Applied English Grammar

APPLIED ENGLISH GRAMMAR
Compiled By:
Muhammad Rizwan
CHAPTER 01: PRESENT TIME
Using BE
Structure Name Usage

Be as Main Verb Linking Verb (to introduce more information
Be (Present) = is / am / are about the subject, such as its identity, nature,
Be (Past) = was / were qualities, profession, age, or position etc.)
Be (Future) = will be Examples:
 She's my mother.
He/She/It/Singular = is  My grandfather was a teacher.
I = am  The sky was black.
You/We/They/Plural = are  Kamran is in class.
 His house is next door.
OUTLINE
 He is 25.
1. Using BE
2. Contractions with BE
3. This / That / These / Those + BE
Exercise 01: Use am, is or are.
4. There + BE
5. Using Have 1. She __________ a girl 14. The big boxes_________
6. Present Simple 2. I ______a student. heavy.
7. Spelling & Pronunciation of Final -s / -es 3. They _____ here now. 15. The girl ____ in the room
8. Frequency Expressions & Present Simple 4. It ______ very pretty. now.
5. John ______ an American. 16. The weather __________
9. Present Progressive
6. The sun ______ very hot. very nice today.
10. Simple Present vs. Present Progressive 7. I ______ very happy today. 17. The men _________ from
11. Stative Verbs & Present Progressive 8. She _________ from Japan. South America.
12. BE + Being + Adjective 9. Mary ___________ pretty. 18. John and Frank _________
13. Think About & Think That 10. The boy ______ a student. from Europe.
11. The apartment ____ very big. 19. You _______ in the United
14. Present Verbs: Short Answers to Y/N questions
12. The two rooms __________ States now.
15. Usage of IT very big. 20. The United States
16. Usage of NEED, WANT, WOULD LIKE, LIKE 13. Mary and Halen _______ __________ very big.
students.
CHAPTER 01: PRESENT TIME CHAPTER 01: PRESENT TIME
Exercise 02: (Written + Oral) Contractions with BE

Example: Name a language Normal Form Affirmative Form Negative Form
 English is a language
I am I’m I’m not
 Arabic is a language
We are We’re We’re not We aren’t
 French is a language
You are You’re You’re not You aren’t
1. Name an animal 7. Name a country He is He’s He’s not He isn’t
2. Name two vegetables 8. Name two colors She is She’s She’s not She isn’t
3. Name a sport 9. Name an insect It is It’s It’s not It isn’t
4. Name a color 10. Name a season They are They’re They’re not They aren’t
5. Name two countries 11. Name two seasons
6. Name a city
EXERCISE 05: (Written + Oral) Complete the sentences. Use contractions
(pronoun + BE)
Exercise 03: (Written + Oral) Change the singular sentences to plural sentences
Example: An ant is an insect. Example: Sara is a student. She’s in my class.
1. John is a student. _______________ in my class.
 Ants are insects. 2. I have one brother. _______________ in my class.
3. She has two sisters. _______________ students.
1. A computer is a machine 4. A rose is a flower 4. I have a dictionary. _______________ on my desk.
5. I like my classmates. _______________ friendly.
2. A dictionary is a book 5. A carrot is a vegetable
6. I have three books. _______________ on my desk.
3. A chicken is a bird 6. A rabbit is an animal 7. My brother is 26 years old. _______________ married.
8. His sister is 21 years old. _______________ single.
EXERCISE 04: (Oral) Complete the sentences 9. Majid and Kamran are students. _______________ in my class.
Example: Spanish…… 10. I like my books. _______________ interesting.
 Spanish is a language 11. I like grammar. _______________ easy.
12. Kate and I live in an apartment. _______________ roommates.
1. A bear ………… 8. Chickens …………
13. I go to school. _______________ a student.
2. An ant ………… 9. China ………… 14. I know you. _______________ in my English class.
3. London ………… 10. Winter and summer ………
EXERCISE 06: (Written + Oral) Complete the sentences. Use is, isn’t, are or
4. Spring ………… 11. Arabic ………… aren’t.
5. A carrot ………… 12. A computer …………
6. September and October …… 13. A fly ………… 1. A ball ___________ square. It __________ round.
7. A dictionary ………… 2. Lemons ___________ yellow.
3. Ripe bananas ___________ yellow too.
4. A lemon ___________ sweet. It ___________ sour.
5. My pen ___________ heavy. It ___________ light. There + BE

6. This room ___________ dark. It ___________ light.
7. My classmates ___________ friendly. Structure Name Usage
8. A turtle ___________ slow. Statements There + be is used to say that something
a) There is a bird in the tree exists in a particular place
9. Airplanes ___________ slow. They ___________ fast.
b) There are four birds in the tree.
10. The floor in the classroom ___________ clean. It ___________ dirty.
11. The weather ___________ cold today. Questions
c) Is there any juice in the Any will be used with there for making
12. The sun ___________ bright today.
refrigerator? ~ Yes, there is. questions
13. My shoes ___________ comfortable. d) Are there any eggs in the
refrigerator? ~ No, there aren’t.
This / That / These / Those + BE There + BE (How many question)

This is / This’s one thing Things that are near to e) How many chapters are there in this The noun that will follow how many
These are more than one thing you book? will always be plural.
That is / That’s one thing f) How many provinces are there in
Things that are far
from you your country?
Those are more than one thing
EXERCISE 07: (Written + Oral) Complete the sentences. Use the words in
parentheses. EXERCISE 08: Use is or are.
1. (This, These) ___________ coat is black. (That, Those) ___________ coats 1. There _________ a butterfly in the room
are tan. 2. There ________ two trees in the picture.
2. (This, These) ___________ earrings are gold. (That, Those) ___________
earrings are silver. 3. There _________ some flowers on the desk.
3. (This, These) ___________ pencil belongs to Alex. (That, Those) 4. There ________ a book in my bag.
___________ pencil belongs to Omer. 5. There ____________ comfortable chairs in the classroom.
4. (This, These) ___________ sunglasses belong to me. (That, Those)
6. There ______________ interesting places to visit in this area.
___________ sunglasses belong to you.
5. (This, These) ___________ exercise is easy. (That, Those) ___________ 7. There ______________ a good place to eat near school.
exercises are hard. 8. There __________ difficult words in this exercise.
6. Students are sitting at (this, these) ___________ desk, but (that, those)
___________ desks are empty.
7. (This, These) ___________ book is on my desk. (That, Those) ___________
books are on your desk.
EXERCISE 09: Make questions from the following. Using HAVE

1. Zoo
ANS: Is there any zoo in your country / in this area / in Islamabad?
Have as Main Verb 1. To own, hold or possess something
2. An airport Have (Present) = has / have Examples:
3. Any lakes Have (Past) = had  Fazal has a new bike.
Have (Future) = will have  You have beautiful eyes
4. Any good restaurant
 My wallet is empty. I don’t have
5. An art museum any money.
6. An aquarium He/She/It/Singular = has
I /You/We/They/Plural = have 2. To have illness, or a disability
7. Any interesting bookstore
Examples:
8. A subway system Negative  I had a headache last night.
9. Any movie theaters …… do/does + not + have…….  She has a cold.
10. Any public swimming pools
Question 3. To eat or drink something
Do/Does……have……? Examples:
EXERCISE 10: Make questions from the following.
 I had a glass of milk in the
1. Desk breakfast.
ANS: How many desks are there in this classroom/school/building? EXERCISE 11: (Written + Oral) Complete the sentences. Use has, have
2. Windows
Example: We have grammar books.
3. Students
4. Teachers 1. I ___________ a dictionary.
2. Kate ___________ a blue pen. She ___________ a blue notebook too.
5. Women
3. You ___________ a pen in your pocket.
6. Men 4. Bob ___________ a notebook on his desk.
7. Dictionaries 5. Anna and Bob ___________ notebooks. They ___________ pens too.
8. Cities 6. Samir is a student in our class. He ___________ a red grammar book.
7. I ___________ a grammar book. It ___________ a red cover.
9. Countries
8. You and I are students. We ___________ books on our desks.
10. People 9. Mike ___________ a wallet in his pocket. Sara ___________ a wallet in her
purse.
10. Nadia isn’t in class today because she ___________ the flue.
11. Mr. and Mrs. Johnson ___________ two daughters.
12. Ducks ___________ feathers.
13. A duck ___________ a beak.
14. Salman ___________ a laptop.
Present Simple
EXERCISE 12: (Written + Oral) Complete the sentences. Use has, have and my,
your, her his, our, or their.
Present Simple Usage
Example: I have a book. My book is interesting. a) Water consists of hydrogen and The simple present says that something
oxygen. was true in the past, is true in the present,
1. Bob ___________ a backpack. ___________ backpack is green. b) The average person breathes 21, and will be true in the future. It expresses
600 times a day. general statements of fact and timeless
2. You ___________ a raincoat. ___________ raincoat is brown. c) The world is round. truths.
3. Kate ___________ a raincoat. ___________ raincoat is red.
d) I study for two hours every It is also used to express habits, routines,
4. Ken and Sue ___________ a daughter. ___________ daughter is ten years old. night. usual activities
5. John and I ___________ a son. ___________ son is seven years old. e) I get up at seven every morning.
f) Class begins at 9 o’clock every The following frequency adverbs
6. I ___________ a brother. ___________ brother is 16. morning. are generally used with present
7. We ___________ grammar books. ___________ grammar books are red. simple.
always, never, usually, often,
8. Tom and you ___________ backpacks. ___________ backpacks are brown. sometimes, seldom, rarely, every,
9. Ann ___________ a dictionary. ___________ dictionary is red. once, twice, three times, four times
etc.
10. Mike ___________ a car. ___________ car is blue. Verb Forms
 V1 / Vs/es
 Do/Does….. V1
I/We/You/They + don’t (do not) She/He/It + doesn’t (does not)
Do + I/We/You/They + V1 Does + He/She/It + V1
EXERCISE 13: Circle the correct option.
1. My mother and father eat / eats breakfast at 7 o’clock every day.

2. My mother drink / drinks tea with her breakfast.
3. I take / takes a bath every morning.
4. My sister take / takes a shower.
5. I study / studies English with my friends.
6. We walk / walks to school together every morning.
7. It stop / stops at 12 o’clock for lunch.
8. We eat / eats in the cafeteria.
9. My friends and I go / goes home at 3 o’clock every afternoon.
10. Haris and Jamal brush / brushes their teeth every morning.
EXERCISE 14: Complete the sentences. EXERCISE 16: Simple present.

1. (like, not) Amir _________________________ tea. Directions: Complete the sentences with does, do, is, are, or --.
2. (like, not) I ________________ tea.
3. (know, not) Mary and Jim are strangers. Mary _____________ Jim. 1. A turtle _______________lays eggs.
4. (need, not) It’s nice day today. You ____________________ your umbrella. 2. _______________ snakes lay eggs?
5. (snow, not) It ____________ in Bangkok in the winter. 3. _______________ an alligator lay eggs?
6. (speak, not) I _________________ French. 4. _______________ an alligator a reptile?
7. (be, not) I ________________ hungry. 5. _______________ turtles and snakes reptiles?
8. (live, not) Butterflies _______________________ long. 6. Turtles, snakes, and alligators _______________ all reptiles.
9. (have, not) A butterfly __________ have a long life. 7. Almost all reptiles _______________ lay eggs.
10. (be, not) A butterfly ________________ large. 8. Reptiles _______________ cold-blooded.
11. (have, not) This city _____________________ nice weather in the summer. 9. They _______________ prefer warm climates.
12. (have, not) We ____________________________ class every day. 10. Their body temperature _______________ the same as the temperature of their
13. (be, not) It ___________________ cold today. surroundings.
14. (rain, not) It ___________________ every day. 11. _______________ reptiles like to lie in the sun? Yes, they do.
12. A mosquito _______________ flying around Sam's head.
13. Mosquitoes _______________ pests.
Spelling & Pronunciation of Final -es
14. They _______________ bother people and animals.
There are three ways to pronounce the final -es. / s / / z / / ɪz / 15. _______________ a male mosquito bite?
/s/ voiceless consonant /z/ voiced consonant /iz/ sibilant 16. No, male mosquitoes _______________ not bite.
/t/ wait-waits /b rub-rubs /s/ discuss-discusses
17. Only female mosquitoes _______________ bite animals and people.
/p/ drop-drops /d/ ride-rides /ʃ/ wash-washes
/f/ laugh-laughs /v/ drive-drives /tʃ/ watch-watches 18. A female mosquito _______________ lays 1000 to 3000 eggs each year.
/k/ speak-speaks /n/ run-runs /dʒ/ change-changes 19. How long_______________ mosquitoes live?
/m/ dream-dreams /z/ surprise-surprises
/l/ smile-smiles 20. A female mosquito _______________ lives for 30 days.
21. A male mosquito _______________ not live as long as a female.
EXERCISE 15: Practice the following.
22. How long_______________ a male mosquito live?
23. It _______________ dies after 10 or 20 days.
1. eat 5. have 9. speak 13. put
24. Beverly _______________ wearing mosquito repellent.
2. go 6. study 10. do 14. carry
25. The mosquito repellent _______________ smells bad, but it
3. drink 7. get up 11. listen 15. smile
_______________ works.
4. brush 8. watch 12. wash
26. The mosquito repellent _______________ effective. Frequency Expressions & Present Simple
27. Mosquitoes _______________ stay away from people who _______________ 100% always Frequency adverbs usually occur in the middle
almost always of a sentence and have special positions
wearing mosquito repellent.
Subject + Frequency Adverb + Verb
28. _______________ you ever wear mosquito repellent? usually*
Bob always eats breakfast.
29. _______________ mosquito repellent work? often*
Mary usually eats breakfast.
frequently* I seldom watch TV.
EXERCISE 17: Simple present: final -S/-ES generally* I rarely drink milk.
Directions: Read the paragraph. Then complete the paragraph about Sam's day using sometimes* I never eat paper.
occasionally* The adverbs with the symbol ''*” may also
he in place of I. You will need to change the verbs. occur at the beginning or end of a sentence.
seldom
I sometimes get up at 6:30.
I leave my apartment at 8:00 every morning. I walk to the bus stop and catch the 8:10 rarely Sometimes I get up at 6:30.
bus. It takes me downtown. Then I transfer to another bus, and it takes me to my part- hardly ever I get up at 6:30 sometimes.
time job. I arrive at work at 8:50. I stay until 1:00, and then I leave for school. I attend almost never
0% not ever, never
classes until 5:00. I usually study in the library and try to finish my homework. Then I
Subject + Frequency Adverb+ Frequency adverbs usually come between the
go home around 8:00. I have a long day.
Other Present Simple Verbs subject and the simple present verb (except
Karen always tells the truth. main verb be).
SAM'S DAY:
Subject + BE+ Frequency Adverb Frequency adverbs follow be in the simple
Karen is always on time. present (am, is, are) and simple past (was,
Sam _________________ his apartment at 8:00. He _________________to the bus were).
stop and_________________ the 8:10 bus. It takes him downtown. Then In a question, frequency adverbs come directly
Do you always eat breakfast?
after the subject.
_________________ to another bus, and it takes him to his part-time job.
In a negative sentence, most frequency
_________________ at work at 8:50. _________________ until 1:00, and then Ann usually doesn't eat breakfast. adverbs come in front of a negative verb
_________________ for school. _________________ classes until 5:00. (except always and ever).
_________________ usually _________________ in the library and Sue doesn’t always eat breakfast. Always follows a negative helping verb or
negative be.
_________________ to finish his homework. Then _________________home CORRECT: Anna never eats
meat. Negative adverbs (seldom, rarely, hardy
around 8:00. _________________ a long day.
ever, never) are NOT used with a negative
INCORRECT: Anna doesn't verb.
never eat meat
Do you ever take the bus to work? Ever is used in questions about frequency. It
~ Yes, I do. I often take the bus. means "at any time. "
I don't ever walk to work. Ever is also used with not
INCORRECT: I ever walk to work Ever is NOT used in statements.
Other Frequency Expressions EXERCISE 19: Frequency adverbs.

Add the word in italics to the sentences. Put the word in its usual midsentence position.
I drink tea once a day We can express frequency by saying Write -- if no word is needed in a blank.
twice a day how many times something happens
usually Ann _________________stays _________________at night.
three times a day. a day
usually Ann _________________is _________________ at home at night.
four times a day. a week
always Bob _________________ stays _________________home in the
etc. a month
evening.
a year
always He _________________ is _________________ at his desk in the
I see my grandparents three times a week. Every is singular. The noun that
evening.
I see my aunt once a month. follows (e. g., morning) must be
usually He _________________ doesn't _________________ go out in the
I see my cousin Sam twice a year. singular.
evenings.
I see my roommate every morning.
always But he _________________ doesn't _________________ study
I pay my bills every month. Incorrect: every morninings
every evening.
I see my doctor every year.
sometimes He _________________ watches _________________ a little TV.
never He _________________ stays _________________ up past
EXERCISE 18: Add the frequency adverbs to the sentences.
midnight.
never He _________________ is _________________ up past midnight.
1. (always) Ann is on time for class.
usually Does Ann _________________study _________________ at night?
2. (always) Ann comes to class on time.
always Does Bob _________________study _________________ at night?
3. (often) Maria is late for class.
always Is _________________ Bob_________________ at home at night?
4. (often) Maria comes to class late.
5. (never) It snows in my hometown.
EXERCISE 20: Complete the sentences. Use the words in parentheses. Use the
6. (never) it is very cold in my hometown.
simple present tense. Pay special attention to singular and plural and to the spelling
7. (usually) Bob is at home in the evening.
of final -s/-es.
8. (usually) Bob stays at home in the evening.
9. (seldom) Tom studies at the library in the evening.
1. The students (ask, often) ______________________ questions in class.
10. (seldom) His classmates are at the library in the evening.
2. Pablo (study, usually) _______________ at the library every evening.
11. (sometimes) I skip breakfast.
3. Zahir (bite) ______________ his fingernails when he is nervous.
12. (rarely) I have time for a big breakfast.
4. Danish (cash) ______________ a check at the bank once a week.
13. (usually) I am very hungry by lunchtime.
14. (never) Samir drinks coffee.
5. Sometimes I (worry) ____________ about the grades at school. Sonya (worry, 5. Sally is healthy. She _______________________ cigarettes. (smoke)
never) _______________________ about her grades. She (study) 6. Jane and Alex always have lunch at home. They ___________________at the
_______________ hard. cafeteria. (eat)
6. Ms. Jones and Mr. Anderson (teach) ______________ at the local high school. 7. Sometimes I ___________________ my homework in the evening. I watch
Ms. Jones (teach) _____________________ math. TV instead. (do)
7. Birds (fly) ________. They (have) _____________ wings. 8. My sister likes tea, but she _________________ coffee. (like)
8. A bird (fly) __________________. It (have) ___________ wings. 9. Hamid is a careful writer. He ___________________ mistakes in the spelling
9. Jason (do, always) _____________ his homework. He (go, never) when he writes. (make)
____________ to bed until his homework is finished. 10. I’m lazy. I _________________ exercise in the morning. (do)
10. Mr. Cook (say, always) _______________ hello to his neighbor in the 11. Sometimes Ann ___________________ her shoes when she goes outside. (put
morning. on)
11. Ms. Chu (pay, always) _____________ attention in class. She (answer)
_______________ questions. She (listen) ______________ to the teacher. She EXERCISE 22: Complete the questions in the conversations. Use is /am /are /do /
does /---.
(ask) _____________ questions.
12. Sam (enjoy) _______________ cooking. He (try, often) _____________ new 1. What time _____________ the movie start? ~ 7:15. _____________ you want
recipes. He (like) _______________ to have company for dinner. He (invite) to go with us? ~ Yes. What time ____________ it now? ~ Almost 7 o’clock.
________________ me to dinner once a month. When I arrive, I (go) ____________ you ready to leave? ~ Yes, let’s go.
___________ to the kitchen and (watch) __________ him cook. He (have, 2. Where ___________ my keys to car? ~ I don’t know. Where __________ you
usually) _______________ three or four pots on the stove. He (watch) usually keep them? ~ In my purse. But they’re not there. ~ ____________ you
___________ the pots carefully. He (make) ____________ a big mess in the sure? ~ Yes. ______________ you see them? ~ No. ____________ they in one
kitchen when he cooks. After dinner, he (wash) _____________ all the dishes of your pockets? ~ I don’t think so. ~ _______ your husband have them? ~ No.
and (clean) ____________ the kitchen. I (cook, never) __________. It (be) He has his own set of keys. ~ Well, I hope you find them. ~ Thanks.
__________ too much trouble. But my friend Sam (love) ____________ to 3. _____________ you go to school? ~ Yes. ~ ______________ your brother go
cook. to school too? ~ No. He quit school last semester. He has a job now. ~
______________ it a good job? ~ Not really. ~ Where ______________ he
EXERCISE 21: Convert the following sentences into negatives. work? ~ At a restaurant. He washed dishes. ~ ______________ he live with
you? ~ No, he lives with my parents. ~ ______________ your parents unhappy
1. Bob _______________________ to school every day. (go)
that he quit school? ~ They’re very unhappy about it. ~ ______________ they
2. My roommates are from Japan. They ___________________ Spanish. (speak)
want him to return to school? ~ Of course. They have many dreams for him
3. Roberto has a beard. He __________________in the morning. (shave)
and his future.
4. We _______________ to class on Sunday. (go)
EXERCISE 23: Complete the questions and answers with the words in parentheses. Using Present Progressive
Use the simple present of the verbs.
(you, study) ____________________ a lot? ~ I (study) ________ at least three Present Progressive / Continuous Usage
hours every night. My roommates (study) _______________ at least five a) Umar is talking on the phone. to express things / actions happing at the
b) The baby is sleeping. time of speaking (right now)
hours. She’s very serious about her education. How about you? (you, spend) c) My friends are playing hockey. It is temporary activity that began in the
past, is continuing at present, and will
_________________ a lot of time studying? ~ No, I don’t. I (spend)
probably end at some point in the future.
_______________ as little time as possible. I (like, not) _______________ to
Often the activity is of a general nature:
study. ~ Then why (you, be) _______________ a student? ~ My parents (want)
something generally in progress this week,
_______________ me to go to school. I (want, not) ___________ to be here. this month, this year.
~ In that case, I (think) _______________ that you should drop out of school d) I am taking five courses this Note: The sentence (f) means that writing
and find a job until you decide what you want to do with your life. semester. a book is general activity Susan is
e) Ali is trying to improve his work engaged in at the present, but it does not
habits. mean that at the moment of speaking she
EXERCISE 24: Correct the errors.
f) Susan is writing another book this is sitting at her desk with pen in hand.
1. Yoko live in Japan. year.
2. Ann comes usually to class on time.
Verb Forms Negative
3. Peter use his cell phone often. BE (is/am/are) + Ving Subject + is/am/are + not + Ving ….
4. Amy carry a notebook computer to work every day. Question
Is/Am/Are + Subject+ Ving …………?
5. She enjoy her job.
6. I no know Joe.
7. Mike don’t like milk. He never drink it. EXERCISE 25: Put the verbs into present progressive.
8. Tina doesn’t speaks Chinese. She speak Spanish.
1. My sister (to clean) _________________ the room.
9. You a student?
2. Look! They (to go) _________________ inside.
10. Do your roommate sleeps with the window open?
3. I (to wait) __________________ in the car now.
11. Does you like strong coffee? ~ Yes, I like.
4. Mrs. Miller (to listen) ___________________ to CDs.
12. Where your parents live?
5. We (to speak) __________________ English at the moment.
13. What time is your English class begins?
6. They (to swim) ______________ in the pool.
14. Rani isn’t need a car. She have a bicycle.
7. I (to make) _______________ breakfast now.
15. Do Pablo does his homework every day?
8. It (to rain) _________________.
9. He (to repair) ___________________ his bike.
10. They (to watch) ______________ a film.
11. The cat (to sleep) ________________ on the chair. Simple Present vs. Present Progressive
12. Jane and Emily (to do) ________________ their homework.
13. Bill (to wait) __________________________ at the bus stop. Structure Name Usage
14. We (to listen) _________________________ to the radio. STATEMENTS THE SIMPLE PRESENT expresses habits or usual
15. The children (to play) __________________ a game. activities (general statements of fact, events
a) I sit in class every day.
EXERCISE 26: Make the negative sentences. b) I am sitting in class right now. or situations that exist always, usually, or
c) The teacher writes on the
habitually in the past, present, and future)
1. I’m going home. board every day.
d) The teacher is writing on the
2. Ahmad is writing a letter. board right now.
THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE expresses actions
3. Teacher is standing in the class.
QUESTIONS that are happening right now while the
4. The patient is looking at the ceiling.
speaker is speaking. The event began in the
5. Maria and Jin are waving at each other. e) Do you sit in class every day?
f) Are you sitting in class right past, is in progress now, and will probably
6. The kid is counting the numbers. now?
continue into the future.
7. The rabbit is eating a carrot. g) Does the teacher write on the
board every day?
8. The horse is sleeping h) Is the teacher writing on the
THE SIMPLE PRESENT uses do and does as
9. Rashid is listening to music. board right now?
helping verbs in questions / negatives
10. The foreigners are speaking in English. NEGATIVES
11. They are watching a movie.
i) I don’t sit in class every day. THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE uses is, am, and
12. The audience are clapping for the singer. j) I’m not sitting in class right
are in questions / negatives.
13. The business man is reading a newspaper. now.
k) The teacher doesn’t write on
14. My friend is using Facebook in the class. the board every day.
15. The sick child is coughing badly. l) The teacher isn’t writing on
the board right now.
EXERCISE 27: Make questions and give short answers.
1. The teacher is helping the 6. She is not working in her garden.

