Science of Psychology An Appreciative View 4th Edition King Test Bank Download

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Chapter 6
Learning
1. _____ is the systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.
A. Learning
B. Binding
C. Convergence
D. Sensation
Page: 180
APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Define learning.
Topic: Learning
Feedback: Types of Learning
2. Which of the following is true of behaviorism as a theory of learning?

A. Behaviorism focuses solely on unobservable behaviors.
B. Behaviorism places primary importance on mental activities such as thinking, wishing, and hoping.
C. Behaviorism maintains that the principles of learning are the same when talking about animals or humans.
D. Behaviorism maintains that learning occurs through the observation and imitation of behavior.
Page: 180
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Learning
3. Psychologists who examine learning from a behavioral perspective define learning as

A. the result of mental activities such as thinking and reasoning.
B. the relatively stable, observable changes in a person’s actions.
C. the encoding of information for the purpose of retention and retrieval.
D. a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into a problem.
Page: 180
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Topic: Learning
6-1
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
4. _____ is the type of learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection between two events.
A. Associative learning
B. Observational learning
C. Preparedness
D. Instinctive drift
Page: 180
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Topic: Associative Learning
5. _____ is the process of learning the associations between two events.

A. Imitation
B. Conditioning
C. Preparedness
D. Insight
Page: 180
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Topic: Classical Conditioning
6. In which type of learning do organisms learn the association between two stimuli?
A. classical conditioning
B. operant conditioning
C. observational learning
D. implicit learning
Page: 180
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
7. Millie doesn’t like waiting in line. Whenever she goes to her local supermarket, she has to wait at least
20 minutes in line. So, she decides to buy all her groceries online instead. In this scenario, Millie is demonstrating
A. positive reinforcement.
B. operant conditioning.
C. observational learning.
D. implicit learning.
Page: 180
APA Outcome: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
Topic: Operant Conditioning
8. Ryan receives a scolding from his mother every time he picks his nose. Fearing retribution, Ryan hesitates to pick his nose whenever his mother is
present with him. In this scenario, Ryan is demonstrating
A. operant conditioning.
B. classical conditioning.
C. observational learning.
D. implicit learning.
6-2
Page: 180
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
9. In operant conditioning, organisms learn

A. the association between a behavior and a consequence.
B. that conditioned stimuli cause unconditioned stimuli.
C. by exclusively relying on mental processes.
D. to act by imitating others.
Page: 180
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
10. Observational learning occurs

A. when an organism makes a connection between two stimuli.
B. when an organism learns the association between a behavior and a consequence.
C. through the process of watching and imitating another's behavior.
D. through the cognitive processes of reasoning and judgment.
Page: 181
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Topic: Observational Learning
11. Observational learning is different from the associative learning described by behaviorism because observational learning
A. requires a person to be as unique as possible.
B. requires a permanent change in behavior.
C. relies on mental processes.
D. relies on competing stimuli.
Page: 181
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
12. _____ is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to
elicit a similar response.
A. Classical conditioning
B. Operant conditioning
C. Observational learning
D. Insight learning
Page: 181
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Define and describe classical conditioning.
Feedback: Classical Conditioning

6-3
13. Jack always takes his dog out for a walk in the morning. Whenever Jack puts the leash on his dog, the dog gets very excited about going for a
walk. In this scenario, the dog has learned to associate the leash with going for a walk through
A. classical conditioning.
B. operant conditioning.
C. insight learning.
D. observational learning.
Page: 182
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
14. Which of the following statements best describes classical conditioning?

A. It is a form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior’s occurrence.
B. It is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a
similar response.
C. It is a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem’s solution.
D. It is a form of learning that occurs through observing and imitating another’s behavior.
Page: 181
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
15. _____ was the Russian physiologist who demonstrated that neutral aspects of the environment can attain the capacity to evoke responses through
pairing with other stimuli and that bodily processes can be influenced by environmental cues.
A. Ivan Pavlov
B. John B. Watson
C. B. F. Skinner
D. E. L. Thorndike
Page: 182
APA Outcome: 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Feedback: Pavlov’s Studies
16. Which of the following best exemplifies a reflex?

A. A child drinks water after eating spicy food.
B. A woman puts her coat on before stepping out into the cold.
C. A child runs out to watch a fire engine drive by.
D. A man salivates while watching a chef fry sausages.
Page: 182
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
17. Tina’s eyes water every time she chops onions. Her response is an example of a
A. habit.
B. reflex.
C. conditioned response.
D. voluntary behavior.
6-4
Page: 182
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Low
18. Which of the following statements is true of unconditioned stimuli?

A. They produce a response without prior learning.
B. They are previously neural stimuli that eventually elicit a conditioned response.
C. They are neural stimuli that cause synesthesia.
D. They cause neurotransmitters to be absorbed by ganglia.
Page: 182
APA Outcome: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
19. Which of the following statements is true of unconditioned responses?

