectiveness of condoms, they would rate a condom as
effective if they were told:
A) that only 5 condom users out of every 100 are not protected against the AIDS virus.
B) any of the options listed here, because each option describes the same probability.
C) that the condom had a 5% failure rate in protecting against the AIDS virus.
D) that the condom had a 95% success rate in protecting against the AIDS virus.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) In general, people try to minimize their risks, so when a choice is framed in terms
of risk they will respond more cautiously than if it is framed in terms of success.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
29
76) In the context of problem solving, mental sets:
A) can enhance or detract from accurate problem solving, depending on the conditions.
B) make the use of heuristics more efficient.
C) always enhance accurate problem solving.
D) encourage creativity.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Mental sets can make problem solving more efficient but can blind us to better
solutions.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
77) After using the same mathematical formula to solve the first 9 problems of her homework
assignment, a student automatically starts problem number 10 using the same solution strategy. The
student is demonstrating:
A) the availability heuristic.
B) the confirmation bias.
C) mindlessness.
D) a mental set.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) A mental set refers to the tendency to try to solve new problems by using
procedures that have worked in the past.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
78) Even though his physician has told him that there is not an association between weather
conditions and arthritis pain, Neville is convinced that his arthritis will act up when barometric pressure
changes. Neville's tendency to see a meaningful pattern even when it doesn't exist is called:
B) mental set.
C) mindlessness.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Mental set is a tendency to try to solve new problems using the same strategies
that have worked in the past. This includes a tendency to find patterns in events even when they don't
exist.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
30
79) A tendency to solve problems using procedures that worked before on similar problems is called:
A) mental set.
B) mindlessness.
C) confirmation bias.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) This is the definition of mental set.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
80) As Alyson awaits the birth of her first grandchild she says that she doesn't care if the baby is a
boy or a girl as long as it is healthy. But as she holds her newborn granddaughter, Alyson says that she
had known all along that it was the little girl she had hoped for! The barrier to rational reasoning
illustrated by Alyson is called:
B) mental set.
C) hindsight bias.
D) confirmation bias.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) This is an example of hindsight bias. Looking back, things that were not at all
clear at the time often seem obvious.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
81) The tendency to overestimate one's ability to have predicted an event once the outcome is known
is called:
A) mindlessness.
B) hindsight bias.
C) mental set.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) This is a definition of hindsight bias.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
31
82) The day after the election, Josephine says that she knew all along who the winner would be. She
is:
B) exhibiting hindsight bias.
C) exhibiting confirmation bias.
D) avoiding loss.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) This is an example of hindsight bias. Looking back, things that were not at all
clear at the time often seem obvious.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
83) The tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that supports one's own belief is
called:
A) mental set.
B) mindlessness.
C) confirmation bias.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) This is the definition of confirmation bias.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
84) Which of the following people is most likely to experience cognitive dissonance?
A) the draftee who hates the army
B) the lawyer who worked hard to complete law school and likes working as a lawyer
C) the teenager who doesn't like the car a parent bought for him
D) the smoker who knows that smoking causes lung cancer
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Cognitive dissonance occurs when there is a discrepancy between an attitude
that a person holds and his or her behaviour. The person who chooses to smoke, knowing that smoking is
dangerous to one's health, is likely to experience cognitive dissonance.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
32
85) The most likely individual to experience cognitive dissonance would be:
A) Lisa, who gave up smoking because she became pregnant.
B) Sybil, whose parents choose a car for her that turns out to be a lemon.
C) Vickie, who went through a mild initiation to join a sorority she ended up disliking.
D) Heidi, who signed up to join the army only to find that she hates basic training.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Cognitive dissonance occurs when there is a discrepancy between an attitude
that a person holds and his or her behaviour. The person who chooses to join the army and ends up
hating it is likely to experience cognitive dissonance.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
86) Noah thinks of himself as an excellent negotiator when purchasing cars. Two months after
Noah's purchase, his brother-in-law gets the same model for $1000 less! According to cognitive
dissonance theory, Noah:
A) will ask his brother-in-law to come along with him the next time he purchases a car.
B) will decide that he was wrong and that he isn't that good at negotiating a good car price.
C) will begin to dislike his new car, noticing all the little details that bother him.
D) will decide that he is glad he had the car for those two months, even though prices soon dropped.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) People will often rationalize information that conflicts with their existing beliefs
in order to reduce cognitive dissonance.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
87) In North American culture, you would be particularly likely to try to reduce cognitive dissonance
when:
A) your college advisor suggests a foreign language course that turns out to be too basic for you.
B) you arrive at a vacation spot only to find that it is much more expensive than you had
anticipated.
C) you disrupt the harmony of your tennis team, but your actions are consistent with your self-
concept.
D) you are hired at the first office at which you submit your application, but you don't like the job.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Cognitive dissonance occurs when there is a discrepancy between an attitude
that a person holds and his or her behaviour. The person who chooses a vacation spot and then decides it
is too expensive is likely to experience cognitive dissonance.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
33
88) The tendency to not avoid loss altogether in certain economic decisions is called:
A) availability heuristic.
B) confirmation bias.
C) fairness bias.
D) affect heuristic.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) This is the definition of fairness bias.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
89) According to our textbook, intelligence is defined as:

A) the learned ability of an individual to become aware of his or her own mental processes, using
these processes to become knowledgeable about the external world and about his or her own specific
mental talents.
B) an inborn, global characteristic of an individual usually defined as the innate ability to notice
similarities between objects, create logical sequences out of disordered events, and acquire information.
C) a measure of memory, vocabulary, and perceptual discrimination that was originally computed
by dividing a person's mental age by his or her chronological age and multiplying the result by 100.
D) an inferred characteristic of an individual usually defined as the ability to profit from experience,
acquire knowledge, think abstractly, act purposefully, or adapt to changes in the environment.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) The most common definition of intelligence is the one given in this choice.
Type: MC
Section: Measuring Intelligence: The Psychometric Approach
Skill: Factual
90) A student has just about finished writing a term paper on the scientific study of intelligence and
now must come up with a concluding statement. If he wants to draw a conclusion with which most
psychologists would agree, he should say that:
A) human intelligence can be represented by a single numerical score.
B) there are several distinct kinds of intelligence, across different domains of experience.
C) intelligence is the ability to reason abstractly.
D) there is a difference of opinion about the nature of intelligence.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Statement of fact.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
34
91) A child is tested by Alfred Binet. Her test results indicate that she has a mental age of five. What
does this mean?
A) She is definitely five years old.
B) She is probably developmentally disabled.
C) There is no meaning that could be attached to the fact that she has a mental age of five.
D) Her score is the same as the average score of a group of five-year-olds.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Mental age refers to a measure of mental development expressed in terms of the
average mental ability at a given age.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
92) If someone were to receive an IQ score of 105 today, it would mean that person:
A) scored lower than 50% of those who took the test.
B) had a normal, or average, IQ.
C) could be classified as having "superior" intelligence.
D) scored higher than 50% of those who took the test.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) 68% of all people will score between 85 and 115.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
93) ________ is defined as a general intellectual ability assumed by many theorists to underlie
specific mental abilities and talents.
A) Mental age
B) The g factor
C) An intelligence quotient
D) Meta-cognition
Answer: B
Explanation: B) This is a definition of the g factor.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
94) Which of the following is NOT an unanswered question about intelligence?