students. 7. Nancy is smiling.
2. John is riding a bicycle. 8. The child is weeping.
3. I’m not sleeping. 9. Jamil is looking out the window.
4. The students aren’t watching TV. 10. Meera is sleeping in the class.
5. It isn’t raining outside.
EXERCISE 28: Sentence practice. (Direction: Complete the sentence with the 6. A: Look! It (snow) _____________________.
words in parentheses.) B: It’s beautiful! This is the first time I’ve ever seen snow. It (snow, not)
1. Ahmed (talk) __________ to his classmates every day in class. Right now he _____________________ in my country.
(talk) ___________ to Yoko. He (talk, not) _________________ to his friend
7. Right now I’m in class. I (sit) _____________________ at my desk. I usually
Omer right now.
(sit) ______________________ at the same desk in class every day.
2. It (rain) ________ a lot in this city, but it (rain, not) _________________ right
8. Ali (speak) ______________________ Arabic. Arabic is his native language,
now. The sun (shine) _________. (it, rain) ____________a lot in your
but right now he (speak) ____________________ English.
hometown?
9. A: (it, rain) ________________________ a lot in southern California?
3. Haris and Anna (sit) _________ next to each other in class every day, so they
B: No. the weather (be) __________________ usually warm and sunny.
often (help) _________ each other with their grammar exercises. Right now
Anna (help) _____________ Haris with an exercise on present verb tenses. 10.A: Look out the window. (It, rain) __________________? Should I Take my
4. Robert (cook) ________________ his own dinner every evening. Right now umbrella?
he is in his kitchen. He (cook) _________________ rice and beans. (He, cook) B: It (start) ______________________ to sprinkle.
__________________ meat for his dinner tonight too? No, he is a vegetarian.
11. A: Look. It’s Youssef.
He (eat, not) _________________ meat. (You, eat) __________________
B: Where?
meat? (You, be) _______________ a vegetarian?
A: Over there. He (walk) _________________ out of the bakery.
12. A: Oscar usually (walk) _______________________ to work. (walk, you)
EXERCISE 29: Simple Present vs. Present Progressive.
________________ to work every day, too?
Directions: Complete the sentences by using words in parentheses. Use the simple
B: Yes.
present or the present progressive.
A: (Oscar, walk) __________________________ with you?
1. Shhh. The baby (sleep) ___________________. The baby (sleep)
B: Sometimes.
_____________________ for ten hours every night.
13. A: Flowers! Flowers for sale!
2. Nancy can’t come to the phone because she (wash) ___________________ her
B: Yes sir! Can I help you!
hair. She (wash) _____________________ her hair every other day or so.
B: I’ll take those -- the yellow ones.
3. Please be quiet. I (try) _____________________ to concentrate.
A: Here you are, mister. Are they for a special occasion?
4. (you, lock, always) _____________________ the door to your apartment
B: I (buy) _________________ them for my wife. I (buy)
when you leave?
__________________ flowers on the first day of every month.
5. I wrote to my friend last week. She hasn’t answered my letter yet. I (wait, still)
_____________________ for a reply.
14. I can't afford that ring. It (cost) ___________________ too much. 21. Right now Martha is in the science building. The chemistry experiment she
15. Look. It (begin) ___________________ to rain. Unfortunately, I (have, not*) (do) ___________________ is dangerous, so she (be) ___________________
___________________ my umbrella with me. Tom is lucky. He (wear) very careful. She (want, not) ___________________ to spill any of the acid.
___________________ a raincoat. She (be, always) ___________________ careful when she (do)
16. I (own, not) ___________________ an umbrella. I (wear) ___________________ a chemistry experiment.
___________________ a waterproof hat on rainy days.
EXERCISE 30: Question Practice.
17. As a rule, I (sleep) ___________________ until 6 o'clock in the morning, and
then I (get) ___________________ up and (study) ___________________ for Directions: complete the sentences with the words in parenthesis.
my classes. 1. A: Tom is on the phone.

18. Shhh. Grandpa (take) ___________________ a nap in the living room. We B: (he, talk) ________________ to his wife?
(want, not) ___________________ to wake him up. He (need) A: Yes.
___________________ his rest. B: (he, talk) _________________ to her often?
19. Right now I (look) ___________________ at Janet. She (look) A: Yes, he (talk) _________________ to her every day during his lunch break.
___________________ angry. I wonder what's the matter. She (have) 2. A: I (walk) ______________ school every day. I (take, not) ______________
___________________ a frown on her face. She certainly (have, not) the bus. (You, take) ______________ the bus?
___________________ any fun right now. Right now I (look) B: No, I don’t.
___________________ around the classroom. Yoko (write) 3. A: Anna is in the hallway.
___________________ in her book. Carlos (bite) ___________________ his B: (she, talk) ______________ to her friends?
pencil. Wan-Ning (scratch) ___________________ his head. Ahmed (stare) A: No, she isn’t. She (run) ______________ to her next class.
___________________ out the window. He (seem) ___________________ to 4. A: I (read) ______________ the newspaper every day.
be daydreaming, but perhaps he (think) ___________________ hard about B: How about your program book? (you, read) ______________ your
verb tenses. What (you, think) ___________________ Ahmed (do) grammar every day?
___________________? A: No, I don’t. I (read, not) ______________ my grammar book every day.
20. I (want) ___________________ to figure out the meaning of this saying: "The 5. A: What (you, read) ______________ right now?
pen is mightier than the sword. " I (know) ___________________ that B: I (read) ______________ my grammar book.
"mightier" (mean) ___________________ "more powerful, " but what's a 6. A: (you, want) ______________ your coat?
"sword"? What ("sword, " mean) ___________________ B: Yes.
A: (be, this) ______________ your coat?
B: No, my coat (hang) ______________ in the closet.
STATIVE (Non – Action) Verbs & Present Progressive COMPARE Think and have can be used in the
progressive.
g) I think that grammar is easy. In (g): when think means “believe” it’s
Non- Action Verbs Explanation
not non-progressive. In (h): When think
a) I’m hungry right now. I want an Some verbs are not used in present h) I am thinking about grammar
expresses thoughts that are going
apple. progressive. They are called “nonaction right now. through a person’s mind, it can be
INCORRECT: I am wanting an verbs” (also called stative verbs or
apple. i) Tom has a car. progressive. it can be progressive. In (i):
nonprogressive verbs). They express a when have means “own” or expresses
situation that exists, not an action in j) I’m having a good time.
b) I hear a siren. Do you hear it too? possession, it is not used in the
INCORRECT: I’m hearing a progress. progressive. In (j): In expressions where
siren. Are you hearing it too? have does not mean “own” (e. g., have a
In (a): want is a no action verb. Want good time, have a bad time, have trouble,
c) I know Ms. Chen. expresses a physical or emotional need,
INCORRECT: I am knowing Ms. have a problem, have company, have an
not an action. operation), have can be used in the
Chen.
In (b): hear is a no action verb. Hear progressive.
expresses a sensory experience, not an
action.
SEE, LOOK AT, and WATCH In (k): see = a non-action verb. Seeing
d) The chef is in his kitchen. He is A verb such as taste has a stative happens because my eyes are open.
tasting the sauce. meaning, but also a progressive meaning. k) I see many things in this room. Seeing is a physical reaction, not a
e) It tastes too salty. l) I’m looking at the clock, I planned action.
In (d) tasting describes the action of the In (l): Look at = an action verb. Looking
f) He doesn't like it. want to know the time.
chef putting something in his mouth and is planned and purposeful action.
actively testing its flavor (progressive). m) Bob is watching TV. Looking happens for a reason.
In (e) tastes describes the person's In (m): Watch = an action verb. I watch
awareness of the quality of the food something for a long time, but I look at
(stative). something for a short time.
A verb such as like has a stative meaning.
HEAR and LISTEN TO In (n): hear = a non-action verb. Hearing
It is rarely, if ever, used in progressive
is an unplanned activity. It expresses a
tenses. n) I’m in my apartment. I’m trying physical reaction.
to study. I hear music from the
next apartment. The music is In (o): listen (to) = an action verb.
Listening happens for a purpose.
loud.
o) I’m in my apartment. I’m
studying. I have a tape recorder.
I’m listening to music. I like to
listen to music when I study.
COMMON VERBS THAT HAVE STATIVE MEANINGS EXERCISE 31: Non-action verbs.
Note: Verbs with an asterisk (*) are like the verb taste: they can have both stative Directions: Choose the correct sentence.
and progressive meanings and uses.
1. a. We want to have an answer.
Mental State know believe imagine*
want* realize feel b. We are wanting to have an answer.
doubt* need understand 2. a. The students think their grammar class is challenging.
suppose remember* desire
b. The students are thinking their grammar class is challenging.
EMOTIONAL STATE love hate mind
astonish like dislike 3. a. Look! An eagle is flying overhead.
care amaze appreciate b. Look! An eagle flies overhead.
fear surprise please 4. a. The eagle is over there! Are you seeing it?
envy prefer
b. The eagle is over there! Do you see it?
POSSESSION possess have* own
belong 5. a. Now I believe my English is better.
SENSE PERCEPTIONS taste* hear see* b. Now I am believing my English is better.
smell* feel*
6. a. I'm doing this exercise now.
OTHER EXISTING STATES seem cost* be*
consist of look* owe b. I do this exercise now.
exist contain appear* 7. a. My parents are owning two cars at this time.
weigh* matter include* b. My parents own two cars at this time.
sound equal resemble
look like 8. a. This is fun. I am having a good time.
b. This is fun. I have a good time.
9. a. We are having a new computer now.
b. We have a new computer now.
10. a. I'm not knowing the answer to your question right now, but I'll find out.
b. I don't know the answer to your question right now, but I'll find out.
11. a. My family is preferring chicken to red meat.
b. My family prefers chicken to red meat.
12. a. I need to borrow some money.
b. I am needing to borrow some money.
EXERCISE 32: Stative vs. progressive verbs. 11. A: Why isn't Richard here?
Directions: Use either the simple present or the present progressive of the verbs in B: I (imagine) _____________________ he'll be here soon. Don't worry about
parentheses. him
1. Tim (have) _____________________ a car. Tim (have) 12. A: Bye, Alex.
_____________________ trouble with his car, so he has to take the bus to B: Wait! (you, forget, not) _____________________ something? What do you
work these days. mean? Isn't this your backpack?
2. This box (weigh) _____________________ a lot. It's too heavy for me to lift. A: Gosh, Yes. How could I forget that? Thanks.
I just handed the box to the postal worker. Right now she (weigh) 13. A: When is Jessica's birthday?
_____________________ it to see how much postage it (need) B: I (forget) _____________________ when her birthday is. Sometime in
_____________________ November, isn't it?
3. I (do) _____________________ this exercise at the moment. It (consist) 14. A: Are you happy with the school you decided to send your daughter to?
_____________________ of both non-progressive and progressive verbs. I B: Yes, indeed. But it's pretty expensive. It (cost) _____________________
(think) _____________________ about the verbs in this grammar exercise us an arm and a leg to send her there, but we think it's worth it. And it won't
right now. last forever.
4. I (think) _____________________ all of my answers are correct, but I'll use 15. A: What's the price on that lamp? I really like it.
the answer key to check them when I finish, just to make sure. B: Let me see. Well, no wonder. It (cost) _____________________ three times
5. Mrs. Edwards is at the market. Right now she (look) _____________________ as much as the other one. You certainly have expensive tastes.
at the apples. They (look) _____________________ fresh. 16. A: What are you doing?
6. My cousin is an actor. She (appear, currently) _____________________ in the B: I (smell) _____________________ the scent of this candle. It (smell)
popular TV series called "Doctors of Mystery. " Have you seen that show? _____________________ good.
7. Jack (appear) _____________________ happy this morning. He's smiling. 17. A: Watch out, Tommy! Those scissors are sharp. (you, be)
8. A: This tooth is killing me! _____________________ careful? Don't cut yourself.
B: It's a good thing you (see) _____________________ a dentist today. B: It's okay. I won't hurt myself.
9. Susan (look) _______________________ at some people across the street, but 18. A: Do you let Tommy use scissors? He's very young.
she (see, not) _____________________ anyone she (know) _____________. B: It's not a problem. He (be) _____________________ very careful when he
10. A: What are you thinking about? You have such a pleasant expression on your cuts something with scissors. He (know) ________________ how to use
face. scissors carefully.
B: I (imagine) _____________________ what it would be like to be on a
tropical beach right now.
19. A: That's a big stack of bills on your desk, Sam. Haven't you paid your bills EXERCISE 34: Verb review
this month? Complete the sentence with the word in parentheses. Use the simple present and simple
B: No. Nor last month. I know I (be) _____________________ irresponsible progressive.
about paying my bills right now, but I've been really busy. I'll take care of them 1. I (sit) _____________ in class right now. I (sit, always) _______________ in
soon. Generally, I (be, not) _____________________ an irresponsible person. the same seat every day.
2. Ali (speak) _________________ Arabic, but right now he (speak)
______________________ English.
EXERCISE 33: SENTENCE PRACTICE.
3. Right now we (do) ________________an exercise in class. We (do)
Directions: Use the words in parenthesis to complete the sentences. Use the simple
___________________ exercise in class every day.
4. I'm in class now. I (look) ____________________at my classmates. Kim
1. Alice is in her room right now. She (read) ___________________ a book. She
(write) ________________ in his book. Francisco (look)
(like) ___________________ the book.
_____________________ out the window. Yoko (bite)
2. It (snow) ___________________ right now. It’s beautiful! I (like)
___________________ her pencil. Abdullah (smile) _________________.
___________________ this weather.
Maria (sleep) ___________________. Jung-Po (chew)
3. I (know) ___________________ Jessica Jones. She’s in my class.
_____________________ gum.
4. The teacher (talk) ___________________ to us right now. I
5. Barbara is an accountant. She (work) ______________ for the government.
(understand) ___________________ everything she’s saying.
She (have) __________________an hour for lunch every day. She (eat, often)
5. Mike is at a restaurant right now. He (eat) ___________________ dinner. He
_________________ lunch in the park. She (bring, usually)
(like) ___________________ the food. It (taste) ___________________ good.
_________________a sandwich and some fruit with her to the park. She (sit,
6. Sniff-sniff. I (smell) ___________________ gas. (You, smell)
usually) ___________________on a bench, but sometimes she (sit)
___________________it too?
_________________ on the grass. While she's at the lunch in park, she (watch)
7. Jason (tell) ___________________ us a story right now. I (believe)
_________________ people and animals. She (watch)
___________________ his story. I (think) ___________________ that his
____________________ jogger and squirrels. She (relax)
story is true.
__________________when she eats at the park.
8. Ugh! Someone (smoke) ___________________ a cigar. It (smell)
6. Dennis (drink, usually) __________________ coffee with his breakfast, but
___________________ terrible! I (hate) ___________________ cigars.
this morning he (drink) __________________ tea instead.
9. Look at Mr. Allen. He (hold) ___________________ a kitten in his hand. He
7. Janet (take) __________________ the bus to work every day. She (wait,
(love) ___________________ the kitten. Mr. Allen (smile)
___________________ usually) __________________ for the bus at the corner of 5th and Pine.
8. Right now I (look) ___________________ at a picture of Barbara. She (be,
not) ____________________ at home in the picture. She (be)
________________________ at the park. She (sit) 11. Mike (take) __________________ three classes this semester. Every morning
________________________ on a bench. She (eat) ___________________ he (study) __________________ for two hours before he goes to school. He
her lunch. A jogger (run) ____________________ on a path through the park. (have) __________________ French class at 9 o'clock. He (take, also)
A squirrel (sit) ______________________ on the ground in front of Barbara. __________________ chemistry and accounting. He (like)
The squirrel (eat) ___________________a nut. Barbara (watch) __________________ chemistry best of all, but he (have)
___________________the squirrel. She (watch, always) __________________ better grades in accounting and French.
_______________________________squirrels when she eats lunch in the 12. MOTHER: Susie! Get your fingers out of the dessert! What (you, do)
park. Some ducks (swim) ______________________in the pond in the __________________
picture, and some birds (fly) _________________ in the sky. A police officer SUSIE: I (taste) __________________ the cake. It (taste)
(ride) ____________________a horse. He (ride) ___________________ a __________________ good.
horse through the park every day. Near Barbara, a family (have) 13. JANICE: What (you, write) __________________ in your notebook?
__________________________ a picnic. They (go) DIANE: I (make) __________________ notes about the questions I want to
_____________________ on a picnic every week. ask the teacher.
9. Rosa is sitting on the train right now. She (take/not/usually) ______________ JANICE: (you, prepare, always) __________________ so thoroughly for
the train, but today her son (need) ______________ her car. She (enjoy) every class?
______________ the ride today. There (be) ______________ so many people DIANE: I (try, always) __________________ to.
to watch. Some people (eat) ______________ breakfast. Others (drink) 14. LARRY: Why (the children, be) __________________ so good today? They
______________ coffee and (read) ______________ the newspaper. One (clean) __________________ their rooms and (pick) __________________
woman (work) ______________ on her laptop computer. Another (hug) up all their toys and clothes from the rest of the house.
______________ her baby. Two teenagers (play) ______________ computer CAROL: I promised to take them to the water slide this afternoon if they did
games. One of them (wave) ______________ his hand in excitement. A clown all their chores first.
(walk) ______________ up and down the aisles and (entertain) 15. ALFONSO: What's that?
______________ the children. Rosa (smile) ______________. The train ride NURSE: A needle. I (prepare) __________________ to give you a shot.
(take, usually) ______________ her longer than driving, but it (be) ALFONSO: I (need, not) __________________ a shot!
______________ a more enjoyable way for her to travel. NURSE: Just relax and breathe deeply. Everything will be fine.
10. This morning it (rain) __________________. I can see Janet from my window. ALFONSO: Ouch!
She (stand) __________________ at the corner of 5th and Pine. She (hold)
__________________ her umbrella over her head. She (wait)
__________________ for the bus.
AM / IS / ARE BEING + ADJECTIVE EXERCISE 35: AM / IS / ARE BEING + adjective.