A. They are involuntary.
B. They happen in response to a stimulus with conscious effort.
C. They are neural stimuli that cause synesthesia.
D. They are learned reactions.
Page: 182
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
20. Matt’s school ends at three in the afternoon. So, whenever it becomes three in the afternoon he feels happy even if he is not in school. In this
scenario, Matt has learned to associate a fixed timing with happiness through
A. classical conditioning.
B. observational learning.
C. preparedness.
D. imitation.
Page: 182
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
21. John, a six-year-old boy, loves dogs. However, after being bitten by one, he starts to fear dogs. Which of the following is true in the context of
classical conditioning?
A. The dog is an innately meaningful stimulus before it bites John.
B. The pain that John experiences after being bitten is a neutral stimulus.
C. The pain that John experiences after being bitten is a conditioned response.
D. The dog becomes a conditioned stimulus after it bites John.
Page: 182
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
6-5
22. Which of the following is true of Ivan Pavlov's experiment on classical conditioning?
A. The bell was a neutral stimulus before it was paired with the meat powder.
B. The dog’s salivation in response to the bell was an unconditioned response.
C. The bell was a conditioned stimulus before it was paired with the meat powder.
D. The dog’s salivation in response to the meat powder was a conditioned response.
Page: 183
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: High
23. In Pavlov’s studies on classical conditioning, the bell was a(n) _____ before it was paired with the food.
A. neutral stimulus
B. conditioned stimulus
C. unconditioned stimulus
D. reinforced stimulus
Page: 183
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
24. In Pavlov’s experiments on classical conditioning, prior to associating the sound of the bell with the food, the dog’s salivation in response to the
food was the
A. negative reinforcement.
B. positive reinforcement.
C. unconditioned response.
D. conditioned response.
Page: 183
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
25. In Pavlov’s experiments on classical conditioning, the dog began to associate the sound of the bell with the food and salivated when it heard the
bell because the bell had become a(n)
A. conditioned stimulus.
B. unconditioned stimulus.
C. conditioned response.
D. unconditioned response.
Page: 183
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
26. In Pavlov’s experiments on classical conditioning, the dog salivated each time the food was presented. The dog’s response to the food was a(n)
A. unconditioned response.
B. negative reinforcer.
C. positive reinforcer.
6-6
Page: 183
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
27. Jessica loves to go to the park. However, after three separate incidences of violence over the course of two years in a park, she begins to fear
going to parks. In this scenario, in the context of classical conditioning, Jessica’s fear of parks is a(n)
A. unconditioned stimulus.
B. unconditioned response.
C. conditioned stimulus.
Page: 182
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
28. Which of the following best exemplifies an innate unconditioned stimulus–unconditioned response connection?
A. a child sneezing after accidently inhaling pepper
B. a child throwing a temper tantrum
C. a girl raising her hand before asking a question in class
D. a boy learning to ride a bicycle by watching his older brother ride his bicycle
Page: 182
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
29. Boris uses classical conditioning to teach his goldfish to swim to the surface of its tank to eat whenever Boris turns on the aquarium light. He
drops food into the tank and then turns on the light. After several such trials, the fish shows no more inclination to swim to the surface when the light
is turned on than it did on the first trial. In the context of classical conditioning, which of the following should Boris do to improve his training
technique?
A. He should turn on the light before he drops the food into the tank.
B. He should intermittently turn the light on and off during feeding time.
C. He should drop something other than food into the tank to alert the fish.
D. He should provide more food than usual during the trials.
Page: 182
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
30. Dr. Meyer is known for his difficult pop quizzes. Immediately before he announces a pop quiz to his students, he walks to the classroom door and
closes it. His students soon learn to anticipate a pop quiz whenever Dr. Meyer closes the classroom door. In the context of classical conditioning,
closing the door has become a(n)
C. unconditioned response.
Page: 182
6-7
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
31. Alex and his family moved into an apartment on the 98th floor of a building. The first few times that Alex used the elevator, his ears popped and
Alex found the sensation uncomfortable. As a result, whenever Alex enters a building with an elevator, he feels his ears pop before he gets to the
elevator. In the context of classical conditioning, which of the following is the conditioned response?
A. Alex’s ears popping in the elevator
B. Alex entering his building elevator the first time
C. Alex entering any building with an elevator
D. Alex’s ears popping when he enters a building with an elevator
Page: 182
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
32. Henry loves animals and has always wanted a pet animal. However, when he met his neighbour’s dog, it bit him. Now, Henry stays away from
dogs. In this scenario, in the context of classical conditioning, Henry’s fear of dogs is a(n)
A. conditioned response.
B. positive reinforcer.
C. neutral reinforcer.
D. unconditioned response.
Page: 182
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
33. Ron had to undergo a painful procedure in a hospital when he was a child. Now, every time Ron walks past a hospital, he gets anxious and
nauseated. In this scenario, in the context of classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is the
A. hospital.
B. painful procedure.
C. anxious reaction.
D. nausea.
Page: 182
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
34. Which of the following is true of classical conditioning?

A. It occurs without awareness or effort, based on the presentation of two stimuli together.
B. It allows the learner to learn the association between a behavior and a consequence.
C. It does not pair stimuli together.
D. It occurs when the learner observes and imitates the actions of another person.
Page: 183–184
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium

6-8
35. _____ is the initial learning of the connection between an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired.
A. Generalization
B. Acquisition
C. Discrimination
D. Habituation
Page: 183
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
36. Which of the following is true of acquisition in classical conditioning?

A. During acquisition, the unconditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented followed by the conditioned stimulus.
B. During acquisition, the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are presented very close together in time.
C. During acquisition, the conditioned stimulus loses its significance once the association between the two stimuli has been formed.
D. During acquisition, the unconditional stimulus loses the ability to elicit any kind of response from the subject.
Page: 183
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
37. _____ in classical conditioning means that the conditioned stimulus must not only precede the unconditioned stimulus closely in time, but it must
also serve as a reliable indicator that the unconditioned stimulus is on its way.
A. Sign tracking
B. Contingency
C. Extinction
D. Renewal
Page: 184
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
38. In classical conditioning, in order for the pairing between the unconditioned stimulus (US) and the conditioned stimulus (CS) to work, the
A. CS should occur even if the US does not occur.
B. US and the CS must use different mediums of communication.
C. US and the CS must be presented very close together in time.
D. CS must succeed the US after several minutes.
Page: 184
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
39. Which of the following is true of generalization in classical conditioning?

A. It is the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned
response
B. It is the tendency of a subject to become more powerfully attracted to the conditioned stimulus than to the unconditioned stimulus it signals.
C. It is the process by which a stimulus or event following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again.
D. It is the process by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning.
6-9
Page: 184
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
40. June had dinner at an Indian restaurant and had food poisoning as a result. This caused her to gag at the sight of any Indian food. June’s reaction
to Indian food best illustrates the concept of _____ in classical conditioning.
A. preparedness
B. renewal
C. generalization
D. discrimination
Page: 184
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
41. Wendell always gets anxious before taking a math test because he is not good with numbers and formulae.
When his science teacher announces a physics test that requires him to apply numerical formulae, Wendell begins to feel anxious, even though he
enjoys physics. Which of the following is Wendell most likely demonstrating in this scenario?
A. positive reinforcement in operant conditioning
B. generalization in classical conditioning
C. discrimination in classical conditioning
D. negative reinforcement in operant conditioning
Page: 184
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
42. _____ in classical conditioning is the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is
similar to the conditioned response.
A. Generalization
B. Acquisition
C. Discrimination
D. Habituation
Page: 184
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
43. _____ in classical conditioning is the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others.
A. Generalization
B. Discrimination
C. Acquisition
D. Habituation
Page: 184
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
6-10
44. Yolanda dislikes going to the doctor for her illness because every time she does, she is prescribed medicines, which ruin her appetite and make
her feel nauseated. She associates doctors with feelings of nausea. However, she is not afraid of visiting dentists. In this scenario, Yolanda’s behavior
best exemplifies _____ in classical conditioning.
A. spontaneous recovery
B. generalization
C. discrimination
D. extinction
Page: 184
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
45. Tyler’s grandmother, Rose, has been receiving e-mails from Tyler every day for many years. In anticipation of his e-mails, she checks her inbox
more than once in a day. However, since Tyler has started college, the emails have stopped. As a result, Rose checks her e-mail only every few days.
If this pattern continues, Rose will completely stop checking her e-mail. In classical conditioning, this is known as
A. acquisition.
B. spontaneous recovery.
C. renewal.
D. extinction.
Page: 184
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
46. Grayson’s dog salivates whenever he hears the refrigerator door open because he is accustomed to receiving food each time anyone opens it.
Grayson tries an experiment with his dog. Over the next few days, Grayson does not give his dog any food when he opens the refrigerator door, even
though he knows the dog expects it. As a result, the dog stops salivating when the refrigerator door is opened. Grayson’s dog’s behavior best
illustrates _____ in classical conditioning.
A. spontaneous recovery
B. extinction
C. contingency
D. discrimination
Page: 184
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
47. Marcia and John were married for eleven years before John passed away. Following his death, Marcia left her home and city because everything
reminded her of John. Many years later, Marcia happened to meet a man, her new colleague, who smelled of the cologne that John always wore.
Even after so many years, Marcia was drawn to this man because he reminded her of John. In this scenario, Marcia’s reawakened feelings are an
example of _____ in classical conditioning.
A. extinction
B. spontaneous recovery
C. reinforcement
D. instinctive drift
Page: 184–185
Bloom's: Apply
6-11
Difficulty: High
48. Ronald was the subject of an experiment for alcoholics. Every time Ronald had a drink, it was mixed with a nausea-inducing agent, which made
him sick. After experiencing this pattern for several weeks, Ronald started to dislike alcohol immensely. He did not drink for seven months.
However, one day as he was walking past a new bar, Ronald experienced an overwhelming desire to drink. In this scenario, Ronald’s sudden desire
to drink best illustrates the concept of _____ in classical conditioning.
A. extinction
B. reinforcement
C. acquisition
D. renewal
Page: 185
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
49. Extinction in classical conditioning is

A. the process by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning.
B. the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.
C. the process by which an individual learns to imitate behavior by observing.
D. the strengthening of the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and a conditioned response.
Page: 184
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
50. Which of the following is true of spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?

