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NK Class
ARTICLES
ARTICLES
Mạo từ (articles) là từ dùng trước danh từ và cho biết danh từ ấy đề cập đến một đối
tượng cụ thể hay tổng quát, xác định hay không xác đinh.
Mạo từ bất định a/an thường đứng trước danh từ đếm được số ít (singular countable
noun).
+ A đứng trước danh từ bắt đầu bằng một phụ âm (consonant) hoặc một
nguyên âm (vowel) nhưng được phát âm như phụ âm.
Mạo từ xác định the được dùng cho tất cả các danh từ: danh từ đếm được số ít (singular
countable noun), danh từ đếm được số nhiều (plural countable noun) và danh từ không
đếm được (uncountable noun).
The boy, the boys, the food
1. Các trường hợp dùng mạo từ the.
a. Mạo từ xác định the được dùng trước danh từ chỉ người hoặc vật đã xác định hoặc
đã được đề cập đến trước đó – người nghe biết (hoặc có thể hiểu) người nói đang
nói về người hoặc vật nào.
- Did you lock the car?
- Could you close the door?
b. The được dùng trước danh từ được xác định bằng một cụm từ hoặc một mệnh đề
theo sau.
- Who’s is the girl in blue?
- What did you do with the camera I lent you?
c. The được dùng trước các danh từ chỉ nơi chốn cụ thể.
- Turn left here for the station.
d. The được dùng trước danh từ chỉ vật gì đó là duy nhất, hoặc vật gì đó chỉ một
trong môi trường quanh ta: the earth, the sun, the sky, the stars, the moon, the
planets, the world, the equator, the Government, the police, the Japanese, the
Prime Minister, the capital,…
- The earth goes round the sun and the moon goes round the
earth.
e. The được dùng với một số cụm từ đề cập đến môi trường vật chất của chúng ta –
tức thế giới quanh ta và khí hậu của nó – hoặc các mặt thông thường khác trong
cuộc sống: the environment, the town, the country, the sea, the seaside, the
night, the mountains, the desert, the rain, the wind, the fog, the weather, the
sunshine, the universe, the future,…
- Do you prefer the town or the country?
- I love listening to the wind.
f. The được dùng trước tính từ hoặc trạng từ trong so sánh nhất, trước first, second,
third... và trước next, last, same, only.
- I’m the oldest in my family.
- Monday is the first day of a week.
g. The được dùng trước tên các đảng chính trị, tên tàu thủy, và tên các ban nhạc.
- She’s a longlife member of the Republican Party.
- The Titanic sank on its first voyage across the Atlantic in 1912.
h. The được dùng trước tên người ở số nhiều để chỉ toàn thể gia đình.
- The Taylors have lived in this town for over 50 years.
i. The được dùng trước tên các tờ báo (newspaper), nhưng the không được dùng
trước tên các tạp chí (magazines).
The times; The Washington Post; New Scientist
j. The + danh từ không đếm được hoặc danh từ đếm được số nhiều (The + a
uncountable noun/ plural countable noun) được dùng để nói về người hoặc vật
cụ thể.
- I often listen to music.
k. The thường không được dùng khi nói đến người hoặc vật một cách chung chung,
nhưng the + danh từ đếm được số ít (the + a singular countable noun) có thể
được dùng để nói chung về một loài động vật, một loại dụng cụ hoặc máy móc,
các phát minh khoa học và các nhạc khí.
- The tiger is in danger of becoming extinct.
Hổ đang có nguy cơ bị tuyệt chủng.
l. The + tính từu (The + adjective) được dùng để nói về một nhóm người cụ thể
nào đó trong xã hội: the young, the old, the elderly, the poor, the rich, the sick,
the disabled, the unemployed, the homeless, the deaf, the blind…
- The government should provide accommodation for the homeless.
m. The + quốc tịch (The + nationality) được dùng để chỉ toàn dân của một quốc gia
nào đó.
- The French are famous for their cooking.
n. The thường được dùng trước những danh từ có of theo sau.