Directions: Mark the adjectives that can be used to complete each sentence.
a) Ann is sick today. Be + an adjective usually expresses a stative
b) Alex is nervous about the meaning, as in the examples in (a) to (c) 1. Don't pay any attention to Johnny. He's just being __________________
exam. Sometimes main verb be + an adjective is tired funny foolish silly
c) Tom is tall and handsome. used in the progressive. It is used in the
2. A: You shouldn't act like that, Tommy. You're not being ________________
progressive when it describes temporary, in-
d) Jack doesn't feel well, but he progress behavior. B: Okay, Dad. I'm sorry.
refuses to see a doctor. He is In (d): Jack's foolishness is temporary and careful kind healthy responsible
being foolish. probably uncharacteristic of him. 3. A: There's something different about Tom today.
e) Sue is being very quiet today. I
wonder if anything is wrong. In (f): Age does not describe a temporary B: What do you mean?
behavior. Be + old cannot be used in the A: He's being so __________________ today.
f) INCORRECT: Mr. Smith is progressive. handsome quiet polite tall
being old. Examples of other adjectives that cannot be
4. I don't approve of Ann's behavior. She is being __________________
CORRECT: Mr. Smith is old. used with am/is/are being: angry, beautiful,
handsome, happy, healthy, hungry, lucky, angry unfair cruel unpleasant
nervous, sick, tall, thirsty, young. 5. The children are being awfully __________________ today
good noisy hungry sick
ADJECTIVES THAT CAN BE USED WITH AM/IS/ARE BEING
Bad (ill-behaved) good (well-behaved) loud
responsible careful illogical
nice rude cruel
impolite noisy serious
fair irresponsible patient
silly foolish kind
pleasant unfair funny
lazy polite unkind
generous logical quiet
unpleasant
THINK ABOUT AND THINK THAT EXERCISE 37: Progressive verbs vs. non-action verbs.
Directions: Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses. Use the simple
Think + about + noun In (a): Ideas about my family are in my mind
every day.
a) I think about my family every
day. 1. Right now I (look) ______________ at the board. I (see) ______________
In (b): My mind is busy now. / Ideas about
b) I am thinking about grammar grammar are in my mind right now. some words on the board.
right now. 2. A: (you, need) ________________ some help, Mrs. Brown? (You, want)
In (c): In my opinion Sue is lazy. I believe
Think + That + A statement ________________ me to carry that box for you?
that Sue is lazy. People use think that when
they want to say (to state) their beliefs. The B: Yes, thank you. That’s very kind of you.
c) I think that sue is lazy.
present progressive is often used with think 3. A: Who is that man? I (think) __________________ that I (know)
d) Sue thinks that I am lazy.
about. The present progressive is almost _______________ him, but I (forget) ____________________his name.
e) I think that the weather is
never used with think that
nice. B: That’s Mr. Martinez.
INCORRECT: I am thinking that Sue is lazy.
A: That’s right! I (remember) ____________________ him now.
f) I think that Mike is a nice (f) and (g) have same meaning. People often 4. A: (you, believe) __________________ in flying saucers?
person. omit that after think, especially in speaking
B: What (you, talk) _________________ about?
g) I think Mike is a nice person.
A: You know, spaceships from outer space with alien creatures aboard.
B: In my opinion, flying saucers (exist) ____________________ only in
EXERCISE 36: Sentence practice.
people’s imaginations.
Directions: Use I think (that) to give your opinion. Share a few of your opinions with
the class. 5. Right now the children (be) _____________________ at the beach. They
(have) ________________________ a good time. They (have)
1. English grammar is easy / hard / fun / interesting. I think (that) English
____________________ a beach ball, and they (play)
grammar is ____________________________________________________
________________________ catch with it. They (like)
______________________________________________________________
________________________ to play catch. Their parents (sunbathe)
2. People in this city are friendly / unfriendly / kind / cold
______________________. They (try) ______________________ to get a
______________________________________________________________
tan. They (listen) _________________________to music on a radio. They also
3. The food at (name of a place) is delicious / terrible / good I excellent / awful.
(hear) ____________________________ the sound of seagulls and the sound
______________________________________________________________
of the waves.
4. Baseball / football / soccer/ golf is interesting / boring / confusing / etc.
6. A: What (you, think) __________________ about right now?
______________________________________________________________
B: I (think) ____________________ about seagulls and waves.
A: (you, like) ____________________ seagulls?
B: Yes. I (think) ________________________ seagulls are interesting birds.
7. A: Which color (you, prefer) ________________________________, red or Present Verbs: Short Answers to Yes/No questions
blue?
B: I (like) ________________ blue better than red. Why? Questions with do/does Questions with be:
A: I (read) ______________________ a magazine article right now. a) Does Bob like tea? a) Are you studying?
Yes, he does. Yes, I am.
According to the article. People who (prefer) _____________________ blue
No, he doesn’t No, I’m not.
to red (be) __________________________ calm and (value) Yes, he likes tea. Yes, I am studying.
____________________ honesty and loyalty in their friends. A preference for No, he doesn’t like tea. No, I’m not studying.
b) Do you like tea? b) Is Samir a student?
red (mean) ____________________ that a person (be) __________________
Yes, I do. Yes, he is.
aggressive and (love) __________________ excitement. No, I don’t. No, he isn’t.
B: Oh? That (sound) ____________________________ like a bunch of Yes, I like tea. Yes, he is a student.
nonsense to me. No, I don’t like tea. No, he isn’t a student.
8. A: Does the earth turn around and around?

B: Yes, Jimmy. The earth (spin) __________________ around and around on EXERCISE 38: Short answers to yes/no questions.
its axis as it circles the sun. The earth (spin) ____________________ rapidly Directions: Complete the following dialogues by using the words in parentheses. Also
at this very moment. give a short answer to the questions as necessary. Use the simple present or the present
B: Really? I can’t feel it moving. (You, try) _______________________ to progressive.
fool me?
1. A: (Mary, have) __________________ a bicycle?
A: Of course not! (You, think, really) _______________________________
B: Yes, _____________. She (have) _________ a ten-speed bike.
that the earth isn’t moving?
2. A: (it, rain) _______right now?
B: I guess so. Yes. I can’t see it move. Yes. It isn’t moving.
B: No, _________________. At least, I (think, not) ____________ so.
A: (you, believe) _________________ only those things that you can see?
3. A: (your friends, write) ____________________________ a lot of emails?
Look at the trees out the window. All of them (grow)
B: Yes, _________________. I (get) _______________ lot of emails all the
_______________________ at this very moment, but you can’t see the
time.
growth. They (get) __________________ bigger and bigger with every second
4. A: (the student, take) ______________________a test in class right now?
that passes. You can’t see the trees grow, and you can’t feel the earth spin, but
B: No, ________________. They (do) ___________________ an exercise.
both events (take) ________________________place at this moment while
5. A: (the weather, affect) ___________________________ your mood?
you and I (speak) _________________________.
B: Yes, _____________________. I (get) ___________________ grumpy
B: Really? How do you know?
when it's rainy.
6. A: (Jean, study) ____________________________ at the library EXERCISE 40: Review: present verbs.
this evening? Directions: Complete the sentences by using the words in parentheses. Use the simple
B: No, _____________. She (be) ___________ at the recreation center. She present or the present progressive. Supply the short answer to a question if necessary.
(play) _________________ pool with her friend.

A: (Jean, play) ______________________ pool every evening? 1. A: My sister (have) ______________ a new car. She bought it last month.
B: No, _____________. She usually (study) _____________ at the library. B: (you, have) ______________ a car?
A: (she, be) ____________________ a good player? A: No, I ______________. Do you?
B: Yes, _________________. She (paly) _____________ pool a lot. B: No, I (have) ______________ a ten-speed bike?
A: (you, play) ______________ pool? 2. A: Where are the children?
B: Yes, _____________. But I (be, not) _____________ very good. B: In the living room.
A: what are they doing? (They, watch) __________________TV?
B: No, they ___________. They (play) __________ a game.
EXERCISE 39: Short answers to yes/no questions.
3. A: Shhh. I (hear) ___________ a noise. (you, hear) _____________ it, too?
Directions: Answer the question with books closed. Give both a short and a long
answer. Work in pairs or a class. B: Yes, I ___________. I wonder what it is.
4. A: Johnny, (you, listen) ____________________ to me?
1. Is Texas south of the equator? B: Of course, I am, Mom. You (want) ____________________ me to take out
2. Do you wear a wristwatch every day? the garbage. Right?
3. Is Wajid sitting next to Hamid today? A: Right! And right now!
4. Does (…) usually sit in the same place every day? 5. Knock, knock! Anybody home? Hey, Bill! Hi! It’s me. I’m here with Tom.
5. Are (…) and (…) standing up? Where are you?
6. Are you interested in politics? B: I (be) ___________________ in the bedroom.
7. Is Toronto in Western Canada? A: What (you, do) ________________________?
8. Do Whales lay eggs? B: I (try) ________________________ to sleep?
9. Does your country have bears in the wild? A: Oh. Sorry. I won’t bother you. Tom, Shhh. Bill (rest) _______________.
10. Are dogs intelligent? 6. A: What (you, think) ___________________ about at night before you fall
11. Is (…) from Cambodia? asleep?
12. Is the earth turning on its axis and rotating around the sun at the same time? B: I (think) ________________ about of the pleasant things that happened
13. Do all mosquitoes carry malaria? during the day. I (think, not) ___________________ about my problems.
7. A: A penny for your thoughts. EXERCISE 41: Correct the errors.

B: Huh?
1. It’s raining today. I no like the rain.
A: What (you, think) _____________________ about right now?
2. I like New York city. I am thinking that it is a wonderful city.
B: I (think) __________________________ about English grammar. I (think,
3. Does Abdul be sleeping right now?
not) ___________________________ about anything else right now?
4. Why you are going downtown today?
A: I (believe, not) __________________________ you!
5. I’m listening you.
8. A: (you, see) ___________________________ that man over there?
6. Are you hearing a noise outside the window?
B: Which man? The man in the brown jacket?
7. Rama is at a restaurant right now. He usually eating at home, but today he
A: No, I (talk) ___________________________ about the man who (wear)
eating dinner at a restaurant.
___________________________ the blue shirt.
8. I am liking flowers. They are smelling good.
B: Oh, that man.
9. Alex is sitting at his desk. He writing a letter.
A: (you, know) ___________________________ him?
10. Where do they are sitting today?
B: No, I (think, not) ___________________________ so.
11. My friend don't speak English well.
9. A: (you, know) ___________________________ any tongue-twisters?
12. I am not believing you.
B: Yes, I ___________________________. Here’s one: She sells seashells
13. My sister's dog no bark.
down by the seashore.
14. Our teacher is always starting class on time.
A: That (be) ___________________________ hard to say! Can you say this:
15. Look! The cat gets up on the counter.
Sharon wears Sue’s shoes to zoos to look at cheap sheep?
16. Is Marie has enough money?
B: That (make, not) ___________________________ any sense.
17. We are not liking this rainy weather.
A: I (know) ___________________________.
18. Mrs. Gray is worry about her daughter.
19. My brother no has enough free time.
20. Is Jim drive to school every day?
21. He always hurrys in the morning. He no wanting to be late.
22. Anna have usually dinner at eight.
Usage of IT Usage of NEED, WANT, WOULD LIKE and LIKE
Usage of it Explanation Usage Explanation

a) What time is it? ~ It’s 10 o’clock. It is used to talk about time (a to e) and a) We need food. Need is stronger than want.
b) What day is it? ~ It’s Monday. for weather (f to h) b) I want a sandwich. Need gives the idea that something is very
c) What’s the date today? ~ It’s c) We need to eat. important.
September 15th. d) I want to eat a sandwich Need and want are followed by a noun or
d) What month is it? ~ It’s by an infinitive.
September.
e) What year is it? ~ It’s 2019. e) I'm thirsty. I want a glass of (e) and (f) have the same meaning but
water. would like is usually politer than want. I
f) It’s sunny today. f) I'm thirsty. I would like a glass of would like is a nice way of saying I want.
g) It’s hot and humid today. water.
h) It’s nice day today. Would is often contracted with pronouns
People commonly ask about the weather CONTRACTIONS in both speaking and writing.
i) What is the weather like in by saying What’s the weather like or I'd = I would In speaking, would is usually contracted
Islamabad in January? ~ It’s very How’s the weather? you'd = you would with nouns too.
cold. she'd = she would WRITTEN: Tom would like to come.
j) How’s the weather in Karachi in he'd = he would SPOKEN: "Tom'd like to come. "
the summer? ~ It’s very hot. we'd = we would
they'd = they would
would like can be followed by an
EXERCISE 42: Make questions. g) I would like to eat a sandwich. infinitive.
In a question, would comes before the

h) Would you like some tea? ~ Yes, subject.
1. It’s Tuesday. 7. The 1st of March 2010 I would. Would is used alone in short answers to
2. It’s March 14th. 8. It’s seven A. M. questions with would like. It is not
3. 10:30 9. It’s very hot in Multan in summer. contracted in short answers.
4. March 10. It’s very cold in Abbottabad in
(i) means I want to go the zoo, (j) means I
5. It’s six-fifteen. winter i) I would like to go to the zoo. enjoy the zoo
6. Wednesday j) I like to go to the zoo.
Would like indicates that I want to do
something now or in the future. Like
indicates that I always, usually or often
enjoy something.
EXERCISE 43: Directions: Add to where necessary. 14. David's desk is full of overdue bills. He needs __________________ his bills.
(pay)
1. I want some water. (no change)
2. I want drink some water. EXERCISE 45: Change the sentences using would like.
3. Linda wants go to the bookstore.
1. Tony wants a cup of coffee. (Tony would like a cup of coffee.)
4. Linda wants a new dictionary.
2. He wants some sugar in his coffee.
5. I need make a telephone call.
3. Ahmed and Anita want some coffee too.
6. I need a telephone.
4. They want some sugar in coffee too.
7. Do you want go to the movie with us?
5. Do you want a cup of coffee? ~ yes, I do. Thank you.
8. Do you need a new notebook?
6. I want to thank you for your kindness and hospitality.
EXERCISE 44: Use the given words or your own words to complete the sentences. 7. My friends want to thank you too.
Use an infinitive (to + verb) in each sentence. Some words can be used more than
8. Does Robert want to ride with us? ~ Yes, he does.
once.
1. Anna is sleepy. She wants _________ to bed. (go) EXERCISE 46: Correct the errors.
2. I want ______________ downtown today because I need ________________ 1. Do you want go downtown with me?
a new coat. (go, buy) 2. There's many problems in big cities today.
3. Mike wants __________________TV. There's a good program on Channel 5. 3. I'd like see a movie tonight.
(watch) 4. We are needing to find a new apartment soon.
4. Do you want __________________ soccer with us at the park this afternoon? 5. Mr. Rice woulds likes to have a cup of tea.
(play) 6. How many students there are in your class?
5. I need _________________ Jennifer on the phone. (call) 7. Yoko and Ivan are study grammar right now. They want learn English.
6. I want __________________ to the bank because I need 8. I am like to leave now. How about you?
__________________ a check. (go, cash) 9. Please put the chair in middle the room.
7. James doesn't want __________________ his homework tonight. (do) 10. The teacher needs to checking our homework now.
8. My clothes are dirty. I need __________________ them. (wash)
9. John loves Mary. He wants __________________ her. (marry)
10. Helen needs __________________ an English course. (take)
11. Where do you want __________________ for lunch? (go)
12. Do you want __________________ some music on the radio? (listen)
13. It's a nice day. I don't want__________________ the bus home today. I want
__________________ home instead. (take, walk)
EXERCISE 47: Complete the sentences. Use the words in parentheses. Use the ________________ her family very much and (want) ________________ to (take)
simple present or the present progressive. Use an infinitive where necessary.
________________ care of their health.
Mr. Smith (stand) ________________ near the front door. He (take off)
________________ his coat. Under his coat, he (wear) ________________ a suit.
Mr. Smith is happy to be home. He (think about) ________________ dinner. After
dinner, he (want) ________________ (watch) ________________ television. He
(need) ________________ (go) ________________ to bed early tonight because
he has a busy day at work tomorrow.
In the corner of the living room, a mouse (eat) ________________ a piece of

cheese. The mouse (think) ________________ that the cheese (taste)
________________ good. Puss (see, not) ________________ the mouse. She
(smell, not) ________________ the mouse. Puss (sleep) ________________ She
(dream about) ________________ a mouse. Bobby is in the middle of the living
The Smiths are at home. It is evening. Paul (sit) ________________ on the sofa.
room. He (play) ________________ with a toy train. He (see, not)
He (read) ________________ a newspaper. Ellen (sit) ________________ at the
________________ the mouse because he (look at) ________________ his toy
desk. She (study) ________________. While she is studying, she (listen to)
train. The bird, Tweetie, (sing) ________________ Bobby (listen to, not)
________________ music on her radio. Paul (hear) ________________ the music,
________________ the bird. He is busy with his train.
but he (listen to, not) ________________ it right now. He (read)
________________ the weather report in the newspaper.
Ellen (study) ________________ her chemistry text. She (like)