A. It results in the weakening of the unconditioned stimulus.
B. It occurs whenever an unconditioned response causes a conditioned response.
C. It results in the weakening of the conditioned response.
D. It occurs without further conditioning.
Page: 184–185
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
51. In classical conditioning, the process by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning is known as
A. parallel processing.
B. spontaneous recovery.
C. sensory adaptation.
D. depth perception.
Page: 184–185
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
52. _____, in classical conditioning, refers to the recovery of the conditioned response when an organism is placed in a novel context.
6-12
A. Extinction
B. Renewal
C. Habituation
D. Discrimination
Page: 184
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
53. Watson, a research subject, is pricked with a needle every time he decides to have a sip of a soda. He is being conditioned to avoid drinking soda.
In this scenario, the needle prick is the
A. auditory stimulus.
C. perceptual stimulus.
D. vestibular stimulus.
Page: 186
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
Feedback: Classical Conditioning in Humans
54. Aversive conditioning is

A. the process by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay.
B. the process of rewarding successive approximations of desired behavior.
C. the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.
D. the form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus.
Page: 186
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
55. Counterconditioning is a classical conditioning procedure for

A. transforming the unconditioned stimulus into a conditioned stimulus.
B. causing renewal to occur immediately after spontaneous recovery.
C. reducing the probability of a spontaneous response to a conditioned stimuli.
D. changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response.
Page: 186
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
56. In aversive conditioning experiments to treat alcohol addiction, every time a person drinks an alcoholic beverage, he or she also consumes a
mixture that induces nausea. In classical conditioning terminology, the nausea-inducing agent is the
C. neutral stimulus.
D. reinforced stimulus.
Page: 186
6-13
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
57. Jim feeds his dog the Paws brand of dog food every day. When the dog sees Jim pouring the food into his bowl, he starts to salivate. When Jim
switches to a new brand, the food does not suit the dog and makes him sick. The dog no longer salivates when he sees Jim pouring the food into his
bowl. In this scenario, the dog’s change in behavior can be best explained by learning through
A. observational learning.
B. counterconditioning.
C. avoidance learning.
D. habituation.
Page: 186
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
58. As the subject of an experiment for treating cigarette addiction, John is being given a chemical agent that makes him feel nauseated every time he
smokes a cigarette. This experiment is most likely a(n) _____
experiment.
A. positive reinforcement
B. habituation
C. aversive conditioning
D. avoidance learning
Page: 186
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
59. Jacob, a police officer, wants to train his new dog, Rover. Jacob buys a “zap collar” that delivers a low intensity shock to the neck of the dog
whenever it pulls on the leash. After wearing the collar for a few days, Rover recognizes that the shock is an undesirable result of pulling on the
leash. Consequently, Rover stops pulling on the leash. In this scenario, which of the following methods has most likely been used to discipline
Rover?
B. observational learning
C. avoidance learning
D. aversive conditioning
Page: 186
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
60. Manny has been unable to sleep for the past one week. His wife gives him a vitamin pill and tells him that it will help him sleep at night. The next
morning, Manny is thrilled because he has slept better than ever before. In this scenario, Manny’s response to the vitamin can be attributed to
A. the schedules of reinforcement.
B. aversive conditioning.
C. spontaneous recovery.
D. the placebo effect.
Page: 187–188
Bloom's: Apply
6-14
Difficulty: High
61. Which of the following statements is true of classical conditioning?

A. It becomes operant conditioning after spontaneous recovery.
B. Immunosuppression is independent of classical conditioning.
C. The human body’s internal organ systems can be classically conditioned.
D. It is a special form of negative punishment in which a behavior decreases when a stimulus is removed.
Page: 188
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
62. Which of the following statements about taste aversion learning is true?
A. It requires many pairings of the neutral stimulus with the unconditioned response of nausea
B. It is a special kind of classical conditioning involving the learned association between a particular taste and nausea.
C. It occurs only when the “taste” is the direct cause of the nausea experienced.
D. It is a special form of negative punishment in which a behavior decreases when a stimulus is removed.
Page: 188
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Taste-Aversion Learning
63. Kenny ate too many hotdogs at a baseball game. Several hours later, he felt nauseated and spent most of the night being sick. In the context of
taste aversion learning, it is likely that Kenny will _____ as a result of this experience.
A. lose interest in baseball
B. not attend another game and will only watch baseball on TV
C. not be able to eat a hotdog at the next baseball game
D. never eat hot dogs again
Page: 188–189
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
Topic: Taste-Aversion Learning
64. Kyle wants to buy a new watch. While making the decision to buy the watch, he purchases the brand of watch that his favorite actor wore in a
movie. In this scenario, in the context of classical conditioning, the movie that
Kyle watched promoted the brand of watch using
A. embedded marketing.
B. avoidance learning.
C. negative reinforcement.
D. brand equity.
Page: 189
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
6-15
65. In a television advertisement, a young man is shown to be the center of attraction for young and attractive models because he drives the luxury
car brand, Exotica. The advertisement targets young, single men. In the context of embedded marketing, which of the following statements is true?
A. The Exotica brand in the advertisement is the unconditioned stimulus.
B. The male viewers are unaffected by the appearance of the attractive models in the advertisement.
C. The attractive models in the advertisement are the conditioned stimulus.
D. The advertisement will work best if the Exotica car precedes the appearance of the attractive person.
Page: 189
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
66. In the context of classical conditioning, _____ refers to the decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations.
A. habituation
B. generalization
C. discrimination
D. extinction
Page: 190
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
67. George drinks three glasses of wine at home every evening but rarely feels its effect. However, he feels the immediate effect of a single glass of
wine on the rare occasions that he goes to a bar. Which of the following classical conditioning concepts best explains this discrepancy in George’s
responses?
B. habituation
C. renewal
D. generalization
Page: 189–190
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
68. Which of the following is true about classical conditioning?