- The palace of Westminster. ( Lâu đài Westminster)
- The Gulf of Mexico (Vịnh Mexico) {Mexico Gulf}
EXERCISES
Circle the word or phrase.
1. I love this time in evening / the evening when the Sun is going down.
2. People play cricket / the cricket in South Africa, Australia and Siri Lanka.
3. It’s too far to walk so I think I’ll catch bus / the bus.
4.
5. Complete the conversations. Put in a/an or the.
6. Complete the sentences. Use in, at and these words: bed, church, home, college,
factory, hospital, library, prison, shop, town, work, school, sea, cinema, pub. Describe
if you need the.
1. The sweater was cheap. I bought it at the shop by the railway station.
2. We’ll eat out tonight. I’ll meet you…………………………..later.
3. The weather was awful. We stayed …………………………..all weekend.
4. Melanie had an early night last night. She was …………………………..at ten.
1. A: Did you see football/ the football on television/ the television last night?
B: No, I hate football/ the football. I was listening to news/ the news on radio/ the
radio.
2. A: Do your family have a dog?
B: No, I’m afraid of dogs/ the dogs. I didn’t like dogs/ the dogs that are running
around on the street.
3. A: You know that cars/ the cars cause pollution/ the pollution, don’t you?
B: Yes, but cars/ the cars these days are cleaner than they used to be. Isn’t it
aeroplanes/ the aeroplanes that are mainly responsible for pollution/ the pollution of
atmosphere/ the atmosphere?
4. A: I’ve put some bread out in the garden for birds/ the birds.
B: You like birds/ the birds, don’t you?
A: Yes. I love wildlife/ the wildlife.
5. A: Do you play sports/ the sports?
B: Yes, my favorite sport is basketball/ the basketball. I also like skiing / the skiing
but I’m not very good at it.
6. A: What’s the noise?
B: My sister is listening to music/the music. Music/ The music is too loud, isn’t it?
7. A: What did you have for breakfast/ the breakfast?
B: Nothing. I never eat breakfast/ the breakfast.
8. A: Will you be in America for Thanksgiving/ the Thanksgiving.
B: Oh, no. That’s in November/ the November, isn’t it?
I’m often very busy at that time, but I’ll be back at Christmas/ the Christmas.
9. A: Do you think rich/ the rich should pay more taxes to help poor/ the poor?
B: That’s right. And one of our biggest social problems is unemployment/ the
unemployment.
10. A: You’re always reading books about history/ the history, aren’t you?
B: It was my favorite subject. Do you know anything about history/ the history of this
area?
A: No, but if you like looking round museum/ the museums and old building/ the old
buildings, we could find out it together.
11. A: Can you play guitar/ the guitar?
B: Just a little. But piano/ the piano is my favorite instrument.
12. A: Do you know who invented telescope/ the telescope?
B: Yes. Galileo developed telescope/ the telescope for use in astronomy/ the
astronomy.
8. Complete these sentences. Put in the words and decide if you need the.
(1) A man decided to rob (2) ………………bank in the town where he lived. He walked
into (3) ………………bank and handed (4) ………………note to one of (5)
………………cashiers. (6) ………………cashier read (7) ………………note, which
told her to give (8) ………………man some money. A fraid that he might have (9)
………………gun, she did as she was told. (10) ………………man then walked out of
(11) ………………building, leaving (12) ………………note behind. However, he had
no time to spend (13) ………………money because he was arrested (14) ………………
same day. He had made (15) ………………mistake. He had written (16) ……………
note on (17) ………………back of (18) ………………envelope was his name and
address. This clue was quite enough for (21) ………………detectives on the case.
10. Put in a/an or the where necessary. Leave an empty space if the sentence is already
complete.
11. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence,
using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and
five words, including the word given.
