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EEFactsheet GSHP Feb2011
EEFactsheet GSHP Feb2011
Ground-Source Variable
Refrigerant Flow Heat Pumps:
A Solution for Affordable Housing, Assisted Living, Hotels and Dorms
In recent years, the decreasing to use in other zones (in buildings standards. AHRI tests equip-
costs and increasing quality of where some zones are in heating ment under identical laboratory
variable refrigerant flow (VRF) mode while others are in cooling conditions to determine its rating.
equipment have led to efficiencies mode). This rating allows for apples-to-
comparable to – and even exceed- apples comparisons of efficiency
ing – the efficiency of standard A ground-source VRF heat pump among different manufacturers.
ground-source heat pump (GSHP) system combines the advantages It turns out, however, that the
systems. Because of this, the cost- of both technologies into one performance of air-to-air systems
effectiveness of installing ground- system, making it one of the most in real world conditions, where
source heating, ventilating, and air efficient HVAC systems available the equipment is exposed to very
conditioning (HVAC) systems has for many applications. By using hot and very cold conditions, is
been called into question. ground water loops, multi-speed often inferior to performance in
fans and variable speed compres- lab conditions. To compensate
The advantages of GSHPs sors, ground-source VRF heat for decreased performance in
(sometimes called geothermal pump systems achieve savings over extreme conditions, equipment is
heat pumps) are that they either GSHP or VRF on their own. often specified to be over-sized.
tap a large reservoir of nearly If ambient conditions were more
constant-temperature heat (the What is a Ground- moderate and more predictable,
ground) and they use water as the this over-sizing would not be
heat-exchange fluid, which is more
Source Heat Pump? necessary.
A typical heat pump heating
efficient than using air. However,
and cooling system is called an
VRF technology, even with air-to- One way to achieve relatively
air-to-air heat pump because it
air heat exchangers, can meet or constant ambient conditions is to
exchanges heat with outside air
exceed the efficiencies of GSHPs by bury pipes underground, where
in order to provide heating or
using multi-speed fans and variable the temperature is relatively con-
cooling. These heat pumps are
speed compressors. In addition, stant year round. Because heat is
rated based on American Heating
VRF technology enables recovery exchanged with the ground rather
and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI)
of heat or cooling from one zone than the outside air, GSHPs remain
Energy Efficiency Factsheet: Ground-Source Variable Refrigerant Flow Heat Pumps • Page 2
a very efficient source of heating efficiently than air, the system configurations: slinky or
and cooling all year. gains additional efficiency by using straight horizontal trenches
water as the heat exchange fluid. (Figure 1), vertical wells
The GSHPs typically use the (Figure 2) and pond/lake
refrigerants R-22 or R410A, which The piping system can be install- source (Figure 3).
are well-suited to efficiently draw ed in one of four common • Open loop system, which
heat from or reject heat to water configurations: requires an underground
in this temperature range. Because • Closed loop systems, well (Figure 4).
water transfers heat much more which consist of three
Things to consider: • Minimal losses from ducts (EER) is described as “not so good
1. Pipe length depends on since most or all of the at indicating energy (kWh) savings
a number of factors, but ductwork is eliminated. potential.” As noted on slide 5,
for estimating purposes a Eliminating ducts may IEER “may be a better indicator of
rule of thumb is about 400 also allow buildings to be energy usage.”
lineal feet per 400 square designed with lower floor-
feet of building. The slinky to-floor heights, reducing VRF systems have heat exchanger
design shown in Figure construction costs. units located outdoors that are
1 requires an area for connected to one or more indoor
trenches that is about twice These features, as shown in Figure units. In some conditions, one
the area of the building. 5, make VRF more efficient than or more units may be in heating
2. “Construction hygiene” is most other HVAC and water mode at the same time that others
critical. The piping must heating technologies in many are in cooling mode. This feature
be protected from dirt, applications. The American Society allows heat rejected from rooms
critters and other sources of Heating, Refrigerating and Air that are in cooling mode to be
of contamination. Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) used by other rooms that are in
3. The horizontal piping and AHRI have developed a new heating mode.
should be 5-10 feet deep, efficiency test standard – Standard
depending on frost level. 1230 – to capture these features.
The deeper the pipe, the The new standard is the Integrated
VRF Benefits
Some of the benefits of VRF
more stable the tempera- Energy Efficiency Ratio (IEER),
systems are:
ture; the more stable the which was developed to more
• Energy savings due to
temperature, the more accurately reflect the efficiency of
better part-load efficiencies
efficient the system. VRF systems. As shown on slide 4
and reducing or eliminat-
4. Heat pump systems can in this ICF International presenta-
ing duct losses, when
provide pre-heating for tion on EER and IEER Ratings in
compared to standard
potable hot water with a HVAC Program Implementation
air-to-air heat pumps.
desuperheater when the (http://www.cee1.org/cee/mtg/06-
• Smaller mechanical space
heat pump is in cooling 10mtg/files/ComHVAC_ICF_Odell.
requirements, both interior
mode. pdf), the energy efficiency ratio
and exterior.