A. It requires the subject of the conditioning to be immune to habituation.
B. It is used to combat the effects of embedded marketing.
C. It is a form of respondent behavior.
D. It effectively explains voluntary behavior.
Page: 190
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Feedback: Operant Conditioning
69. Classical conditioning explains how neutral stimuli become associated with
A. sensory adaptations.
B. perceptual sets.
C. involuntary responses.
D. vestibular senses.
6-16
Page: 191
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
70. Classical conditioning is a form of

B. imitative learning.
C. associative learning.
D. vestibular learning.
Page: 190
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Topic: Associative Learning
71. Classical conditioning

A. focuses on the association between two stimuli.
B. changes the probability of a behavior’s occurance using negative consequences.
C. is very effective in explaining voluntary behaviors.
D. is used to negate the effects of habituation.
Page: 191
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
72. Operant conditioning is a form of learning that

A. focuses on the association between behaviors and the stimuli that follow them.
B. explains how neutral stimuli become associated with unlearned, involuntary responses.
C. is not effective in explaining voluntary behaviors.
D. occurs through the imitation of another person’s actions.
Page: 191
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
73. Identify the accurate statement about operant conditioning.

A. Operant conditioning states that operant behavior occurs with intent.
B. Operant conditioning is a form of associative learning.
C. Operant conditioning is ineffective at explaining voluntary behavior.
D. Operant conditioning is used in embedded marketing to reduce spontaneous recovery.
Page: 190
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Feedback: DefiningOperant Conditioning
6-17
74. Just as it does in classical conditioning, _____ plays a key role in operant conditioning.
A. vestibular sense
B. instinctive drift
C. contingency
D. immunity
Page: 191
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Feedback: Defining Operant Conditioning
75. The law of effect is profoundly important because it presents the basic idea that
A. embedded marketing makes people resistant to habituation.
B. contingency is less relevant for operant conditioning than classical conditioning.
C. the consequences of a behavior influence the likelihood of that behavior’s recurrence.
D. habituation of a behavior results in immunity to classical conditioning.
Page: 191
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Feedback: Thorndike’s Law of Effect
76. The _____ in psychology states that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and that behaviors followed by negative outcomes
are weakened.
A. law of effect
B. principle of preparedness
C. theory of classical conditioning
D. law of contiguity
Page: 191
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
77. Jenny received a lot of praise in class when she was the only one who did her homework on time. As a result, Jenny has never had to be reminded
to do her homework; she always submits it on time. In this scenario, Jenny’s behavior illustrates
A. Pavlov’s theory of classical conditioning.
B. the concept of instinctive drift.
C. the phenomenon of the placebo effect.
D. Thorndike’s law of effect.
Page: 191
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
78. In the context of operant conditioning, _____ refers to rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior.
A. shaping
B. acquisition
C. modeling
D. habituation
Page: 192
6-18
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Feedback: Shaping
79. Melvin is an elementary school teacher who rewards his students with extra playtime whenever they do well on a class assignment. In this
scenario, which of the following techniques is Melvin using to motivate his students to work harder?
A. counterconditioning
B. observational learning
C. positive reinforcement
D. insight learning
Page: 193
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Reinforcement
Feedback: Principles of Reinforcement
80. Caleb, the owner of a small garage, is particular about paying his employees more than they ask for. He believes that this action will prevent his
employees from leaving the organization due to job dissatisfaction. In this scenario, Caleb is using _____ in operant conditioning to ensure a desired
outcome.
A. negative punishment
B. negative reinforcement
C. positive reinforcement
D. positive punishment
Page: 193
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
81. Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies negative reinforcement in operant conditioning?
A. Tom wakes up just before the alarm clock goes off every morning so that he can avoid having to hear the alarm go off.
B. Dennis buys himself a new game because he gets a “B” on a difficult exam.
C. Miranda treats herself to a massage on her birthday.
D. Sheila goes to sleep early on a night before a test because she knows that this will help her get better grades.
Page: 193
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
82. Gary, a high school student with no interest in academics, has started to study for four hours every week to avoid getting poor grades in school.
This scenario is reflective of _____ in operant conditioning.
C. positive punishment
D. negative punishment
Page: 193
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
6-19
83. _____ in operant conditioning occurs when the frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by a desirable stimulus.
A. Positive reinforcement
B. Negative reinforcement
C. Positive punishment
D. Negative punishment
Page: 193
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
84. Positive reinforcement in operant conditioning is a learning process in which

A. the frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by a desirable stimulus.
B. a behavior is followed by the removal of something undesirable.
C. the frequency of a behavior decreases because it is paired repeatedly with an undesirable stimulus.
D. a behavior is always followed by an unpleasant consequence.
Page: 193
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
85. Which of the following is common to positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement?
A. instinctive drift
B. punishment
C. contingency
D. spontaneous recovery
Page: 193
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
86. _____ in operant conditioning occurs when the frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by the removal of something undesirable.
A. Negative reinforcement
B. Positive reinforcement
C. Negative punishment
D. Positive punishment
Page: 193
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
87. Negative reinforcement in operant conditioning is defined as

A. an increase in the frequency of a behavior because it is followed by a desirable stimulus.
B. a decrease in a behavior when it is followed by the presentation of a stimulus.
C. a decrease in a behavior when it is followed by the removal of a stimulus.
D. an increase in the frequency of a behavior because it is followed by the removal of something undesirable.
Page: 193
6-20
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
88. Positive reinforcement in operant conditioning

A. is always followed by an unpleasant consequence.
B. increases the frequency of a behavior.
C. decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur.
D. is followed by the removal of something undesirable.
Page: 193
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
89. Negative reinforcement in operant conditioning

A. is followed by a desirable stimulus.
B. has nothing to do with “good” and “bad” behavior.
C. is always followed by something unpleasant.
D. decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur.
Page: 193
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
90. Jennifer accidentally plays a radio channel that she has never heard before. She loves the music it plays and as a result, she plays only that
channel whenever she wants to listen to music. In this scenario, Jennifer’s behavior has most likely been learned through _____ in operant
conditioning.
A. negative reinforcement
B. positive reinforcement
Page: 193
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
91. Liam is studying in his room for an exam but is disturbed by the loud music from his neighbor’s house. He closes the window so that he can no
longer hear the loud music. In this scenario, Liam’s behavior demonstrates _____ in operant conditioning.
A. negative reinforcement
B. positive reinforcement
Page: 193
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High

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92. While on her way to work recently, Martha was pulled over for the first time, for exceeding the speed limit. She was required to pay a heavy fine.
Since then, she has maintained a consistent speed of 30 miles per hour while driving, whether or not there are speed limits in place. In this scenario,
Martha is demonstrating _____ learning.
A. latent
B. avoidance
C. observational
D. insight
Page: 193
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
93. In _____, the organism learns through experience with negative stimuli that it has no control over negative outcomes.
A. observational learning
B. insight learning
C. learned helplessness
D. learned optimism
Page: 194
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Topic: Learned Helplessness
94. Rose is in an abusive relationship with Dan, who is physically violent with her and has injured her seriously more than once. Despite this, Rose
has never been able to stop him or leave him. Rose was also abused by her step-father as a child. Rose’s inability to put up a fight with Dan is most
likely the result of _____ in operant conditioning.
A. learned helplessness
B. preparedness
C. instinctive drift
D. aversive conditioning
Page: 194
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
95. Shirley repeatedly ends up receiving bad grades in algebra no matter how hard she studies. Eventually, Shirley stops studying for algebra tests
and accepts that nothing she does will help her get good grades. In this scenario, Shirley’s behavior exemplifies _____ in operant conditioning.
A. habituation
B. instinctive drift
C. learned helplessness
D. preparedness
Page: 194
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
96. Experience with unavoidable negative stimuli can lead to a particular deficit in avoidance learning called
B. instinctive drift.
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C. learned helplessness.
D. preparedness.
Page: 194
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
97. In the context of operant conditioning, a reinforcer that is innately satisfying and does not require any learning on the organism’s part to make it
pleasurable is referred to as a _____ reinforcer.
A. primary
B. secondary
C. tertiary
D. negative
Page: 194
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
98. Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer in operant conditioning?