1. I was under an impression/ under the impression that you had left.
2. I have to go. I’m in a hurry/ in hurry.
3. I managed to sell the old painting at a profit/ at profit.
4. I think I prefer the other restaurant on the whole/ on whole.
5. How many hours do you work, on average/ on the average, every week?
6. I was in pain/ in a pain after I twisted my ankle.
7. Jack recovered from his accident and is now out of danger/ out of the danger.
8. Excuse me, but you’re in the way/ in a way.
9. Sue felt seasick on the cross- channel ferry/ a cross the channel ferry.
10. The burglar hit me on my back of the neck/ the back of my neck.
13. These sentences are about new novels. Complete each sentence by putting in a or an.
Home is about an American Indian tribe driven off their land by a mining company.
Black and White is about ……………artist who makes ……………complete mess of his
life.
The novel Moment of Danger id about ……………US president who disappears for
……………hour.
Big money is about ……………business executive who makes ……………expensive
mistake.
House Party is a novel is about ……………BBC reporter who becomes ……………
secret agent.
One summer tells the story of ……………holiday which has ……………unusual ending.
Ice is a novel about ……………SAS man who gets lost on ……………expedition to the
South Pole.
Lesson in Death is about ……………university professor who murders ……………
student.
There and Back is about ……………old woman who goes on ……………one year world
trip.
This is a true story. It’s about (1) ……………politician. He was (2) ……………Member
of Parliament (MP) in Britain. (3) ……………story happened back in the 1980s, and (4)
……………MP was called Richard Alexander. At that time, (5) ……………Irish
Republican Army was conducting (6) ………… bombing campaign in Britain. A few
days earlier, (7) ……………parcel bomb had been sent to (8) ……………government
minister. So politicians were warned to be extra careful about opening parcels.
One day (9) ……………parcel was delivered to Mr Alexander’s office at Retford, in (10)
…………… English Midlands. (11) ……………MP thought he heard (12) ……………
sound of (13) ……………ticking clock inside (14) ……………parcel, so thinking it
might be (15) ……………bomb, he rang (16) ……………local police station. Soon (17)
……………squad of army bomb specialists arrived at (18) ……………office and X-
rayed (19) ……………parcel. They saw that what Mr Alexander could hear was indeed
(20) ……………timing mechanism. Obviously, (21) ……………only safe thing to do
was to blow it up, which they did. (22) ………squad then pieced together (23) ………..
Contents of (24) ……………parcel. It had contained some pyjamas, (25) ……………
toothbrush and (26) ……………small alarm clock. (27) ……………MP had recently
stayed at (28) ……………hotel after making (29) ……………speech one evening, and
(30) ……………hotel had kindly sent on his belongings after he had accidentally left
them there. (31) ……………clock had been (32) ……………present from his wife.
15. Complete the story. The missing words may be a, an the or a noun.
1. One summer Mike and Elaine bought a new car. It was ……………nicest
……………they had ever had. They decided to go out in it for the day. They wanted
to go to ……………seaside …………… nice sunny day ins’t something you should
waste, they thought.
2. So they jumped in, and Elaine drove away …………was shining, ………was blue,
and …………… countryside was beautiful. They looked at ……………countryside
and listened to ……………radio.
3. Soon it was Mike’s turn to drive. They decided to go to Seathorpe, which is
……………nice little seaside town. When they got there, they found ……………
town busy with traffic. ‘I hope there’s ……………here,’ said Mike. But when they
got to ……………, it was full. So they decided to go somewhere else. ‘……………
are wonderfully convenient until you need to park them,’ said Mike.
4. ……………road they took out of Seathorpe went up ……………steep hill. When
they noticed ……………sign saying ‘Cliff-top car park’, they parked near
……………edge of ……………cliff.
5. There was …………lovely view over…………English Channel. The stood and
looked at…………
6. Suddenly ……………started rolling towards……………edge of ……………cliff.
Mike and Elaine watched in horror as it rolled over ……………and onto……………
rocks below. It was …………. terrible moment.
7. They stood at ……………top of……………and looked down at ……………wreck
below. Elaine spoke first. ‘Didn’t you put……………on?’ she asked. Soon
……………police arrived and later they had to go home on……………bus.
Not long ago I was staying in a/the hotel in Toronto. It was (1) a/the big modern place. I
don’t normally like (2) big hotels/ some big hotels, but I didn’t know where else to stay.
