SOLAR AIR COOLER

A PROJECT REPORT 2021 -2022

SUBMITTED BY

GOWTHAM.K - 20224750

GEORGE FERNANDO.A - 20224748

ARUN KUMAR.A - 20224742

BEEBEEN.B - 20224744

DHANA SHANKAR.V - 20224746

Under the Guidance of

Mr. S.R.T ANAND. B.E.,
LECTURER

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Award of

Diploma in

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
909, SENTHUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
SAVAKKATTUPALAYAM, TIRUPUR – 638 460
DIRECTORATE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
GOVERNMENT OF TAMILNADU

i
 CERTIFICATE

ii
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SENTHUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

SAVAKKATTUPALAYAM – 638 460,
AVINASHI TALUK, TIRUPPUR DISTRICT, TAMIL NADU.

CERTIFICATE

Certified to be the Bonafide work done by

Selvan/Selvi ________________________ Register No ______________ of the

final year Diploma in Mechanical Engineering of Directorate of Technical

Education during the academic year 2021 – 2022.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

(S. MOHANASUNDARAM) (S.R.T. ANAND)

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT PROJECT GUIDE

Submitted for the end semester viva voce examination held on ………………….

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

iii
 DECLARATION

iv
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this project entitled “SOLAR AIR

COOLER” is a record of original work done by me under the

supervision and guidance of Mr. S.R.T. ANAND. B.E., lecturer in

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SENTHUR POLYTECHNIC

COLLAGE, NAMBIYUR in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
awarded of Diploma in Mechanical Engineering.

Name :

Register number :

Signature :

Date :

v
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

vi
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At this pleasing movement of having successfully completed our project,

we wish to convey our sincere thanks and gratitude to the management of our
college and our beloved Chairman Mr. D. SHANMUGAM. B.E.,
Correspondent Thiru. M.K. MAHESHWARA. B.E., who provided all the
facilities to us.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to our principal

Thiru. A. ARUN RAJAN. M.E ., for forwarding us to do our project and
offering adequate duration in completing our project.

We are also grateful to the Head of the Department

Thiru. S. MOHANASUNDARAM. B.E ., her/him constructive suggestions &
Encouragement during our project.

With deep sense of gratitude, we extend our earnest & sincere thanks to our
guide Mr. S.R.T. ANAND. B.E ., Lecturer in Department of Mechanical engineering
for this proper guidance though out this project work.

Also, we would have failed our duty if we don't thank all friends for
having extended their support for us and parents to give us Courageous
Supports at all time making it possible to deliver this project within the
Stipulated time.

vii
 CONTENTS

viii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

SYNOPSIS

LIST OF FIGURES

1 Introduction 3

1.1 Need for renewable energy 4

2 Literature review 5

2.1 Solar Cell 5

2.2 Application of solar cell 5

2.3 Three generations of solar 5

cells

2.4 There are a few approaches to 7

achieving these high efficiencies

2.5 Solar Power 8

2.6 Ultimate aim 9

3 Description of equipment’s 10

3.1 Components 10

3.2 Stator 15

3.3 Rotor 15

ix
4 Design and drawing 17

4.1 Design Calculation 17

4.2 Block Diagram 19

4.3 Overall Diagram 22

5 Working principle 23

6 Merits and demerits 24

7 Applications 25

8 List of materials 26

9 Cost Estimation 29

10 Conclusion 30

BIBLIOGRAPHY

PHOTOGRAPHY

x
 LIST OF FIGURES

xi
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NUMBER TITLE PAGE NO.

1 Overall Diagram 22

xii
 SYNOPSIS

1
 SYNOPSIS

In this project we are designed in fabrication of solar panel-based air cooler.

This Cooling process employs the different methods to cool the air. But considering the

lower application and cost effective the water-cooling system is considered for our

project. The main aim of our project is to supply the cooled air with the help of water

circulation

2
 CHAPTER I

1. INTRODUCTION

Solar energy is the light and radiant heat from the Sun that influences Earth's
climate and weather and sustains life. Solar power is sometimes used as a synonym for
solar energy or more specifically to refer to electricity generated from solar radiation.
Since ancient times, solar energy has been harnessed for human use through a range of
technologies. Solar radiation along with secondary solar resources such as wind and
wave power, hydroelectricity and biomass account for most of the available flow of
renewable energy on Earth.