A. winning in a foot race
B. being treated to a good meal
C. being praised for donating money
D. making money in the stock market
Page: 194
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
99. Which of the following is a primary reinforcer in operant conditioning?

A. food
B. fame
C. praise
D. luxury
Page: 194
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
100. Four-month-old Simon quickly learns that he will be fed milk every time he cries. From a behaviorist perspective, the milk that Simon receives
when he cries is a
A. primary reinforcer.
B. secondary reinforcer.
C. positive punisher.
D. negative punisher.
Page: 194
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
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101. In the context of operant conditioning, a reinforcer that acquires its positive value through an organism’s experience is a _____ reinforcer.
A. primary
B. secondary
C. tertiary
D. negative
Page: 194
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
102. Dale works for a publishing company. Every time he writes a good article, he gets lots of fan mail expressing support to him. In the context of
operant conditioning, the mails that Dale receives are called a
A. neutral stimulus.
C. secondary reinforcer.
D. primary reinforcer.
Page: 194–195
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
103. In operant conditioning, _____ means performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation.
A. generalization
B. renewal
C. discrimination
D. preparedness
Page: 195
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Topic: Generalization
104. In operant conditioning, generalization occurs when

A. a behavior is no longer reinforced and decreases in frequency.
B. an organism responds appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced.
C. an organism performs a reinforced behavior in a different situation.
D. an organism reverts to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning.
Page: 195
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
105. Joseph, a three-year-old boy, is afraid of the doctor who gave him a shot and made him cry. Consequently, whenever Joseph sees a person in a
white laboratory coat, he starts crying. In this scenario, Joseph’s behavior best exemplifies
A. spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning.
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B. extinction in classical conditioning.
C. generalization in operant conditioning.
D. discrimination in operant conditioning.
Page: 195
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
106. In operant conditioning, _____ means responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced.
A. generalization
B. renewal
C. discrimination
D. preparedness
Page: 195
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Topic: Discrimination
107. In operant conditioning, discrimination occurs when

D. an organism reverts to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning.
Page: 195
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
108. Henry, a five-year-old boy, knows that when he goes out with his mother and throws a tantrum, he will not get a treat. However, when he goes
out with his father and throws a tantrum, he will get a treat. Henry’s learning in this scenario exemplifies
A. generalization in operant conditioning.
B. renewal in classical conditioning.
C. discrimination in operant conditioning.
D. extinction in classical conditioning.
Page: 195
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
109. In operant conditioning, _____ occurs when a behavior is no longer reinforced and decreases in frequency.
A. extinction
B. acquisition
C. discrimination
D. preparedness
Page: 195
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
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110. In operant conditioning, extinction occurs when

D. a desired behavior receives reinforcements in successive approximations.
Page: 195
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
111. Carol is training her dog to sit on command. Each time he sits in response to her command, she gives him a treat. In the context of operant
conditioning, Carol is using a _____ to train her dog.
A. secondary reinforcer
B. partial reinforcement schedule
C. negative reinforcer
D. continuous reinforcement schedule
Page: 195
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
112. Which of the following is true of continuous reinforcement in operant conditioning?

A. Continuous reinforcement is particularly resistant to extinction.
B. Continuous reinforcement does not bring about changes in behavior.
C. In continuous reinforcement, a behavior is reinforced every time it occurs.
D. In continuous reinforcement, a behavior is reinforced only a portion of the time.
Page: 195
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
113. In the context of operant conditioning, a _____ schedule is one in which a behavior is reinforced every time it occurs.
A. partial reinforcement
B. continuous reinforcement
C. vicarious reinforcement
D. vicarious punishment
Page: 195
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
114. Continuous reinforcement in operant conditioning

A. is particularly resistant to extinction.
B. characterizes most life experiences.
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C. is the type of reinforcement in which organisms learn rapidly.
D. is the type of reinforcement in which a reinforcer follows a behavior only a portion of the time.
Page: 195
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
115. Which of the following is true of partial reinforcement?

A. In partial reinforcement, a behavior is reinforced every time it occurs.
B. Partial reinforcement does not characterize most life experiences.
C. Partial reinforcement is particularly resistant to extinction.
D. In partial reinforcement, extinction takes place quickly when reinforcement stops.
Page: 195
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
116. The _____ schedule in operant conditioning reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors.
A. fixed-ratio
B. variable-ratio
C. fixed-interval
D. variable-interval
Page: 196
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
117. Which of the following is true of a fixed-ratio schedule in operant conditioning?

A. It reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors.
B. It reinforces a behavior after a fixed amount of time has passed.
C. It produces high, steady rates of behavior that are more resistant to extinction than the other schedules.
D. It is determined by the time elapsed since the last behavior was rewarded.
Page: 196
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
118. Which of the following is true of a variable-interval schedule in operant conditioning?

A. It reinforces the first behavior after a fixed amount of time has passed.
B. It rewards behaviors an average number of times but on an unpredictable basis.
C. It reinforces a behavior after an inconsistent and unpredictable amount of time has elapsed.
D. It reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors.
Page: 196
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
6-27
119. A _____ schedule in operant conditioning rewards behaviors an average number of times on an unpredictable basis.
A. variable-ratio
B. fixed-ratio
C. variable-interval
D. fixed-interval
Page: 196
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
120. Which of the following is true of a variable-ratio schedule in operant conditioning?