I was there for (3)a/the business meeting. On (4) a/the first evening after my flight from
London, I sat in my room reading. I went to bed at about midnight. I could hear (5) some/
the music coming from (6) a/the next room. I think it was (7) reggae music/ the reggae
music. It was quite loud, but I managed to go to sleep. (8) Noise/ The noise usually
keeps me awake, but I suppose I was tried after (9) a/ the flight. Anyway, I slept. I woke
up suddenly at ten to three, and (10) some/ the music seemed louder than ever. It was
becoming (11) a/the real problem. Should I bang on (12) a/the next room and ask by my
beg, or should I go to (13) a/the next room and ask (14) a/the person in there to turn (15)
some/the music down? In the end I called reception, and soon (16) a/the man in uniform
arrived. I explained (17) a/the problem. He walked to my beside table and pressed (18)
a/the button. There was silence. (19) Some/ The music had been coming from my own
radio, which must have been playing the whole time I had been in (20) a/the room.
+ Động từ “get”
S + (need) + Ving + …
Hoặc: S + (need) + to be+ PII (cần được làm gì)
c) Với các động từ chỉ ý kiến: Chủ ngữ của câu CĐ thường là: People/ Someone
CĐ: S1 + V1(ý kiến) + that + S2 + V(2) + …
BĐ: Cách 1: Dùng chủ ngữ: “It”
Cách 2 :
S2 + be(bất kỳ thì nào) + VPII(ý kiến) + to + V2
SO + should/shouldn’t be + PII
k) It’s + tính từ sở hữu + duty to + V + O (trách nhiệm của ai phải làm gì)
m) Với các động từ theo sau bởi 1 V “ing”: remember, hate, like, dislike…
Eg 1: I remembered Nam offering me a beautiful present on my birthday
I remembered being offered a beautiful present by Nam on my birthday
Eg 2: She disliked her boyfriend cheating her
She disliked being cheated by her boyfriend
o) Với các động từ chỉ tri giác: hear, see, watch, look at, notice…
Có 2 trường hợp: V(ing) hoặc V(infi)
Eg: They heard him cry loudly He was heard to cry loudly
They heard him crying loudly He was heard crying loudly
q) . Những cấu trúc bị động không được sử dụng với giới từ “by”
Be disappointed
Be surprised + At
Be frightened
Ex: she is so disappointed at his job performance
Be engaged
Be interested + in
Be involved
Ex: He is very interested in the environmental issues
Be composed
Be made + of
Be tired
Ex: Our team is composed of the best employees in our company
Be married
Be dedicated + to
Ex: she has been married to him for 2 years
Be bored
Be filled + with
Be satisfied
be covered with
Ex: The executives were satisfied with the presentation
Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
A. EXPLORE GRAMMAR
I. CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG VỚI CÁC THÌ CƠ BẢN
Cách chuyển câu CHỦ ĐỘNG sang câu BỊ ĐỘNG (Passive transformation)
Active S VA O
Passive S VP by + agent
1. Lấy tân ngữ (object) của câu chủ động làm chủ ngữ (subject) của câu bị động.
2. Đổi động từ chủ động (Vactive) thành Vpassive
VPassive = Be + past participle (pp)
Bảng đối chiếu câu chủ động và bị động qua các thì
TENSE ACTIVE PASSIVE
SIMPLE TENSES
S + V (nguyên) / V(s/es) S + am/is/are + VP2
Present Simple
Lucy writes the book. The book is written by Lucy.
S + V(cột 2 / -ed) S + was/ were + VP2
Simple Past
Lucy wrote the book. The book was written by Lucy.
S + will/shall + V (nguyên) S + will + be + VP2
Simple Future
Lucy will write the book. The book will be written by Lucy.
CONTINUOUS TENSES
S + am/is/are + V-ing S + am/is/are + being + VP2
Present Continuous
Lucy is writing the book. The book is being written by Lucy.
S + was/ were + V-ing S + was/ were + being + VP2
Past Continuous
Lucy was writing the book. The book was being written by Lucy.
