NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, AGARTALA

Department of Chemical Engineering

NST UTEO NOLOG

TLC

Fluid Mechanics Laboratory

InstructionManuual

Experiment Name:.. Orhce CPtol enah om

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 -17a Flow Through An Orifice
Coifice Lab CoP
SAFETY IN THE USE OF EQUIPMENT SUPPLIED BY ARMFIELD
Before proceeding to operate the equipment described in this text we wish to alert you
TO potential hazards so that they may be avoided.

Aithough designed for safe operation, any laboratory equipment may involve
processes or procedures which are potentiaily hazardous. The major potential hazards
associated with this particular equipment are listed below.

INJURY THROUGH MISUSE

INJURY FROM ELECTRIC SHOCK

DAMAGE TO CLOTHING

RISK OF INFECTION DUE TO LACK OF CLEANLI.NESS

Accidents can be avoided provided that equipment is regularly maintained and

staif and students are made aware of potentiai hazards list of generai safety rules is
included in the F1 Product Manual to assist staff and students in this regard. The list
is not intended to be fully comprchensive but for guidance only.
Please refer to the nct?: i. he F1 Product Manua! regarding the a of
Substances Hazardous to li. egulations,
The F1-10 Service Bench operates from a mains voltage electrical supply. The
equipment is designed and manufacured in accordance with appropriate regulation
relating to the use of electricity. Siunilarly, it is assumed that regulations appiy1ng to
the operation of electrical equipment are observed by the end user.

However, to give increased operator protection, Anmfield Ltd have incorporated a

Residual Current Device (RCD, alternatively called an Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker
or ELCB) as an integral part of the service bench. If through misuse or accident the
cquipment becomes electrically dangerous, an RCD will switch off the electrical
supply and reduce the severity of any electris shock received by an operator to a levei
which, under normal circumstances, wiil not cause injury to that person.

Check that the RCD is operating correctly by pressing the TEST button. The circuit
breaker MuST trip when the button is press sd. Failure to trip means that the operator
IS not protected and the equipment must be checked and repaired by a competent
clectrieian before it is used.
 Outice F1-17a F
Thruigh
An
1 a l h w

INTRODUCTION from the

applicatiou ofthe Detern
as a n
analytical
discipline
situations in which fluids To mea
to
has developed thermodynamics,
those of the
nechanics and involved are of the t
1iad statics, dynamics laws
laws of The particular these laws nay
lassical cont1nuous
media.
in each application,
m o m e n t u m and,
can
be treated
as

of imass, energy
and
quantitatively the
behaviour of the fluid Deter
consernvation to describe
in an attempt This s
be simplified the necessary facilities to contrac
F1-10, provides
bench service mnodule, which is designed to
models each of
The hydraulics of hydrauiic
a
range
comprehensive To me-
support of hydraulic theory. is don=
demonstrate a
particular aspect
is the wire
concerned with for this experiment
model that we are edge
The specific hydraulic This consists of a cylindrical acrylictank
Orifice Apparatus, F1-17a. lead
Flow through an
of the apparatus is given
iis base. A full description
set into
which has an orifice plate
later in these texts.
In th-
level
stage
inilo
whil
inte
relat

Pro
All

rifice
Dianeter

Appli
Is it ju=

Compa
likeBy t
 F1-17a Flow Through An Orifice 41

Determination of the Coefficient of Veiocity

close to the underside
To measure C,, the Pitot tube is inserted into the emerging jet
of the tank, and the values of the Pitot head he and head ho on the orifice are notecd

Determination of the Coefficient of Contraction (Sharp-edged orifice)

likely to be insufficient
This should be done using the sharp-edged orifice, as there is
Contraction to obtain a reliable value for the other orifices.

diameter of the jet at the v e n a contracta.

This
To measure Ce it is necessary to find the
Pitot tube, the plane of the
is done by utilising the fine wire attached to the head of the
of the tube. The wire is brought to each
wire being normal to the direction of traverse read on the
the tank, and the positions of the tube as
edge of the jet in turn, just below difference of the readings
case. The
lead screws and graduated nut read in each
rcpresen!s the dian:eter of the jct.

the tank is reduced to lower the

In the second part of the experiment the inflow to
measured at each
lavel in the tank in stages, the discharg« from the orifice being
ailow the ievei to settle to a sieady value after the
stage. Care should be taken to level several times
this
inflow to the tank has been changed, and it is advisable to read
mean value over the tined
wlhile the discharge is being collected and to record the
interval. About different flow rates should be sufficient to establish the
eight
relationslip betwer. rgeand head on the orifice.