A. It produces high, steady rates of behavior that are more resistant to extinction.
B. It makes behavior slow and consistent.
C. It rewards behavior each time it occurs.
D. It is determined by the time elapsed since the last behavior was rewarded.
Page: 196
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
121. A _____ schedule in operant conditioning reinforces the first behavior after a set amount of time has passed.
A. fixed-ratio
B. variable-ratio
C. variable-interval
D. fixed-interval
Page: 196
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
122. Which of the following is true of a fixed-interval schedule in the context of operant conditioning?
A. It reinforces the first behavior after a set amount of time has passed.
B. It produces a high, steady rate of behavior that is more resistant to extinction than the other three schedules.
C. It reinforces a behavior after a variable amount of time has elapsed.
D. It reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors.
Page: 196
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
123. Fred’s mother allows him to watch television on Sundays only if he studies for four hours a day, every day of the week. Which of the following
schedules of reinforcement in operant conditioning is Fred’s mother using to discipline him?
A. the fixed-ratio schedule
B. the fixed-interval schedule
C. the variable-ratio schedule
D. the variable-interval schedule
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Page: 196
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
124. Hitch-hikers are unable to predict when they will get a ride and when they will not. They are most likely functioning on a _____ schedule of
reinforcement in operant conditioning.
A. variable-interval
B. fixed-interval
C. fixed-interval
D. variable-ratio
Page: 196
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: High
125. A worker at a handicraft store is paid $25 for every 20 wind chimes she makes. Which of the following schedules of reinforcement in operant
conditioning is her payment based on?
A. the variable-ratio schedule
B. the fixed-interval schedule
C. the fixed-ratio schedule
D. the variable-interval schedule
Page: 196
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
126. Josh has romantic feelings for the girl who works at the comic book store down the street. He likes to go into the store and talk to her. However,
he does not know which days of the week she works, so he visits the store every Sunday, when he is sure she will be there. In this scenario, Josh is
operating on a _____ schedule in operant conditioning.
A. fixed-ratio
B. variable-ratio
C. fixed-interval
Page: 196
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
127. Mrs. Graham is the principal of a high school. She enforces the practice of pop quizzes in the school because she knows that students will be
more likely to study if they cannot predict when they will be tested. In this scenario, Mrs. Graham relies on a _____ schedule in operant conditioning
to enforce a desired behavior in her students.
A. fixed-ratio
B. variable-ratio
C. fixed-interval
Page: 196
6-29
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
128. In operant conditioning, a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur is known as a(n)
A. contiguity.
B. punishment.
C. anomoly.
D. operant.
Page: 197
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
129. In operant conditioning, a punishment is a consequence that

A. decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur.
B. increases the likelihood that a behavior will occur.
C. ensures the removal of something unpleasant.
D. ensures the occurrence of something pleasant.
Page: 197
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
130. Janet scolds her daughter, Kelley, each time Kelley pinches her little brother. After two weeks, Janet notices that Kelley has stopped pinching
her little brother. In this scenario, scolding Kelley is an example of _____ in operant conditioning.
C. negative punishment
Page: 198
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
131. Which of the following best illustrates positive punishment in operant conditioning?
A. forbidding a child from watching television because he broke a glass
B. forbidding a teenager from leaving the house because he got drunk
C. scolding a child for being rude to his or her teachers
D. giving a child a 20-minute time-out for throwing a tantrum
Page: 198
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: High
6-30
132. Larry is in the habit of bullying his little brother by hitting and pushing him. Larry’s parents try to stop this behavior by taking away Larry’s
video games whenever he hits his little brother. Over the next few weeks, Larry stops bullying his little brother. In this scenario, Larry’s parents have
used _____ in operant conditioning.
B. negative punishment
C. negative reinforcement
Page: 198
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
133. Five minutes is deducted from Frankie’s recess hour every time he misbehaves in class. In the context of operant conditioning, his teacher is
using _____ to discipline Frankie.
Page: 198
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
134. _____ in operant conditioning refers to the removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior.
A. Positive reinforcement
B. Positive punishment
C. Negative reinforcement
D. Negative punishment
Page: 198
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
135. Jenna receives a bonus for performing well. Instead of buying herself something nice, she invests her money with the intention of buying a
house after a few years. In the context of reinforcement and punishment schedules, Jenna demonstrates _____ in this scenario.
A. delayed reinforcement
B. immediate reinforcement
C. delayed punishment
D. immediate punishment
Page: 198–199
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
136. _____ refers to the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior.
A. Vestibular correction
B. Behavioral depravation
C. Behavior modification
D. Sensory adaptation
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Page: 199
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Describe behavior modification.
Topic: Applied Behavior Analysis
Feedback: Applied Behavior Analysis
137. Applied behavior analysis is

A. the use of psychoanalytic principles to explain behavior.
B. the use of evolutionary ideas to explain specific human behaviors.
C. the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior.
D. the use of altruistic tendencies to predict human behavior.
Page: 199
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe behavior modification.
Topic: Applied Behavior Analysis
Feedback: Applied Behavior Analysis
138. Which of the following is true of observational learning?

A. It takes advantage of embedded learning to reduce instinctive drift.
B. It often takes less time than operant conditioning.
C. It is primarily used to develop one’s vestibular senses.
D. It uses positive punishment to increase behavior following an unpleasant stimulus.
Page: 200
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Define observational learning and outline its basic processes.
Feedback: Observational Learning
139. In observational learning, retention is the process in which a learner must

A. encode the information to reproduce a model’s actions.
B. withdraw attention from a model’s actions.
C. use his or her instincts to resist reinforcers.
D. must generalize his or her conditional response.
Page: 201
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
140. Andrea, an avid golfer, imitates a professional golfer’s swing after watching him play golf on television. Andrea’s act of imitation represents the
_____ element of observational learning.
A. reinforcement
B. retention
C. motor reproduction
D. shaping
Page: 201
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium

6-32
141. Which of the following describes the reinforcement element in observational learning?
A. judging whether to repeat a behavior depending on the consequences of the behavior
B. encoding information and keeping it in memory so that it can be retrieved later
C. imitating a model’s actions
D. attending to what a model is saying or doing
Page: 201
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
142. Jill decides to study harder in class after seeing her teacher praise her classmate, Ricky, for doing well on a test. In the context of observational
learning, this scenario best exemplifies learning through
A. negative reinforcement.
B. vicarious punishment.
C. positive reinforcement.
D. vicarious reinforcement.
Page: 201
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
143. A process that makes an observer less likely to repeat a behavior on seeing the model reprimanded is called _____ in observational learning.
A. negative punishment
B. vicarious reinforcement
C. vicarious punishment
D. negative reinforcement
Page: 201
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
144. Which of the following scenarios best illustrates Tolman’s views on purposive behavior?
A. Peter gets good grades in Spanish because he speaks Spanish at home.
B. Jessica fails high school algebra because she does not understand the relationships between characters.
C. Mike works hard all through the week because he expects to get paid on Friday.
D. Jo reads a book because it has been recommended by others.
Page: 202
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
Learning Objective: Describe the role of cognition in learning.
Topic: Purposive Behavior
Feedback: Purposive Behavior
145. While observing rats in a maze, Patrick realizes that the rats are able to find their way to the end of the maze even though they are not rewarded
at any point during the experiment. This type of learning can best be defined as
A. latent learning.
B. vestibular learning.
C. incidental learning.
D. conditional learning.
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Page: 203
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
Topic: Latent Learning
146. Which of the following is a cognitive form of learning?