A) What is the average IQ?
B) Is intelligence one general ability or multiple specific abilities?
C) Does a g factor exist?
D) What exactly is intelligence?
Answer: A
Explanation: A) The average IQ score is 100.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
35
95) What is the g factor?
A) the general test of intelligence
B) mental age
C) generalized IQ
D) general intellectual ability
Answer: D
Explanation: D) The g factor is a general mental or intellectual ability believed to underlie the
specific abilities and talents measured by intelligence tests.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
96) The traditional approach to intelligence, the ________ approach, focuses on how well people
perform on standardized aptitude tests.
A) cognitive
B) contextual
C) psychometric
D) triarchic
Answer: C
Explanation: C) This is a definition of the psychometric, or testing, approach, which is based on
attempts to measure intelligence.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
97) The first widely used intelligence test was devised in 1904, when Alfred Binet was asked to:
A) categorize school children into those who were innately gifted and those who were average.
B) identify children who were slow learners so that they could be given remedial work.
C) assess members of the French military to select individuals with the greatest potential.
D) assess the nonverbal skills of individuals to see how they compared to verbal reasoning skills.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Binet was charge by the French Ministry of Education to find a way to identify
children who were slow learners so they could be given remedial work.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
36
98) An 8-year-old child who scored like an average 10-year-old on an intelligence test would have a
mental age of ________ and an IQ of ________.
A) 10; 100
B) 8; 125
C) 8; 100
D) 10; 125
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Mental age is a child's level of intellectual development relative to other children.
The formula for calculating IQ is mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
99) What is the IQ of an 8-year-old with a mental age of 10?

A) 80
B) 100
C) 125
D) 110
Answer: C
Explanation: C) The formula for calculating IQ is mental age divided by chronological age and
multiplied by 100.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
100) What is mental age?

A) the IQ, or intelligence quotient
B) the actual age of a child in years and months
C) the level of intellectual development related to other children
D) the chronological age of a child
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Mental age is a child's level of intellectual development relative to other children.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
101) The formula for IQ is:

A) 100/(MA + CA).
B) CA/MA × 100.
C) MA/CA × 100.
D) (MA × CA)/100.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) The formula for calculating IQ is mental age divided by chronological age and
multiplied by 100.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
37
102) Dallas is an 8-year-old boy who has a mental age of 11 years. His IQ would be about:
A) 100.
B) 130.
C) 115.
D) 85.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) The formula for calculating IQ is mental age divided by chronological age and
multiplied by 100.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
103) The formula for determining IQ had a serious flaw in that:

A) the formula did not make sense for use with adults.
B) it overemphasized performance IQ in the computations.
C) the formula did not separate the "g factor" from specific abilities.
D) it overemphasized verbal IQ in the computations.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) The formula for calculating IQ (mental age divided by chronological age and
multiplied by 100) does not make sense for adults.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
104) David Wechsler designed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) in order to produce a:
A) culture-free IQ score and a general knowledge IQ score.
B) componential IQ score, an experiential IQ score, and a contextual IQ score.
C) tacit knowledge IQ score and an emotional intelligence IQ score.
D) general IQ score, a verbal IQ score, and a performance IQ score.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Wechsler's intelligence scales include both verbal and performance items. As a
result, it is possible to calculate a verbal score, a performance score, and a full-scale or general score.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
105) Dominic is being administered the Stanford-Binet. It is most likely that he will be asked to:
A) describe the difference between poverty and misery.
B) arrange story panels so that they make a meaningful story.
C) use a key of symbols and numbers in order to match symbol to number on a digit symbol test.
D) copy a complex block design with another set of blocks.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) The Stanford-Binet uses vocabulary items such as the example given. The other
examples are some of the subtests of Wechsler's performance scale.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
38
106) Between the First World War and the 1960s, the intelligence tests developed for use in schools
favoured:
A) poor children over middle-class children.
B) extroverted children over introverted children.
C) white children over nonwhite children.
D) rural children over city children.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) For much of the twentieth century, IQ tests were biased in favour of white
children as opposed to minorities.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
107) Stereotype threat refers to:

A) the stereotype that minorities are less intelligent than others.
B) the fear that poor performance on an IQ test will confirm minority stereotypes.
C) threats against minorities if they perform well on an IQ test.
D) poor performance on IQ tests by minorities.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Stereotype threat creates test anxiety by causing fear in minorities that if they
don't do well the negative stereotype of minorities will be confirmed.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
108) Stereotype threat has been shown to affect the test performance of ________, who perform better
on tests when they are not feeling self-conscious about themselves as members of negatively stereotyped
groups.
A) men
B) middle-income people
C) elderly people
D) children
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Studies have demonstrated that stereotype threat can affect the test performance
of many African Americans, Latinos, low-income people, women, and elderly people.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
39
109) As an African Canadian, Sanyu is aware of the negative stereotypes regarding racial differences
in intelligence. When he is given an intelligence test, it is most likely that:
A) Sanyu's test score will be unaffected but he will feel uncomfortable throughout the test.
B) Sanyu's awareness of the stereotype will motivate him to excel on the test.
C) Sanyu will return the test to the administrator completely blank.
D) Sanyu's self-conscious awareness of the stereotype may worsen his test performance.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) This is an example of stereotype threat causing weak performance on a test.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
110) As an Asian woman, Min-Hye is aware of the stereotypes that Asians are good at math and that
women are not good at math. When Min-Hye fills out a questionnaire about her ethnicity and then is
given a math test, it is most likely that:
A) Min-Hye's test score will be unaffected because her two stereotypes "even out."
B) Min-Hye's self-conscious awareness of the stereotypes regarding Asians will improve her test
performance.
C) Min-Hye will return the test to the administrator completely blank due to the burden of
stereotype threat.
D) Min-Hye's awareness of the stereotype about women and math will reduce her performance on
the test.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) The ethnicity questionnaire will cause Min-Hye to be more aware of her ethnicity
and of ethnic stereotypes; therefore she will be more affected by ethnic stereotypes than by gender
stereotypes.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
111) Carmen is taking an advanced math test and she feels a burden of doubt knowing the negative
stereotypes about women's abilities in mathematics. This feeling has been labelled:
A) stereotype threat.
B) gender dissonance.
C) test anxiety.
D) gender bias.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) This is an example of stereotype threat.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
40
112) Cognitive psychologists who study intelligence would be LEAST likely to agree that:
A) meta-cognition is not a concern in understanding one's intelligence.
B) emotional intelligence does not qualify as a type of intelligence.
C) there are separate and distinct domains of intelligence.
D) traditional IQ tests are the best measures of intelligent behaviour.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) The cognitive approach looks at many kinds of intelligence and emphasizes the
strategies people use.
Type: MC
Section: Dissecting Intelligence: The Cognitive Approach
Skill: Conceptual
113) Professor Vertz emphasizes the strategies that people use when thinking about problems and
arriving at solutions. It is evident that she approaches intelligence as a ________ theorist.
A) cognitive
B) convergent
C) psychometric
D) "g factor"
Answer: A
Explanation: A) The cognitive approach to intelligence focuses on problem-solving strategies
rather than on measurement of intelligence.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
114) According to Robert Sternberg, a person's capacity for learning new facts, the problem solving
strategies they use, and their capacity to monitor their progress, is most relevant to ________ intelligence.
A) contextual
B) componential
C) emotional
D) experiential
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Some of the operations in componential intelligence require not only analytic
skills but also meta-cognition.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
41
115) According to the triarchic theory of intelligence, there are three aspects of intelligence. The
________ aspect refers to the information-processing strategies that go on inside your head when you are
thinking intelligently about a problem.
A) contextual
B) componential
C) experiential
D) psychometric
Answer: B
Explanation: B) This is a definition of the componential aspect of intelligence, which focuses on
the mental "components" important for solving problems.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
116) Which of the following is NOT one of the components in Sternberg's triarchic theory of
intelligence?
A) contextual intelligence
B) experiential intelligence
D) emotional intelligence
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Emotional intelligence is a component of intelligence suggested by Gardner and
by Goleman. It is not one of the three components in Sternberg's triarchic theory.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
________ aspect refers to how well you transfer skills to new situations and cope with novelty.
A) componential
B) experiential
C) emotional
D) contextual
Answer: B
Explanation: B) This describes the experiential or creative aspect of intelligence proposed by
Sternberg.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
42
________ aspect refers to the practical application of intelligence in knowing when to adapt to the
environment, when to change environments, and when to fix situations.
A) componential
B) experiential
C) psychometric
D) contextual
Answer: D
Explanation: D) This describes the contextual or practical aspect of intelligence proposed by
Sternberg.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
119) When Risha was student-teaching, she found out that she didn't like being confined to a
classroom with 20 children day after day. She knew that it would be best to change majors and switch to
a discipline that allows for more variety in its physical setting. Risha is strong in:
A) experiential intelligence.
B) psychometric intelligence.
C) contextual intelligence.
D) componential intelligence.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) This is an example of contextual intelligence because Risha is aware of the
context in which she would be working.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
120) Without ________ you will not acquire tacit knowledge.