Solar energy technologies can provide electrical generation by heat engine or

photovoltaic means, space heating and cooling in active and passive solar buildings;
potable water via distillation and disinfection, day lighting, hot water, thermal energy
for cooking, and high temperature process heat for industrial purposes.

Sunlight can be converted into electricity using photovoltaics (PV),

concentrating solar power (CSP), and various experimental technologies. PV has
mainly been used to power small and medium-sized applications, from the calculator
powered by a single solar cell to off-grid homes powered by a photovoltaic array.

The term "photovoltaic" comes from the Greek (phos) meaning "light", and
"voltaic", meaning electrical, from the name of the Italian physicist Volta, after whom
a unit of electrical potential, the volt, is named.

A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell (PV), is a device that converts light into direct
current using the photoelectric effect. The first solar cell was constructed by Charles
Fritts in the 1880s. Although the prototype selenium cells converted less than 1% of
incident light into electricity, both Ernst Werner von Siemens and James Clerk Maxwell
recognized the importance of this discovery

3
1.1 NEED FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY

Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources such as sunlight

wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat which are renewable (naturally replenished). In
2006, about 18% of global final energy consumption came from renewable, with 13%
coming from traditional biomass, such as wood-burning. Hydroelectricity was the next
largest renewable source, providing 3%, followed by solar hot water/heating, which
contributed 1.3%. Modern technologies, such as geothermal energy, wind power, solar
power, and ocean energy together provided some 0.8% of final energy consumption.

Climate change concerns coupled with high oil prices, peak oil and increasing
government support are driving increasing renewable energy legislation, incentives and
commercialization. European Union leaders reached an agreement in principle in
March 2007 that 20 percent of their nations' energy should be produced from renewable
fuels by 2020, as part of its drive to cut emissions of carbon dioxide, blamed in part for
global warming. Investment capital flowing into renewable energy climbed from $80
billion in 2005 to a record $100 billion in 2006.

BENEFITS OF NATURAL ENERGY

 It is cheap

 Readily available in abundance

 Pollution free

 Less maintenance

 Doesn’t cause global warming

4
 CHAPTER II

2. LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 SOLAR CELL

A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a wide area electronic device that converts
solar energy into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaics is the field of
technology and research related to the application of solar cells as solar energy.
Sometimes the term solar cell is reserved for devices intended specifically to capture
energy from sunlight, while the term photovoltaic cell is used when the source is
unspecified. Assemblies of cells are used to make solar modules, or photovoltaic
arrays.

2.2 APPLICATION OF SOLAR CELL

 Cells are used for powering small devices such as electronic calculators.
 Photovoltaic arrays generate a form of renewable electricity, particularly useful
in situations where electrical power from the grid is unavailable such as in
remote area power systems,
 Earth-orbiting satellites and space probes, remote radiotelephones and water
pumping applications.
 Photovoltaic electricity is also increasingly deployed in grid-tied electrical
systems. Similar devices intended to capture energy from other sources include
thermophotovoltaic cells, betavoltaics cells, and optoelectrical nuclear batteries.

2.3 THREE GENERATIONS OF SOLAR CELLS

Solar Cells are classified into three generations which indicates the order of which
each became prominent. At present there is concurrent research into all three
generations while the first-generation technologies are most highly represented in
commercial production, accounting for 89.6% of 2007 production.

5
2.3.1. FIRST GENERATION
CRYSTALLINE SILICON AND VACUUM DEPOSITION

First generation cells consist of large-area, high quality and single junction
devices. First Generation technologies involve high energy and labour inputs which
prevent any significant progress in reducing production costs. Single junction silicon
devices are approaching the theoretical limiting efficiency of 33% and achieve cost
parity with fossil fuel energy generation after a payback period of 5-7 years.

2.3.2. SECOND GENERATION

THIN-FILM CELL

Second generation materials have been developed to address energy

requirements and production costs of solar cells. Alternative manufacturing techniques
such as vapour deposition and electroplating are advantageous as they reduce high
temperature processing significantly. It is commonly accepted that as manufacturing
techniques evolve production costs will be dominated by constituent material
requirements, whether this be a silicon substrate, or glass cover. Such processes can
bring costs down to a little under but because of the defects inherent in the lower quality
processing methods, have much reduced efficiencies compared to First Generation.