________________ chemistry. She (think) ________________ that chemistry is
easy. She (think about) ________________ chemical formulas. She (understand)
________________ the formulas. Mrs. Smith is in the kitchen. She (cook)
________________ dinner. She (make) ________________ a sauce for the pasta.
Steam (rise) ________________ from the pot on the stove. Mrs. Smith (like, not)
________________ to cook, but she (know) ________________ 18 that her family
has to eat good food. While she (make) ________________ dinner, Mrs. Smith
(think about) ________________ a vacation on the beach. Sometimes Mrs. Smith
(get) ________________ tired of cooking all the time, but she (love)
EXERCISE 48: Complete the sentences. Use the words in parentheses. Use the 7. It (be) ______________ a cool autumn day today. The wind (blow)
simple present or the present progressive. Use an infinitive where necessary.
______________ and the leaves (fall) ______________ to the ground.
8. My roommate (eat) ______________ breakfast at exactly seven o'clock every
1. A: Hi! What (you, do) ______________? ~ morning. I usually (eat, not) ______________ breakfast at all. What time (you,
B: I (watch) ______________ an exercise video. I (want) ______________ to eat) ______________ in the morning?
lose a little weight before my vacation. ~ 9. A: (you, shop) ______________ at this store every week? ~
A: I really (enjoy) ______________ exercising. I (go) ______________ to an B: No, I ___________. I (shop, usually) ______________ at the store near my
aerobics class three times a week. It (be) ______________ really fun. I also apartment.
(run) ______________ every morning before school. ~ A: Why (you, shop) ______________ here now? ~
B: Stop! You (make) ______________ me feel bad! B: I (try) ______________ to find something special for my father's birthday
2. A: I like to read. How about you? (you, read) ______________ a lot? ~ dinner.
B: Yes, I__________. I (read) ______________ at least one novel every week, 10. In cold climates, many trees (lose) ______________ their leaves in winter.
and I (subscribe) ______________ to several magazines. And I (look, always) They (rest) ______________ for several months. Then they (grow)
______________ at the newspaper during breakfast. ______________ new leaves and flowers in the spring. Some trees (keep)
3. Before you begin to study, you should ask yourself two questions. First, "Why ______________ their leaves during the winter and (stay) ______________
(I, study) ______________ this subject right now?" Second, "What (I, want) green all year long. In some regions of the earth, trees (grow, not)
______________ to learn about this topic?" Students (need) ______________ ______________ at all. For example, some desert areas (have, not)
to understand the purpose of their study. ______________ any trees. The largest area of the world without trees (be)
4. A: I (leave) ______________ now. (you, want) ______________ to go with ______________ Antarctica. No trees (grow) ______________ in Antarctica.
me into town? ~
B: No, thanks, I can't. I (wait) ______________ for my sister to call.
5. A: Shhh. ~
B: Why? (the baby, sleep) ______________
A: Uh-huh. She (take) ______________ her afternoon nap.
B: Okay, I'll talk softly. I (want, not) ______________ to wake her up.
6. Ann is a painter. She (go) ______________ to the opening of every new art
show in the city. She (like) ______________ to see the latest work of other
artists. Right now she (prepare) ______________ for a show of her new
paintings next month.
CHAPTER 02: PAST TIME
Irregular Verbs
Simple form (v1) Simple past (v2) Past participle (v3) Meaning
abide abode / abided abode / abided
arise arose arisen
awake awoke awoken
be was / were been
bear bore born
beat beat beaten
become became become
begin began begun
behold beheld beheld
OUTLINE
bend bent bent
bet bet bet
1. Irregular Verbs
bid bid / bade, bid, bidden
2. Past Simple
bind bound bound
3. Past Time Words: yesterday, last, ago
bite bit bitten
4. Past Progressive
bleed bled bled
5. Past Progressive Vs Present Progressive
bless blessed, blest blessed, blest
6. Time Clauses and Past Structures
blow blew blown
7. Simple Past Vs Past Progressive
break broke broken
8. USED TO = Expressing Past Habit
breed bred bred
bring brought brought
broadcast broadcast, broadcasted broadcast, broadcasted
browbeat browbeat browbeaten
build built built
burn burnt, burned burnt, burned
burst burst burst
buy bought bought
can could -
cast cast cast
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
CHAPTER 02: PAST TIME CHAPTER 02: PAST TIME
Simple form (v1) Simple past (v2) Past participle (v3) Meaning Simple form (v1) Simple past (v2) Past participle (v3) Meaning
cling clung clung give gave given
come came come go went gone
cost cost cost grind ground ground
creep crept crept grow grew grown
cut cut cut hang hung / hanged hung / hanged
deal dealt dealt have had had
dig dug dug hear heard heard
do did done hide hid hidden
draw drew drawn hit hit hit
dream dreamed, dreamt dreamed, dreamt hold held held
drink drank drunk hurt hurt hurt
drive drove driven keep kept kept
dwell dwelt, dwelled dwelt, dwelled kneel knelt, kneeled knelt, kneeled
eat ate eaten knit knitted, knit knitted, knit
fall fell fallen know knew known
feed fed fed lay laid laid
feel felt felt lead led led
fight fought fought lean leaned, leant leaned, leant
find found found leap leapt, leaped leapt, leaped
flee fled fled learn learnt, learned learnt, learned
fling flung flung leave left left
fly flew flown lend lent lent
forbear forbore forborne let let let
forbid forbade, forbad lie lay lain
forecast forecast, forecasted forecast, forecasted lie lied lied
foresee foresaw foreseen light lit lit
forget forgot forgotten, forgot light lighted lighted
forgive forgave forgiven lose lost lost
forsake forsook forsaken make made made
forswear forswore forsworn may might -
freeze froze frozen mean meant meant
get got got, gotten meet met met
melt melted melted shake shook shaken
mislead misled misled shall should -
misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood shave shaved shaved, shaven
mow mowed mowed, mown shed shed shed
must must - shine shone, shined shone, shined
overcome overcame overcome shoot shot shot
overeat overate overeaten show showed shown,
overfeed overfed overfed shrink shrank shrunk
pay paid paid shut shut shut
prove proved proved, proven sing sang sung
put put put sink sank sunk
quit quitted, quit quitted, quit sit sat sat
read read read slay slew slain
reave reaved, reft reaved, reft sleep slept slept
rebuild rebuilt rebuilt slide slid slid
recast recast recast sling slung slung
relay relaid relaid slink slunk slunk
repay repaid repaid slit slit slit
reset reset reset smell smelt, smelled smelt, smelled
retell retold retold smite smote smitten
rid rid, ridded rid, ridded sow sowed sown, sowed
ride rode ridden speak spoke spoken
ring rang rung speed sped, speeded sped, speeded
rise rose risen spell spelt, spelled spelt, spelled
run ran run spend spent spent
say said said spill spilt, spilled spilt, spilled
see saw seen spin spun spun
seek sought sought spit spat, spit spat, spit
sell sold sold split split split
send sent sent spoil spoilt, spoiled spoilt, spoiled
set set set spread spread spread
sew sewed sewn, sewed spring sprang sprung
stand stood stood uppercut uppercut uppercut
steal stole stolen uprise uprose uprisen
stick stuck stuck upset upset upset
sting stung stung upsweep upswept upswept
stink stank stunk upswing upswung upswung
strew strewed strewn wake woke woken,
stride strode stridden wear wore worn
strike struck struck / stricken weave wove woven
string strung strung wed wedded, wed wedded, wed
strive strove, strived striven, strived weep wept wept
swear swore sworn wet wetted, wet wetted, wet
sweat sweat, sweated sweat, sweated will would -
sweep swept swept win won won
swell swelled swollen, swelled wind winded, wound winded, wound
swim swam swum withdraw withdrew withdrawn
swing swung swung withhold withheld withheld
take took taken withstand withstood withstood
teach taught taught work worked worked
tear tore torn wring wrung wrung
tell told told write wrote written
think thought thought
thrive throve, thrived thriven, thrived
throw threw thrown
thrust thrust thrust
tread trod trodden
undergo underwent undergone
understand understood understood
undertake undertook undertaken
undo undid undone
unfreeze unfroze unfrozen
upcast upcast upcast
uphold upheld upheld
Using Past Simple Exercise 01: Change the sentences to past time.
1. Bob is in class today
Past Simple (BE) to express a past state
2. I’m in class today.
 BE (was/were) Examples: 3. Mary is at the library today.
 I was in class yesterday. 4. We’re in class today.
Negative  We weren’t in library
Subject + was/were + not yesterday. 5. You’re busy today.
6. I’m happy today.
Question
Was/were + Subject+ ……? 7. The classroom is hot today.
8. Ann is in his office today.
I / He / She / It / Singular Subject = Was / Wasn’t 9. Ann and Tom are in their offices today.
We / You / They / Plural Subject = Were / Weren’t
Past Simple The simple past indicates that an activity Exercise 02: Complete the sentences. Use yesterday or last.
a) I walked to school yesterday. or situation began and ended at a
particular time in the past. 1. I dreamed about you ________________ night.
b) John lived in Paris for ten years, but
now he lives in Rome. 2. I was downtown ________________ morning.
Form of the Verb
c) I bought a new car three days ago. V2 3. Two students were absent ________________ Friday.
Negative 4. Ann wasn’t at home ________________ night.
Subject + did + not + V1……
5. Ann wasn’t at home ________________ evening.
Question 6. Carmen was out of town ________________ week.
Did + Subject+ V1 ……?
7. I visited my aunt and uncle ________________ fall.
8. Roberto walked home ________________ afternoon.
I / He / She / It / Singular Subject = Did / Didn’t + V1 9. My sister arrived in Karachi ________________ Sunday.
10. We watched TV ________________ night.
We / You / They / Plural Subject = Did / Didn’t + V1
Past Time Words: yesterday, last, ago

Yesterday Last Ago
yesterday morning last night / week / month / year five minutes ago
two hours ago
yesterday afternoon last spring / summer / winter / fall three days ago
a week ago
yesterday evening last Monday / Tuesday etc. six months ago
one year ago
Exercise 03: Complete the sentences using a past time expression and wasn’t or Exercise 05: Complete the sentences using Simple Past (V2).
weren’t
1. Every day I walk. Yesterday I ………………

1. Ken is here today, but _______________________________________ 2. Every day I work. Yesterday I …………………
2. I’m at home tonight, but _______________________________________ 3. Every day Omar shaves. Yesterday he ………………….
3. Omar is busy today, but _______________________________________ 4. Every night Paula watches TV. Last night she ……………………….
4. Tom is at the library tonight, but __________________________________ 5. Every day Mrs. Wu cooks. Last night she …………………..
5. Alex and Rita are at work this afternoon, but __________________________ 6. Every day people smile. Yesterday they ………………………
6. You’re here today, but _______________________________________ 7. Every week it rains. Last week it ………………………
7. Dr. Rickman is in his office this morning, but ________________________ 8. Every day we ask questions. Yesterday we …………………..
8. It’s cold this week, but _______________________________________ 9. Every day I talk on the phone. Yesterday I ……………………..
10. Every day Tomo listens to music. Yesterday he ……………………
Exercise 04: Make questions and give short answers.
1. (you / at home / last night)
2. (Mr. Hamid / absent from class / yesterday) Exercise 06: Complete the sentences using the simple present or simple past.
3. (Oscar and Anna / at home / last night)
4. (you / nervous / on the first day of class)
1. It often (rain) ________________________ in the morning. It (rain)
5. (Ahmed / at the library / last night)
________________________ yesterday.
6. (Mr. Shin / in class / yesterday)
2. I (walk) ________________________ to school every morning. I (walk)
7. (You and your family / in Canada / last year)
________________________ to school yesterday morning.
8. (you / be / at the library / right now)
3. Sam often (ask) ________________________ questions. He (ask)
9. (you / tired / last night)
________________________ a question in class yesterday.
10. (you / hungry / right now)
4. I (watch) ________________________ a movie on TV last night. I (watch,
11. (the weather / hot in Islamabad / last summer)
usually) ________________________ TV in the evening because I want to
12. (the students / in this class / intelligent / this semester)
improve my English.
13. (Mr. Khan / absent / today)
5. Mike (cook) ________________________ his own dinner yesterday evening.
14. (Amy / out of town / last week)
He (cook, usually) ________________________ his own dinner every
evening.
6. I usually (stay) ________________________ home at night because I have to
study. I (stay) ________________________ home last night.
7. I have a job at the library. I (work) ________________________ at the 15. A: I (want) _____________________ to go to the mall later this afternoon
library every evening. I (work) ________________________ there yesterday and look for a new bathing suit. (you, want) _____________________ to go
evening. with me?
8. When I am asleep, I often (dream) ________________________. I (dream) B: I can't. I (have) _____________________ an appointment with my
________________________ about my family last night. English teacher. Besides, I (buy) _____________________ a new bathing
9. Linda usually (wait) ________________________ for the bus at a bus stop in suit last year. I (need, not) _____________________
front of her apartment building. She (wait) ________________________ for _____________________ a new one this year.
the bus there yesterday morning. 16. I always (offer) _____________________ to help my older neighbor carry
10. The teacher (erase) ________________________ some words from the board her groceries into her house every time I see her return from the store. She
a couple of minutes ago. He (use) ________________________ his hand (be) _____________________ always very grateful. Yesterday, she (offer)
instead of an eraser. _____________________ to pay me for helping her, but of course I (accept,
11. A: (you, hear) _____________________ the thunder last night? not) _____________________ the offer.
B: No, I _____________________. I (hear, not) _____________________ 17. Last Monday night, I (take) _____________________ my sister and her
anything all night. I (be) _____________________ asleep. husband to my favorite restaurant for dinner and (find)
12. A: Listen! (you, hear) _____________________ a siren in the distance? _____________________ the doors locked. I (know, not)
B: No, I _____________________. I (hear, not) _____________________ _____________________ it then, but the restaurant (be, not)
anything at all _____________________ open on Mondays. We (want, not)
13. A: That's a nice bookshelf. (you, build) _____________________ it? _____________________ to eat anywhere else, so we (go)
B: No, I _____________________. My uncle (build) _____________________ back to my house. I (make)
_____________________ it for me. _____________________ a salad and (heat) _____________________ some
14. A: I have a question. (a fish, be) _____________________ slippery to hold? soup. Everyone (seem) _____________________ satisfied even though I (be,
B: Yes, _____________________. It can slip right out of your hand. not) _____________________ a wonderful cook.
A: How about frogs? (they, be) _____________________ slippery?
B: Yes, _____________________
A: _____________________ What about snakes?
B: _____________________ I (know, not) _____________________. I've
never touched a snake.
18. My daughter is twenty-one years old. She (like) _____________________ to 9. I (have) ____________________ a dream last night. I (dream)
travel. My wife and I (worry) _____________________ about her a little ____________________ about my friends. I (sleep) ____________________
when she (be) _____________________ away from home, but we also (trust) for eight hours.
_____________________ her judgment. Last year, after she (graduate) 10. A strange thing (happen) ____________________ to me yesterday. I couldn't
_____________________ from college, she (go) _____________________ remember my own telephone number.
to Europe with two of her friends. They (travel, not) 11. My wife (come) ____________________ home around five every day.
_____________________ _____________________ by train or by car. Yesterday she (come) ____________________ home at 5:15.
Instead, they (rent) _____________________ motor scooters and (ride) 12. Our teacher (stand) ____________________ in the middle of the room right
_____________________ slowly through each country they visited. While now. Our teacher (stand) ____________________ in the front of the room
she (be) _____________________ away, my wife and I (worry) yesterday
_____________________ about her safety. We (be) 13. Tom (put) ________________ the butter in the refrigerator yesterday. He
_____________________ very happy when we (see) (put) _____________ the milk in the refrigerator every day.
_____________________ her smiling face at the airport and (know) 14. Pablo usually (sit) ____________ in the back of the room, but yesterday he
_____________________ that she was finally safe at home. (sit) ____________ in the front row. Today he (be) _____________ absent.
He (be) _______________ absent two days ago two.
Exercise 07: Use simple present, the present progressive, or the simple past to
complete the sentences. 15. Jasmin (come, not) _________________________ to the meeting yesterday.
She (stay) ________________________ in her office.
1. I (get) ____________________ up at eight o'clock yesterday morning.
16. I (go) _________________________ to a movie last night, but I (enjoy, not)
2. Mary (talk) ____________________ to John on the phone last night. Mary
_________________________ it. It (be, not) _________________________
(tall) ____________________ to John on the phone right now. Mary (talk)
very good.
____________________ to John on the phone every day.
17. Sue (read) _________________________ a magazine right now. She (watch,
3. Jim and I (eat) ____________________ lunch at the cafeteria two hours ago.
not) _________________________ TV. She (like, not) _________________
We (eat) ____________________ lunch at the cafeteria every day.
to watch TV during the day.
4. I (go) ____________________ to bed early last night.
18. Toshi is a busy student. Sometimes he (eat, not) ______________________
5. My roommate (study) ____________________ Spanish last year.
lunch because he (have, not) _________________________ enough time
6. Sue (write) ____________________ an e-mail to her parents yesterday. Sue
between classes. Yesterday he (have, not) ________________________ time
(write) ____________________ an e-mail to her parents every week. Sue is
for lunch. He (get) _________________________ hungry during his
in her room right now. She (sit) ____________________ at her desk.
afternoon class.
7. Maria (do) ____________________ her homework last night.
8. Yesterday I (see) ____________________ Fumiko at the library.
Exercise 08: Make questions. Give short answers. Exercise 09: Complete the sentences. Use the words in parentheses.
1. I walked downtown yesterday. 1. A: Why are you out of breath?

2. I live in an apartment. B: I (run) ____________________ to class because I was late.
3. It didn't rain last week. 2. A: I (ride) ____________________ the bus to school yesterday. How did you
4. I ate lunch at the cafeteria. get to school?
5. I don’t have a roommate. B: I (drive) ____________________ my car.
6. Mr. Kwan didn't go out of town last week. 3. A: Did you decide to change schools?
7. I had a cup of tea this morning. B: I (think) ____________________ about it, but then I decided to stay here.
8. I had a roommate last year. 4. A: (you, go) ____________________ shopping yesterday?
9. Benito and I went to a party last night. B: Yes. I (buy) ____________________ a new pair of shoes.
10. Olga studied English in high school. 5. A: (you, study) ____________________ last night?
11. Yoko and Ali didn't do their homework last night. B: No, I didn't. I was tired. I (read) ____________________ a magazine and
12. I saw Gina at dinner last night. then (go) ____________________ to bed early.
13. I didn't dream in English last night. 6. A: Do you like milk? B: No. I (drink) ____________________ milk when I
(be) ____________________ a child, but I don't like milk now.
14. I live in an apartment. 7. A: Did you leave your dictionary at home?
15. I don’t have a roommate. B: No. I (bring) ____________________ it to class with me.
16. I don’t want a roommate. 8. Yesterday Yoko (teach) ____________________ us how to say "thank you"
17. I had a roommate last year. It didn’t work out. in Japanese. Kim (teach) ____________________ us how to say "I love you"
18. He was difficult to live with. in Korean.
19. He never picked up his dirty clothes. 9. A: Did you enjoy your fishing trip?
20. He never washed his dirty clothes. B: I had a wonderful time! I (catch) ____________________ a lot of fish.
21. He was always late with his share of the rent. 10. A: What happened to your finger?
22. I asked him to keep the apartment clean. B: I (break) ________________ it in a soccer game.
23. He always agreed, but he never did it. 11. A: Who did you talk to at the director's office?
24. I was glad when he left. B: I (speak) ________________ to the secretary.
25. I like living alone. 12. A: When did Jessica leave for Europe?
B: She (leave) ________________ for Europe five days ago.
13. A: Did you write Ted a letter?
B: No, but I (send) ________________ him a postcard.
14. A: Do you know Meg Adams? 24. A: May I please have your homework?
B: Yes. I (meet) ________________ her a couple of weeks ago. B: I don't have it. I (lose) __________________ it.
15. A: Why did you call the police? A: What?
B: Because I (hear) ________________ a burglar! B: I can't find it anywhere.
16. A: Where did you go yesterday? 25. A: Where's my coat?
B: I (take) ________________ the children to the zoo. B: I (hang) __________________ it up in the closet for you.
17. A: What time did you get up this morning? 26. A: Where did you get that pretty shell?
B: 6:15. B: I (find) __________________ it on the beach.
A: Why did you get up so early? 27. A: Do you still have your bicycle?
B: The telephone (ring) ________________ B: No. I (sell) __________________ it because I needed some extra money.
18. A: Did you enjoy the party? 28. A: It's hot in here.
B: Yes, I had a good time. We (sing) ________________ songs and danced. B: Excuse me? What did you say?
It was fun. A: I (say) __________________, "It's hot in here."
19. A: You look sleepy. 29. A: Why did you take the bus to work this morning? Why didn't you drive?
B: I am. I (wake) ________________ up before dawn this morning and B: Because somebody (steal) __________________ my car last night.
couldn't get back to sleep. A: Did you call the police?
20. A: A bird (fly) ________________ into our apartment yesterday through an B: Of course, I did.
open window. 30. A: Did you wear your blue jeans to the job interview?
B: Really? What did you do? B: Of course not! I (wear) __________________ a suit.
A: I caught it and took it outside. 31. A: I wrote the wrong amount on the check, so I had to write a new check.
21. A: Did you give the painter a check? B: What did you do with the first check?
B: No. I (pay) ________________ him in cash. A: I (tear) __________________ it into pieces.
22. A: Did you go to the park yesterday? 32. A: How much (a new car, cost) _________________?
B: No. We stayed home because it (begin) __________________ to rain. B: It (cost) _________________ a lot! New cars are expensive.
A: Oh, that's too bad. 33. A: Did you get a ticket for the rock concert?
23. A: Susie is in trouble. B: Yes, and it was really expensive! It (cost) _________________ fifty
B: Why? dollars.
A: She (tell) __________________ a lie. 34. A: Where's your history book?
B: Her mom and dad are upset. I'm sure she's sorry. B: I (give) _________________ it to Robert.
35. A: I had a car accident yesterday morning. 48. A: Did you have a garden when you lived at home?
B: What happened? B: Yes. I (grow) _________________ vegetables and flowers.
A: I (hit) _________________ a telephone pole. 49. A: I burned my finger.
36. A: May I have your homework, please? B: Did you put ice on it?
B: I'm sorry, but I don't have it. I (forget) _________________ it. A: No. I (blow) _________________ on it.
A: You (forget) _________________ it!? 50. A: Did you finish the test?
37. A: Did you eat breakfast? B: No. I (know) _________________ all of the answers, but I ran out of
B: Yeah. I (make) _________________ some scrambled eggs and toast for time.
myself. 51. A: Did you have fun at the beach?
38. Jack (put) _________________ on his clothes every morning. B: Lots of fun. We sunbathed and (swim) _________________ in the ocean.
39. Jack (put) _________________ on his clothes this morning after he got up. 52. A: What's the matter? You sound like you have a frog in your throat.
40. A: Did you enjoy going into the city to see a show? B: I think I'm catching a cold. I (feel) _________________ okay yesterday,
B: Yes, but I (spend) _________________ a lot of money. I can't afford to do but I don't feel very good today.
that very often. 53. A: How did you break the window, Tommy?
41. A: May I see your dictionary? B: Well, I (throw) _________________ a ball to Annie, but I missed Annie
B: I don't have it. I (lend) _________________ it to George. and hit the window instead.
42. A: Is that knife sharp? 54. When my dog got out of the lake, it (shake) _________________ itself. Dogs
B: It's very sharp. It (cut) _________________ anything easily. always do that when they're wet.
43. A: Why are you wearing a bag over your head? 55. I (hide) _________________ my husband's birthday present in the closet
B: I went to a barber this morning. He (cut) _________________ my hair too yesterday. I didn't want him to find it.
short. 56. Nancy and Tom saved money. They didn't buy a bookcase for their new
A: Let me see. Oh, it looks fine. apartment. They (build) _________________ one.
44. A: Did you enjoy your tennis game with Jackie? 57. The baby is sleeping peacefully. She's not hungry. Her mother (feed)
B: Yes, but I lost. Jackie (win) _________________ _________________ her before she put her in bed.
45. A: How did you break your leg? 58. David is a Canadian citizen. Maria was born in Puerto Rico, but when she
B: I (fall) _________________ down on the ice on the sidewalk. married David, she (become) _________________ a Canadian citizen too.
46. A: Did you give the box of candy to your girlfriend? 59. Doug is a new father. He felt very happy when he (hold)
B: No, I didn't. I (keep) _________________ it and ate it myself. _________________ his baby in his arms for the first time.
47. A: That's a nice picture. 60. Many countries (fight) _________________ in the world in World War II.
B: I agree. Anna (draw) _________________ it. She's a good artist.
61. A: Ow! EXERCISE 11: Complete each sentence with the simple past of any verb that
B: What's the matter? makes sense. There may be more than one possible completion.
A: I (bite) _________________ my tongue. 1. Maria ______________ to school today. Rebecca _________________ her
62. We saw a strong man at the circus. He (bend) _________________an iron car. Olga _________________ her bicycle. Yoko __________________ the
bar with his bare hands. bus.
2. Last night I had a good night's sleep. I __________________ nine hours.
EXERCISE 10: Complete the sentences with was, were, or did.
3. Ann __________________ a beautiful dress to the wedding reception.
1. I ______________ not go to work yesterday. I ______________ sick, so I 4. It got so cold last night that the water in the pond __________________.
stayed home from the office. 5. Frank was really thirsty. He __________________ four glasses of water.
2. Tom _________________ not in his office yesterday. He ______________ 6. Karen had to choose between a blue raincoat and a tan one. She finally
not go to work. __________________ the blue one.
3. A: ______________ Mr. Chan in his office yesterday? 7. My husband gave me a painting for my birthday. I __________________ it
B: Yes. on a wall in my office.
A: ______________ you see him about your problem? 8. Last night around midnight, when I was sound asleep, the telephone
B: Yes. He answered all my questions. He very helpful. __________________. It __________________ me up.
4. A: ______________ you at the meeting yesterday? 9. The sun __________________ at 6:04 this morning and will set at 6:59.
B: What meeting? 10. I __________________ an e-mail to my cousin after I finished studying
A: ______________ you forget about the meeting? yesterday evening.
B: I guess so. What meeting? 11. Ms. Manning __________________ chemistry at the local high school last
A: The meeting with the president of the company about health insurance. year.
B: Oh. Now I remember. No, I ______________ not there. ______________ 12. The police __________________ the bank robbers. They are in jail now.
you? 13. Oh my gosh! Call the police! Someone __________________ my car!
A: Yes. I can tell you all about it. ~ B: Thanks. 14. Today Victor has on slacks and a sports jacket, but yesterday he
5. A: Where ______________ you yesterday? __________________ jeans and a sweatshirt to work.
B: I ______________ at the zoo. 15. My friend told me that he had a singing dog. When the dog
A: ______________ you enjoy it? __________________, I __________________ my hands over my ears.
B: Yes, but the weather ______________ very hot. I tried to stay out of the 16. When I introduced Pedro to Ming, they __________________ hands and
sun. Most of the animals ______________ in their houses or in the shade. greeted each other.
The sun ______________ too hot for them too. They ______________ not 17. I __________________ the kitchen floor with a broom.
want to be outside.
18. A bird __________________ into our apartment through an open window. I 32. The soldiers __________________ the battle through the night and into the
caught the bird and __________________ it gently in my hands until I could morning.
put it back outside. 33. I used to have a camera, but I __________________ it because I needed the
19. The children had a good time at the park yesterday. They money.
__________________ the ducks small pieces of bread. 34. Jane didn't want anyone to find her diary, so she __________________ it in a
20. My dog __________________ a hole in the yard and buried his bone. shoe box in her closet.
21. Ahmed __________________, his apartment in a hurry this morning because 35. I didn't want anyone else to see the note, so I __________________ it into
he was late for school. That's why he __________________ to bring his tiny pieces and __________________ them in the wastebasket
books to class. 36. The children __________________ pictures of themselves in art class
22. Alex hurt his finger when he was fixing his dinner last night. He accidentally yesterday.
__________________ it with a sharp knife 37. I have a cold. Yesterday I __________________ terrible, but I'm feeling
23. I don't have any money in my pocket. I __________________ it all better today.
yesterday. I'm flat broke. 38. Last night I __________________ a strange noise in the house around 2:00
24. Ann didn't throw her old shoes away. She __________________ them A.M., So I __________________ up to investigate
because they comfortable. 39. Sam ran the fastest, so he __________________ the race.
25. I __________________ interesting article in the newspaper yesterday. 40. My dog isn't very friendly. Yesterday she __________________ my
26. Jack __________________ his pocketknife at the park yesterday. This neighbor's leg. Luckily, my dog is very old and doesn't have sharp teeth, so
morning he __________________ back to the park to look for it. Finally, he she didn't hurt my neighbor
__________________ it in the grass. He was glad to have it back. 41. Steve __________________ on the campfire to make it burn.
27. Mr. Liaqat was very happy but a little nervous when he 42. When I went fishing yesterday, I __________________ a fish right away.
__________________ his baby in his arms for the first time. But the fish was too small to keep. I carefully returned it to the water. It
28. I__________________ Jennifer’s parents when they visited her. She quickly __________________ away.
introduced me to them. 43. Amanda __________________ a lie. I didn't believe her because I
29. A: Is Natasha still angry with you? __________________ the truth.
B: No, she __________________ me for what I did, and she's speaking to me
again.
30. I dropped my favorite vase. It fell on the floor and __________________ into
a hundred pieces.
31. When I went shopping yesterday, I __________________ some light bulbs
and a cooking pot.
EXERCISE 12: Correct the errors. Past Progressive