A) contextual intelligence
B) experiential intelligence
D) meta-cognitive intelligence
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Tacit knowledge results from observing others who are a part of our
environment. Therefore it is part of contextual intelligence.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
43
121) Logan understands the material in his statistics class, but on tests, he spends the entire period on
the most difficult problems and never even gets to the problems that he can solve easily. It is evident that
Logan needs to improve in his:
A) componential intelligence.
B) justification of effort.
C) reflective judgment.
D) cognitive dissonance.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Logan appears to unaware of the broader context when taking a test.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
122) Tacit knowledge refers to:

A) strategies for success that are not explicitly taught but instead must be inferred.
B) recognition that a problem exists and selection of a strategy based on previously acquired
knowledge.
C) the knowledge of one's own cognitive processes and how they can be used effectively.
D) learning new knowledge quickly so that one can cope effectively with novel situations.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Tacit knowledge is knowledge that is not formally taught but must be inferred
by observing others. It includes practical, action-oriented strategies for achieving goals.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
123) Tracy does not have an unusually high IQ, but at work she was quickly promoted because she
knows how to set priorities, communicate with management, and make others feel valued. Tracy has
________ about how to succeed on the job.
A) tacit knowledge
B) effective prototypes
C) developed an algorithm
D) mental images
Answer: A
Explanation: A) This is an example of tacit knowledge, knowledge that is not formally taught but
must be inferred by observing others, which includes practical, action-oriented strategies for achieving
goals.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
44
124) Howard Gardner would agree with three of the statements below. He would NOT agree,
however, that:
A) different domains of intelligence may even have separate neural structures.
B) domains of intelligence should include musical aptitude and kinesthetic intelligence.
C) emotional intelligence is a collection of personality traits.
D) those whose occupation requires that they survey land have spatial intelligence.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Emotional intelligence, to Gardner, includes both interpersonal and intrapersonal
skills related to understanding ourselves and others.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
125) The broadening of the notion of intelligence through Gardner's theory has been useful for all of
the following reasons EXCEPT it has:
A) led to more critical thinking about what we mean by intelligence.
B) led to a focus on teaching children practical strategies for improving their abilities.
C) clarified the difference between domains of intelligence and talents.
D) forced psychologists to go beyond "g."
Answer: C
Explanation: C) There is still considerable debate over whether the mental abilities proposed by
Gardner are domains of intelligence or talents.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
126) Comparisons of attitudes and performance in regard to math tests in Asia and North America
showed that:
A) only 10% of the North American children had scores as low on computations and word problems
as the average Asian child.
B) although the attitudes toward intellectual success were similar among Asian children and North
American children, their actual performance on tests differed markedly.
C) although the performance of Asian children and North American children is similar, attitudes
toward intellectual success differed markedly.
D) only 4% of the Chinese children and 10% of the Japanese children had scores as low as the
average North American child.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Stevenson's studies comparing North American and Asian achievement have
demonstrated a wide gulf between the performance of Asian children and the much lower performance
of most North American children.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
45
127) Children in China typically outperform children in North America on tests of mathematical
ability because Chinese children:
A) go to better schools.
B) value education more.
C) have better schools.
D) have more innate mathematical ability.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Stevenson relates the difference in achievement to a difference in how much
education is valued in Asian and North American cultures.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
128) Asian school teachers and students are more likely than their North American counterparts to
believe that:
A) small classes and high-technology resources are imperative for a quality education.
B) mathematical ability is innate and either you have it or you don't.
C) the secret to doing well in mathematics is working hard.
D) lower standards are acceptable because children need time for exercise and play.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Asian children are taught that the secret to doing well in math is hard work.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
129) When Köhler put chimpanzees in situations in which tempting bananas were just out of reach, he
found that:
A) many of the apes showed humanlike emotions and advanced cognitive abilities.
B) almost all of the apes figured out a way to reach the bananas.
C) apes often sat quietly for a while and then seemed to have sudden insight into a solution.
D) the apes performed impressive gymnastic manoeuvres to get the bananas but did not use tools.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Most of the apes did nothing, but a few sat quietly for a while and then seemed
to have sudden insight resulting in solving the problem.
Type: MC
Section: Animal Minds
Skill: Conceptual
46
130) A cognitive ethologist would agree with all of the following EXCEPT:
A) animal intelligence can be explained through principles of operant conditioning.
B) animals can make plans and can make choices, thus indicating intelligence.
C) animal intelligence is demonstrated when animals can anticipate future events.
D) animals must be capable of thought or they could not coordinate activities with comrades.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Many ethologists believe that animal intelligence can be fully explained by
operant conditioning, but that belief is beginning to change in some cases.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
131) Investigations of animal behaviours indicate that:

A) monkeys have a rudimentary sense of number and can use numerals to label simple sums.
B) animals do not use forms of sign language spontaneously.
C) the actions of animals can be explained by instinct and by principles of operant conditioning.
D) when language training procedures became objective, apes could not use symbols to refer to
objects.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Dozens of studies have found that nonhuman primates have a rudimentary
sense of number.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
132) Research evidence is accumulating that ________ have at least some abilities that depend on a
theory of mind.
A) leopards
B) horses
C) dogs
D) chimpanzees
Answer: D
Explanation: D) The great apes (chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans) have at least some
abilities that depend on a theory of mind. Even some nonprimates may have some of these abilities.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
47
133) Scientists have found evidence of all of the following EXCEPT:
A) dolphins have a grammar that permits productivity.
B) chimpanzees use deceptive tactics when competing for food.
C) chimpanzees console other chimps who are in distress.
D) dolphins pass the "mirror test" for self-recognition.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) While some dolphin studies show that they will use grammar, they do not have
the ability to produce or comprehend infinite numbers of novel utterances.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
134) Which of the following animals was NOT taught language?

A) Clever Hans, the horse
B) Koko, the gorilla
C) Alex, the African grey parrot
D) Kanzi, the bonobo
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Clever Hans was not taught language. His seemingly impressive abilities were
simply responses to nonverbal signals.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
135) Research on animals and language indicates that:

A) dolphins are able to express an infinite number of novel utterances through whistles, and
dolphins comprehend many human gestures as well.
B) humans are the only species that evolved with the natural ability to express and comprehend an
infinite number of novel utterances.
C) African grey parrots are able to communicate effectively with U.S. researchers once the parrots
have been taught to vocalize in English.
D) bonobos seem to be able to produce original sentences through a variety of grunts and screeches.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Human language seems to be unique in that it involves the ability to understand
and express an infinite number of novel utterances.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
48
136) Irene Pepperberg has been working with an African grey parrot named Alex. Her research has
revealed that
A) Alex is able to make requests and to answer simple questions about objects.
B) Alex's linguistic abilities are limited to the "parroting" of phrases that he has heard Irene speak.
C) Alex shows no evidence of cognitive abilities, because his brain is the size of a walnut.
D) Alex is capable of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division problems, showing an innate
understanding of numbers.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Alex has the ability to make requests and to answer simple questions about
objects. He is doing more than "parroting" phrases, and he shows some understanding of numbers (but
not calculations) and some evidence of cognitive abilities.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
137) The tendency to think, mistakenly, that human beings have nothing in common with other
animals is called:
A) anthropomorphism.
B) stereotype threat.
C) tacit knowledge.
D) anthropodenial.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) This is the definition of anthropodenial, the belief that our own species is totally
unique.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
138) Which of the following is associated with creativity?