The most successful second-generation materials have been cadmium telluride

(CdTe), copper indium gallium solenoid, amorphous silicon and microporous silicon.
These materials are applied in a thin film to a supporting substrate such as glass or
ceramics reducing material mass and therefore costs. These technologies do hold
promise of higher conversion efficiencies, particularly CIGS-CIS, DSC and CdTe
offers significantly cheaper production costs. In CdTe production represented 4.7% of
total market share, thin-film silicon 5.2% and CIGS 0.5%.

6
2.3.3. THIRD GENERATION
THIRD GENERATION SOLAR CELL

Third generation technologies aim to enhance poor electrical performance of second

generation (thin-film technologies) while maintaining very low production costs.

Current research is targeting conversion efficiencies of 30-60% while retaining

low-cost materials and manufacturing techniques. They can exceed the theoretical solar
conversion efficiency limit for a single energy threshold material, that was calculated
in 1961 by Shockley and Queasier as 31% under 1 sun illumination and 40.8% under
maximal concentration of sunlight (46,200 suns, which makes the latter limit more
difficult to approach than the former) .

2.4 THERE ARE A FEW APPROACHES TO ACHIEVING THESE HIGH

EFFICIENCIES

 Multijunction photovoltaic cell (multiple energy threshold devices).

 Modifying incident spectrum (concentration).
 Use of excess thermal generation (caused by UV light) to enhance voltages or
carrier collection.
 Use of infrared spectrum to produce electricity at night.

2.4.1. SELECTION OF SOLAR CELL

Despite the numerous attempts at making better solar cells by using new and
exotic materials, the reality is that the photovoltaics market is still dominated by silicon
wafer-based solar cells (first-generation solar cells). This means that most solar cell
manufacturers are equipped to produce these types of solar cells. Therefore, a large
body of research is currently being done all over the world to create silicon wafer-based
solar cells that can achieve higher conversion efficiency without an exorbitant increase
in production cost.

1. Availability of silicon wafer-based solar cells and

2. Low cost of silicon based solar cells or the factors considered in choosing the solar
cell.

7
2.5 SOLAR POWER

Solar energy is the light and radiant heat from the Sun that influences Earth's
climate and weather and sustains life. Solar power is sometimes used as a synonym for
solar energy or more specifically to refer to electricity generated from solar radiation.
Since ancient times solar energy has been harnessed for human use through a range of
technologies. Solar radiation along with secondary solar resources such as wind and
wave power, hydroelectricity and biomass account for most of the available flow of
renewable energy on Earth. Solar energy technologies can provide electrical generation
by heat engine or photovoltaic means, space heating and cooling in active and passive
solar buildings; potable water via distillation and disinfection, daylighting, hot water,
thermal energy for cooking, and high temperature process heat for industrial purposes.

2.5.1. THE ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR POWER

1 Cost of generation of power is very less

2 It does not emit any harmful gases
3 The source of power is free and available in plenty
4 The is no power interruptions

2.5.2. PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY

Production of current using solar panel:

1. Photons in sunlight hit the solar panel and are absorbed by semi conducting
materials, such as silicon.
2. Electrons (negatively charged) are knocked loose from their atoms, allowing
them to flow through the material to produce electricity. Due to the special
composition of solar cells, the electrons are only allowed to move in a single
direction. The complementary positive charges that are also created (like
bubbles) are called holes and flow in the direction opposite of the electrons in a
silicon solar panel.
3. An array of solar panels converts solar energy into a usable amount of direct
current (DC) electricity

8
2.6 ULTIMATE AIM

The solar based air cooler machine can be widely used in homes, commercial
establishments, industrial plants, commercial kitchens, laundries, dry cleaners,
greenhouses, spot cooling (loading docks, warehouses, factories, construction sites,
athletic events, workshops, garages, and kennels) and confinement farming (poultry
ranches, dairy) all often employ evaporative cooling. In highly humid climates,
evaporative cooling may have little thermal comfort benefit beyond the increased
ventilation and air movement it provides.