1. Someone stealed my bicycle two day ago.
2. Did you went to the party yesterday weekend?
Past Progressive The past progressive describes an activity in
3. I hear a really interesting story yesterday. progress at a particular time in the past
4. The teacher not ready for class yesterday.  BE (was/were) + Ving
Example:
5. Did came Joe to work last week?  It was raining yesterday at 11 AM.
6. Yesterday night I staied home and working on my science project.
7. Several students wasn't on time for the final exam yesterday.
8. Your fax came before ten minutes. Did you got it?
EXERCISE 13: Use the Past Progressive to complete the following sentences.
9. Did you all your friends to your graduation party invite? Discuss the meaning of the phrase “in progress”
10. I sleeped too late this morning and was missed the bus.
1. Paul started to eat dinner at 7:00. At 7:05, Mary came. Paul (eat)
11. The market no have any bananas yesterday. I get there too late.
____________ when Mary (come) ____________ at 7:05.
12. Was you nervous about your test the last week?
2. Bobby was at home yesterday evening. His favorite program was on
13. I didn't saw you at the party. Did you be there?
television last night. It started at 8:00. It ended at 9:00. At 8:30, his friend
14. I am not agree with your opinion.
Kristin called. When Kristin (call) ____________ at 8:30, Bobby (watch)
15. I’m not knowing Sam’s brother.
____________ TV.
16. A: What you are talking about? ~ B: I talking about the political situation in
3. Rosa played her guitar for an hour yesterday morning. She started to play her
my country.
guitar at 9:30. She stopped at 10:30. Mike arrived at her apartment at 10:00.
17. My roommate usually watch television, listen to music, or going out in the
At 10:00, Rosa (play) ____________ her guitar.
evening.
18. When I turned the ignition key, the car was starting.
19. This class is consisting of students who are wanting to learn English.
20. The children drawed some pictures in school this morning.
21. While Tom’s reading in bed last night, his phone ring. When he was
answering it, the caller hanged up.
22. Right now Sally in the kitchen eating breakfast.
23. When the sun raises, it is appearing from below the horizon.
EXERCISE 14: Past progressive. Directions: Complete the sentences by using the EXERCISE 15: Past progressive. Directions: Complete the sentences. Use the
past progressive of the given verbs. Use each verb only once. simple past for one clause and the past progressive for the other.
hide look read sing sit talk watch ACTIVITY IN

NADIA GEORGE BILL
PROGRESS
1. Jack's wife arranged a surprise birthday party for him. When Jack arrived break her glasses score a goal hurt his foot
play soccer
home, several people ________________ behind the couch or behind doors.
All of the lights were out, and when Jack turned them on, everyone shouted hike find some money see a bear pick up a snake
"Surprise!" meet his future

dance trip and fall get dizzy
wife
2. The birds began to sing when the sun rose at 6:30. Dan woke up at 6:45.
When Dan woke up, the birds ________________ 1. While Nadia _______________________ soccer, she
3. I ________________ a video last night when my best friend called. ____________________________ her glasses.
4. While we ________________ on the phone, the power went out. 2. George ______________________ a goal while he ___________________
5. The bus driver looked at all the passengers on her bus and noticed how quiet soccer.
they were. Some people ________________ newspapers or books. Most of 3. Bill ___________________ his foot while he ___________________ soccer.
the people ________________ quietly in their seats and ________________ 4. While Nadia ___________________, she ___________________ some
out the windows of the bus. money.
5. George ___________________ a bear while he ___________________
6. Bill ___________________ a snake while he ___________________
7. Nadia ___________________ and ___________________ while she
___________________
8. While George ___________________, he ___________________ his future
wife.
9. While Bill ___________________, he ___________________ dizzy
Past Progressive Vs Present Progressive EXERCISE 17: Review of present verbs and preview of past verbs. Discuss the
italicized verbs. Do they express present time or past time? Do the verbs describe
Past Progressive Present Progressive an activity or situation that...
The past progressive describes an The present progressive describes an
activity in progress at a particular time activity in progress right now, at the a. is in progress right now?
in the past moment of speaking.
b. is usual or is a general statement of fact?
 BE (was/were) + Ving  BE (is/am/are) + Ving c. began and ended in the past?
d. was in progress at a time in the past?
1. Jennifer works for an insurance company.
2. When people need help with their automobile insurance, they call her.
EXERCISE 16: Use the Past Progressive to complete the following sentences. 3. Right now, it is 9:05 A.M., and Jennifer is sitting at her desk.
Discuss the meaning of the phrase “in progress”
4. She came to work on time this morning.
5. Yesterday Jennifer was late to work because she had a minor auto accident.
1. Paul started to eat dinner at 7:00. At 7:05, Mary came. Paul (eat) 6. While she was driving to work, her cell phone rang.
____________ when Mary (come) ____________ at 7:05. 7. She answered it. It was her friend Rob.
2. Bobby was at home yesterday evening. His favorite program was on 8. She was happy to hear from him because she likes Rob a lot and always
television last night. It started at 8:00. It ended at 9:00. At 8:30, his friend enjoys her conversations with him.
Kristin called. When Kristin (call) ____________ at 8:30, Bobby (watch) 9. While they were talking, Jennifer, who is allergic to bee stings, noticed two
____________ TV. bees in her car.
3. Rosa played her guitar for an hour yesterday morning. She started to play her 10. She quickly opened the car windows and swatted at the bees while she was
guitar at 9:30. She stopped at 10:30. Mike arrived at her apartment at 10:00. talking to Rob on the phone.
At 10:00, Rosa (play) ____________ her guitar. 11. Her hands left the steering wheel, and she lost control of the car. Her car run
into a row of mailboxes beside the road and stopped.
12. Fortunately, no one was hurt in the accident.
13. Jennifer is okay, but her car isn't. It needs repairs.
14. When Jennifer got to work this morning, she talked to her own automobile
insurance agent.
15. That was easy to do because he works at the desk right next to hers.
Time Clauses and Past Structures EXERCISE 18: Find the main clauses and the time clauses.
1. Before I ate the banana, I peeled it

TIME CLAUSES Explanation
2. When I was in Japan, I stayed in a hotel in Tokyo.
before + s + v CLAUSE 3. Maria bought some shoes when she went shopping yesterday.
 I ate breakfast before I went to A clause is a group of words that has subject 4. We arrived at the airport before the plane landed.
class OR and a verb and usually it is not a complete
 Before I went to bed, I ate sentence rather it is a part of a sentence. 5. I went to a movie after I finished my homework.
breakfast 6. After the children got home from school, they watched TV.
MAIN CLAUSE AND TIME CLAUSE:
after + s + v Main Clause is a complete sentence and 7. Jim was a soccer player when he was in high school.
 After I ate breakfast, I went to Time Clause is an incomplete sentence. It 8. Before I moved to this city, I lived at home with my parents.
bed. OR must be connected to a main clause
 I went to bed after I ate 9. When the phone rang I answered it.
breakfast. POSITION OF TIME CLAUSE 10. The antique vase broke when I dropped it.
A time clause can come in the beginning as
as soon as + s + v well as in the middle of the sentence. When 11. Rita called while I was studying last night.
 As soon as I finished my work, I it comes in the beginning, it must be
went to bed. OR separated from the main clause by a comma EXERCISE 19: Combine the sentences. Use while
 I went to bed as soon as I (,).
finished my work 1. Someone knocked on my apartment door.
time clause + comma + main clause I was eating breakfast yesterday morning.
until + s + v main clause + no comma + time clause
 I stayed up until I finished my 2. I was cooking dinner yesterday evening.
work. OR I burned my hand.
 Until I finished my work, I
stayed up. 3. Yoko raised her hand.
The teacher was talking.
when + s + v
 When the rain stopped, we took 4. A tree fell on my car.
a walk OR I was driving home yesterday.
 We took a walk when the rain
stopped. 5. I was studying last night.
A mouse suddenly appeared on my desk.
while + s + v A while-clause describes an activity that
 The phone rang while I was way in progress at the time another activity
sleeping. OR happened, the verb in a while-clause is often
 While I was sleeping, the phone past progressive (e.g. was sleeping) EXERCISE 20: Past time using time clauses. Directions: Combine the two
rang sentences in any order, using the time expression in parentheses. Underline the
time clause.
1. I gave Alan his allowance. He finished his chores. (after)

2. The doorbell rang. I was climbing the stairs. (while)
3. The firefighters checked the ashes one last time. They went home. (before) EXERCISE 22: Complete the sentences using the words in parentheses. Use the
4. The Novaks stopped by our table at the restaurant. They showed us their new simple past or the past progressive. Identify the time clauses.
baby. (when)
5. We started to dance. The music began. (as soon as)
1. My mother called me around 5:00. My husband came home a little after that.
6. We stayed in our seats. The game ended. (until)
When he (come) __________________ home, I (talk) _________________
7. My father was listening to a baseball game on the radio. He was watching a
to my mother on the phone.
basketball game on television. (while)
2. I (buy) __________________ a small gift before I (go)
EXERCISE 21: Complete the sentences. Use the past progressive in the while- __________________ to the hospital yesterday to visit my friend.
clauses. Use the simple past in the when-clauses.
3. Yesterday afternoon I (go) __________________ to visit the Smith family.
1. While I (wash) ________________ dishes last night, I (get) When I (get) __________________ there around two o'clock, Mrs. Smith
________________ a phone call from my best friend. (be) __________________ in the yard. She (plant) __________________
2. When my best friend (call) ________________ last night 1 (wash) flowers in her garden. Mr. Smith (be) __________________ in the garage.
________________ dishes. He (work) __________________ on their car. He (change)
3. My friend Jessica (come) ________________ while I (eat) __________________ the oil. The children (play) __________________ in
________________ dinner last night. the front yard. In other words, while Mr. Smith (change)
4. I (eat) ________________ dinner when my friend Jessica (come) __________________ the oil in the car, the children (play)
________________ last night. __________________ with a ball in the yard.
5. My friend Ricardo (come) ________________ while I (watch) 4. I (hit) __________________ my thumb while I (use) __________________
________________a rented movie on my VCR last night. I (invite) the hammer. Ouch! That (hurt) __________________
________________ him to join me. 5. As soon as we (hear) __________________ the news of the approaching
6. I (watch) ________________ a rented movie on my VCR last night when my hurricane, we (begin) __________________ our preparations for the storm.
friend Ricardo (come) ________________ 6. It was a long walk home. Mr. Chu (walk) __________________ until he
7. Jason (wear) ________________ a suit and tie when I (see) (get) __________________ tired. Then he (stop) __________________ and
________________ him yesterday. (rest) __________________ until he (be) __________________ strong
8. While I (watch) ________________ TV last night and (relax) enough to continue.
________________ after a long day, my new puppy (take)
________________ my wallet from my bedside table.
7. While I (lie) __________________ in bed last night, I (hear) Simple Past Vs Past Progressive
__________________ a strange noise. When I (hear) __________________
this strange noise, I (turn) __________________ on the light. I (hold) Simple Past Past Progressive
__________________ my breath and (listen) __________________ The simple past describes activities or The past progressive describes an activity that
situations that began and ended at a was in progress (was happening) at the time
carefully. A mouse (chew) __________________ on something under the particular time in the past (e.g., another action happened.
floor. yesterday, last night),  I was studying when Jane called me
 Jane called me yesterday. yesterday.
8. I work at a computer all day long. Yesterday while I (look)  I talked to Jane for an hour last  While I was studying last night, Jane
__________________ at my computer screen, I (start) __________________ night. called.
to feel a little dizzy, so I (take) __________________ a break. While I (take)