A) divergent thinking
B) convergent thinking
C) mental set
D) higher than average IQ
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Divergent thinking, the ability to come up with new hypotheses, imagine other
interpretations, and so forth, is a characteristic of creative thinkers.
Type: MC
Section: Taking Psychology with You
Skill: Conceptual
49
139) When creativity has been studied, it has been noted that:
A) creative people rely on convergent thinking.
B) a high IQ usually guarantees creativity.
C) personality characteristics aren't related to creativity.
D) creative people are willing to risk ridicule.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Creative people are willing to take risks, even the risk of ridicule. They are often
nonconformists.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
140) Being capable of thought means that humans can ponder the past and future, instead of being
bound to the present.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: Statement of fact.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
141) Information-processing theorists liken the human mind to a file cabinet into which we are
constantly putting new information.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Information-processing theorists liken the human mind to a computer. It is more than a
storage device. It receives input, processes information, stores information, and makes decisions about
what to do about information.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
142) A prototype is an especially representative example of a concept.

Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
143) A prototype is a mental category that groups objects or activities having common properties.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: This is the definition of a concept, not of a prototype.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
50
144) According to the information-processing approach, our brains passively record incoming
information.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Our human minds actively process information. We mentally manipulate internal
representations.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
145) Concepts, the building blocks of thinking, would be of limited use to us if we merely stacked
them up in our memories.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
146) Propositions represent the relationships of concepts to one another.

Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
147) A proposition is an integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations

concerning a particular topic or aspect of the world.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: This is the definition of a cognitive schema, not a proposition.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
148) A proposition is a unit of meaning that is made up of concepts and expresses a single idea.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
149) Psychologists cannot study mental images because no one can "see" another person's visual
images.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Though mental images cannot be seen, they can be studied indirectly.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
51
150) Research on visual images shows that people are able to manipulate the images in their
imaginations.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
151) People have reported visual and auditory mental images, but mental images do not occur in
other sensory modalities.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Many people report mental images in the sensory modalities of smell, touch, taste, pain,
and even kinesthesis, as well as in vision and audition.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
152) Many people report mental images in the sensory modalities of smell, touch, taste, and pain.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
153) Research on human cognition reveals that not all mental processing is conscious.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
154) Subconscious processing allows Fern to knit while she explains a complex income tax issue to her
granddaughter.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
155) Mindlessness occurs when we make decisions out of habit without stopping to analyze why.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
52
156) Reasoning is purposeful mental activity that involves operating on information in order to reach
conclusions.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
157) Reasoning may involve a nonconscious, impulsive response as well as purposeful mental
activity.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Reasoning is purposeful mental activity and does not involve impulsive or nonconscious
responding.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
158) In formal reasoning problems, the information needed for reaching a solution is specified clearly
and there is a single right answer.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
159) An algorithm is a rule of thumb that guides problem solving but does not guarantee an optimal
solution.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: This is a description of a heuristic, not an algorithm.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
160) When you are making a cake, the recipe that you rely upon is an example of an algorithm.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
161) In inductive reasoning, a conclusion necessarily follows from a set of premises.

Answer: FALSE
Explanation: This is a description of deductive reasoning, not inductive reasoning.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
53
162) Trying to get rid of high cards first is a heuristic used when playing card games, such as hearts or
bridge.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
163) Reflective judgment is basically another term for what has been called critical thinking.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
164) The gradual development of thinking skills among undergraduate college students represents an
abandonment of "intelligent confusion" in favour of "ignorant certainty."
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Just the reverse is the case. There is an abandonment of "ignorant certainty" in favour of
"intelligent confusion."
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
165) People tend to judge the probability of an event by how easy it is to think of examples of the
event.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: Statement of fact. This is the definition of the availability heuristic.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
166) The tendency to find patterns in events is a common mental set.

Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
167) Confirmation bias occurs when we are sure that we "knew it all along."
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: This happens with hindsight bias, not confirmation bias.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
54
168) Hindsight bias occurs when we are sure that we "knew it all along."
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
169) When people have strong feelings on an issue, they usually try to consider all of the information
relevant to that issue.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: People who already have strong feelings on an issue often succumb to the confirmation
bias, paying attention only to evidence that confirms their belief and finding fault with evidence that
points in a different direction.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
170) A common form of dissonance reduction occurs when individuals increase their liking for
something that they have worked hard to attain.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
171) Research on overcoming our cognitive biases shows that people tend to be equally irrational in
all situations.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: People are not equally irrational in all situations. When they are doing things they have
some expertise in, or are making decisions that have serious consequences, their cognitive biases often
diminish.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
172) According to the affect heuristic, beef consumption will rise following publication of news
articles reporting the dangers of mad cow disease.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: When judging probabilities, people tend to consult their emotions.
Type: TF
Skill: Applied
55
173) According to our textbook, intelligence is defined as an inferred characteristic of an individual,
usually defined as the ability to profit from experience, acquire knowledge, think abstractly, act
purposefully, or adapt to changes in the environment.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
174) According to our textbook, intelligence is defined as an inborn, global characteristic of an

individual usually defined as the innate ability to acquire information.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Intelligence is usually defined as the ability to profit from experience, acquire knowledge,
think abstractly, act purposefully, and adapt to changes in the environment.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
175) According to our textbook, intelligence is defined as the learned ability of an individual to
become aware of his or her own mental processes, using these processes to become knowledgeable about
the external world.
Answer: FALSE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
176) According to our textbook, intelligence is defined as a measure of memory and vocabulary that
was originally computed by dividing a person's mental age by his or her chronological age.
Answer: FALSE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
177) Scientists agree that a general ability underlies the specific abilities and talents measured by
intelligence tests.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: A long-running debate in psychology concerns whether or not a general ability, or g
factor, underlies the specific abilities and talents measured by intelligence tests.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
56
178) The average intelligence score of contemporary IQ tests is usually set arbitrarily at 100, and the
tests are constructed so that about two-thirds of all people score between 85 and 115.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
179) Standardized intelligence tests tell us nothing about how a person goes about solving problems.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
180) Since there is a cultural stereotype in North America that women are not good at math, when
women are given a math test they generally excel in order to prove the critics wrong.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Given a math test, women may experience stereotype threat, a fear that they will do
poorly and confirm the stereotype. Their anxiety may cause their performance to decline.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
181) Standardized IQ tests predict school performance fairly well.

Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
182) In studies of business managers and salespeople, tacit knowledge is a strong predictor of
effectiveness on the job.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
183) Tacit knowledge refers to strategies for success that are not explicitly taught but instead must be
inferred.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
57
184) Tacit knowledge refers to the knowledge of one's own cognitive processes and how they can be
used effectively.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Tacit knowledge refers to strategies for success that are not explicitly taught but instead
must be inferred.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
185) Tacit knowledge about how to be a good student predicts academic success in college as well as
entrance exams do.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
186) A person who is low in emotional intelligence is likely to misread the nonverbal signals of others.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
187) The broadening of the notion of intelligence through Gardner's theory has been useful because it
has forced psychologists to go beyond "g."
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
has led to more critical thinking about what we mean by intelligence.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
has clarified the difference between domains of intelligence and talents.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: There is still considerable debate over whether the mental abilities proposed by Gardner
are domains of intelligence or talents.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
58
has led to a focus on teaching children practical strategies for improving their abilities.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
191) Differences between Asian and North American children in regard to a broad battery of
mathematics tests can be accounted for by educational resources.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: The difference in scores between Asian and North American children results from a
difference in attitudes, expectations, and efforts between the two cultures.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
192) Asian parents, teachers, and children are far more likely than their North American counterparts
to believe that mathematical ability is innate.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: This is true of North American parents, teachers, and children. In Asian culture it is
believed the secret to mathematical success is hard work.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
193) Cognitive ethology is the study of cognitive processes in nonhuman animals.

Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
194) Explanations of animal behaviour that rely solely on instinct would have difficulty interpreting
the fact that mother chimpanzees show their young how to use stone tools to open nuts.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
195) Research conducted with rhesus monkeys suggests that monkeys have a rudimentary sense of
number.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
59
196) In early studies, researchers teaching language to primates unwittingly gave nonverbal cues that
might have enabled the apes to respond correctly.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
197) The tendency to think that human beings have nothing in common with other animals is called
anthropomorphism.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: It is called anthropodenial, not anthropomorphism.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
198) People who are creative tend to rely on convergent thinking.

Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Creative individuals rely more on divergent thinking.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
Match each definition with the appropriate term.

A) theory of mind
B) proposition
C) cognitive schema
D) mental image
E) concept
199) a mental representation that mirrors or resembles the thing it represents

Answer: D
Type: MA
Skill: Factual
200) a mental category that groups objects, relations, activities, abstractions, or qualities having
common properties
Answer: E
Type: MA
Skill: Factual
60
201) a unit of meaning that is made up of concepts and expresses a single idea
Answer: B
Type: MA
Skill: Factual
202) an integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations concerning a particular
topic or aspect of the world
Answer: C
Type: MA
Skill: Factual
203) a system of beliefs about the way one's own mind and the minds of others work, and of how
individuals are affected by their beliefs and feelings
Answer: A
Type: MA
Skill: Factual

A) inductive reasoning
B) dialectal reasoning
C) implicit learning
D) tacit knowledge
E) deductive reasoning
204) a form of reasoning in which a conclusion follows necessarily from certain premises; if the
premises are true, the conclusion must be true
Answer: E
Type: MA
Section: Chapter 9
Skill: Factual
61
205) a mental category that groups objects, relations, activities, abstractions, or qualities having
common properties
Answer: D
Type: MA
Section: Chapter 9
Skill: Factual
206) learning that occurs when you acquire knowledge about something without being aware of how
you did so and without being able to state exactly what it is you have learned
Answer: C
Type: MA
Section: Chapter 9
Skill: Factual
207) a process in which opposing facts or ideas are weighed and compared, with a view to
determining the best solution or resolving differences
Answer: B
Type: MA
Section: Chapter 9
Skill: Factual
208) a process in which opposing facts or ideas are weighed and compared, with a view to
determining the best solution or resolving differences
Answer: A
Type: MA
Section: Chapter 9
Skill: Factual
62
A) hindsight bias
B) confirmation bias
C) heuristic
D) mental set
E) algorithm
209) a rule of thumb that suggests a course of action or guides problem solving but does not guarantee
an optimal solution
Answer: C
Type: MA
Section: Reasoning Rationally; Barriers to Reasoning Rationally
Skill: Factual
210) a tendency to solve problems using procedures that worked before on similar problems
Answer: D
Type: MA
Skill: Factual
211) the tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that supports one's own belief
Answer: B
Type: MA
Skill: Factual
212) a problem-solving strategy guaranteed to produce a solution even if the user does not know how
it works
Answer: E
Type: MA
Skill: Factual
63
213) the tendency to overestimate one's ability to have predicted an event once the outcome is known
Answer: A
Type: MA
Skill: Factual

A) intelligence
B) reasoning
C) psychometrics
D) "g factor"
E) meta-cognition
214) the ability to profit from experience, acquire knowledge, think abstractly, act purposefully, or
adapt to changes in the environment
Answer: A
Type: MA Section: Measuring Intelligence: The Psychometric Approach; Dissecting Intelligence: The
Cognitive Approach
Skill: Factual
215) a general intellectual ability assumed by many theorists to underlie specific mental abilities and
talents
Answer: D
Type: MA
Section: Measuring Intelligence: The Psychometric Approach; Dissecting Intelligence: The Cognitive Approach
Skill: Factual
64
216) the measurement of mental abilities, traits, and processes
Answer: C
Type: MA
Skill: Factual
217) the drawing of conclusions or inferences from observations, facts, or assumptions

Answer: B
Type: MA
Skill: Factual
218) the knowledge or awareness of one's own cognitive processes