PERFECT TENSES
S + have/ has + VP2 S + have/ has + been + VP2
Present Perfect Lucy has written the articles. The articles have been written by
Lucy.
S + had + VP2 S + had + been + VP2
Past Perfect Lucy had written the articles. The articles had been written by
Lucy.
S + will have + VP2 S + will have been + VP2
Future Perfect Lucy will write the book. The book will have been written by
Lucy.
CÁC TRƯỜNG HỢP KHÁC
S + have to/ may/ might/can/ could/ S + have to/may/ might/ can/could
must/ should/ used to/... + V must/ should/ used to/... + be + VP2
Modal Verbs
(nguyên) The book may be written by Lucy.
Lucy may write the book.
S + am/is/are + going to + V S + am/ is/ are going to be + VP2
Tương lai gần:
Lucy is going to write the book. The book is going to be written by
Be going to
Lucy.
S + used to + V + O S (O) + used to + be + VP2
Used to
Lucy used to write books. Books used to be written by Lucy.
* Lưu ý: get có thể thay cho be => sự việc gây bất ngờ / khó chịu.
Ex: The eggs got broken. [= were broken]
Maggie got hit by a car this morning. [= was hit]
RULE 2. Dùng WITH (không dùng by) để chỉ dụng cụ, công cụ hoặc nguyên liệu được sử
dụng.
Ex: Chilli is made with beans.
The room was decorated with flowers.
RULE 3. Vị trí của trạng từ hoặc cụm trạng từ trong câu bị động
- TRẠNG TỪ CHỈ CÁCH THỨC thường đứng giữa be và quá khứ phân từ (past participle).
- Các trạng từ khác thường đứng sau trợ động từ đầu tiên.
3.1. Câu hỏi Yes/ No (là câu hỏi có các trợ động từ (can/ could/ will/ do/ does/ did/...) ở đầu
câu)
Loại 1: Khi từ để hỏi làm chủ ngữ Who painted this picture?
Wh-question word + V + O → Who was this picture painted by?
(sau từ để hỏi không có trợ động từ, Who has met you?
mà chỉ có động từ + tân ngữ) → Who have you been met by?
Who did you help to do homework?
Loại 2: Khi từ để hỏi làm tân ngữ
→ Who was helped to do homework by you?
Wh-question word + Trợ động từ + S + V + O
What will you do?
(sau từ để hỏi có trợ động từ)
→ What will be done by you?
When did you make it?
Loại 3: Khi từ để hỏi là trạng từ → When was it made by you?
when, where, how, why,... Where did you put my book?
→ Where was my book put by you?
ACTIVE PASSIVE
(Don’t) + V + O (Don’t) + let + O + be + P2
Write your name here. Let your name be written here.
Khi một động từ ở chủ động có hai tân ngữ, khi chuyển thành câu bị động ta có 2 cách chuyển
như sau:
Cách 1: O (người) + be + VP2 + O (vật) Cách 2: O (vật) + be + VP2 + to/ for O (người)
They gave/sent Joe a gold watch. They gave/sent a gold watch to Joe.
→ Joe was given/sent a gold watch. → A gold watch was given/sent to Joe.
He awarded our company the contract. He awarded our company the contract.
→ Our company was awarded the contract. → The contract was awarded to our company.
VI. CÁC DẠNG BỊ ĐỘNG ĐẶC BIỆT
6.1. Bị động trong cấu trúc nhờ/bảo với “have” và “get”
6.2. Bị động với động từ chỉ giác quan (see, hear, watch, find, notice, feel, observe,…)
6.3. Bị động với Reporting verbs (động từ tường thuật): say, think, believe, report, rumor,
know, expect..)
Cách chuyển:
Cách 1 Passive:
It + be + Reporting VP2 + (that) + S2 + V2 + ....
* Lưu ý: Động từ be được chia theo thì của động từ TƯỜNG THUẬT trong câu chủ động.
Ex: They say he is a millionaire.
→ It is said that he is a millionare.
Ex: People believed that the earth was the centre of the universe. (V1 và V2 cùng thì)
→ The earth was believed to be the centre of the universe.