9
 CHAPTER III

3. DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENTS

3.1 COMPONENTS

 PMDC motor
 Solar panel
 Battery
 Fan
 Dc pump
 Sump
 tank

3.1.1. SOLAR PANEL

A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a wide area electronic device that converts solar
energy into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. Assemblies of cells are used to make
solar modules, or photovoltaic arrays.

Solar cells made of silicon. The solar panel in our project has 20 cells. Each solar cell
has capacity of generating 600 mV. There by producing a net voltage of 12 volt.

3.1.2. BATTERY

Battery is use for storing the energy produced from the solar power. The battery
used is a lead-acid type and has a capacity of 12v; 2.5A.the most inexpensive secondary
cell is the lead acid cell and is widely used for commercial purposes. A lead acid cell
when ready for use contains two plates immersed in a dilute sulphuric acid (H2SO4) of
specific gravity about 1.28.the positive plate (anode) is of Lead –peroxide (PbO2) which
has chocolate brown color and the negative plate (cathode) is lead (Pb) which is of grey
color.

When the cell supplies current to a load (discharging), the chemical action that
takes place forms lead sulphate (PbSO4) on both the plates with water being formed in
the electrolyte. After a certain amount of energy has been withdrawn from the cell, both
plates are Transformed into the same material and the specific gravity of the electrolyte
(H2so4) is lowerd.the cell is then said to be discharged. There are several methods to
ascertain whether the cell is discharged or not.

10
 To charge the cell, direct current is passed through the cell in the reverse
direction to that in which the cell provided current. This reverses the chemical process
and again forms a lead peroxide (PbO2) positive plate and a pure lead (Pb) negative
plate. At the same time, (H2so4) is formed at the expense of water, restoring the
electrolyte (H2so4) to its original condition. The chemical changes that Occur during
discharging and recharging of a lead-acid cell

3.1.3 FAN

A stand-alone fan is typically powered with an electric motor. Fans are often
attached directly to the motor's output, with no need for gears or belts. Smaller fans are
often powered by shaded pole AC motors or brushed or brushless DC motors. In our
case it is powered by dc motor having three blades.

3.1.4 DC CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Centrifugal pump is a rotodynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to

increase the velocity of a fluid. Centrifugal pumps are commonly used to move liquids
through a piping system. The fluid enters the pump impeller along or near to the rotating
axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing radially outward into a diffuser or volute
chamber, from where it exits into the downstream piping system. Centrifugal pumps
are used for large discharge through smaller heads

The pump is made of molded plastic. The flow rate of the pump is 1 liter / min
and it can deliver the water up to a head of 3 meters.

The centrifugal pump acts as a reversed of an inward radial flow reaction

turbine. This means that the flow in centrifugal pumps is in the radial outward directions
the centrifugal pump works on the principle of forced vortex flow which means that
when a certain mass of liquid is rotated by an external torque, the rise in pressure head
of the rotating liquid is proportional to the square of tangential velocity of the liquid at
that point. Rise in pressure head). thus, at the outlet of the impeller, where radius is
more, the rise in pressure head will be more and the liquid will be discharged at the
outlet with a high-pressure head. Due to this high-pressure head, the liquid can be lifted
to a high level.

11
Main parts of a centrifugal pump

 Impeller
 Casing
 Suction pipe with a foot valve and a strainer
 Delivery pipe
All the main parts of the centrifugal pump.

(1) IMPELLER:

The rotating part of a centrifugal pump is called “impeller”. it consists of a series of

backward curved vanes. The impeller is mounted on a shaft which is connected to the
shaft of an electric motor.

(2) CASING:

The casing of centrifugal pump is similar to the casing of reaction turbine. it is an air
tight passage surrounding the impeller and is designed in such a way that the kinetic
energy of the water discharged at the outlet of the impeller is converted into pressure
energy before the designed in such a way that the kinetic energy of the water discharged
at the outlet of the impeller is converted into pressure energy before the water leaves
the casing and enters the delivery pipe. Suction pipe with a pipe whose one end is
connected to inlet and then other to tank.

(3) SUCTION PIPE FOOT VALVE:

Delivery valve to flow control valve open only in upward direction. A

strain is filled at lower end of the sump

3.1.5. P.M.D.C MOTOR

The permanent magnet direct current motor (P.M.D.C) is a 12v dc motor. In any
electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism. A current-carrying
conductor generates a magnetic field; when this is then placed in an external magnetic
field, it will experience a force proportional to the current in the conductor, and to the
strength of the external magnetic field.

