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CHAPTER
5 SOCIAL STRUCTURE &

INTERACTION
Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following is true of social interaction?

A. It requires technology.
B. It is reciprocal.
C. It determined solely by biological instincts.
D. All of the answers are correct.
Answer: B
Bloom’s Level: Knowledge
Topic: social interaction
2. What is social interaction?

A. the process of learning norms, values, and beliefs for effective participation in social
groups
B. the way in which a society is organized into predictable and stable relationships
C. a reciprocal exchange in which two or more people read, react, and respond to each other
D. a series of relationships linking a person directly to others and therefore indirectly to still
more people
Answer: C
3. Which of the following is an example of social interaction?

A. Felipe and Mary participate in a video conference.
B. David tweets his opinions about the latest political crisis.
C. Sally and Veronica argue about a new piece of gay rights legislation.
Answer: D
Witt, SOC, 2014e TB-5 | 1
Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
Education.
Chapter 5
Bloom’s Level: Comprehension

4. According to Berger and Luckmann, which of the following statements best describes the
relationship between individuals and society?
A. The development of an individual is independent from the development of the society in
which that individual lives.
B. It is interdependent with individuals both creating society and being products of that
society.
C. Society affects the development of the individual, but the individual has no effect on the
development of society.
D. None of the answers is correct.
Answer: B
Topic: society; social structure
5. One of the crucial aspects of the relationship between dominant and subordinate groups is the
A. ability of the dominant group to set values and norms.
B. ability of the subordinate group to negate the dominant group’s culture.
C. willingness of the dominant group to relinquish positions of control.
D. inability of the dominant group to inspire social activism.
Answer: A
Topic: dominant ideology; groups; values; norms
6. Which of the following is not an example of the social construction of reality?

A. adolescence
B. racism
C. childbirth
D. democracy
Answer: C
Topic: social reality
7. Which of the following terms refers to the way in which a society is organized into the positions
people occupy and the relationships between them?
A. government
B. social structure
C. social interaction
D. culture
Answer: B
Topic: social structure
8. Which term is used by sociologists to refer to the social positions we occupy relative to others?
A. status
B. culture
C. social structure
Education.
Chapter 5
D. class
Answer: A
Topic: status
9. Which of the following are examples of statuses?

A. son
B. doctor
C. Californian
Answer: D
Topic: status
10. An ascribed status is a social position

A. attained by a person either through that person’s own efforts or through the application of
wealth.
B. assigned to a person by society without regard for the person’s unique talents or
characteristics.
C. that can only be learned through years of either extensive education or field experience.
D. that is part of an honorary title given to a person by a leader in that person’s specific
culture.
Answer: B
Topic: status
11. Which of the following statements about an ascribed status is correct?

A. It is a naturally evolving status that is usually easy to change when an individual becomes
older.
B. It has the same social meaning in every society, which makes it easy for people to move
seamlessly between societies.
C. It is often biological in origin, but significant mainly because of the social meanings
attached to it.
Answer: C
Topic: status
12. Which of the following is an example of an ascribed status?

A. a professional athlete
B. a corporation president
C. a South African
D. a fraternity member
Answer: C
Topic: status
13. An achieved status is a social position
Education.
Chapter 5
A. that is within our power to change.

B. assigned to a group without regard for unique talents or characteristics.
C. assigned to an individual at birth.
D. given to a person based upon that person’s age, race, or gender.
Answer: A
Topic: status
14. An individual can acquire an achieved status by doing which of the following?
A. attending school
B. establishing a friendship
C. inventing a new product
Answer: D
Topic: status
15. Which of the following is an achieved status?

A. daughter
B. Native American
C. news reporter
D. Texan
Answer: C
Topic: status
16. Which of the following is true about master status?