Answer: E
Type: MA
Skill: Factual
219) Have you ever thought about what thinking itself has allowed you to do? Name three human
capabilities that are possible because we can think!
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
* It frees us from the confines of the immediate present; we can think about the past or the future.
* It carries us beyond the boundaries of reality because it allows imagination.
* It allows us to apply knowledge to solve problems intelligently and creatively.
Type: SA
Skill: Conceptual
65
220) As a participant in a psychology experiment, Meredith is asked to rotate an image in her
imagination. What aspect of psychology are the researchers studying? Based on Chapter 9, will Meredith
be able to complete this task successfully?
* The researchers are studying cognition and specifically mental images.
* Meredith will be able to manipulate and rotate the mental image.
Type: SA
Skill: Conceptual
221) If the human mind can be likened to a computer, then the visual images could be likened to the
images that appear on the screen of the computer. What results have been found that would support this
analogy?
* We can manipulate mental images.
* They occur in a mental "space" of a fixed size.
* Small ones contain less detail than larger ones.
Type: SA
Skill: Conceptual
222) Autumn's mental representation for Halloween includes associations, attitudes, and expectations.
What term is used to describe these characteristics? Develop an example that describes Autumn's mental
representation for Halloween, making sure that each of the three aspects mentioned above is included.
* A cognitive schema of a particular aspect of the world includes associations, attitudes, and expectations.
* Autumn's cognitive schema for Halloween may include the following elements:
* Associations – carved pumpkins, costumes, trick-or-treating, candy
* Attitudes – I like it. It's just for kids.
* Expectations – It will be fun. The weather will be cool.
Type: SA
Skill: Applied
223) The text discussed four elements of cognition: concepts, mental images, cognitive schemas, and
propositions. In the diagram below, fill in the appropriate labels to create a visual summary of the
elements of cognition.
Answer: A correct answer will have the following labels.
66
Type: SA
Skill: Conceptual
224) Our textbook points out that not all mental processing is conscious. Describe an activity that once
took your conscious attention to perform but now can be done "without thinking."
* Driving is an example of an activity that, when you first are learning, requires conscious attention, but
can later be done with little conscious thought.
* Another example is riding a bicycle.
Type: SA
Skill: Applied
225) When we think of mindlessness, our usual focus is on the mishaps that may occur. But
mindlessness has its benefits too! Create an example that illustrates one of the benefits of the mindless
processing of information.
* Mindlessness can allow us to do more than one task at a time.
* For example, we can cook dinner while carrying on a conversation with our children and monitoring
their behaviour.
Type: SA
Skill: Applied
67
226) Our authors note that the rules of formal logic are crucial to have in your mental toolbox. How do
deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning differ from one another? Include an example of each as you
compare and contrast them.
* In deductive reasoning a conclusion necessarily follows from a set of observations or propositions.
* Example – All humans beings are mortal. I am a human being. Therefore I am mortal.
* In inductive reasoning a conclusion probably follows from certain premises, but the conclusion could
conceivable be false.
* Example – Our basketball team has won all seven games they have played so far this season. Their
opponent has lost six of seven games so far. Our team will probably beat their opponent tonight.
Type: SA
Skill: Conceptual
227) Cognitive bias occurs when people exaggerate the probability of very rare events if their
consequences are catastrophic. How does the availability heuristic enhance this kind of bias?
* The availability heuristic is the tendency to judge the probability of an event by how easy it is to think of
examples or instances.
* Catastrophic events evoke a strong emotional reaction and so stand out in our minds.
* Therefore they are more mentally "available" to us and we overestimate their probability.
Type: SA
Skill: Conceptual
228) In general, people try to avoid losses when making a decision. Explain why this cognitive bias
may affect a person's decision about accepting or rejecting various aspects of medical treatment.
* Avoiding loss refers to the tendency to respond more cautiously when a choice is framed in terms of the
risk of losing something compared to when the same choice is framed in terms of the chance to win or
gain.
* Medical treatment decisions are commonly presented to us in terms of their potential risks.
* For example, literature distributed with prescription medications describes the probabilities of various
negative side effects.
* These descriptions are stated as possible risks rather than possible gains. For example, 3 of 100 people
will get an ulcer, rather than 97 of 100 people will not get an ulcer.
* Similar probabilities of successful treatment are usually not presented.
* People tend to be biased against such statements and may reject the medication.
Type: SA
Skill: Conceptual
68
229) Connie's method of studying worked effectively throughout high school until she took her first
foreign language course. In this course, her grades were much lower than usual. How might mental set
have played a role in Connie's academic problem?
* Mental set refers to the tendency to try to solve new problems by using the same heuristics, strategies,
and rules that worked in the past.
* Connie had developed successful study methods for her high school courses.
* Studying a foreign language requires a different type of studying than courses such as English and
history.
* Connie's mental set caused her to try to use her tried and true methods in studying a foreign language,
but they didn't work in this case.
Type: SA
Skill: Applied
230) When discussing the results of the federal election in Canada in 2011, Javier tells his friends that
he knew there would be a Conservative majority government. What cognitive bias is Javier
demonstrating? Create a brief example showing how this tendency could occur in regard to military
opinions.
* This is an example of hindsight bias, the tendency to overestimate one's ability to have predicted an
event once the outcome is known.
* People may engage in second-guessing the military leaders after a battle is lost. For example, "He
should have known the enemy would set up an ambush there and used another route."
* And of course it is easy to be supportive when a battle is won. "I knew his strategy of attacking in
several places at once would confuse the enemy and cause them to retreat."
Type: SA
Skill: Applied
231) When it comes to thinking critically, people tend to apply a double standard. Explain how
confirmation bias is linked to this double standard.
* Confirmation bias refers to the tendency to pay attention to evidence that confirms our beliefs and find
fault with evidence that points in a different direction.
* The double standard refers to our tendencies to engage in critical thinking.
* We will think much more critically about evidence that opposes our views than about evidence that
supports our views.
Type: SA
Skill: Conceptual
69
232) Our textbook illustrates the tendency toward justification of effort by showing a group of new
recruits at CFB Wainwright tackling an obstacle course in the snow. Hypothesize how the recruits will
feel about the military after this experience, including in your response the cognitive bias of justification
of effort.
* The recruits will probably decide that being in the military is really great (if the choice to go to CFB
Wainwright was their choice).
* The harder we work to reach a goal, the more we will try to convince ourselves that we really value the
goal.
Type: SA
Skill: Applied
233) Psychologists disagree on the definition of intelligence. Describe different approaches to the
definition of intelligence. How does your textbook define intelligence?
* Some equate intelligence as the ability to reason abstractly, others equate it with the ability to learn and
profit from experience in daily life.
* Some emphasize the ability to think rationally, others the ability to act purposefully.
* The textbook defines intelligence as an inferred characteristic of an individual, usually defined as the
ability to profit from experience, acquire knowledge, think abstractly, act purposefully, or adapt to
changes in the environment.
Type: SA
Skill: Conceptual
234) In the early 1900s, at the request of the French Ministry of Education, Alfred Binet constructed a
testing instrument that eventually became the first widely used intelligence test. For what purpose was
the test developed?
* Binet was commissioned to find a way to identify children who were slow learners so they could be
given remedial work.
* Instruction could be tailored to the child's capabilities.
Type: SA
Skill: Factual
235) Binet's method of figuring IQ had two serious flaws. Describe these flaws.
* At one age, scores might cluster tightly around the average, whereas at another age they might be more
dispersed.
* The IQ formula did not make sense for adults.
Type: SA
Skill: Conceptual
70
236) At 66 years of age, Hilda is worried when researchers ask her to take an IQ test. She knows that
older people are assumed to have failing cognitive abilities. What term is used to describe Hilda's
anxiety? How might Hilda's test-taking performance be affected by her worries?
* This is an example of stereotype threat.
* Because of increased anxiety that she may perform poorly and thus confirm the stereotype, Hilda might
not perform as well as she might if she was not anxious.
Type: SA
Skill: Applied
237) Contrast the behaviours of college students who are weak in meta-cognition with those for whom
meta-cognition is a strength.
* Meta-cognition is the knowledge or awareness of one's own cognitive processes and the ability to
monitor and control those processes.
* Common behaviours of students who are weak in meta-cognition include the following:
- They may not notice when a passage in a textbook is difficult.
- They do not always realize that they don't understand what they have read.
- They may spend too much time on material they already know and too little time on difficult material.
* Common behaviours of students who are strong in meta-cognition include the following:
- They check their comprehension by restating what they have read.
- They backtrack when necessary.
- They question what they are reading.
Type: SA
Skill: Conceptual
238) Describe contextual intelligence according to Robert Sternberg's theory. How is it linked to tacit
knowledge?
* Contextual intelligence is also called practical intelligence because it refers to the practical application of
intelligence.
* It requires that we take into account the different contexts in which we find ourselves.
* Contextual intelligence allows us to acquire tacit knowledge.
* Tacit knowledge involves practical, action-oriented strategies for achieving goals.
* Tacit knowledge is not usually formally taught, but must instead be inferred by observing others.
Type: SA
Skill: Conceptual
71
239) The work of theorists such as Robert Sternberg and Howard Gardner has broadened the notion of
intelligence. Name three ways that this has proven useful.
* It has forced us to think more critically about what we mean by intelligence.
* It has inspired research on a new type of mental testing called dynamic testing.
* It has led to a focus on teaching children practical strategies for improving their abilities in reading,
writing, doing homework, and taking tests.
Type: SA
Skill: Conceptual
240) How does the focus of the cognitive theories of intelligence differ from the focus of psychometric
theories? How do the two approaches define intelligence?
* Cognitive theories of intelligence focus on strategies people use when solving problems.
* Psychometric theories of intelligence focus on how well people perform on standardized tests.
* Cognitive theories define intelligence as consisting of many different skills and talents in addition to
intellectual skills (e.g., triarchic theory).
* Psychometric theories define intelligence as a general intellectual ability captured by IQ scores, or a
range of specific verbal and nonverbal abilities.
Type: SA
Skill: Conceptual
241) How do psychometric and cognitive approaches to intelligence compare?