Trường hợp 2:
Động từ ở mệnh đề tường thuật (V1) LỆCH THÌ với động từ ở mệnh đề chính (V2):
Passive:
S2 + be + Reporting VP2 + to have VP2 (V2)
Police reported that a man had been helping them with their inquiries.
→ A man was reported to have been helping the police with their inquiries.
Ex: They think that the man holding the hostages is heavily armed.
→ The man holding the hostages is thought to be heavily armed.
ACTIVE PASSIVE
FORMULA S + V (want, prefer, hope,...) + SB S + V (want, prefer, hope,...) + ST
+ to + V + ST + to be VP2 + (by SB)
The teacher wants me to do this exercise The teacher wants this exercise to be done
EXAMPLES carefully. carefully.
I want you to help me. I want to be helped (by you).
S + V (love, enjoy, hate,...) + SB S + V (love, enjoy, hate,...) + ST
FORMULA
+ V-ing + ST + being + VP2 (by SB)
She enjoys her boyfriend telling the She enjoys the story being told by her
story. boyfriend.
EXAMPLES
Mr. Miller hates people keeping him Mr. Miller hates being kept waiting.
waiting.
ACTIVE PASSIVE
FORMULA S + let + sb + V (nguyên) S + be + allowed + to + V
EXAMPLES He let me go out. I was allowed to go out.
FORMULA S + make + O + V (nguyên) S + be + made + to + V (nguyên)
The manager made the employees work The employees were made to work
EXAMPLES
overtime. overtime.
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Dùng cho người : S + need to be + VP2
Dùng cho vật:
S + need + to V
+ Dạng 1: S + need + V-ing
+ Dạng 2: S + need to be + VP2
The boss needed to believe her. => She needed to be believed by her boss.
You need to cut your hair before you go back to => Your hair needs to be cut before you go back to
school. school. / Your hair needs cutting before you go
back to school.
ACTIVE PASSIVE
S + recommend/ suggest + V-ing + O S + recommend/ suggest + that +S (O) + should be + VPII
They suggested banning advertisement. They suggested that advertisements should be banned.
It is one's duty + to V + O Someone + be + supposed + to V + O
It is your duty to learn English now. You are supposed to learn English now.
It is possible/ impossible to + V + O S (O) + can/can't + be + VP2
It is impossible to repair that machine. That machine can't be repaired.
It is necessary to V + O S (O) + should+ be + VP2
It's necessary for you to tell the truth The truth should be told immediately.
immediately.
It is important to V + O S (O) + must + be + VP2
It’s important to keep medicine out of the Medicine must be kept out of the reach of children.
reach of children.
It is + adj + for sb + to V + O It is + adj + for + O + to be VP2
It is difficult for me to finish this test. → It is difficult for this test to be finished.
Với các động từ theo sau bởi 1 V có “to”
S + V + O1 + TO V + O2 S + V + O2 + to be + PII
He wants his students to do all the → He wants all the difficult exercises to be done by his
difficult exercises. students.
Với các động từ theo sau bởi 1 V-ing: remember, hate, like, dislike…
S + V + O + V-ing S + V + being + PII (by O)
Ex 1: I remembered my father offering → I remembered being offered a beautiful present by my
me a beautiful present on my birthday. father on my birthday.
Ex 2: I hate people shouting at me. → I hate being shouted at.
UNIT 2: THE WORLD OF WORK – “The only way to do great work is to love what you
do”
GRAMMAR: INVERSION
A. EXPLORE GRAMMAR
I. Mục đích của đảo ngữ
Đảo ngữ thường được dùng với mục đích nhấn mạnh về một sự việc hay một chủ thể nhất định
trong câu.
Ex: Never in my life have I seen such a beautiful girl.
1. CÁC ADV PHỦ ĐỊNH + TRỢ ĐỘNG TỪ + S + V Never did they go to sleep
TRẠNG bare infi before 9 p.m.