• Design flexibility with the Figure 6.
variety of indoor air VRF market share in various markets
handler options.
• Easier retrofits where Japan
Window
running ductwork is an 90% Unitary
7.2M Systems Chillers
issue, such as an older Moveable
building that lacks duct- Ductless
work or where the current
USA
ductwork is undersized. China
3%
86%
• In retrofit applications, 16.7M Systems 0.2M Systems
Table 1.
Annual energy use (kBtu/sf/yr) and percent savings compared to air-source heat pump
Air-Source
City Heat Pump Ground-Source HP2 VRF (air-source) Ground-Source VRF HP
(HP)1
kBtu kBtu % Savings kBtu % Savings kBtu % Savings
Billings 65.3 46.0 30% 46.2 29% 42.5 35%
Phoenix 65.9 51.8 21% 45.5 31% 40.9 38%
Denver 59.5 44.3 26% 41.5 30% 40.4 32%
Salt Lake 60.7 45.4 25% 40.3 34% 38.8 36%
Fargo 72.8 48.2 34% 63.2 13% 44.7 39%
Lincoln 72.9 49.3 32% 47.2 35% 42.7 41%
Dallas 65.2 52.8 19% 43.8 33% 42.6 35%
Kansas City 73.5 49.3 33% 46.2 37% 43.5 41%
Seattle 54.9 43.9 20% 34.7 37% 34.6 37%
Portland 56.5 44.6 21% 36.0 36% 35.3 38%
Median Energy Use
65.3 47.1 28% 44.6 32% 41.7 36%
& Savings
1
EER = 10.0, Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) = 13.0, Heating Season Performance Factor (HSPF) = 5.0.
Air-source heat pumps are commonly used in assisted living facilities, hotels, etc.
2
EER = 15.7, Coefficient of Performance (COP) = 3.3
• One 300 cfm energy The U.S. Department of Hous- • The value of ground-source
recovery ventilator serves ing and Urban Development systems is more evident in
the community room and (http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/ extreme climates.
kitchen, and one 800 cfm HUD?src=/about/mission) was • Ground-source systems are
unit serves the rest of the created to help advance affordable invariably more expensive
building. housing. And, as stated in this than air-source systems,
• Ducted units in apartments, article, Moving Toward Zero Energy so in each case the
ductless in common spaces. Homes (http://www.nrel.gov/docs/ engineer will need to do a
• A desuperheater is used for fy04osti/35317.pdf), produced for cost-effectiveness analysis
preheating hot water. the U.S. Department of Energy by to determine if the extra
• The solar thermal system the National Renewable Energy cost of the ground-source
is thermally connected to Laboratory, the goal for residential system can be justified.
the ground loop to take housing should be net-zero energy. • Air-source VRF projects
advantage of solar energy bid by experienced VRF
when advantageous. At www.energystar.gov, some stud- installers are coming in at
ies show that utility costs represent about $14-18/square foot.
Maximizing Efficiency the single largest controllable cost Ground-source systems
in an apartment community – can cost approximately
and Minimizing typically accounting for 25 to 35 $30/square foot. Systems
Maintenance percent. Reducing energy use by combining ground-source
For affordable housing to be 15 percent in a typical 250-unit with VRF will be slightly
viable, operating and maintenance master-metered community will more. For sites requiring a
costs need to be as low as possible increase net operating income, lot of earth work anyway,
so property owners can hedge and can enhance asset value like a school with playing
against rising utility costs and by over $1 million (using a 6 fields, large parking lots,
rising operating and maintenance percent capitalization rate). In a etc., the added cost of
costs. In addition, since the similarly sized individually metered trenching for the ground-
majority of affordable housing is community, this same savings source piping may be less,
sponsored and/or developed by may increase asset value by over making a ground-source
non-profits, the owners need to be $200,000 annually. system more attractive.
able to cover all of their operating • The cost premium for a
expenses, including debt cover- ground-source VRF heat
Conclusions
age, so they do not lose money. pump system will have to
Based on modeling of the multi-
Having a very energy efficient be weighed against the
unit assisted living building using
HVAC system can go a long way advantages, but if you
Energy Pro software, we can draw
to help achieve these goals. This is are striving for maximum
the following conclusions:
especially important in light of the efficiency, consider install-
• Ground-source VRF heat
fact that property owners can only ing a ground-source VRF
pump systems can reduce
raise rents to the extent that the heat pump system.
energy consumption for
area median income (AMI) of the
heating and cooling by
county increases on a percentage
as much as 32-40 percent
basis.
over the current energy To print additional copies of
code minimum efficiency this factsheet, please down-
in many locations and load it from
applications. http://www.energy.wsu.edu/
Documents/EEFactsheet-GSHP-
Feb2011.pdf
Energy Efficiency Factsheet: Ground-Source Variable Refrigerant Flow Heat Pumps • Page 7