* The main focus of the psychometric approach is to measure performance on standardized intelligence
tests. Intelligence is considered to be a general intellectual ability that can be captured by IQ scores, and a
range of specific verbal and nonverbal abilities.
* The main focus of the cognitive approach is to understand the strategies people use when solving
problems. Intelligence is considered to be reflected in many different skills and talents in addition to the
traditionally "intellectual ones."
Type: SA
Skill: Conceptual
72
242) Define language. To qualify as a language, what criteria must a communication system meet?
* Language is a communication system, including the ability to combine elements that are themselves
meaningless into an infinite number of utterances that convey meaning.
* In order to be considered a language, a communication system must meet the following criteria:
- meaningfulness – It must use combinations of sounds, gestures, or symbols that are not random.
- displacement – It must permit communication about events and objects that are not present here and
now.
- productivity – It must have a grammar or syntax that permits the ability to produce and comprehend an
infinite number of utterances.
Type: SA
Skill: Conceptual
243) In Chapter 9, the authors note that many adults take one position and that's that. How does this
lack of reflective judgment and dialectical thinking relate to the critical thinking guidelines explained in
Chapter 1?
* Dialectical reasoning is the process of comparing and evaluating opposing points of view in order to
resolve differences.
* Dialectical reasoning is a form of critical thinking and is subject to the same guidelines as critical
thinking in general.
* The following critical thinking guidelines in particular would be relevant here:
- Consider other interpretations.
- Tolerate uncertainty.
- Be open-minded.
- Analyze assumptions and biases.
- Avoid emotional reasoning.
* Many adults have trouble thinking dialectically.
* Reflective judgment typically develops gradually and is not apparent until people are in their middle or
late twenties, if at all.
* The ability to reason requires practice to develop.
* Although most adults have the capacity to think logically, reason dialectically, and make judgments
reflectively, they do not always do so.
* There are many barriers and biases that block rational thinking.
Type: ES
Section: Chapter 9
Skill: Conceptual
73
244) Define your terms! In Chapter 1 we learned that this was an important guideline in regard to
critical thinking. People refer to intelligence all the time, but how is intelligence defined? Does the
musical genius of a world-class violinist such as Anne-Sophie Mutter count as intelligence? Based on
your reading of Chapter 9, describe different ways that intelligence has been defined.
* Intelligence has been defined in many ways.
* Abilities that are often included in a definition of intelligence are:
- the ability to reason abstractly
- the ability to learn and profit from experience in daily life
- the ability to think rationally
- the ability to act purposefully
* Some theorists view intelligence as one thing (a general intellectual ability, or g factor).
* Others view intelligence as a combination of multiple abilities.
* Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence includes componential intelligence, experiential or creative
intelligence, and contextual or practical intelligence.
* Gardner proposes a number of separate intelligences, including such things as musical aptitude,
kinesthetic intelligence, self-knowledge, and understanding of others.
* Yet others distinguish between the traditional intellectual intelligence and emotional intelligence.
* Finally, some people solve the problem by saying that intelligence is that which is measured by
intelligence tests.
* Clearly there is little agreement on exactly what intelligence is.
Type: ES
Section: Chapter 9
Skill: Conceptual
245) In Chapter 1 we learned that the media and the public persist in equating "psychologist" with
"psychotherapist." How do prototypes, discussed in Chapter 9, help explain this phenomenon?
* The general public commonly thinks of a psychologist as someone who helps people who are mentally
ill, yet there are many other types of psychologists.
* A prototype is a representative example of a concept.
* Though a person may know about other types of psychologists, he or she still typically views the
psychotherapist as a prototypical psychologist.
* This is probably because it is much more common to hear about clinical psychologists in the media and
in everyday conversation.
Type: ES
Section: Chapter 9
Skill: Conceptual
74
246) In Chapter 2 (How Psychologists Do Research) we learned that in survey research the phrasing of
questions needs to be considered. How is this related to the importance of wording as noted in Chapter 9,
especially in regard to the tendency to avoid loss and minimize risk?
* In general, people try to avoid or minimize risks and losses when they make decisions.
* Survey questions need to be carefully worded to avoid biasing the responses that are received.
* For example, a survey about a newly developed medication might get very different results to the
following two questions even though they are asking the same thing.
- “What is the likelihood that you would buy a new medication if there were an 80% chance that it would
help you?”
- “What is the likelihood that you would buy a new medication if there were a 20% chance that it would
not help you?”
Type: ES
Section: Chapter 9
Skill: Conceptual
247) One type of mental representation is the concept. How do concepts allow us to relate to the
people and the world around us in a manageable way? Create an example to show what a person's
experience in a novel situation might be like if humans didn't organize the world based on concepts.
* Concepts simplify and summarize information about the world so that it is manageable.
* Because of concepts, we can make decisions quickly and efficiently.
* Without concepts, in a novel environment we would have to carefully examine every object to
determine what it was and what purpose it served.
* With concepts, we might be in a totally new environment, but we would still have some idea of how to
react to the objects around us.
* For example, we might recognize some objects as furniture. We might recognize a small, moving object
as an animal, perhaps a pet. We might recognize some objects as food.
* Thus we would know how to react because we know something about the general categories of objects
around us, even though we might not be familiar with the specific exemplars.
Type: ES
Skill: Applied
75
248) Langer and her associates studied the reactions of people who were about to use a photocopier
when a researcher approached and asked to use the copier. One of three different requests was made:
- "Excuse me, may I use the Xerox machine?"
- "Excuse me, may I use the Xerox machine, because I have to make copies?"
- "Excuse me, may I use the Xerox machine, because I'm in a rush?"
Describe how you think you would have responded to each of these requests. How did the individuals in
Langer's study respond to these requests? How were these results interpreted in our textbook?
* In response to the first two requests, I would probably have said I would be done shortly and then they
could use the machine.
* In response to the third request, I would probably have allowed the person to use the copy machine.
* In Langer's study, people complied in all three cases.
* This was interpreted as a mindless reaction to the requests.
* They heard the form of the request, but they did not hear its content, and they mindlessly stepped aside.
Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
249) There are two kinds of reasoning, formal and informal. Compare and contrast these two modes
of thought in regard to:
* premises.
* number and quality of answers.
* presence of established procedures.
* recognition that the problem is solved.
* real world or personal relevance.
* In formal reasoning, the premises provide all the information needed to solve the problem, whereas in
informal reason premises may be general statements and do not provide enough information to solve the
problem. In formal reasoning, there is one correct answer.
* In informal reasoning, it is possible to draw a conclusion that is probably true, but there are typically
several possible answers that vary in quality. A person must choose the best possible solution.
* There are established procedures (such as algorithms) to find the answer in formal reasoning, and the
person recognizes when he or she has the correct answer.
* There are rules of thumb (heuristics) for solving problems in informal reasoning, but typically a person
is less sure of her or his answer because there is always the possibility that other information may surface
that would change the answer.
* Informal reasoning tends to be more appropriate for solving problems with personal relevance in the
real world.
Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
76
250) Karen Kitchener and Patricia King asked adolescents and adults to explain how they had decided
to adopt a particular stance on a controversial issue. The responses were categorized in seven stages of
reflective thought that could be combined into three groups:
- pre-reflective judgment
- quasi-reflective judgment
- reflective judgment
Describe the typical responses from individuals from each of these three groups. Analyze the gradual
development of thinking skills among undergraduate and graduate college students.
* People in the two early pre-reflective stages assume that a correct answer always exists and that it can
be obtained directly through the senses or from authorities.
* People in the three quasi-reflective stages recognize that some things cannot be known with absolute
certainty, and they realize that judgments should be supported by reasons, yet they pay attention only to
evidence that fits what they already believe. They seem to think that because knowledge is uncertain, any
judgment about the evidence is purely subjective and everyone has a right to their own opinion.
* People in the last two stages are capable of reflective judgment. They understand that although some
things can never be known with certainty, some judgments are more valid than others because of their
coherence, their fit with the available evidence, their usefulness, and so on. People at these stages are
willing to consider evidence from a variety of sources and to reason dialectically.
* Most people do not show evidence of reflective judgment until their middle or late twenties, if at all.
* Given support for thinking reflectively and opportunities to practice it, college students can develop
more complex, sophisticated, and well-grounded reasoning skills.
Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
77
251) In the 1950s, a social psychologist and two of his associates joined a "doomsday" group in order
to study how the group members would react when the world did not end as predicted by their leader.
How did the believers respond? Analyze their responses according to the theory of cognitive dissonance.
* This study was done by Leon Festinger and two associates.
* The researchers predicted that believers who had made no public commitment to the prophecy and
awaited the end of the world at home by themselves would simply lose their faith.
* In this case, losing their faith would mean that there was no longer any dissonance between their
actions and their attitudes.
* Festinger also predicted that those who had acted on their conviction (selling their property, etc.),
would increase their religious belief to avoid the intolerable realization that they had behaved foolishly
and others knew it.
* The results were as predicted. The leader said the world was spared because of the faith of her small
band of people.
* By increasing their faith, these people were able to "justify" their actions, thus keeping actions and
attitudes consistent.
Type: ES
Skill: Applied
252) Describe the three conditions under which a person is particularly likely to try to reduce
dissonance.
* Conditions under which you are particularly likely to try to reduce dissonance include:
- when you need to justify a choice or decision that you freely made
- when you need to justify behaviour that conflicts with your view of yourself
- when you need to justify the effort put into a decision or choice
Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
78
253) Alfred Binet's insight regarding a method of measuring mental development had an international
impact in the twentieth century. Explain how he went about calculating a child's mental abilities. In what
ways did the purpose behind the test change when Lewis Terman revised Binet's test for use in North
America?
* Binet first developed a test that could be used.
* The test, which measured memory, vocabulary, and perceptual discrimination, included items ranging
from those that most young children could do easily to those that only older children could handle.
* The test was given to large numbers of children and the typical performance for each age was
determined.
* This allowed him to determine a child's mental age, the level of intellectual development relative to
other children.
* The purpose of Binet's test was to determine which children were slow learners so that they could be
given remedial work and brought up to the average.
* In North America, intelligence testing was used to categorize people according to their presumed
"natural ability."
Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
254) Critics have argued that intelligence tests favour some groups over others. For example, one test
item requires that children identity the composer of the Emperor Concerto! In response, how have test
makers tried to design tests that are "culture free" or "culture fair"? Discuss two reasons for disappointing
results in regard to both of these approaches.
* Culture free or culture fair tests are tests that are unaffected by culture or that incorporate knowledge
and skills common to many different cultures.
* The results were disappointing because:
- cultures differ in the problem-solving strategies they emphasize
- cultural values affect many things besides responses to specific test items (e.g., attitudes toward exams,
motivation, competitiveness)
Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
79
255) In his research on stereotype threat, Claude Steele has revealed how cultural stereotypes
influence test performance. Explain stereotype threat and the effects it has on test performance. Who
typically experiences stereotype threat?
* Stereotype threat occurs when people believe that if they do not do well, they will confirm the
stereotypes about their group.
* For example, many visible minorities, low income people, women, and the elderly, knowing that they
are members of negatively stereotyped groups, may feel stereotype threat when taking an intelligence
test.
* The increased anxiety may then worsen their performance on the test. Some people cope by
"disidentifying" with the test. In effect, they tell themselves that the test has no bearing on how they feel
about themselves.
* Such a response my reduce motivation and again worsen performance.
* Anything that increases the salience of group stereotypes can increase stereotype threat and affect
performance.
Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
256) One well-known theory of intelligence, the triarchic theory proposed by Robert Sternberg,
distinguishes three different aspects of intelligence. Explain each of these aspects in detail.
* Componential intelligence refers to the information-processing strategies a person draws on when
thinking intelligently about a problem.
* Experiential or creative intelligence refers to creativity in transferring skills to new situations.
* Contextual or practical intelligence refers to the practical application of intelligence, which requires that
the context be taken into account.
Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
257) Howard Gardner has proposed that the domains of intelligence be expanded to include aptitudes
and talents that have not been evaluated in traditional IQ tests. Describe the additional domains that
Gardner has proposed.
* In addition to the abilities that are normally included in intelligence, Gardner proposes the following:
- musical aptitude
- kinesthetic intelligence (bodily grace and physical self-awareness of characteristic of athletes and
dancers)
- the capacity for self-understanding, insight into yourself, and self-control
- the understanding of other people and of relationships
* Gardner believes that these domains of intelligence are independent and are associated with different
areas of the brain.
Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
80
258) One of the longest-running psychological studies ever conducted was begun by Lewis Terman in
1921 in order to learn about children who scored in the top 1% of the IQ distribution. As they reached
adulthood, some of these "Termites," as they were called, fulfilled their early promise, but others did not.
Analyze the differences between those who were successful and those who were not.
* Motivation made the difference between the most successful and the least successful men.
* The successful men were ambitious, were socially active, had many interests, and were encouraged by
their parents.
* The unsuccessful men drifted casually through life.
* There was no difference in IQ between the two groups.
Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
259) Animals solve problems in ways that fascinate us. Describe the research that has led some
researchers to conclude that animals can think, including in your essay information regarding Sultan, the
chimpanzee studied by Wolfgang Kohler; Kanzi, the bonobo who uses a computer keyboard; and Alex,
the African grey parrot who vocalizes English words.
* Kohler tested Sultan and other chimpanzees by placing bananas in sight but out of reach.
* Sultan and some of the other chimps demonstrated sudden insight and were able to solve the problem.
* Kanzi, a bonobo, learned to understand English words, short sentences, and keyboard symbols without
formal training, simply by observing how others used language.
* Kanzi responds correctly to commands even when he has never heard the specific combination of
words before.
* Kanzi also learned to use a computer keyboard and produce symbols requesting favourite food or
activities and announcing his intentions.
* Alex, the grey parrot, has learned to count, classify, and compare objects by vocalizing English words.
* He shows evidence of linguistic and cognitive ability.
* Alex also makes requests and answers simple questions about objects.
* Social interaction and modelling of appropriate responses are critical elements of the training of Alex
and other parrots.
Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
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Quick Quiz (1)