TỪ PHỦ TRẠNG TỪ PHỦ ĐỊNH: Seldom/scarcely/rarely have
ĐỊNH - never (before): không bao giờ I seen my father so angry
- rarely = seldom = scarcely = little: hiếm khi, hầu Hardly ever did Sue walk to
như không work
- hardly (ever) : hầu như không bao giờ
4.1. Only after + N/V-ing clause + trợ ĐT + S + Only after I had heard his
V (chỉ sau khi) reasons did I forgive him.
Only by practicing English
4.2. Only by + V-ing + trợ ĐT + S + V (chỉ bằng every day can you speak it
cách) fluently.
Only with the full agreement
of everyone can we hope to
4.3. Only with + N + trợ ĐT + S + V (chỉ với) succeed.
4. “ONLY” Only when/if you tell me the
truth, can I forgive you.
4.4. Only when/ if + clause + trợ ĐT + S + V
Only in that way can we
(chỉ khi /chỉ nếu )
expect to succeed in reaching
the set targets.
4.5. Only in this/ that way (chỉ bằng cách Only then did I understand
này/đó), Only then (chỉ đến lúc đó), Only later the problem.
(chỉ sau này), Only once (chỉ một lần) + trợ Only once did I meet her.
động từ + S + V
5. NOT It was not until I became a
UNTIL mother that I knew how my
Mãi cho NOT UNTIL/TILL + S + V + trợ ĐT + S + V mother loved me.
đến khi… bare => Not until I became a
mother did I know how my
mother loved me.
thì
Not until 10pm did she
NOT UNTIL/TILL + time + trợ ĐT + S + V come.
PART 2:
DẠNG CÔNG THỨC VÍ DỤ
Not only did we get wet, but
6. Not only.. NOT ONLY + TRỢ ĐT + S + V bare + BUT + S we also lost our passports.
but also ALSO + V
Không
những.. Not only is he handsome but
mà còn.. NOT ONLY + TRỢ ĐT + S + V bare + BUT… he is clever as well
AS WELL
So little did he know about
her that he was not even sure
SO + ADJ/ADV + BE/TRỢ ĐT + S + V + THAT of her name.
+ S +V So kind is she that everyone
7. So.. that.. loves her.
Such..that Such is the moment that all
greats traverse.
Such is the stuff of dreams.
SUCH + BE + N + THAT + S + V Such are the days of our
lives.
GIỚI TỪ/CỤM GIỚI TỪ CHỈ ĐỊA ĐIỂM/ VỊ Here comes the sun
TRÍ/ HƯỚNG + V + S Up jumped the cat
+ along, away, back, in, on, off, out, up, round the In the corner sat a large pig.
9. GIỚI TỪ corner…
CHỈ ĐỊA + Here/ there
ĐIỂM/ VỊ Lưu ý: There does the bus go
TRÍ/ - Riêng dạng này đảo V, không phải trợ động từ, V -> There goes the bus
HƯỚNG vẫn chia theo S phia sau Here come you
- Nếu chủ ngữ là ĐẠI TỪ, không đảo ngữ trong -> Here comes Peter
trường hợp này Down jumped it
-> Down jumped the dog
Round the corner ran she
-> Round the corner ran the
children.
INVERSION
Đảo ngữ là hình thức đảo ngược vị trí thông thường của chủ từ và động từ trong
một câu, được dùng để nhấn mạnh một thành phần hay ý nào đó trong câu.
Các dạng đảo ngữ :
STT Các dạng đảo Công thức Ví dụ
ngữ
No + N + auxiliary + S + Verb (inf) - No money shall I lend you from
Đảo ngữ với NO Not any + N + auxiliary + S + verb (inf) now on.
1
và NOT - Not any money shall I lend you
from now on.
- Never in my life shall I forget the
Neverkkkkkkkkkkkkk impression made on me by my first
Seldom + Auxiliary visit to Uncle Ho’s home town.
Hardly ever + S + verb - Seldom do I listen to Rock music.
Đảo ngữ với các Rarely (inf) - Hardly ever does he speak in the
2
trạng từ phủ định Little public.