.
Processing Results
All readings should be tabulated as follows:

Time Flowrate Coeff Coeff Coeff

Orilice Vena Orifice Pltot Volume
Head of
Dianeter ..ontracla Head
Discharge Velbeity, atratio:
Dlameter Q
)_ (m) (m) (Im°) (Ses) (m/sec) C C

Application of Theory
that Ca is a constant over the range of steady flows tested?
s it justifíable to assume

tor the steauy and the falling iead tests, which value is
omparing the Ca values
likely to be more reliable?

12

$
 I s the mlice aea and , Is the coctlicient of contraction and,
therelore,

Hence

Q=CcAoCy y2gh
The product CC, is called the discharge coefficient, C, so finally

Q -

CaA /2gh
If C is assumed to be constant, then a
graph of Q plotted against Vh will be linear
and the siope, S =
CaAo vi2s)
Procedure Equipment Set Up
Position the appara'us across the channel on the
using the adjusta'>'e t and the
top of the hydraulic bench and level it
spirit level on the base. Connect
pipe to the hydraulics bench snap connector in the flexible inlet
overflow tube directly into the top channel. Place the end of the
the volumetric
hydraulics bench overflow (located in the side wall of
tank), and adjust the inlet pipe to the approximate level of the head
required for the experiment.

Remove the orifice plate from the in the

screws (take care not to lose the
recess
cylinder base, by releasing two
0'-ring seal). Check the orifice profile, and replace
the required orifice. The sharp-edged orifice (if used) should be installed with the
sharp edge uppermost.
Turn on tte pump and open the bench vaBve gradually. As the water level rises in the
reservoir towards the top of the overflow tube,
adjust the bench valve to give a wat
level of 2 to 3 mm above the overflow
level, with the end of inlet tube fuluy
submerged This will ensure a constant head and produce a steady flow through uic
orifice.

Procedure - Taking a Set of Results

In the first part of the experiment, adjust the overflow pipe and inlet pipe as described
above, to obain a constant head height.

Determination of Coefficient of Discharge

water
To measure Ca, the discharge is obtained by collection of a kuown quantity of whe
n the
he orifice in the voumetric tank. nd Ou
n recording the value of the head h
orifice.

11
 F1-17a Flow Through An Orifice

DESCRIPTION

Water inlet

Diffuser
Manomete

Constant head
overflow

Tapping Oritice

Pitot tube
To suip tank

To volunetric tank

The Orifice Discharge accessory consists of a cylindrical tank which has a hole in the
base to accept one of five orifices, each with a different profile. The flexible inlet pipe
is connected to the quick release connector on the hydraulics bench. Water is
delivered to the tank via an ine , which is adjustable in height and fitted wiih e
diffuser to reduce disturbances in tu .ank. An overflow pipe maintains the water at
fixed level in the tank and excess water is returned to the sump tank of the hydraulics
bench.

A traverse assembly mounted beneath the base of the tank enables a pitot tube to be
positioned anywhere in the jet of water. Attached to the pitot is a fine wire which can
be traversed across the jet to measure the diameter of the jet at the vena-contracta and
so determine the contraction coefficient. The traverse assembly incorporates a
graduated knob which moves the pitot tube a distance of 1mm for each full rotation of
the knob. Each graduation on the knob corresponds to a movement of 0.Imm (Note:
Measurement of the jet diameter at the vena-contracta is only practical úsing the knife
edged orifice.

The pitot tube and a tapping in the base of the tank are connected to manometer tubes
adjacent to the tank. These allow the head over the orifice and the total head of jet to
be measured and compared.

In addition to a standard knife edged orifice, four orifices with different profiles are
supplied. These are supplied in a plastic storage box. The dimensions of each orifice
are given below. The required orifice is located in a recess beneath the base of the
tank and secured by tightening two thumb screws. An '0' ring in the base of the tank
seals the gap between the orifice and the base of the tank.

in the hydraulics bench and

The accessory should be positioned over the channel
mounted on the base of the tank nccates
levelled by adjusung the teet. A spnt ievel
when the accessory is level.
 )lice
1hivigh
An
a thou

discharging from the orifice on test can

hoNrate
ol the watcr
hydraulics bench.
be
T h e o l u m e e

volumetric tank on the

the
mined using
the sharp edged orifice
eriment described should be performed using ne
1 he experiment may then be reneatoe
installed sharp edge uppermost.
tfive discharge coefficients (it will not be nrac al
e altemative oritices toof compare
the jet when using the other orifices).
to
measure the contraction

13 16

11-
8R
45 30°
30 30
3

V
16R
60
60

9.5R
9R

15
26 13

25 ref