A. insight learning
B. vestibular learning
C. conditional learning
D. incidental learning
Page: 203
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Topic: Insight Learning
Feedback: Insight Learning
147. Liza’s teacher has given her class a math problem to solve. She says that there is a trick to it but if they really think about it, the answer is quite
simple. The class is silent for a few moments before Liza suddenly raises her hand and provides the correct solution to the problem. In this scenario,
Liza’s sudden understanding of the problem exemplifies
A. vestibular learning.
B. incidental learning.
C. insight learning.
D. conditional learning.
Page: 203
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
148. Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies instinctive drift in the context of biological constraints in learning?
A. A rat learns to run a maze for a cheese reward instead of a peanut butter reward.
B. A raccoon learns to tie a knot using a rope.
C. A pig pushes an object on the ground instead of learning to carry it in its mouth.
D. A pigeon learns to guide a ball to its goal.
Page: 205
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
Learning Objective: Identify biological, cultural, and psychological factors in learning.
Topic: Instinctive Learning
Feedback: Biological Constraints
149. Which of the following scenarios exemplifies a fixed mindset in the context of psychological constraints in learning?
A. Alan does not think he has academic abilities, so he abandons the idea of going to college.
B. Sven does not have good coordination skills, but he continues to learn how to play tennis.
C. Jennifer has always been bad at math, but still believes she can do well in math in college.
D. Madison has failed her chemistry test, so she has decided to work harder from now on.
Page: 207–208
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
Topic: Mindset
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Feedback: Psychological Constraints
150. On Monday, Rat A receives 25 mild electric shocks per hour and Rat B receives 5 mild shocks per hour. On Tuesday, both rats receive 10
shocks per hour. In the context of stress and improvement, which of the following is the most likely result of this experiment?
A. Rat A will be more likely to show the wear and tear of stress.
B. Rat A will be more likely to experience lowered stress.
C. Both rats will experience the same amount of stress because they are receiving the same number of shocks on Tuesday.
D. Rat B will be more likely to experience a sudden reduction in stress.
Page: 209–210
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
Learning Objective: Describe how principles of learning apply to health and wellness.
Topic: Stress
Feedback: Learning and Health and Wellness
151. Little Phil received a shot from Nurse Wanda the last time he was at the doctor’s clinic. When he visits the same clinic, he begins to cry when
Nurse Wanda enters the waiting room and calls his name. Provide a rationale for Phil’s behavior based on the principles of classical conditioning.
Nurse Wanda gave Phil his last shot (an unconditioned stimulus) which automatically caused him pain and distress (an unconditioned response). As a
result, Phil associates that pain with the nurse (a conditioned stimulus) and begins to cry when he sees her (a conditioned response).
Page: 182–183
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: High
152. Discuss the role of contiguity and contingency in classical conditioning. Explain with reference to Pavlov’s experiment.
Classical conditioning is a type of learning that occurs without awareness or effort, based on the presentation of two stimuli together. For this pairing
to work, however, two important factors must be present: contiguity and contingency.
Contiguity simply means that the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are presented very close together in time—even a mere fraction of
a second. In Pavlov’s work, if the bell had rung 20 minutes before the presentation of the food, the dog probably would not have associated the bell
with the food. However, pairing the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus close together in time is not all that is needed for conditioning
to occur.
Contingency means that the conditioned stimulus must not only precede the unconditioned stimulus closely in time, it must also serve as a reliable
indicator that the unconditioned stimulus is on its way.
Page: 184
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: High
153. Describe in detail the classical conditioning components involved in smoking. Discuss how spontaneous recovery can cause the reoccurrence of
a smoking habit.
In the case of smoking, the unconditioned stimulus refers to the physiological aspects of nicotine ingestion and the unconditioned response refers to
the subsequent effects of nicotine on the smoker's body. The conditioned stimulus represents any stimuli associated with smoking, such as being
around friends who smoke. The conditioned response—in this case, a craving for cigarettes—is the response that is elicited by the conditioned
stimulus.
Spontaneous recovery is the process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further
conditioning.
Page: 184–185
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: High
154. Give a brief account of Thorndike’s law of effect.
Thorndike’s law of effect states that behaviors followed by pleasant outcomes are strengthened and that behaviors followed by unpleasant outcomes
are weakened. The law of effect is profoundly important because it presents the basic idea that the consequences of a behavior influence the
6-35
likelihood of that behavior’s recurrence. Quite simply, a behavior can be followed by something good or something bad, and the probability of a
behavior’s being repeated depends on these outcomes.
Page: 191
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
155. In operant conditioning, how does positive reinforcement differ from negative reinforcement?
In positive reinforcement, the frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by a desirable stimulus. In negative reinforcement, the
frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by the removal of something undesirable.
Page: 193
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
156. Describe avoidance learning. Provide an example to illustrate.
Student answers will vary. Avoidance learning is a special kind of response to negative reinforcement.
Avoidance learning occurs when the organism learns that by making a particular response, a negative stimulus can be altogether avoided. Avoidance
learning is very powerful in the sense that the behavior is maintained even in the absence of any aversive stimulus.
For example, a child who turns on a switch and receives an electric shock may never turn on the switch again because she wants to avoid receiving
the shock again.
Page: 193
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: High
157. Briefly describe the four main schedules of partial reinforcement in operant conditioning.
There are four main schedules of partial reinforcement: fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, and variable interval. A fixed-ratio schedule
reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors. A variable-ratio schedule is a timetable in which behaviors are rewarded an average number of
times but on an unpredictable basis.
Variable-ratio schedules produce high, steady rates of behavior that are more resistant to extinction than the other three schedules. A fixed-interval
schedule reinforces the first behavior after a fixed amount of time has passed. A variable-interval schedule is a timetable in which a behavior is
reinforced after a variable amount of time has elapsed.
Page: 196
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
158. How does positive punishment differ from negative punishment in operant conditioning?
In positive punishment, a behavior decreases when it is followed by the presentation of a stimulus, whereas in negative punishment a behavior
decreases when a stimulus is removed.
Page: 198
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Topic: Punishment
159. Give a brief account of the four main processes involved in observational learning.
The four main processes that are involved in observational learning are attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement.
• The first process that must occur is attention. To reproduce a model’s actions, one must attend to what the model is saying or doing.
• Retention is the second process required for observational learning to occur. To reproduce a model’s actions, one must encode the
information and keep it in memory so that he or she can retrieve it.
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• Motor reproduction is the third element of observational learning. It is the process of imitating the model’s actions.
• Reinforcement is the final component of observational learning. Seeing a model attain a reward for an activity increases the chances that an
observer will repeat the behavior—a process called vicarious reinforcement. On the other hand, seeing the model punished makes the
observer less likely to repeat the behavior—a process called vicarious punishment.
Page: 201
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
160. Provide one example of vicarious reinforcement and one example of vicarious punishment.
Student answers will vary. Examples of vicarious reinforcement should include situations where one learns to engage in a behavior by watching
positive consequences being applied to someone else. For example, Jimmy sees his brother receiving praise from his parents for doing well on a test.
As a result, he decides to study hard to receive the same reaction.
In contrast, examples of vicarious punishment should include situations where one learns not to engage in certain behaviors e because of the negative
consequences of those behaviors applied to someone else. For example, Cynthia does not ask her boss for leave because she sees her colleague
asking the boss for leave and getting reprimanded.
Page: 201
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
161. Differentiate between latent learning and insight learning.
Latent learning or implicit learning is unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior.
Whereas insight learning is a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem’s solution.
Page: 203
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
162. Briefly describe the biological constraints involved in learning.
Instinctive drift and preparedness are the biological constraints that are involved in learning. Instinctive drift refers to the tendency of animals to
revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning, while preparedness refers to the species-specific biological predisposition to learn in
certain ways but not others.
Page: 205
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Biological, Cultural, and Psychological Factors in Learning
163. In the context of psychological constraints in learning, define the term mindset and distinguish between a fixed mindset and a growth mindset.
Which would you prefer to have and why?
Student answers will vary. The term mindset refers to the way people’s beliefs about their abilities dictates what goals they set for themselves, what
they think they can learn, and ultimately what they do learn. Individuals have one of two mindsets: a fixed mindset, in which they believe that their
qualities are carved in stone and cannot change; or a growth mindset, in which they believe their qualities can change and improve through their
effort. These two mindsets have implications for the meaning of failure. From a fixed mindset, failure means lack of ability. From a growth mindset,
however, failure tells the person what he or she still needs to learn. Your mindset influences whether you will be optimistic or pessimistic, what your
goals will be, how hard you will strive to reach those goals, and how successful you are in college and after.
Page: 207–208
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: High
Topic: Mindset
164. List some of the effective strategies for developing a growth mindset.
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Following are some effective strategies for developing a growth mindset:
• Understand that your intelligence and thinking skills are not fixed but can change. Even if you are extremely bright, with effort you can
increase your intelligence.
• Become passionate about learning and stretch your mind in challenging situations. It is easy to withdraw into a fixed mindset when the
going gets tough. However, as you bump up against obstacles, keep growing, work harder, stay the course, and improve your strategies;
you will become a more successful person.
• Think about the growth mindsets of people you admire. Possibly you have a hero, someone who has achieved something extraordinary.
You may have thought his or her accomplishments came easily because the person is so talented. If you find out more about this person,
though, you likely will discover that hard work and effort over a long period of time were responsible for his or her achievements.
• Begin now. If you have a fixed mindset, commit to changing now. Think about when, where, and how you will begin using your new
growth mindset.
Page: 208
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Mindset
165. David, a clinical psychologist, conducts an experiment on two rats, Chub and Chip, by subjecting them to mild electric shocks. On the first day,
David gives Chub 30 electric shocks an hour and gives Chip 10 shocks an hour. On the second day, he gives both Chub and Chip 15 shocks an hour.
Which rat is likely to experience more stress on the second day and why?
Even though Chub has experienced more shocks in general, Chip is more likely to show the wear and tear of stress. In Chub’s world, even with 30
shocks an hour, things are better. The perception of improvement, even in a situation that is objectively worse than another, is related to lowered
stress.
Page: 209–210
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: High
Topic: Stress
166. In classical conditioning, a conditioned stimulus must serve as a reliable indicator that the unconditioned stimulus is on its way.
TRUE
Page: 184
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
167. The conditioned response to a drug can be the body’s way of preparing for the effects of a drug.
TRUE
Page: 190
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
168. An operant behavior occurs spontaneously.