12
D.C MOTOR

The d.c generators and d.c motors have the same general construction.

MOTOR PRINCIPLE:

An electric motor is a machine which converts an electrical energy to mechanical

energy.

All D.C machines have five principal components viz

1. Field system
2. Armature core
3. Armature winding
4. Commutator
5. Brushes

1. Field system:
The function of the field system is to produce Uniform field within which the
armature rotates.it consists of a number of salient poles (of course, even number) bolted
to the inside of circular frame (generally called yoke). the yoke is usually made of solid
cast steel whereas the pole piece is composed of stacked laminations. Field coils are
mounted on the poles and carry the d.c exciting current. The field coils are connected
in such a way that adjacent poles have opposite polarity.

The M.M.F. developed by the coils produces a magnetic flux that passes through
the pole pieces, the air gap, the armature and the frame. Practical d.c machines have air
gaps ranging from 0.5mm to 1. 5mm.since armature and field systems are composed of
materials that have permeability, most of the M.M.F. of field coils is required to set up
flux in the air gap. By reducing the length of air gap, we can reduce the size of field
coils (number of turns).

(i) Armature core:

The armature core is keyed to the machine shaft and rotates between the field poles.
It consists of slotted soft-iron laminations (about 0.4 to 0.6mm thick) that are stacked
to form a cylindrical core. The laminations are individually coated with a thin insulating
film so that they do not come in electrical contact with each other. The purpose of

13
laminating the core is to reduce the eddy current loss. The laminations are slotted to
accommodate and provide mechanical security to the armature winding and to give
shorter air gap for the flux to cross between the pole face and the armature “teeth”.

(ii) Armature winding:

The slots of the armature core hold conductors that are connected in a suitable
manner. This are known as armature winding. This is the winding in which “working”
E.M.F is induced.

The armature conductors are connected in series-parallel: the conductors being

connected in series so as to increase the voltage and in parallel paths so as to increase
the current. The armature winding of a D.C. machine is a closed –circuit winding: the
conductors being connected in a symmetrical manner forming a closed loop or series
of closed loops.

(iii) Commutator
A commutator is a mechanical rectifier which converts the alternating voltage
generated in the armature winding into direct voltage across the brushes. The
commutator is made of copper segments insulated from each other by mica sheets and
mounted on the shaft of the machine. The armature conductors are soldered to the
commutator segments in a suitable manner to give rise to the armature winding.
Depending upon the manner in which the armature conductors are connected to the
commutator segments, there are two types of armatures winding in A.B.C. machine
viz(a) lap winding (b) wave winding.

Great care is taken in building the commutator because any eccentricity will
cause the brushes to bounce, producing unacceptable sparking. the sparks may burn the
brushes and overheat and carbonize the commutator.

(iv) Brushes
The purpose of brushes is to ensure electrical connections between the rotating
commutator and stationary external load circuit. The brushes are made of carbon and
rest on the commutator, the brush pressure is adjusted by means of adjustable springs.
if the brush pressure is

14
 Very large, the friction produces heating of the commutator and the brushes. on
the other hand, if it is too weak, the imperfect contact with the commutator may produce
sparking.

3.2 STATOR

The stator is the stationary part of an electric generator or electric motor. The
non-stationary part on an electric motor is the rotor.

Depending on the configuration of a spinning electromotive device the stator

may act as the field magnet, interacting with the armature to create motion, or it may
act as the armature, receiving its influence from moving field coils on the rotor.

The first DC generators (known as dynamos) and DC motors put the field coils
on the stator, and the power generation or motive reaction coils are on the rotor. This
was necessary because a continuously moving power switch known as the commutator
is needed to keep the field correctly aligned across the spinning rotor. The commutator
must become larger and more robust as the current increases.

The stator of these devices may be either a permanent magnet or an

electromagnet. Where the stator is an electromagnet, the coil which energizes it is
known as the field coil or field winding.

3.3 ROTOR

The rotor is the non-stationary part of a rotary electric motor or alternator, which
rotates because the wires and magnetic field of the motor are arranged so that a torque
is developed about the rotor's axis. In some designs, the rotor can act to serve as the
motor's armature, across which the input voltage is supplied.