- Rarely have I got mark 10 in
literature.
- Little does she understand me.
Under/In no
circumstances ( Trong
bất kỳ hoàn cảnh nào
cũng không…)
Đảo ngữ với So + adj/adv + auxiliary + S + V clause + - So hot was the day that we had to
“SO”: that clause stay indoors.
7 SO …THAT, - Such was his hunger that he
SUCH …THAT Such + auxiliary + S + V + that clause couldn’t go on learning.
Not until/ till + clause/ adv of time + Not until/ till 10 o’clock will come
8 Not until/ til auxiliary + S + V home
Đảo ngữ với câu a. Câu điều kiện loại 1: Should she come late she will miss
10 điều kiện: If clause = Should + S + V the train.
b. Câu điều kiện loại 2: Were I to know her , I would invite
If clause = Were S + to V/ Were + S her to the party
Rewrite each of the following sentences with the given words in such a way that it
means the same as the sentence printed above it.
1. I have never seen anyone in my life drink as much as you.
=> Never in my life have I seen anyone drink as much as you.
2. A sleeping dog was lying under the table.
=> Under the table was lying a sleeping dog.
3. His brother had rarely been more excited.
=> Rarely had his brother been more excited.
4.The facts were not all made until later.
=> Only until later were the facts all made.
5. If I had realized what would happen, I wouldn’t have accepted the job.
=> Had I realized what would happen, I wouldn’t have accepted the job.
6. The response to our appeal was so great that we have to take on more staff.
=> Such was the response to our appeal that we have to take on more staff.
MS LAN
7. Harry broke his leg, and also injured his shoulder.
=> Not only did Harry break his leg, but he also injured his shoulder.
8. The police didn’t at all suspect that the judge was the murderer.
=> Little did the police suspect that the judge was the murderer.
9. If you do happen to see Helen, could you ask her to call me?
=> Should you happen to see Helen, could you ask her to call me?
10. The bus driver cannot be blamed for the accident in any way.
=> In no way can the bus driver be blamed for the accident.
Exercise 1 : Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. As soon as he approached the house, the policeman stopped him.
A. No sooner had he approached the house than the policeman stopped him.
B. Hardly had he approached the house than the policeman stopped him.
C. No sooner had he approached the house when the policeman stopped him.
D. Hardly he had approached the house when the policeman stopped him.
2. I have seldom heard such a talented singer.
A. Seldom have I heard such a talented singer.
B. Seldom I have heard such a talented singer.
C. Seldom have I heard such a talented singer.
D. All are correct.
3. ___________ circumstances should you call the police.
A. In B. Under C. Under no D. In no
4. Only after you obtain a driving licence, ____________ a car.
A. you are able to drive B. can you drive
C. you will be able to drive D. did you drive
5. Hardly ever _________- far from home.
A. she traveled B. she has traveled
C. did she travel D. she did travel
6. ___________ there.
A. Never will I go B. I never will go C. never I will go D. All are right
7. ____________ a doctor, I could help you.
A. was I B. I was C. Were I D. I were
8. Had I not met her, I ___________ unhappy.
A. have been B. was C. had been D. would have been
9. _____________ about it.
A. He did little said B. Little did he said
C. Little did he say D. He did little say
10. Nowhere ___________ delicious dishes like here.
A. can you enjoy B. you can enjoy C. you enjoy D. you do enjoy
MS LAN
3. __Had Bob not interfered__ (not interfere) in his sister' marital problems, there wouldn't
have been peace between them.
4. Hardly___had the doctor fallen__ (fall) asleep when the telephone __woke__ (wake) him up.
5. Only by working hard ___did he manage__(manage) to pass the exam.
6. No sooner he __had he returned__(return) from his walk than he __got___ (get) down to
writing the letter.
7. Only by ___operating_____ (operate) immediately can you save your eyesight.
8. Only when they told me about it did I realize (realize) what I had missed.
9. Not until the bell rang he ___did he finish_____ (finish) his work.
10. Rarely ___does she travel_____ (travel) more than fifty miles from her village.
Exercise 3 : Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given.