TRUE
Page: 191
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
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Feedback: Defining Operant Conditioning
169. Reinforcement in operant conditioning is the process by which a stimulus or event following a particular behavior decreases the probability that
the behavior will occur again.
FALSE
Page: 193
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
170. Positive reinforcement means following a behavior with the addition of something pleasant, and negative reinforcement means following a
behavior with the removal of something unpleasant.
TRUE
Page: 193
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
171. In learned helplessness, an organism learns through experience that it is the one responsible for all the negative outcomes it faces.
FALSE
Page: 194
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
172. Preparedness is the tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning.
FALSE
Page: 205
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
173. When Jenna completes a project, her parents give her a gift certificate, which she can use at her favorite store.
In the context of operant conditioning, the gift certificate is an example of a primary reinforcer.
FALSE
Page: 194–195
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
174. Karen receives a box of chocolates from her grandmother for getting good grades in math. In the context of operant conditioning, the chocolates
are an example of a secondary reinforcer.
FALSE
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Page: 194–195
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
175. In operant conditioning, discrimination means performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation.
FALSE
Page: 195
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
176. Organisms learn slowly when continuous reinforcement takes place.

TRUE
Page: 195
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
177. In positive punishment a behavior increases when it is followed by the presentation of a stimulus, whereas in negative punishment a behavior
increases when a stimulus is removed.
FALSE
Page: 198
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
178. Negative punishment and negative reinforcement have the same impact on behavior.
FALSE
Page: 193, 198
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
179. Observational learning has little significance in the functioning of role models in inspiring people and changing their perceptions.
FALSE
Page: 201
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
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180. Latent learning is unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior.
TRUE
Page: 203
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
181. Research suggests that insight learning is only observed in humans.

FALSE
Page: 203–204
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
182. Preparedness refers to the way people’s beliefs about their abilities dictate what goals they set for themselves, what they think they can learn,
and ultimately what they do learn.
FALSE
Page: 205
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Topic: Preparedness
183. In the context of psychological constraints in learning, individuals with a growth mindset believe that their qualities are carved in stone and
cannot change.
FALSE
Page: 207–208
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Topic: Mindset
184. In the context of psychological constraints in learning, from a growth mindset, failure tells a person what he or she needs to learn.
TRUE
Page: 208
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Topic: Mindset
185. When we cultivate predictable environments and take control of circumstances, stress decreases.
TRUE
Page: 210
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
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Learning Objective: Describe how principles of learning apply to health and wellness.
Topic: Stress
Feedback: Learning and Health and Wellness
Category # of Questions
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 170
APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 53
APA Outcome: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains 10
APA Outcome: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology 13
APA Outcome: 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy 109
Bloom's: Apply 61
Bloom's: Remember 66
Bloom's: Understand 58
Difficulty: High 53
Difficulty: Low 58
Difficulty: Medium 74
Learning Objective: Define and describe classical conditioning. 130
Learning Objective: Define learning. 11
Learning Objective: Define observational learning and outline its basic processes. 9
Learning Objective: Describe behavior modification. 2
Learning Objective: Describe how principles of learning apply to health and wellness. 2
Learning Objective: Describe the role of cognition in learning. 7
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning. 15
Learning Objective: Identify biological, cultural, and psychological factors in learning. 9
Topic: Applied Behavior Analysis 2
Topic: Associative Learning 2
Topic: Biological, Cultural, and Psychological Factors in Learning 1
Topic: Classical Conditioning 64
Topic: Discrimination 3
Topic: Generalization 3
Topic: Insight Learning 4
Topic: Instinctive Learning 1
Topic: Latent Learning 3
Topic: Learned Helplessness 5
Topic: Learning 3
Topic: Mindset 5
Topic: Observational Learning 8
Topic: Operant Conditioning 24
Topic: Preparedness 1
Topic: Punishment 1
Topic: Purposive Behavior 1
Topic: Reinforcement 36
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement 14
Topic: Stress 3
Topic: Taste Aversion Learning 2
6-42

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Feedback: Types of Learning

2. Which of the following is true of behaviorism as a theory of learning?

Feedback: Types of Learning

3. Psychologists who examine learning from a behavioral perspective define learning as

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5. _____ is the process of learning the associations between two events.

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9. In operant conditioning, organisms learn

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10. Observational learning occurs

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Feedback: Classical Conditioning

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14. Which of the following statements best describes classical conditioning?

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16. Which of the following best exemplifies a reflex?

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18. Which of the following statements is true of unconditioned stimuli?

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19. Which of the following statements is true of unconditioned responses?

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34. Which of the following is true of classical conditioning?

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36. Which of the following is true of acquisition in classical conditioning?

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39. Which of the following is true of generalization in classical conditioning?

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49. Extinction in classical conditioning is