A. It is a term used by sociologists to refer to any of the full range of socially defined
positions within a large group or society.
B. It is a social position attained by a person largely through that individual’s own efforts.
C. It is a status that dominates others and thereby determines a person’s general position in
society.
D. It is a series of social relationships linking a person directly to others and therefore
indirectly to still more people.
Answer: C
Topic: status
17. A young woman walks into her women’s studies class, and looks at the person sitting to her left.
He is the only male in the class. He is about 20 years old, wears a wedding ring, and carries a bag
with a tennis racquet. Which of his characteristics is most likely his master status in the context of
this class?
A. his age
B. his marital status
C. his gender
D. his interest in tennis
Answer: C
Education.
Chapter 5
Topic: status
18. Which term is used by sociologists to refer to a set of expectations for people who occupy a given
social position or status?
A. social role
B. structural role
C. achieved role
D. ascribed role
Answer: A
Topic: social roles; status
19. Which of the following statements about social roles is correct?

A. The roles that belong to a given social status are generally performed in the same manner.
B. Social roles are performed in the same manner by those holding ascribed, but not
achieved, statuses.
C. Actual performance of a social role varies from individual to individual.
D. Role expectations and actual role performances vary for those with ascribed, but not
achieved, statuses.
Answer: C
Topic: social roles; status
20. Which term is used to refer to incompatible expectations that arise when the same person holds
two or more social statuses?
A. role strain
B. role conflict
C. role ambiguity
D. role exit
Answer: B
Topic: social roles; role conflict; status
21. Elaine is a clinical sociologist who practices marriage and family therapy. She is also a college
professor. One of her current students asks her if he can make an appointment for a therapy
session. Elaine tells the student that she will refer him to a colleague because she feels that
holding therapy sessions with a student might create
A. role strain.
B. role conflict.
C. role exit.
D. status displacement.
Answer: B
Topic: social role; role conflict; status
22. The difficulty that arises when the same social status imposes conflicting demands and
expectations is known as
A. role conflict.
B. role strain.
Education.
Chapter 5
C. role exit.
D. resocialization.
Answer: B
Topic: social roles; role strain; status
23. Role exit is defined as

A. the process of disengagement from a role that is central to one’s self-identity in order to
establish a new role and identity.
B. a difficulty that occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social
statuses held by the same person.
C. a difficulty that arises when the same social status imposes conflicting demands and
expectations.
D. a set of behavioral expectations imposed on people who occupy a given social status.
Answer: A
Topic: social roles
24. A primary group is a small group that is

A. characterized by impersonality, with little intimacy or mutual understanding.
B. characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation.
C. characterized by shared goals and a high level of independence.
D. characterized by impersonality and a low level of participation.
Answer: B
Topic: groups
25. Which of the following is most likely to be a primary group?

A. the players in the National Hockey League
B. the American Civil Liberties Union
C. the members of a neighborhood softball team
Answer: C
Topic: groups
26. Any group or category to which people feel they belong is called a(n)
A. secondary group.
B. primary group.
C. in-group.
D. out-group.
Answer: C
Topic: groups
27. Which term is used by sociologists when speaking of any group that individuals use as a standard
for evaluating themselves and their own behavior?
Education.
Chapter 5
A. primary group
B. secondary group
C. in-group
D. reference group
Answer: D
Topic: groups
28. A temporary or permanent alliance geared toward a common goal is called a(n)
A. out-group.
B. reference group.
C. coalition.
D. in-group.
Answer: C
Topic: groups
29. Which of the following is true about social networks?

A. They may constrain individuals by limiting the range of their interactions.
B. They may empower people by making vast resources available to them.
C. They can link individuals together in ways that are not intentional or apparent.
D. All of the answers are true.
Answer: D
Topic: social networks
30. Sociological research that maps sexual relationships among high school students in a given
school is an example of research on
A. ascribed statuses.
B. role exit.
C. social networks.
D. social institutions.
Answer: C
31. A group of businesswomen meets on a monthly basis to assist one another in advancing their
careers. They give each other job leads and advice, and they invite business leaders to attend their
sessions to provide further assistance. This group is an example of a(n)
A. role connection.
B. impression management.
C. out-group.
D. social network.
Answer: D
32. Which of the following is not an example of an electronic social network?
Education.
Chapter 5
A. Facebook
B. Twitter
C. FOX News
D. Tumblr
Answer: C
33. Which of the following terms is used to refer to organized and persistent social systems centered
on meeting basic societal needs?
A. collaboration networks
B. social institutions
C. functional movements
D. secondary groups
Answer: B
Topic: social institutions
34. Which of the following would be an example of a social institution?