3) Informal reasoning involves:

6) Which of the following is NOT a component of the triarchic theory of intelligence?

3) Which of the following is a difference between formal and informal reasoning?

3) When we think, we:

6) Considering whether a penguin or a sparrow is more bird-like relates to:

7) An especially representative example of a concept is called a/an:

9) Which of the following is a prototype of the concept "dog"?

13) ________ is a prototype of the concept "bachelor."

17) Which example of the concept chair is prototypical?

21) ________ are linked together by propositions.

22) Both concepts and mental images can be used to construct:

27) Multitasking is possible because some of our cognitive processing is:

34) Implicit learning primarily involves:

40) According to our textbook, the mindless processing of information:

48) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of formal reasoning?

49) Deductive reasoning involves:

54) When using inductive reasoning:

59) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of informal reasoning?

61) In order to arrive at a verdict, juries are supposed to:

64) Pre-reflective stages of thought involve the belief that:

68) Quasi-reflective thinkers would be likely to say that:

89) According to our textbook, intelligence is defined as:

94) Which of the following is NOT an unanswered question about intelligence?

99) What is the IQ of an 8-year-old with a mental age of 10?

100) What is mental age?

101) The formula for IQ is:

103) The formula for determining IQ had a serious flaw in that:

107) Stereotype threat refers to:

120) Without ________ you will not acquire tacit knowledge.

122) Tacit knowledge refers to:

131) Investigations of animal behaviours indicate that:

134) Which of the following animals was NOT taught language?

135) Research on animals and language indicates that:

138) Which of the following is associated with creativity?

142) A prototype is an especially representative example of a concept.

146) Propositions represent the relationships of concepts to one another.

147) A proposition is an integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations

161) In inductive reasoning, a conclusion necessarily follows from a set of premises.

166) The tendency to find patterns in events is a common mental set.

174) According to our textbook, intelligence is defined as an inborn, global characteristic of an

181) Standardized IQ tests predict school performance fairly well.

193) Cognitive ethology is the study of cognitive processes in nonhuman animals.

198) People who are creative tend to rely on convergent thinking.

Match each definition with the appropriate term.

199) a mental representation that mirrors or resembles the thing it represents

Match each definition with the appropriate term.

Match each definition with the appropriate term.

217) the drawing of conclusions or inferences from observations, facts, or assumptions

218) the knowledge or awareness of one's own cognitive processes

Answer: A correct answer will have the following labels.

241) How do psychometric and cognitive approaches to intelligence compare?

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