__________________ a short break outdoors and (enjoy)
__________________ the warmth of the sun on my face, an elderly
gentleman (come) __________________ up to me and (ask)
__________________ me for directions to the public library. After I (tell)
________________ him how to get there, he (thank) __________________
me and (go) __________________ on his way. I (stay)
__________________ outside until a big cloud (come)
__________________ and (cover) __________________ the sun, and then I
reluctantly (go) __________________ back inside to work. As soon as I
(return) __________________ to my desk, I (notice) __________________
that my computer (make) __________________ a funny noise. It (hum)
__________________ loudly, and my screen was frozen. I (think)
__________________ for a moment, then I (shut) __________________ my
computer off, (get) __________________ up from my desk, and (leave)
__________________. I (spend) __________________ the rest of the day in
the sunshine
EXERCISE 23: Sentence practice. Complete the sentences. Use the simple past or B: I think your friends were impolite to let their cat sit on the table during
the past progressive.
dinner.
1. While my cousin and I (have) ____________ dinner at the restaurant last
night, we (see) ____________ a friend of mine. I (introduce) ____________ 7. At 6:00 P.M., Bob sat down at the table and began to eat. At 6:05, Bob (eat)
her to my cousin. ______________ dinner.
2. When I (hear) ____________ a knock at the door last night, I (walk) 8. While Bob (ear) ______________ dinner, Ann (come) ______________
____________ to the door and (open) ____________ it. When 1 (open) through the door. In other words, when Arm (come) ______________
____________ the door, I (see) ____________ my brother. I (greet) through the door, Bob (eat) ______________ dinner.
____________ him and (ask) ____________ him to come in. 9. Bob went to bed at 10:30. At 11:00 Bob (sleep) ______________. While Bob
3. My cousin and I (watch) ____________ a movie on TV last night when my (sleep) ______________, the phone (ring) ______________. In other words,
brother (come) ____________. He (watch) ____________ the end of the when the phone (ring) ______________, Bob (sleep) ______________.
movie with us. 10. Bob left his house at 8:00 A.M. and (begin) ______________ to walk to
4. While I (walk) _______________ to class yesterday morning, I (see) class. While he (walk) ______________ to class, he (see) ______________
______________ Ahsan. We (say) __________________ hello and (walk) Mrs. Smith. When Bob (see) ______________ Mrs. Smith, she (stand)
_______________ the rest of the way to school. ______________ on her front porch. She (hold) ______________ a broom.
5. Mrs. Reed (turn) ____________ on the radio in her car while she (drive) Mrs. Smith (wave) ______________ at Bob when she (see) ______________
____________ home yesterday. She (listen) ____________ to some music him.
when she suddenly (hear) ____________ a siren. When she (look) 11. I am sitting in class right now. I (sit) _______________ in class at this exact
____________ in her rear-view mirror, she (see) ____________ an same time yesterday.
ambulance behind her. She immediately (pull) ____________ her car to the 12. I don't want to go to the zoo today because it is raining. The same thing
side of the road and (wait) ____________ for the ambulance to pass. happened yesterday. I (want, not) _______________ to go to the zoo because
6. A: I (be) ____________ at my friends' house last night. While we (eat) it (rain) _______________
____________ dinner, their cat (jump) ____________ on the table. My 13. I (call) _______________ Roger at nine last night, but he (be, not)
friends (seem, not) ____________ to care, but I lost my appetite. _______________ at home. He (study) _______________ at the library.
B: What (you, say) ____________ 14. I (hear, not) _______________ the thunder during the storm last night
A: Nothing. because I (sleep) _______________
B: Why (you, ask, not) ____________ your friends to get their cat off the 15. It was beautiful yesterday when we went for a walk in the park. The sun
table? (shine) _______________ A cool breeze (blow) _______________ The birds
A: I (want, not) ____________ to be impolite. (sing) _______________
16. My brother and sister (argue) _______________ about something when I 25. 1. It (begin) ____________________ to rain while Amanda and I (walk)
(walk) _______________ into the room. ___________________ to school this morning.
17. I got a package in the mail. When I (open) _______________ it, I (find) 26. While I (wash) ____________________ dishes last night, I (drop)
_______________ a surprise. ____________________ a plate and (break) ____________________ it.
18. While Mrs. Emerson (read) _______________ the little boy a story, he (fall) 27. I (see) ____________________ Ted at the student cafeteria at lunchtime
_______________ asleep, so she (close) _______________ the book and yesterday. He (eat) ____________________ a sandwich and (talk)
quietly (tiptoe) _______________ out of the room. ____________________ with some friends. I (join) ____________________
19. A: Why weren't you at the meeting? ~ B: I (wait) _______________ for an them.
overseas call from my family. 28. While I (walk) ____________________ under an apple tree a few days ago,
20. A: (you, hear) _______________ what she just said? ~ B: No, I (listen, not) an apple (fall) ____________________ and (hit) ____________________
_______________ I (think) _______________ about something else. me on the head.
21. A: How (you, break) _______________ your arm? ~ B: I (slip) 29. Robert didn't answer the phone when Sara called. He (sing)
_______________ on the ice while I (cross) _______________ the street in ____________________ his favorite song in the shower and (hear, not)
front of the dorm. ____________________ the phone ring.
22. A: I'm sure you met Carol Jones at the party last night. ~ B: I don't 30. A: I saw a whale!
remember her. What (she, wear) _______________ B: Really? Great! When?
23. It was my first day of class. I (find, finally) _______________ the right A: This morning. I (walk) ____________________ on the beach when I
room. The room (be, already) _______________ full of students. On one side (hear) ____________________ a sudden "whoosh!" It (be)
of the room, students (talk, busily) _______________ to each other in ____________________ the spout of a huge gray whale.
Spanish. Other students (speak) _______________ Japanese, and some 31. A: There was a power outage in our part of town last night. (your lights, go
(converse) _______________ in Arabic. It sounded like the United Nations. out) ____________________ ____________________ too?
Some of the students, however, (sit, just) _______________ quietly by B: Yes, they did. It (be) ____________________ terrible! I (take)
themselves. I (choose) _______________ an empty seat in the last row and ____________________ a shower when the lights went out. My wife (find)
(sit) _______________ down. In a few minutes, the teacher (walk) ____________________ a flashlight and rescued me from the bathroom. We
_______________ into the room and all the multilingual conversation (stop) couldn't cook dinner, so we (eat) ____________________ sandwiches
_______________ instead. I (try) ____________________ to read some reports by candlelight,
24. I really enjoyed my vacation last January. While it (snow) _______________ but I couldn't see well enough, so I (go) ____________________ to bed and
in Toronto, the sun (shine) _______________ in Florida. While you (shovel) (sleep) ____________________ How about you?
_______________ snow in Iowa, I (lie) _______________ on the beach in
Florida.
32. Yesterday Tom and Janice (go) ____________________ to the zoo, where EXERCISE 25: Sentence practice. Complete the sentences. Use the simple past or
the past progressive.
they (see) ____________________ many kinds of animals and (have)
____________________ a few adventures. While they (walk) Late yesterday afternoon while I (prepare) ______________________ dinner, the
____________________ by an elephant, it (begin) ____________________ doorbell (ring) ______________________. I (put) ______________________
to squirt water at them, so they run behind a rock and (dry) everything down and (rush) ______________________ to answer it. I (open)
____________________ themselves. Later, while they (pass) ______________________ the door and (find) ______________________ a delivery
____________________ the giraffe area, one of the tall, purple-tongued man standing in my doorway. He (hold) ______________________ an express mail
animals (lower) ____________________ its head toward Tom and (start) package and (need) ______________________ me to sign for it. While I (deal)
____________________ to nibble on his green hat. Janice said, "Shoo!" At ______________________ with the delivery man, the phone (ring)
that point, the giraffe (stretch) ____________________ its head toward ______________________. I (excuse) ______________________ myself and (reach)
Janice and (try) ____________________ to eat her ice cream cone. Janice ______________________ for the phone. While I (try) ______________________ to
(let, not) ____________________ the giraffe have the ice cream because she talk on the phone and sign for the package at the same time, my young son (run)
(stand) ____________________ right in front of a sign that said, "DO NOT ______________________ up to me to tell me about the cat. The cat (try)
FEED THE ANIMALS." She (point) ____________________ at the sign ______________________ to catch a big fish in my husband's prized aquarium. The
and (say) ____________________ to the giraffe, "Can't you read?". fish (swim) ______________________ frantically to avoid the cat's paw. I (say)
______________________ an abrupt goodbye to the telemarketer on the phone and
(hang) ______________________ up. I (thank) ______________________ the
delivery man and (shut) ______________________ the door, I (yell)
______________________ at the cat and (shoo) ______________________ her away
from the fish. Then I (sit) ______________________ down in an easy chair and (stay)
EXERCISE 24: Activity: using present and past verbs in writing.
______________________ there until I (begin) ______________________ to feel
Directions: Describe your first day or two in this University. What did you do? What
calm again. But as soon as I (feel) ______________________ like everything was
did you think? What did you see? Who did you meet? Did you have any interesting
experiences? How did you feel about this place? under control, the doorbell (ring) ______________________ again. Then the phone
Then write about how you feel about this place now. In what ways are your present (ring) ______________________. Then my son said, "Mom! Mom! The dog is in the
experiences here different from your earlier experiences? refrigerator!" I couldn't move. "What's next?" I said aloud to no one in particular.
EXERCISE 26: The simple past and the past progressive. Directions: Fill in the 10. When we (look) __________________ in on the baby last night, he (sleep)
blanks with the simple past or the past progressive of the verbs in parentheses.
__________________ I think he (dream) __________________ about
Include any other words in parentheses.
something nice because he (smile) __________________
1. We (have) __________________ a wonderful dinner last night to celebrate
11. Yesterday David (cross) __________________ a street when a truck (turn)
our 25th wedding anniversary.
__________________ the corner very fast and almost (hit)
2. We (have, at home) __________________ our anniversary dinner when my
__________________ him.
uncle called to congratulate us last night.
12. During the study period in class yesterday, it (be) __________________ hard
3. A: Why is Henry in the hospital?
for me to concentrate because the student next to me (hum)
B: He (work, in his garage) __________________ on his car when the gas
__________________
tank (explode) __________________
13. Last Monday while we (watch, in our living room) __________________ an
A: What (cause) __________________ the explosion?
exciting game on television, the electricity (go) __________________ out.
B: Henry (Alight) __________________ a cigarette.
So we (go) __________________ outside, (get) __________________ into
4. A: I'm sorry, Officer. I (see, not) __________________ the stop sign. I
the car, (turn) __________________ on the radio, and (listen)
(think) __________________ about something else.
__________________ to the rest of the game. The next day the car battery
B: What (you, think) __________________ about? You should have been
(be) __________________ dead.
thinking about your driving.
14. The police (outwit) __________________ a thief yesterday. They (surround)
5. Bill asked me to go over to his apartment, but I (want, not)
__________________ the jewelry store while he (stuff, still inside)
__________________ to leave the house because I (wait)
__________________ his pockets with diamonds.
__________________ for a phone call.
15. Yesterday we had a houseful of children for my son's sixth birthday party. In
6. Amy (hear, not) __________________ her parents having an argument last
the middle of the party, the phone (ring) __________________, so I had to
night. She (listen, in her room) __________________ to music.
leave the children alone for a moment. When I (come) __________________
7. When Richard (stop) __________________ his car suddenly, the groceries
back into the room, most of the children (play, still) __________________
(fall) __________________ out of the bag they were in and (spill)
together nicely. But over in the corner, Bobby (pull) __________________
__________________ all over the floor of the car.
Annie's hair. I quickly (run) __________________ over and (tell)
8. When the door-to-door salesperson (come) __________________ yesterday,
__________________ Bobby to stop.
Claudia (hear, not) __________________ the doorbell because she (dry, in
her room) __________________ her hair with her electric hair dryer.
9. When I was a child, my mother always (serve) __________________
cookies and milk to my friends and me when we (go) __________________
to my house after school.
16. TEACHER: You're late again. You were supposed to be here ten minutes EXERCISE 27: Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses.
ago. Where were you? PART 1.
MICHAEL: I (look) __________________ for a place to park.
Yesterday Fish (be) ____________ in the river. He (see) ____________ Bear on the
TEACHER: (you, find) __________________ one?
bank of the river. Here is their conversation.
MICHAEL: Yes, but it's at a parking meter that has a 15-minute limit. So
BEAR: Good morning, Fish,
every 15 minutes I'll have to go out and put some more money in the meter.
FISH: Good morning, Bear. How (yore, be) ____________ today?
TEACHER: Maybe you should start taking the bus to school.
BEAR: I (do) ____________ fine, thank you. And you?
MICHAEL: I (take) __________________ the bus a couple of days ago and
FISH: Fine, thanks.
ended up miles from school. That's why I was absent from class.
BEAR: (you, would like) ____________ to get out of the river and (sit)
TEACHER: Oh.
____________ with me? I (need) ____________ someone to talk to.
17. BOB: My office mate, Jack, really makes me angry!
FISH: I (need, not) ____________ to get out of the river for us to talk. We can talk
SUE: Why?
just the way we are now.
BOB: Well for one thing, he (interrupt, always) __________________ me. I
BEAR: Hmmm.
can barely get a sentence out of my mouth.
FISH: Wait! What (you, do) ____________?
SUE: Is that all?
BEAR: I (get) ____________ in the river to join you.
BOB: No. He (ask, always) __________________ me to write his reports for
FISH: Stop! This (be) _______________ my river! I (trust, not) ____________ you.
him. I have enough reports of my own without doing his reports too!
What (you, want) ________________?
SUE: So how did you and Bob get along at work today?
BEAR: Nothing. Just a little conversation. I (want) ______________ to tell you about
BOB: Same old stuff. While I (ay) __________________ to explain
my problems. I (have) ___________________ a bad day yesterday.
something to him, he (interrupt) __________________ me, not just once but
FISH: Oh? What happened?
repeatedly. And once again he (ask) __________________ me to write a
report that the boss had asked him to write. I (refuse) __________________
PART II.
SUE: Good for you. Jack needs to write his own reports.
BEAR: While I was walking through the woods, I (see) ____________ a beehive. I
(love) ____________ honey. So I (stop) ____________ When I (reach)
____________ inside the beehive to get some honey, a great big bee (come)
____________ up behind me and stung my ear. The sting (be) ____________
very painful,
FISH: I (believe, not) ____________ you. Bees can't hurt bears. I (believe, not)
____________ your story about a great big bee. All bees (be) ____________
the same size, and they (be, not) ____________ big.
BEAR: But it is true! Here. Come a little closer and look at my ear. I'll show you EXERCISE 28: Complete the sentences with the simple present, present
progressive, simple past, or past progressive.
where the big bee stung it.
FISH: Okay. Where (it, be) ____________. Where (the bee, sting) ____________ PART I: PRESENT TIME
you? SITUATION:
BEAR: Right here. See?
FISH: Stop! What (you, do) ____________? Let go of me! Why (you, hold) Right now Tashi (sit) ______________ at his desk. He (study) ______________ his
____________ me? grammar book. His roommate, Oscar, (sit) ________________ at his desk, but he
BEAR: I (hold) ____________ you because I'm going to eat you for dinner. (study, not) ______________. He (stare) ______________ out the window. Tashi
FISH: Oh no! You (trick) ____________ me! Your story about the great big bee (want) ______________ to know what Oscar (look) ______________ at.
never (happen) ____________
PART III.
BEAR: That's right. I (get) ____________ in the river because I (want) TOSHI: Oscar, what (you, look) ______________ at?
____________ (catch) ____________ you for dinner. And I did! I (catch) OSCAR: I (watch) ________________ the bicyclists. They are very skillful. I (know,
____________ you for dinner. not) ________________ how to ride a bike, so I (admire)
FISH: Watch out! Behind you! Oh no! Oh no! It's a very, very big bee. It's huge! It ________________ anyone who can. Come over to the window. Look at that
(look) ____________ really angry! guy in the blue shirt. He (steer) ________________ his bike with one hand
BEAR: I (believe, not) ____________ you! while he (drink) ________________ a soda with the other. At the same time,
FISH: But it (be) ____________ true! A great big bee (come) ____________ toward he (weave) ________________ in and out of the heavy street 141 traffic, He
you. It's going to attack you and sting you! (seem) ________________ fearless.
BEAR: What? Where? I (see, not) ____________ a bee! Oh no, Fish, you are getting TOSHI: Riding a bike (be, not) ________________ as hard as it (look)
away from me. Oh no! I (drop) ____________ you! Come back! Come back! ________________. I’ll teach you to ride a bicycle if you'd like.
FISH: Ha! I (fool) ____________ you too Bear. Now you must find your dinner in OSCAR: Really? Great!
another place. TOSHI: How come you don't know how to ride a bike?
BEAR: Yes, you (trick) ____________ me too. We (teach) ____________ each other OSCAR: I (have, near) ________________ a bike when I (be) ________________ a
a good lesson today: Don't believe everything you hear, kid. My family (be) ________________ too poor. Once I (try)
FISH: Thank you for teaching me that lesson. Now I will live a long and happy life. ________________ to learn on the bike of one of my friends, but the other
BEAR: Yes, we (learn) ____________ a valuable lesson today, and that's good. But I kids all (laugh) ________________ at me. I never (try) ________________
(be) ____________ still hungry. Hmmm. I (have) ____________ a gold tooth again because I (be) ________________ too embarrassed. But I'd really like
in my mouth. (you, would like) ____________ to come closer and look at it? to learn now! When can we start?
PART II: PAST TIME EXERCISE 29: Correct the errors.

Yesterday, Toshi (sit) ________________ at his desk and (study) ________________ 1. Did you went downtown yesterday?
his grammar book. His roommate, Oscar, (sit) ________________ at his desk, but he 2. Yesterday I speak to Ken before he leaves his office and goes home.
(study, not) ________________. He (stare) ________________ out the window. He 3. I heared a good joke last night.
(watch) ________________ bicyclists on the street below. 4. When Pablo finished his work.
5. I visitted my relatives in New York City last month.
Tashi (walk) ________________ over to the window. Oscar (point) 6. Where you did go yesterday afternoon?
________________ out one bicyclist in particular. This bicyclist (steer) 7. Ms. Wah was flew from Singapore to Tokyo last week.
________________ with one hand while he (drink) ________________ a soda with 8. When I see my friend yesterday, he didn't spoke to me.
the other. At the same time, he (weave) ________________ in and out of the heavy 9. Why Mustafa didn't came to class last week?
traffic, To Oscar, the bicyclist (seem) ________________ fearless. 10. Where were you bought those shoes? I like them.
11. Mr. Adams teached our class last week.
Oscar (learn, never) ________________ how to ride a bike when he (be) 12. I writcd a letter last night.
________________ a child, so Toshi (offer) ________________ to teach him. Oscar 13. Who you wrote a letter to?
(accept) ________________ gladly. 14. Who did open the door? Jack openned it.
15. Breakfast is an important meal. I'm always eating breakfast.
16. During I was working in my office yesterday, my cousin stops by to visit me.
17. Portugal lays to the west of Spain.
18. Yuki staied home because she catched a bad cold.
19. My brother is looking like our father, but I am resembling my mother.
20. As a verb, "sink" is meaning "move downward." What it means as a noun?
21. Sang-Joon, are you listen to me? I am talk to you!
22. I rewinded the rented video before I return it to the store yesterday.
23. Abdallah is want a snack. He's being hungry.
24. Anna rose her eyebrows in surprise.
25. Yesterday I was working at my computer when Shelley was coming to the
door of my office. I wasn't knowing she was there. I was concentrate hard on
my work. When she suddenly speak, I am jump. She startle me.
26. While I was surfing the net yesterday, I was finding a really interesting Web
site.
EXERCISE 30: Complete the sentences with the verbs in parentheses. Use the __________________ and (laugh) __________________. "Have you heard the
simple past, simple present, or past progressive.
news?" the people (say) __________________ to each other. "Princess Tina is going
Once upon a time, a king and his three daughters (live) __________________ in a to marry a frog!"
castle in a faraway land. One day while the king (think) __________________ about
his daughters, he (have) __________________ an idea. He (form) Tina (feel) __________________ terrible. She said, "I (be) __________________ the
__________________ a plan for finding husbands for them. unluckiest person in the world." She (fall) __________________ to the floor and (sob)
__________________, No one (love) __________________ her, she (believe)
When it (come) __________________ time for the three daughters to marry, the king __________________. Her father (understand, not) __________________ her. She
(announce) __________________ his plan. He said, “I'm going to take three jewels to (hide) __________________ from her friends and (keep) __________________ her
the fountain in the center of the village, The young men (meet) __________________ pain in her heart. Every day, the (grow) __________________ sadder and sadder. Her
together there every day. The three young men who find the jewels will become my two sisters (have) __________________ grand weddings. Their wedding bells (ring)
daughters' husbands?” __________________ with joy across the land.
The next day, the king (choose) __________________ three jewels—an emerald, a Eventually, Tina (leave) __________________ the castle. She (run)
ruby, and a diamond—and (take) __________________ them into the village. He __________________ away from her family and (go) __________________ to live in
(hold) __________________ them in his hand and (walk) __________________ the woods by herself. She (eat) __________________ simple food. (drink)
among the young men. First, he (drop) __________________ the emerald, then the __________________ water from the lake, (cut) __________________ her own
ruby, and then the diamond. A handsome man (pick) __________________ up the firewood, (wash) __________________ her own clothes, (sweep)
emerald. Then a wealthy prince (spot) __________________ the ruby and (bend) __________________ the floor herself, (make) __________________ her own bed,
__________________ down to pick it up. The king (be) __________________ very and (take) __________________ care of all her own needs. But she (be)
pleased. __________________ very lonely and unhappy.
But then a frog (hop) __________________ toward the diamond and (pick) One-day Tina (go) __________________ swimming. The water (be)
__________________ it up. The frog (bring) __________________ the diamond to __________________ deep and cold. Tina (swim) __________________ for a long
the king arid said, "I (be) __________________ the Frog Prince. I (claim) time and (become) __________________ very tired. While she (swim)
__________________ your third daughter as my wife." __________________ bock toward the shore, she (lose) __________________ the
desire to live. She (quit) __________________ trying to swim to safety. She (drown)
When the king (tell) __________________ Tina, his third daughter, about the Frog __________________ when the frog suddenly (appear) __________________ and
Prince, she (refuse) __________________ to marry him. When the people of the land with all his strength (push) __________________ Tina to the shore. He (save)
(hear) __________________ the news about the frog and the princess, they (laugh) __________________ her life.
"Why (save, you) __________________ my life, Frog?" Because you (be) EXERCISE 31: Past verbs. Directions: Complete the sentences with the correct
form of the verbs in parentheses.
__________________ very young and you (have) __________________ a lot to live
for." Last Friday was a holiday. It (be) ____________________ Independence Day, so I
'No, I (do, not) __________________," said the princess. "I (be) didn't have to go to classes. I (sleep) ____________________ a little later than usual.
__________________ the most miserable person in the whole universe."' Around ten, my friend Larry (come) ____________________ over to my apartment.
"Let's talk about it," (say) __________________ the frog. And they (begin) We (pack) ____________________ a picnic basket and then (take)
__________________ to talk. Tina and the Frog Prince (sit) __________________ ____________________ the bus to Forest Park. We (spend) ____________________
together for hours and hours. Frog (listen) __________________ and (understand) most of the day there.
__________________. He (tell) __________________ her about himself and his own
unhappiness and loneliness. They (share) __________________ their minds and When we (get) ____________________ to the park, we (find)
hearts. Day after day, they (spend) __________________ hours with each other, They ____________________ an empty picnic table near a pond. There were some ducks
(talk) ______________, (laugh) __________________, (play) _________________ on the pond, so we (feed) ____________________ them. We (throw)
and (work) __________________ together. ____________________ small pieces of bread on the water, and the ducks (swim)
One day while they (sit) __________________ near the lake, Tina (bend) ____________________ over to get them. One duck was very clever. It (catch)
__________________ down and, with great affection, (kiss) __________________ ____________________ the bread in midair before it (hit) ____________________
the frog on his forehead. Poof! Suddenly the frog (turn) __________________ into a the water. Another duck was a thief. It (steal) ____________________ bread from the
man! He (take) __________________ Tina in his arms, and said, “You (save) beaks of other ducks. While we (feed) ____________________ the ducks, Larry and I
__________________ me with your kiss, Outside, I (look) __________________ like (meet) ____________________ a man who usually (come) ____________________
a frog, but you (see) __________________ inside and (find) __________________ to the park every day to feed the ducks. We (sit) ____________________ on a park
the real me. Now I (be) __________________ free. An evil wizard had turned me into bench and (speak) ____________________ to him for fifteen or twenty minutes.
a frog until I found the love of a woman with a truly good heart." When Tina (see)
__________________ through outside appearances, she (find) __________________ After we (eat) ____________________ our lunch, I (take) ____________________ a
true love. short nap under a tree. While I (sleep) ____________________, a mosquito (bite)
Tina and the prince (return) __________________ to the castle and (get) ____________________ my arm. When I (wake) ____________________ up, my
__________________ married. Her two sisters, she discovered, (be) arm itched, so I scratched it. Suddenly I (hear) ____________________ a noise in the
__________________ very unhappy. The handsome husband (ignore) tree above me. I (look) ____________________ up and (see) ____________________
__________________ his wife and (talk, not) __________________ to her. The an orange and gray bird. After a few moments, it (fly) ____________________ away.
wealthy husband (make) __________________ fun of his wife and (give)
__________________ her orders all the time. But Tina and her Frog Prince (live) During the afternoon, we (do) ____________________ many things. First we (take)
__________________ happily ever after. ____________________ a long walk. When we (get) ____________________ back to
our picnic table, I (read) ____________________ a book, and Larry, who (be) USED TO = Expressing Past Habit
____________________ an artist, (draw) ____________________ pictures. Later we
(play) ____________________ a game of chess. Larry (win) ____________________ Structure Name Usage
the first game, but I (win) ____________________ the second one. Then he (teach) Used to expresses a past situation or
 I used to live with my parents. habit that no longer exists at present.
____________________ me how to play a new game, one with dice. While we (play) Now I live in my own apartment.
____________________, one of the dice (fall) ____________________ from the  Ann use to be afraid of dogs, but Structure: (Affirmative)
now she likes them. used to + V1
picnic table onto the ground. We finally (find) ____________________ it in some tall
grass. In the evening, we (join) ____________________ a huge crowd to watch the  Did you used to Jive in Paris? OR Structure: (Question)
 Did you use to live in Paris? Did + used to + V1
fireworks display. The fireworks (be) ____________________ beautiful. Some of the Did + use to + V1
explosions (be) ____________________ very loud, however. They (hurt)  I didn't used to drink coffee at
breakfast, but now I always have Structure: (Negative)
____________________ my ears. When the display (be) ____________________ coffee in the morning. Did not + used to + V1
over, we (leave) ____________________. All in all, it (be) ____________________ a OR Did not + use to + V1
 I didn't use to drink coffee at
very enjoyable day. breakfast, but now I always have Didn't use(d) to occurs infrequently.
coffee in the morning. More commonly, people use never to
express a negative ides with used to
 I never used to drink coffee at
breakfast, but now I always have Note: Both forms (used to / use to) in
coffee in the morning. questions and negatives are possible.
OR There is no consensus among English
 I never use to drink coffee at Language authorities on which is
breakfast, but now I always have preferable.
coffee in the morning.
EXERCISE 32: Past habit with USED TO. Correct the errors.
1. Alex used to living in Cairo.