A. the United States government
B. a networking group
C. the members of a choral group
Answer: A
35. Functional prerequisites are

A. functions that a society must perform if it is to survive.
B. organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs.
C. social relationships that link a person directly to others and therefore indirectly to still
more people.
D. attempts to reach agreement with others concerning some objective.
Answer: A
36. Which of the following institutions helps fulfill the functional prerequisites of a society?
A. families
B. education
C. government
Answer: D
37. Sociologists who use the conflict paradigm focus on

A. the consequences of difference and how institutions reinforce inequality.
Education.
Chapter 5
B. how individual relationships are reflected within a particular social group.

C. the importance of education to the advancement of the economy.
D. how out-groups provide and maintain a sense of basic fairness.
Answer: A
Topic: sociological theory; sociological perspective
38. An abstract model of the essential characteristics of a phenomenon is called a(n)

A. coalition.
B. ideal type.
C. appendage.
D. questionnaire.
Answer: B
Topic: bureaucracies
39. By working at a specific task, people are more likely to become highly skilled and carry out a job
with maximum efficiency. This is the rationale for the concept of
A. employment based on technical qualifications.
B. hierarchy of authority.
C. division of labor.
D. bureaucracy.
Answer: C
40. Bureaucratic norms dictate that people be judged on performance rather than personality. The
goal of these norms is to
A. promote equal treatment.
B. perpetuate nepotism.
C. reward original thought.
D. eliminate goal displacement.
Answer: A
41. Which of the following is present within the ideal bureaucracy?

A. subjective performance standards
B. hiring based on technical qualifications
C. promotions made on the basis of "who you know"
Answer: B
42. Which of the following is true about bureaucratization?

A. It is an element or process of society that may disrupt a social system or lead to a
decrease in stability.
Education.
Chapter 5
B. It is an organized pattern of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs.

C. It is the process by which an organization increasingly relies on technical-rational
decision making in the pursuit of efficiency.
D. It is the process through which an organization identifies an entirely new objective
because its traditional goals have been either realized or denied.
Answer: C
43. Which of the following has been least shaped by McDonaldization?

A. sports stadiums
B. movie theaters
C. convenience stores
D. electricians
Answer: D
44. The iron law of oligarchy is the principle

A. that all organizations, even democratic ones, tend to develop into a bureaucracy ruled by
an elite few.
B. that organizations are established on the basis of common interests.
C. that each individual in a hierarchy tends to rise to a pre-determined level of
incompetence.
D. that most bureaucratic organizations eventually become internally corrupt and ruled
through nepotism.
Answer: A
45. According to the classical theory of formal organizations, workers are motivated almost entirely
by
A. economic rewards.
B. fear of their superiors.
C. group norms.
D. the need for job satisfaction.
Answer: A
46. Planning based on the human relations approach focuses on

A. satisfying workers’ economic expectations.
B. allowing workers to communicate and participate within small groups.
C. the conflict perspective’s critique of capitalism.
D. resolving workers’ feelings, frustrations, and emotional need for job satisfaction.
Answer: D
Witt, SOC, 2014e TB-5 | 10
Education.
Chapter 5
47. Ferdinand Tönnies would view hunting-and-gathering societies as examples of a(n)