3.4 ELECTROMAGNETIC COIL

An electromagnetic coil is formed when a conductor solid copper wire is wound

around a core or form to create an inductor or electromagnet. One loop of wire is usually
referred to as a turn, and a coil consists of one or more turns. For use in an electronic
circuit, electrical connection terminals called taps are often connected to a coil. Coils
are often coated with varnish and/or wrapped with insulating tape to provide additional
insulation and secure them in place. A completed coil assembly with taps etc. is often

15
called a winding. A transformer is an electromagnetic device that has a primary winding
and a secondary winding that transfer’s energy from one electrical circuit to another by
magnetic coupling without moving parts. The term tickler coil usually refers to a third
coil placed in relation to a primary coil and secondary coil.

A coil tap is a wiring feature found on some electrical transformers, inductors

and coil pickups, all of which are sets of wire coils. The coil tap are points in a wire
coil where a conductive patch has been exposed. As self-induction is larger for larger
coil diameter the current in a thick wire tries to flow on the inside. The ideal use of
copper is achieved by foils.

Sometimes this means that a spiral is a better alternative. Multilayer coils have
the problem of interlayer capacitance, so when multiple layers are needed the shape
needs to be radically changed to a short coil with many layers so that the voltage
between consecutive layers is smaller.

16
 CHAPTER IV

4. DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT AND DRAWING

4.1 DESIGN CALCULATION

4.1.1. PUMP CALCULATION

1) To find out the power required to drive the pump

2) To find the flow rate of pump

a) Flow rate

Continuity equation, Q= Area of pump shaft x Velocity

Día of pump shaft(D) =15mm

Día of outlet of the pump (d) =3mm

Speed of the pump shaft =3000rpm

Area = π x d2/4

= π x (0 .003)2/4

= 7.06 x 10-6 m2

Velocity = π x D x n / 60

= π x 0.015 x 3000/60

=2.35 m/s

Therefore, Q = 7.06 x 10-6 m2 x 2.35 m/s

= 0.0014 m3 /min

b) To find power

i) Power = force X velocity

ii) Force = pressure X area

iii) Pressure = ρ X g X h

17
 ρ = density of water =1000Kg/m2

g = acceleration due to gravity =9.81 m/s2

h = water head 3m

1kg =10N

Pressure =ρ X g X h

= 1000X10 X9.81X3

= 2.9X105 N/m2

p = 2.9 bar

Pressure =F/A

F =P/A

F = 2.9X105 x π/4 x (d)2

= 2.9 X105 x π/4 x (3X10-3)2

= 2.05 N

Power = force X velocity

= 2.05 X2.35

= 4.8 W

Therefore, power required to pump 4.8w

18
4.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

19
20
21
4.3 DRAWING FOR SOLAR BASED AIR COOLER

22
 CHAPTER V

5. WORKING PRINCIPLE

Evaporative coolers also called air coolers are devices that cool air through the
simple evaporation of water. They differ from refrigeration or absorption air
conditioning, which use the vapor-compression or absorption refrigeration cycles.
Sump cooler is also used. Air washers and wet cooling towers utilize the same
principles as evaporative coolers, but are optimized for purposes other than air cooling.
Solar panel consists of number of silicon cells, when sun light falls on this panel it
generates the voltage signals then these voltage signals given to charging circuit.
Depends on the panel board size the generated voltage amount is increased. In charging
circuit, the voltage signal from the board is gathered together and stored in the battery.

Evaporative cooling is especially well suited for climates where the air is hot
and humidity is low. Evaporative cooling is a physical phenomenon in which
evaporation of a liquid, typically into surrounding air, cools an object or a liquid in
contact with it. the wet-bulb temperature, as compared to the air's dry-bulb temperature
is a measure of the potential for evaporative cooling. The greater the difference between
the two temperatures the greater the evaporative cooling effect. When the temperatures
are the same, net evaporation of water in air occurs, thus there is cooling effect.