2. Jane used to worked at an insurance company.
3. Margo was used to teach English, but now she works at a publishing
company.
4. Where you used to live?
5. I didn't was used to get up early, but now I do.
6. Were you used to live in Singapore?
7. My family used to going to the beach every weekend, but now I don't.
EXERCISE 33: Error Analysis. Correct the errors. EXERCISE 35: Past habit with USED TO. Complete the sentences with a form
of used to and your own words,
1. They don't stayed at the park very long last Saturday.
2. They are walked to school yesterday.
1. I _______________ my bicycle to work, but now I take the bus.
3. I was understand all the teacher's questions yesterday.
2. What time _______________ to bed when you were a child?
4. We didn't knew what to do when the fire alarm ringed yesterday.
3. I ____________________ past midnight, but now I often go to bed very late
5. I was really enjoyed the baseball game last week.
because I have to study.
6. Mr. Rice didn't died in the accident.
4. Tom_______________ tennis after work every day, but now he doesn't.
7. I use to live with my parents. but now I have my own apartment.
5. I ____________________ breakfast, but now I always have something to eat
8. My friends were went on vacation together last month.
in the morning because I read that students who eat breakfast do better in
9. I didn't afraid of anything when I am a child.
school
10. The teacher was changed his mind yesterday.
6. I _______________________ interested in _______________, but now I am.
11. Sally love Jim, but he didn't loved her.
7. When you were a little kid, what __________________ after school?
12. Carmen no used to eat fish, but now she does.
I _______________________. How about you?
A: I __________________________________________________________.
EXERCISE 34: Make sentences with a similar meaning by using used to. Some of
the sentences are negatives, and some of them are questions.
1. When I was a child, I was shy. Now I'm not shy. EXERCISE 36: Answer the question, using used to.
2. When I was young, I thought that people over forty were old. 1. What did you used to watch on TV when you were a child, and what do you
3. Now you live in this city. Where did you live before you came here? watch now?
4. Did you at some time in the past work for the telephone company? 2. You are living in a foreign country (or a different city). What did you used to
5. When I was younger I slept through the night, I never woke up in the middle do in your own country (OR your hometown) that you don't do now?
of the night 3. You are an adult now. What did you used to do when you were a child that
6. When I was a child, I watched cartoons on TV. I don’t watch cartoons you don't do now?
anymore. Now I watch news programs. How about you? 4. Think of a particular time in your past (for example, when you were in
elementary school, when you lived in Paris, when you worked at your uncle's
store). Describe a typical day in your life at that time. What did you used to
do?
CHAPTER 02: PAST TIME
EXERCISE 37: Write about the following topics. Use used to. Try to think of at
least two or three differences for each topic.
Topics:
1. Compare past and present clothing. How are they different? (e.g., shoes used
to have buttons, but now they don't)
2. Compare past and present means of transportation. (e.g.„ It used to take
months to cross the Atlantic Ocean by ship, but now people fly from one
continent to another in a few hours.)
3. Compare the daily lives of people fifty years ago to the daily lives of people
today, (e.g., Fifty years ago people didn't use to watch rented movies but
today people often watch movies at home for entertainment.)
4. Compare pan and present beliefs. (e.g.„ Some people used to believe the sun
revolved around the earth but now we know tar the earth revolves around the OUTLINE
sun.) 1. THE PRESENT PERFECT
2. FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
3. THE SIMPLE PAST vs. THE PRESENT PERFECT
4. Using SINCE and FOR
5. PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
6. THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE vs. THE PRESENT
PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
7. PRESENT PERFECT vs. PRESENT PERFECT
PROGRESSIVE
8. Using ALREADY, YET, STILL, and MORE
9. THE PAST PERFECT
10. COMPARE THE PRESENT PERFECT AND THE PAST
PERFECT
11. COMPARE THE PAST PROGRESSIVE AND THE PAST
PERFECT
12. THE PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
CHAPTER 03: THE PRESENT PERFECT & THE PAST PERFECT CHAPTER 03: THE PRESENT PERFECT & THE PAST PERFECT
THE PRESENT PERFECT i) We’ve had four tests so far this The present perfect also expresses the
semester. repetition of an activity before now. The
exact time of each repetition is not
important.
Notice in (i): so far is frequently used

with the present perfect.
j) I have written my parents a letter

every other day for the last two weeks.
k) I have met many people since I came
here in June.
l) I have flown on an airplane many
times.
a) Jim has already eaten lunch. The PRESENT PERFECT expresses an

activity or situation that occurred or did m) We've been in class since ten o'clock When the present perfect is used with
not occur) before now, at some this morning. since or for, it expresses situations that
unspecified time in the past. The exact began in the past and continue to the
time it happened is not important. present.
In (a) Jim's lunch occurred before the In (m) Class started at ten. We are still in
present time. The exact time is not class now, at the moment of speaking.
mentioned; it is unimportant or unknown. Incorrect: We are in class since ten
b) Have you ever visited Mexico? For the speaker, the only important o'clock this morning.
c) I have never seen snow. information is that Jim's lunch occurred n) We’ve been here for two weeks.
d) I have already seen that movie. in the past., sometime before now. o) I have had this same pair of shoes for In the examples, notice the
e) Jack hasn’t seen it yet. three years. difference between since and for:
f) Ann hasn't eaten lunch yet. The adverbs ever, never, already, yet, p) I have liked cowboy movies ever
g) Ann started a letter to her parents last still and just are frequently used with the since I was a child since + a particular time
week, but she still hasn’t finished it. present perfect. (Examples (b) to (h)) q) I have known Ben for ten years. I met for + a duration of time
h) Alex feels bad. He has just heard him ten years ago. I still know him
some bad news. today. We are friends.
FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT EXERCISE 02: The present perfect.

a) I have finished my work. STATEMENT: Directions: Complete the sentences with the present perfect of the verbs in
b) The students have finished Chapter 3. have/has + past participle
parentheses.
c) Jim has eaten lunch.
d) I've/You've/We've/They've eaten lunch. CONTRACTION

1. A cell phone is so convenient. I (want) _________________________ one
e) She's/He's eaten lunch. pronoun + have = ‘ve
f) It's been cold for the last three days. pronoun + has = 's since they were available for sale.
2. I quit eating meat when I was in college. I (be)
g) I have not (haven't) finished my work. NEGATIVE:
h) Ann has not (hasn't) eaten lunch. have/has + not + past participle _________________________ a strict vegetarian for several years and feel
NEGATIVE CONTRACTION
very healthy.
have + not = haven't
i) Have you finished your work? has + not = hasn't 3. We got a dog because we live in an isolated area. She (be)
j) Has Jim eaten lunch?
_________________________ a wonderful watchdog for us.
k) How long have you lived here? QUESTION:
have/has + subject + past participle 4. We (fly) _________________________ that airline many times because the
l) A: Have you seen that movie? ~ B: Yes, SHORT ANSWER:
service is excellent.
I have. OR No, I haven't. have/haven't or has/hasn't
m) A: Has Jim eaten lunch? ~ B: Yes, he Note: The helping verb in the short 5. Our neighbors (pick up, not) _________________________ their mail yet.
has. OR No, he hasn't. answer is not contracted with the
They may not be back from their trip.
pronoun.
INCORRECT: Yes, I've, OR Yes, he's. 6. Vivian (change) _________________________ her hair color so many times
that no one can remember her natural color.
7. Our teacher (correct, already) _________________________ our tests, but
EXERCISE 01: Forms of the present perfect. Directions: Complete the dialogues
she (return, not) _________________________ them yet.
with the words in parentheses. Use the present perfect.
8. A: Jose left two messages on my answering machine. I wonder what he
1. A: (you, eat, ever) _______________ seaweed?
wants.
B: No, I (eat, never) _______________ seaweed.
B: Maybe he just wants to talk. He said he (talk, not)
2. A: (you, stay, ever) _______________ at a big hotel?
_________________________ to you in a long time.
B: Yes, I (stay) _______________ at a big hotel lots of times.
9. My parents (need) _________________________ a new car for several
3. A: (you, meet, ever) _______________ a movie star?
months. They (look) _________________________ in lots of car
B: No, I _______________. I (meet, never) _______________ a movie star.
showrooms, but they can't agree on what kind of car to buy.
4. (Tom, visit, ever) _______________ you at your house?
10. A: (you, have) _________________________ your flu shot this year? I got
Yes, he _______________. He (visit) _______________ me lots of times.
mine last week.
5. A: (Ann, be, ever) _______________ in Mexico?
B: No, but I will. I (get) _________________________ one every year for
B: No, she _______________. She (be, never) _______________ in
the past three years. My doctor says it's a good idea after the age of 50.
Mexico. She (be, not) _______________ in any Spanish-speaking countries.
EXERCISE 03: The present perfect. EXERCISE 04: Present perfect.

Directions: Complete the sentences with the present perfect of the verbs in the list and Directions: Ask and answer questions using the present perfect. Work in pairs.
any words in parentheses. Use each verb only once. Speaker A: Use ever in the question. Ever comes between the subject (you)
eat look save use give play sleep wear improve and the main verb.
rise speak win Speaker B: Give a short answer first and then a complete sentence answer.
Use the following words in the complete sentence.
1. People _________________________ leather to make shoes for hundreds of many times, lots of times, several times, a couple of times, once in my
years. lifetime, never
2. The night is over. It's daytime now. The sun _________________________
3. I (never) _________________________ golf, but I'd like to. It looks like fun. 1. be in Europe
4. Our team is great. They _________________________ all of their games so 2. be in Africa
far this year. They haven't lost a single game. 3. be in Asia
5. Amy must be mad at me. She (not) _________________________ one word 4. eat Chinese food
to me all evening. I wonder what I did to make her angry. 5. eat Italian food
6. The cat must be sick. He (not) _________________________ any food for 6. ride a horse ride a motorcycle
two days. We'd better call the vet. 7. ride an elephant
7. Our teacher _________________________ us a lot of tests and quizzes since 8. be in love
the beginning of the term. 9. play soccer
8. We put a little money in our savings account every month. We want to buy a 10. play chess
car, but we (not) _________________________ enough money yet. We'll 11. play a video game
have enough in a few more months. 12. walk to (a place in this city)
9. (you, ever) _________________________ outdoors for an entire night? I 13. stay up all night
mean without a tent, with nothing between you and the stars? 14. buy something on the Internet
10. My aunt puts on a wig whenever she goes out, but I (never) 15. take a course in chemistry
_________________________ a wig in my whole life. 16. ride in a hot-air balloon
11. Paul's health _________________________ a lot since he started eating the 17. write a poem
right kinds of food, exercising regularly, and handling the stress in his life. 18. hide money under your mattress
He's never felt better. 19. fall down stairs
12. I can't find my keys. I _________________________ everywhere—in all my 20. see the skeleton of a dinosaur
pockets, in my briefcase, in my desk. They're gone. 21. fly a private plane
22. break your arm EXERCISE 05: The present perfect. Directions: Complete the sentences with the
23. draw a picture of a mountain present perfect of the appropriate verb from the list. Use each verb only once.
24. swim in the ocean Include any words in parentheses.
25. wear a costume to a party
26. steal anything cost grow ride swim drive
27. grow tomatoes improve save win eat know
28. drink carrot juice start write forget make sweep
29. throw a football
30. blow a whistle 1. A: How about more pie?
31. have the flu B: No, but thanks. I can't swallow another bite. I (already)
32. feel terrible about something ______________________ too much.
33. spend one whole day doing nothing 2. Our football team is having a great season. They ______________________
34. sleep in a tent all but one of their games so far this year and will probably win the
35. build sand castles championship.
36. hang a picture on the wall 3. Jane is expecting a letter from me, but I (not) ______________________ to
37. teach a child to count to ten her yet. Maybe I'll call her instead.
38. find any money on the sidewalk 4. Jack is living in Spain now. His Spanish used to be terrible, but it
39. think about the meaning of life ______________________ greatly since he moved there.
40. hear strange noises at night read 5. Our baby (not) ______________________ to talk yet. My friend's baby, who
41. feed pigeons in the park is several months older, can already say a few words in English and a few
42. buy a refrigerator words in French.
43. sell a car 6. A: I hear your parents are coming to visit you. Is that why you're cleaning
44. hit another person with your fist your apartment?
45. put off doing your homework B: You guessed it! I (already) ______________________ the floor, but I
46. catch a fish still need to dust the furniture. Want to help?
7. A: I understand Tom is a good friend of yours? How long (you)
______________________ him?
B: Since we were kids.
8. Everyone makes mistakes in life. 1 ______________________ lots of EXERCISE 06: Present perfect.
mistakes in my life. The important thing is to learn from one's mistakes. Directions: Work in pairs, in groups, or as a class.
Right? Example:
9. A: I (never) ______________________ on the subways in New York City. SPEAKER A (book open):
Have you? How many tests have you taken since you started coming to this class?
B: I've never even been in New York City. I0. SPEAKER B (book closed):
10. A: (you, ever) ______________________ in the Atlantic Ocean? I have taken (three, several, many) tests since 1 started coming to this class.
B: No, only the Pacific — when I was in Hawaii. I even went snorkeling OR
when I was there. I haven't taken any tests since I started coming to this class.
11. Little Freddie ______________________ a lot since I last saw him. He's
going to be tall just like his father, isn't he? 1. How many books have you bought since the beginning of the year / this
12. Let's stop at the next motel. We ______________________ 500 miles so far term?
today, and that's enough. 2. How many letters I e-mails have you gotten so far this month I week?
13. Alex spoke Arabic when he lived in Lebanon as a young child, but now he 3. How many letters / e-mails have you written since the beginning of the
______________________ ______________________ almost all of his month / week?
Arabic. He remembers only a few words. 4. How many questions have I asked so far?
14. Maintaining this old car for the past five years ______________________ us 5. How many times have you flown in an airplane?
much less than we would have spent if we had bought a new one. We 6. How many times have you . . . ?
______________________ a lot of money by not buying a new car, haven't 7. How many people have you met since you came here?
we? 8. How many classes have you missed since the beginning of the (semester)?
9. How many cups of coffee have you had since you got up this morning?
10. How many classes have you had so far today?
11. How many times have you eaten (your native) food / eaten at a restaurant
since you came here?
12. How many times have you . . . ?
THE SIMPLE PAST vs. THE PRESENT PERFECT EXERCISE 07: Simple past vs. present perfect.
Directions: Look at the verb in italics. Is it simple past, or is it present perfect? Check
the box that describes whether the verb expresses something that happened at a
SIMPLE PAST In (a): I finished my work at a specific
specified time in the past or at an unspecified time in the past.
a) I finished my work two hours ago. time in the past (two hours ago),
In (b): I finished my work at an
Specified time Unspecified
PRESENT PERFECT unspecified time in the past (sometime in the past time in the
b) I have already* finished my work. Wore now). past
SIMPLE PAST 1. Ms. Parker has been in tokyo many times.

c) I was in Europe last year/three years The SIMPLE PAST expresses an activity
again 1999/in 1995 and 1999/when I that occurred at a specific time (or times) 2. Ms. Parker was in tokyo last week.
was ten years old. in the past, as in (a) and (c).
The PRESENT PERFECT expresses an 3. I've met Anna's husband. He's a nice guy
PRESENT PERFECT activity that occurred at an unspecified
d) I have been in Europe many time (or times) in the past, as in (b) and 4. I met Anna's husband at a party last week.
times/several times/a couple of (d).
times/once/(no mention of time). 5. Mr. White was in Rome three times last month.
SIMPLE PAST In (e) In sentences where for is used in a 6. Mr. White has been in Rome many times.
e) Ann was in Miami for two weeks. time expression, the simple past
expresses an activity that began and 7. I like to travel. I've been in more than thirty
PRESENT PERFECT ended in the past. foreign countries.
f) Bob has been in Miami for two In (f): In sentences with for or since, the 8. I was in Morocco in 2001.
weeks/since May first. present perfect expresses an activity that
began in the past and continues to the 9. Mary has never been in Morocco.
present.
10. Mary wasn't in morocco when I was there in
2001.
EXERCISE 08: The present perfect vs. the simple past. 3. A: Have you ever eaten at Al's Steak House?
Directions: Write F if the activity or situation is finished and C if it continues to B: Yes, I ______________________. I (eat) _________________________
the present. there many times. In fact, my wife and I (eat) _________________________
there last night.
1. My grandfather has worked since he was in high school. 4. A: Do you and Erica want to go to the movie at the Palace Theater with us
2. My grandmother worked for 20 years. tonight?
3. I finished my work two hours ago. B: No thanks. We (see, already) _________________________ it. We (see)
4. I have already finished my work, so I'm leaving the office. _________________________ it last week.
5. My father has been sick since yesterday. 5. A: When are you going to write your report for Mr. Goldberg?
6. Jane was sick last Monday. B: I (write, already) _________________________ it I (write)
7. Tom has already left. He's not here. _________________________ it two days ago and gave it to him.
8. Tom left five minutes ago. 6. A: (Antonio, have, ever) _________________________ a job?
9. I have known Max Shell since we were children. B: Yes, he __________________. He (have) _________________________
10. The baby has had a fever since midnight. I think I'll call the lots of part-time jobs. Last summer he (have) _________________________
doctor. a job at his uncle's waterbed store.
11. The baby had a fever all night, but he's better now 7. A: This is a good book. Would you like to read it when I'm finished?
12. I have had the flu several times in my lifetime. B: Thanks, but I (read, already) _________________________ it. I (read)
_________________________ it a couple of months ago.
8. A: What European countries (you, visit) _________________________
EXERCISE 09: Simple past vs. present perfect. B: I (visit) _________________________ Hungary, Germany, and
Directions: Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses. Use the present Switzerland. I (visit) _________________________ Hungary in 1998. I (be)
perfect or the simple past. _________________________ in Germany and Switzerland in 2001.
1. A: Have you ever been in Europe?