A. Gemeinschaft.
B. Gesellschaft.
C. mechanical solidarity.
D. organic solidarity.
Answer: A
Topic: social structure; sociologists
48. Ferdinand Tönnies used the term __________ to refer to communities that are large, impersonal,
and often urban, with little consensus concerning values or commitment to the group.
A. Gemeinschaft
B. Gesellschaft
C. mechanical solidarity
D. organic solidarity
Answer: B
49. In a small town in the Midwest, all of the children attend the same school and most of the
community members attend the same church. Everyone in this community knows everyone else,
and they have shared numerous experiences with one another. This community would be
characterized by Ferdinand Tönnies as a
A. Gesellschaft.
B. group with organic solidarity.
C. group with mechanical solidarity.
D. Gemeinschaft.
Answer: D
50. Émile Durkheim suggested that as a society becomes more interdependent and as the division of
labor grows, the nature of solidarity becomes more
A. mechanical.
B. organic.
C. preservationist.
D. institutionalized.
Answer: B
51. In Gerhard Lenski’s view, societal organization is highly dependent on its level of
A. farming.
B. education.
C. technology.
D. banking.
Witt, SOC, 2014e TB-5 | 11
Education.
Chapter 5
Answer: C
52. The Yanomamö, a South American culture, live in a village and spend most of their time
searching for food and tending small gardens. Their primary tool is a stone ax, which they use for
cutting down trees to expand their gardens. The Yanomamö are an example of a(n):
A. agrarian society.
B. horticultural society.
C. hunting-and-gathering society.
D. slash-and-burn farming society.
Answer: B
53. In the most technologically advanced form of preindustrial society, members are engaged
primarily in food production. They increase their crop yields through such innovations as the
plow. This type of society is call a(n)
A. hunting-and-gathering society.
B. agrarian society.
C. horticultural society.
D. postmodern society.
Answer: B
54. Which of the following is characteristic of the emergence of industrial societies?

A. Families and communities cannot continue to function as self-sufficient units.
B. There is an increased exchange of goods and services between villages.
C. Formal educational institutions develop.
Answer: D
55. Which of the following is characteristic of a postindustrial society?

A. Families function as self-sufficient units.
B. Cultural exchange is primarily local.
C. The main output is services rather than goods.
D. All the answers are correct.
Answer: C
56. Postindustrial societies are primarily concerned with

A. the processing and control of information.
B. providing services rather than manufacturing goods.
C. Both answers are true.
D. Neither answer is true.
Witt, SOC, 2014e TB-5 | 12
Education.
Chapter 5
Answer: C
57. In The Other America, Michael Harrington is critical of what element of postindustrial societies
proposed by Daniel Bell?
A. the significance of white-collar workers
B. the significance blue-collar workers
C. the emphasis on poverty as a moral failure
D. the emphasis on consumerism
Answer: A
58. A technologically sophisticated, pluralistic, interconnected globalized society is called a(n)

A. preindustrial society.
B. industrial society.
C. postindustrial society.
Answer: D
Topic: social structure; postmodern era
59. In the United States, we listen to music imported from Jamaica, eat sushi and other Japanese
foods, and watch movies produced in Italy. These are all features of a(n)
A. preindustrial society.
B. industrial society.
C. agrarian society.
Answer: D
Topic: social structure; postmodern era
True/False
60. Social interaction is the underlining framework of society that consists of the positions people
occupy and the relationships between them.
Answer: F
61. The implication of George Herbert Mead’s statement that “No hard-and-fast line can be drawn
between our own selves and the selves of others” is that the term “selves” is a social or relational
conception.
Answer: T
Bloom’s Level: Analysis
Topic: the self; sociologists; social interaction
Witt, SOC, 2014e TB-5 | 13
Education.
Chapter 5
62. Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann have described world construction as having four parts: the
construction of culture, the construction of society, the construction of self, and the construction
of government.
Answer: F
63. Implicit in the concept of social structure is the idea that we, as individuals, can define and
redefine our position within society at will.
Answer: F
Bloom’s Level: Analysis
64. It is easier to change your ascribed status than it is to change your achieved status.
Answer: F
Bloom’s Level: Application
Topic: status
65. In general, one’s ascribed status can heavily influence one’s achieved status, but one’s achieved
status cannot affect one’s ascribed status.
Answer: T
Topic: status
66. Role conflict and role strain are closely related, and role conflict is often considered a severe form
of role strain.
Answer: F
Bloom’s Level: Evaluation
Topic: status; social roles; role conflict; role strain
67. A necessary part of the definition of the term “group” is that there must be a large number of
people involved.
Answer: F
Topic: groups
68. We are more likely to be socialized by primary groups than by secondary groups.
Answer: T
Topic: groups
69. The key distinction between an “in-group” and an “out-group” is the size of the group. Out-
groups are, by definition, larger than in-groups.
Witt, SOC, 2014e TB-5 | 14
Education.
Chapter 5
Answer: F
Topic: groups
Essay
70. What does it mean to say that reality is “socially constructed”? To what extent does this imply
that individuals are free to construct their own reality by choosing the nature of their interactions
with other members of society?
Answer: Answers will vary.