NOMENCLATURE

 A = Area of cylinder(m2)

 D = Diameter of piston(mm)

 F = Force exerted on the piston(N)

 H = Height(mm)

 L = Length(mm)

 P = Pressure(N/m2)

 V = Volume(m3)

23
 CHAPTER VI

6. MERITS & DEMERITS

MERITS

 Low cost

 High reliable

 Low maintenance

 Simple in design

DEMERITS

 Implementation cost is higher

 Maintenance

 There is power loss due to friction since it has rotating components

24
 CHAPTER VII

7. APPLICATIONS

7.1 APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR TECHNOLOGY

 Average insulation showing land area (small black dots) required to replace the
total world energy supply with solar electricity.

 Solar energy refers primarily to the use of solar radiation for practical ends. All
other renewable energies other than geothermal derive their energy from energy
received from the sun.

 Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive or active

depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight.

 Active solar techniques use photovoltaic panels, pumps, and fans to convert
sunlight into useful outputs.

 Passive solar techniques include selecting materials with favorable thermal

properties, designing spaces that naturally circulate air, and referencing the
position of a building to the Sun.

 Active solar technologies increase the supply of energy and are considered
supply side technologies, while passive solar technologies reduce the need for
alternate resources and are generally considered demand side technologies

25
 CHAPTER VIII

8. LIST OF MATERIALS

FACTORS DETERMINING THE CHOICE OF MATERIALS

The various factors which determine the choice of material are discussed
below.

1. PROPERTIES

The material selected must possess the necessary properties for the
proposed application. The various requirements to be satisfied.
Can be weight, surface finish, rigidity, ability to withstand
environmental attack from chemicals, service life, reliability etc.
The following four types of principle properties of materials
decisively affect their selection.

 Physical

 Mechanical

 From manufacturing point of view

 Chemical

The various physical properties concerned are melting point, thermal

Conductivity, specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, specific
gravity, electrical conductivity, magnetic purposes etc.

The various Mechanical properties Concerned are strength in tensile,

Compressive shear, bending, torsion and buckling load, fatigue resistance,
impact resistance, elastic limit, endurance limit, and modulus of elasticity,
hardness, wear resistance and sliding properties.

26
 The various properties concerned from the manufacturing point of
view are,

 Cast ability

 Weld ability

 Surface properties

 Shrinkage

 Deep drawing etc.

2. MANUFACTURING CASE

Sometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing cost or

surface qualities obtainable by the application of suitable coating
substances may demand the use of special materials.

3. QUALITY REQUIRED

This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately the

material. For example, it would never be desirable to go casting of a smaller
number of components which can be fabricated much more economically
by welding or hand forging the steel.

4. AVAILABILITY OF MATERIAL

Some materials may be scarce or in short supply, it then becomes

obligatory for the designer to use some other material which though may
not be a perfect substitute for the material designed. The delivery of
materials and the delivery date of product should also be kept in mind.

27
5. SPACE CONSIDERATION

Sometimes high strength materials have to be selected because the

forces involved are high and space limitations are there.

6. COST

As in any other problem, in selection of material the cost of material

plays an important part and should not be ignored.

Sometimes factors like scrap utilization, appearance, and non-

maintenance of the designed part are involved in the selection of proper
materials.

28
 CHAPTER IX

9. COST ESTIMATION

MATERIAL COST

S. No COMPONENTS NAME QTY AMMOUNT (Rs)

1 SOLAR CELL 1 900

2 DC MOTOR 1 2000

3 BATTERY 1 1800

4 FAN 1 1000

5 DC PUMP 1 450

6 OVER HEAD COST 500

7 FABICATION COST 1300

TOTAL 7950

29
 CHAPTER X

10. CONCLUSION

The project carried out by us made an impressing task in the field of Cost of
generation of power is very less so the source of power is free and available in plenty
and then is no power interruptions. This project has also reduced the cost involved in
the concern. Project has been designed to perform the entire requirement task which
has also been provided.

30
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

31
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Strength of Materials - R.S. Kurmi

2. Manufacturing Technology - M. Haslehurst

3. Design of machine elements - R.S. Kurmi

LINK

https://dir.indiamart.com/impcat/solar-air-cooler.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lN0A4-Mk6KY

https://youtu.be/XYDAvYlx9yA

https://youtu.be/s-8pM7S7i0k

32
PHOTOGRAPHY

33
34
35
36
37
38
39