Bloom’s Level: Evaluation/Synthesis
71. Differentiate between the concepts of “ascribed” and “achieved” status. Over which of these does
an individual have more control? Use examples drawn from your own personal experiences to
illustrate your answer.

Bloom’s Level: Analysis/Application
Topic: status
72. Define the terms in-groups, out-groups, and reference groups. What function does each type of
group fulfill? Distinguish between groups, coalitions, and social institutions.

Bloom’s Level: Knowledge/Analysis
Topic: groups; social institutions
73. Of the three main sociological perspectives, which is likely to have the most negative view of
social structure and social institutions? Which is likely to view them the most positively? Use real
world examples to illustrate your answer.

Bloom’s Level: Application/Analysis
Topic: social structure; social institutions; sociological perspective
74. Summarize sociologist Gerhard Lenski’s view of technology and society. How does his view
differ from that of Émile Durkheim’s mechanical and organic solidarity and Ferdinand Tönnies’s
Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft?

Bloom’s Level: Comprehension/Evaluation
Topic: social structure; society; sociologists
Witt, SOC, 2014e TB-5 | 15
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Chapter 5

Solution Manual for SOC 2014 3rd Edition Jon Witt

5 SOCIAL STRUCTURE &

1. Which of the following is true of social interaction?

2. What is social interaction?

3. Which of the following is an example of social interaction?

Witt, SOC, 2014e TB-5 | 1

Bloom’s Level: Comprehension

6. Which of the following is not an example of the social construction of reality?

Witt, SOC, 2014e TB-5 | 2

9. Which of the following are examples of statuses?

10. An ascribed status is a social position

11. Which of the following statements about an ascribed status is correct?

12. Which of the following is an example of an ascribed status?

13. An achieved status is a social position

Witt, SOC, 2014e TB-5 | 3

A. that is within our power to change.

15. Which of the following is an achieved status?

16. Which of the following is true about master status?

Witt, SOC, 2014e TB-5 | 4

19. Which of the following statements about social roles is correct?

Witt, SOC, 2014e TB-5 | 5

23. Role exit is defined as

24. A primary group is a small group that is

25. Which of the following is most likely to be a primary group?

Witt, SOC, 2014e TB-5 | 6

29. Which of the following is true about social networks?

32. Which of the following is not an example of an electronic social network?

Witt, SOC, 2014e TB-5 | 7

34. Which of the following would be an example of a social institution?

35. Functional prerequisites are

37. Sociologists who use the conflict paradigm focus on

Witt, SOC, 2014e TB-5 | 8

B. how individual relationships are reflected within a particular social group.

38. An abstract model of the essential characteristics of a phenomenon is called a(n)

41. Which of the following is present within the ideal bureaucracy?

42. Which of the following is true about bureaucratization?

Witt, SOC, 2014e TB-5 | 9

B. It is an organized pattern of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs.

43. Which of the following has been least shaped by McDonaldization?

44. The iron law of oligarchy is the principle

46. Planning based on the human relations approach focuses on

Witt, SOC, 2014e TB-5 | 10

47. Ferdinand Tönnies would view hunting-and-gathering societies as examples of a(n)

Witt, SOC, 2014e TB-5 | 11

54. Which of the following is characteristic of the emergence of industrial societies?

55. Which of the following is characteristic of a postindustrial society?

56. Postindustrial societies are primarily concerned with

Witt, SOC, 2014e TB-5 | 12

58. A technologically sophisticated, pluralistic, interconnected globalized society is called a(n)

Witt, SOC, 2014e TB-5 | 13

Witt, SOC, 2014e TB-5 | 14

Answer: Answers will vary.

Answer: Answers will vary.

Answer: Answers will vary.

Answer: Answers will vary.

Answer: Answers will vary.

Witt, SOC, 2014e TB-5 | 15

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