B: Yes, I __________________ . I (be) _________________________ in
Europe several times. In fact, I (be) _________________________ in Europe
last year.
2. A: Are you going to finish your work before you go to bed?
B: I (finish, already) _________________________ it. I (finish)
_________________________ my work two hours ago.
EXERCISE 10: Present perfect vs. simple past. 9. A: Hi, Judy. Welcome to the party. (you, meet, ever)
Directions: Use the simple past or the present perfect. ______________________ my cousin?
B: No, I ________________________
1. What (you, learn) ______________________ since you (come) 10. A: Do you like lobster?
______________________ here? And how many new friends (you, make) B: I don't know. I (eat, never) ______________________ it.
______________________ 11. A: (you, eat) ______________________ yet?
2. Since classes began, I (have, not) ______________________ much free time. B: No. You?
I (have) ______________________ several big tests to study for. A: Yeah. I (eat, already) ______________________ I (finish, just)
3. Last night my friend and I (have) ______________________ some free time, ______________________
so we (go) ______________________ to a show. 12. A: Do you do much traveling?
4. I admit that I (get*) ______________________ older since I last (see) B: Yes. I like to travel.
______________________ you, but with any luck at all, I (get, also) A: What countries (you, visit) ______________________
______________________ wiser. B: Well, I (be) ______________________ to India, Turkey, Afghanistan,
5. The science of medicine (advance) ______________________ a great deal in and Nepal, among others.
the 19th century. A: I (be, never) ______________________ to any of those countries. When
6. In the last fifty years, medical scientists (make) ______________________ (you, be) ______________________ in India?
many important discoveries. B: Two years ago. I (visit, also) ______________________ many of the
7. Libraries today are different from those in the 1800s. For example, the countries in Central America. I (take) ______________________ a tour
contents of libraries (change) ______________________ greatly through the of Central America about six years ago.
years. In the 1800s, libraries (be) ______________________ simply A: Which countries (you, visit) ______________________
collections of books. However, today most libraries (become) B: Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua.
______________________ multimedia centers that contain tapes, computers, A: I (want, always) ______________________ to travel to other countries,
disks, films, magazines, music, and paintings. The role of the library in but I (have, not) ______________________ the opportunity to travel
society (change, also) ______________________ In the 1800s, libraries (be) extensively. I (go) ______________________ to England six years ago,
______________________ open only to certain people, such as scholars or but I (go, not) ______________________ anywhere since then.
the wealthy. Today libraries serve everyone.
8. A: Are you taking Chemistry 101 this semester?
B: No, I (take, already**) ______________________ it. I (take)
______________________ it last semester. This semester I'm in 102.
EXERCISE 11: The simple past and the present perfect. EXERCISE 12: Review: irregular verbs.
Directions: Complete the sentences with the simple past or the present perfect of Directions: Complete the sentences with the simple past and the present perfect
the verbs in parentheses. of the given verbs.
1. I ______________________ Tim when he was a child, but I haven't seen him 1. begin I ______________________ a new diet and exercise program
for many years. I Larry, my best friend, for more than 20 years. (know) last week. I ______________________ lots of new diet and
2. The company and the union finally ______________________ on salary exercise programs in my lifetime.
raises two days ago. Since then, they ______________________ on 2. bend I ______________________ down to pick up my young son
everything, and the rest of the negotiations have gone smoothly. (agree) from his crib this morning. I ______________________ down to
3. Mark ______________________ a trip to Asia last October. He pick him up many times since he was born.
______________________ many trips to Asia since he started his own 3. broadcast The radio ______________________ news about a terrible
import-export business. (take) earthquake in Iran last week. The radio
4. 1.van ______________________ the violin with the London Symphony ______________________ news about Iran every day since the
since 1990. Last year he ______________________ Beethoven's violin earthquake occurred there.
concerto at one of the concerts. (play) 4. catch I ______________________ a cold last week. I
5. When she was in college, Julia ______________________ home at least ______________________ a lot of colds in my lifetime. 6
once a week. Now she has a job and is living in Chicago. In the last six 5. come A tourist ______________________ into Mr. Nasser's jewelry
months she ______________________ only three letters to her parents. store after lunch. A lot of tourists ______________________
(write) into his store since he opened it last year.
6. Our university ______________________ 121 students to study in other 6. cut I ______________________ some flowers from my garden
countries last year. In total, we ______________________ 864 students yesterday. I ______________________ lots of flowers from my
abroad over the last ten years. (send) garden so far this summer.
7. Masaru is a pilot for JAL. He ______________________ nearly 8 million 7. dig The workers ______________________ a hole to fix the leak in
miles during the last 22 years. Last year, he ______________________ the water pipe. They ______________________ many holes to
380,000 miles. (fly) fix water leaks since the earthquake. 9
8. Mark missed his physics examination this morning because he 8. draw The artist ______________________ a picture of a sunset
______________________. He ______________________ a lot since the yesterday. She ______________________ many pictures of
beginning of the semester. He'd better buy a new alarm clock. (oversleep) sunsets in her lifetime.
9. feed I ______________________ birds at the park yesterday. I 17. meet I ______________________ two new people in my class
______________________ birds at the park every day since I yesterday. I ______________________ a lot of new people since
lost my job. I started going to school here.
10. fight We ______________________ a war last year. We 18. ride I ______________________ the bus to work yesterday. I
______________________ several wars since we became an ______________________ the bus to work many times since I
independent country. got a job downtown.
11. forget I ______________________ to turn off the stove after dinner. I 19. ring The doorbell ______________________ a few minutes ago. The
______________________ to turn off the stove a lot of times in doorbell ______________________ three times so far today
my lifetime. 20. see I ______________________ a good movie yesterday. I
12. hide The children ______________________ in the basement ______________________ a lot of good movies in my lifetime.
yesterday. They ______________________ 21. steal The fox ______________________ a chicken from the farmer's
______________________ in the basement often since they yard. The fox ______________________ three chickens so far
discovered a secret place there. this month.
13. hit The baseball player ______________________ the ball out of 22. stick I ______________________ a stamp on the corner of the
the stadium yesterday. He ______________________ a lot of envelope. I ______________________ lots of stamps on
home runs since he joined our team. 14. envelopes in my lifetime.
______________________ hold ______________________ My 23. sweep I ______________________ the floor of my apartment
husband ______________________ the door open for me when yesterday. I the floor of my apartment lots of times since I
he entered the restaurant. He ______________________ a door moved in.
open for me many times since we met each other. 24. take I ______________________ a test yesterday. I
14. keep During the discussion yesterday, I ______________________ ______________________ lots of tests in my life as a student.
my opinion to myself. I ______________________ my opinions 25. upset The Smith children ______________________ Mr. Jordan when
to myself a lot of times in my lifetime. they broke his window. Because they are careless and noisy, they
15. lead Mary ______________________ the group discussion at the ______________________ Mr. Jordan many times since they
conference. She ______________________ group discussions moved in next door.
many times since she started going to conferences. 26. withdraw I ______________________ some money from my bank account
16. lose Eddie ______________________ money at the racetrack yesterday. I ______________________ more than three hundred
yesterday. He ______________________ money at the racetrack dollars from my bank account so far this month.
lots of times in his lifetime.
27. write I ______________________ a letter to a friend last night. I 6. hear a. I ______________________ you practicing your trumpet
______________________ lots of letters to my friends in my late last night.
lifetime. b. In fact, I ______________________ you practicing every
night for two weeks.
Exercise 13: Review: irregular verbs. 7. fly a. Mike is a commercial airline pilot. Yesterday he
Directions: This is a review of irregular verbs. Complete the sentences with the ______________________ from Tokyo to Los Angeles.
simple past or the present perfect of the given verbs and any words in b. Mike ______________________ to many places in the
parentheses. world since he became a pilot.
8. wear a. Carol really likes her new leather jacket. She
1. go a. I ______________________ to every play at the local ______________________ it every day since she bought it.
theater so far this year. b. She ______________________ her new leather jacket to the
b. My whole family ______________________ to the opera last night.
play last weekend. 9. build a. (you, ever) ______________________ a piece of furniture?
2. give a. Jane ______________________ me a ride home from work b. My daughter ______________________ a table in her
today. woodworking class at the high school last year.
b. (she, ever) ______________________ you a ride home 10. teach a. Ms. Kent ______________________ math at the local high
since she started working in your department? school since 1995.
3. fall a. I ______________________ down many times in my b. She ______________________ in Hungary last year on an
lifetime, but never hard enough to really hurt myself or exchange program.
break a bone. 11. find a. In your lifetime, (you, ever) ______________________
b. Mike ______________________ down many times during something really valuable?
football exercise yesterday. b. My sister ______________________ a very expensive
4. break a. (you, ever) ______________________ a bone in your body? diamond ring in the park last year.
b. I ______________________ my leg when I was ten years 12. drive a. After I took Danny to school, I ______________________
old. I jumped off the roof of my house. straight to work.
5. shake a. In my entire lifetime, I (never) ______________________ b. I'm an experienced driver, but I (never)
hands with a famous movie star. ______________________ a bus or a big truck.
b. In 2000,1 ______________________ hands with a famous
soccer player.
13. sing a. I ______________________ a duet with my mother at the 19. rise a. The price of flour ______________________ a lot since
art benefit last night. February.
b. We ______________________ together ever since b. When his name was announced, Jack
I was a small child. ______________________ from his seat and walked to the
14. run a. I (never) ______________________ in a marathon race, and podium to receive his award.
I don't intend to. 20. feel a. I ______________________ terrible yesterday, so I stayed
b. I'm out of breath because I ______________________ all in bed.
the way over here. b. I ______________________ terrible for a week now. I'd
15. tell a. Last night, my brother ______________________ me a better see a doctor.
secret.
b. He ______________________ me lots of secrets in his
lifetime.
16. stand a. When I visited the United Nations last summer, I
______________________ in the main gallery and felt a
great sense of history.
b. Many great world leaders ______________________ there
over the years.
17. spend a. I ______________________ all of my money at the mall
yesterday.
b. I don't have my rent money this month. I (already)
______________________ it on other things.
18. make a. I consider myself fortunate because I
______________________ many good friends in my
lifetime.
b. I ______________________ a terrible mistake last night. I
forgot that my friend had invited me to his apartment for
dinner.
Exercise 14: The present perfect vs. the simple past. Using Since and For
SINCE Since is followed by the
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the present perfect or simple past form of the since eight o'clock. mention of a specific point in
verb. since Tuesday. time. an hour, a day, a month,
since May. a year, etc.
a) I have been here since 1999. Since expresses the idea that
1. I (go) ______________________ to Toronto last year for business. I (go) since January 3, 2001. something began at a specific
since yesterday time in the past and continues
______________________ there several times since then. since last month. to the present.
2. I (live) ______________________ in British Columbia from 1998 to 2000. Correct
b) I have lived here since May. The present perfect is used in
3. My friend, Joe, (live) ______________________ in Vancouver since 2000. I have been here since May. sentences with since.
4. Before Joe (move) ______________________ to Vancouver, he (work) Incorrect In (c): The present progressive
c) I am living here since May. is NOT used.
______________________ on cruise ships as a cook. d) I live here since May. In (d): The simple present is
5. My college roommate came from Ghana. We (room) e) I lived here since May. NOT used.
I was here since May. In (e): The simple past is NOT
______________________ together for three years, and then she (return) used.
______________________ home.
Since may also introduce a
6. My grandfather (be) ______________________ a great golfer for most of his MAIN CLAUSE SINCE-CIAUSE time clause (i.e., a subject and
life, but he (die) ______________________ last year. (present perfect) (simple past) verb may follow since). Notice
f) I have lived here since I was a child. in the examples: The present
7. My father (play) ______________________ competitive golf for most of his g) Ali has met many people since he came here perfect is used in the main
life and really enjoys it. clause; the simple past is used
in the since-clause.
8. Since my husband began working the night shift, he (sleep, not)
______________________ very well. FOR For is followed by the
for ten minutes. mention of a length of time:
9. When I lived in Alaska, the long daylight hours (make) for two hours. two minutes, three hours, four
______________________ it difficult for me to sleep. for five days. days, five weeks, etc.
h) I have been here for about three weeks. Note: If the noun ends in -s
10. Since I was a child, I (enjoy) ______________________ collecting rocks for almost six months. (hours, days, weeks, etc.), use
from the beach. for many years. for in the time expression, not
for a long time. since.
11. When I was a child, my friends (collect) ______________________ rocks In (i): The use of the present
with me. i) I have lived here for two years. I moved here perfect in a sentence with. for
two years ago, and I still live here. a length of time means that the
j) I lived in Athens for two years. I don't live in action began in the past and
Athens now continues to the present.
In (j): The use of the simple
past means that the action
began and ended in the past.
Exercise 15: SINCE vs. FOR 3. I've been in this city

Directions: Complete the sentences with since or for. since
for
1. David has worked for the power company ______________________ 1999. 4. I've had a driver's license
2. His brother has worked for the power company ______________________ since
five years. for
3. I have known Peter ______________________ September. 5. I've had this book
4. I've known his sister ______________________ three months. since
5. Jonas has walked with a limp ______________________ many years. for
6. He's had a bad leg ______________________ he was in the war.
7. Rachel hasn't been in class ______________________ last Tuesday.
8. She hasn't been in class ______________________ three days.
9. My vision has improved ______________________ I got new reading
glasses.
10. I've had a toothache ______________________ yesterday morning. Exercise 17: Present perfect with SINCE and FOR.
11. I've had this toothache ______________________ thirty-six hours. Directions: Rewrite the sentences using since or for.
12. I've had a cold ______________________ almost a week.
13. Jane hasn't worked ______________________ last summer when the factory 1. I was in this class a month ago, and I am in this class now.
closed down. I have been in this class for a month.
14. I attended Jefferson Elementary School ______________________ six years. 2. I knew my teacher in September, and I know her now
3. Sam wanted a dog two years ago, and he wants one now
Exercise 16: Since vs. For 4. Sara needed a new car last year, and she still needs one.
Directions: Complete the sentences 5. Our professor was sick a week ago, and she is still sick.
1. I've been in this building 6. They live in Canada. They moved there in December.
since 7. I know Mrs. Brown. I met her in 1999.
for 8. Tom works at a fast-food restaurant. He got the job three weeks ago.
2. We've been in class
since
for
EXERCISE 18: Present perfect. EXERCISE 19: Present perfect and simple past with time words.
Directions: Complete the sentences with any appropriate time expressions. Directions: Check all the phrases that correctly complete the sentences. Mark
those that don't with a dash.
1. Today is 14th of June. I bought this book two weeks ago.
I have had this book since the first of June.
1. The Petersons took a trip. 2. The Petersons have been out of town
I have had this book for two weeks.
two weeks ago. the day before yesterday.
2. I have a pen. I bought it ______________________ ago.
since yesterday. one month ago.
I have had this pen for ______________________
yesterday. since Friday.
I have had this pen since ______________________
last year. last week.
3. Today is ______________________
several months ago. since last week.
I moved to this city ______________________
since last month. in April last year.
I have been in this city since ______________________
the day before yesterday. several weeks ago.
I have been here for ______________________
in March. for several weeks.
4. It is the year ______________________.
I started going to school in the year ______________________ .
EXERCISE 20: SINCE vs. FOR.
I have been a student for ______________________
Directions: Answer the leader's questions. Only the leader's book is open. Work
I have been a student since ______________________ as a class or in groups.
5. I first met our teacher ______________________
I have known her/him for ______________________ Speaker: Use since / for (both) in your answer.
I have known her/him since ______________________ 1. How long have you been in (this country / city)?
2. How long have you been at (this school)?
3. How long have you been up today?
4. How long have you known Amjad?
5. Where do you live? How long have you lived there?
6. How long have you had your wristwatch?
7. Who has a car/bicycle? How long have you had it?
8. How long have you been in this room today?
9. Who is wearing new clothes? What is new? How long have you had it/them?
10. Who is married? How long have you been married?
EXERCISE 21: Using since and for. EXERCISE 22: Sentences with SINCE-clauses.
Directions: Write either since or for in the blanks. Directions: Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses.
1. I haven't seen my brother ______________________ 6 months. I haven't 1. 1 (know) ______________________ Mark Miller ever since we (be)
seen my sister April. ______________________ in college.
2. My wife and I have moved three times ______________________ we got 2. Pedro (change) ______________________ his major three times since he
married. (start) ______________________ school.
3. We've lived here ______________________ three years, but we're going to 3. Ever since I (be) ______________________ a child, I (be)
move again soon. ______________________ afraid of snakes.
4. The Smiths have lived here ______________________ a long time. They've 4. I can't wait to get home to my own bed. I (sleep, not)
lived here ______________________ 1980. ______________________ well since I (leave) ______________________
5. My sister's husband got a job on a fishing boat in Alaska. He's been there home three days ago.
______________________ eleven weeks, but he should be coming home 5. Ever since Danny (meet) ______________________ Nicole, he (be, not)
soon. ______________________ able to think about anything or anyone else. He's
6. The International Olympic Games have continued almost without in love.
interruption ______________________ 1896. 6. Otto (have) ______________________ a lot of problems with his car ever
7. The world has enjoyed Beethoven's music ______________________ nearly since he (buy) ______________________ it. It’s a lemon.
200 years. 7. A: What (you, eat) ______________________ since you (get)
8. They have been married ______________________ last summer. ______________________ up this morning?
9. The first sections of the Great Wall of China have endured B: I (eat) ______________________ a banana and some yogurt. That's all.
______________________ a long time. They have endured 8. Urn eighteen. I have a job and am in school. My life is going okay now, but I
______________________ more than 2,200 years. (have) ______________________ a miserable home life when I (be)
10. Overall, Ed hasn't learned very much ______________________ the term ______________________ a young child. Ever since I (leave)
began. He needs to study harder. ______________________ home at the age of fifteen, I (take)
11. The clock on the campus tower hasn't moved ______________________ ______________________ care of myself. I (have)
3.13 on March 2, 1966. Nobody has been able to fix the clock ______________________ some hard times, but I (learn)
______________________ that time. ______________________ how to stand on my own two feet.
12. Argentina won the World Cup in 1986 for the second time
______________________ the cup was first awarded in 1930. Soccer is a
popular sport there.
EXERCISE 23: SINCE-clauses. EXERCISE 24: Present perfect vs. simple past.
Directions: Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses. Use the Directions: Use the simple past or the present perfect. In some sentences, either
present perfect or the simple past. tense is possible, but the meaning is different.
1. Carol and I are old friends. I (know) ______________________ her 1. I (attend, not) ______________________ any parties since I came here.
since I (be) ______________________ a freshman in high school. 2. Al (go) ______________________ to a party at Sally's apartment last
2. Maria (have) ______________________ a lot of problems since she Saturday night.
(come) ______________________ to this country. 3. Bill (arrive) ______________________ here three days ago.
3. I (experience, not) ______________________ any problems since I 4. Bill (be) ______________________ here since the 22nd.
(come) ______________________ here. 5. Try not to be absent from class again for the rest of the term. You (miss,
4. Since the semester (begin) ______________________ , our teacher already) ______________________ too many classes. You (miss)
(give) ______________________ four tests. ______________________ two classes just last week.
5. Mike (be) ______________________ in school since he (be) 6. So far this week, I (have) ______________________ two tests and a quiz.
______________________ six years old. 7. Alex is an artist. He (draw) ______________________ many beautiful
6. My mother (be, not) ______________________ in school since she pictures in his lifetime. Last week he (draw) ______________________ a
(graduate) ______________________ from college in 1978. beautiful mountain scene.
7. Since I (start) ______________________ doing this exercise, I (complete) 8. Jack really needs to get in touch with you. Since this morning, he (call)
______________________ six sentences. ______________________ here four times trying to reach you. He (call)
8. Since soccer season (begin) ______________________, our son (have, not) ______________________ at 9:10, 10:25, 12:15, and 1:45.
______________________ much free time. 9. Janet (wear) ______________________ her new blue dress only once since
9. Our long-distance phone calls (become) ______________________ less she bought it. She (wear) ______________________ it to her brother's
expensive since we (change) ______________________ to a different wedding last month.
telephone company. 10. The night has ended, and it's daylight now. The sun (rise)
10. Our phone bill (rise) ______________________ since we (buy) ______________________ It (rise) ______________________ at 6:08.
______________________ a cell phone. 11. Last January, I (see) ______________________ snow for the first time in my
life.
12. Fatima (see, never) ______________________ snow in her entire lifetime.
13. I (know) ______________________ Greg Adams for ten years.
14. A: Is Ahmed here yet?
B: Yes. He (arrive, just*) ______________________
15. A: I (be, not) ______________________ able to reach Mr. Chang yet. So PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
far he (respond, not) ______________________ to any of my attempts
Al and Ann are in their car right The PRESENT PERFECT
to reach him.
now. They are driving home, It is PROGRESSIVE talks about how long an
B: Oh? I (start) ______________________ trying to reach him three days now four o’clock. activity has been in progress before now.
ago. Since then, I (fax) ______________________ him twice. I (phone)
a) They have been driving since two Note: Time expressions with since, as in
______________________ him four times. And I (send) o'clock. (a), and for, as in (b), are frequently used
b) They have been driving for two with this tense.
______________________ at least six e-mails. I guess modern
hours. They will be home soon.
communications don't mean much if there's no one at the other end. c) How long have they been driving? STATEMENT:
have/has + been + -ing
QUESTION FORM:
have/has + subject + been + -ing
EXERCISE 25: Activity: using the present perfect.
Directions: Discuss and/or write answers to some or all of the following questions.
1. What significant changes have taken place in your life since you were
thirteen years old? d) Right now I am sitting at my desk. This tense is used to indicate the duration
e) I have been sitting here since seven an activity that began in the past and
2. What are some interesting experiences you have had in your lifetime? o’clock. continues to the present. When the tense
3. What are some things you have not yet done in your lifetime but would like f) I have been sitting here for two has this meaning, it is used with time
hours. words, such as for, since, all morning,
to do? g) You have been studying for five all day, all weeks.
4. Who are some of the people you have met, and what are some of the things straight hours. Why don’t you take a
break? When the tense is used without any
you have done in the past couple of months? specific mention of time, it expresses a
5. What are some of the places you have visited in the world or in your country, h) It has been raining all day. It is still general activity in progress recently,
raining right now. lately.
and when did you visit them? i) I have been thinking about changing
my major.
j) All of the students have been
studying hard. Final exams start next
week.
k) My back hurts, so I have been
sleeping on the floor lately. The bed
is too soft.
EXERCISE 26: The present perfect progressive. 9. Mrs. Taylor is waiting to see her doctor. She arrived at the waiting room at
Directions: Use the given information to complete the dialogues. Use the present two o'clock. It is now three-thirty.
perfect progressive. How long ?
She ______________________ for
1. Eric is studying. He started to study at seven o'clock. It is now nine o'clock. 10. Ted and Erica started to play tennis at two o'clock. It's now four-thirty.
A: How long ____________________________________________? How long ?
He ________________________________ for ______________________ They ______________________ since
2. Kathy is working at the computer. She began to work at the computer at two
o'clock. It is now three o'clock.
How long ___________________________________________________
She _____________________________ since ______________________
3. It began to rain two days ago. It is still raining.
How long ?
It ______________________ for
4. Liz is reading. She began to read at ten o'clock. It is now ten-thirty.
How long ?
She ______________________ for
5. Boris began to study English in 2001. He is still studying English.
How long ?
He ______________________ since
6. Three months ago, Nicole started to work at the Silk Road Clothing Store.
How long ?
She ______________________ for
7. Ms. Rice started to teach at this school in September 2001.
How long ?
She ______________________ since
8. Mr. Fisher drives a Chevy. He bought it twelve years ago.
How long ?
He ______________________ for
THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE vs. THE PRESENT PERFECT EXERCISE 27: Present progressive vs. present perfect progressive.
PROGRESSIVE Directions: Complete the sentences. Use the present progressive or the present
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE The PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
a) Po is sitting in class right now. describes an activity that is in progress perfect progressive.
right now, as in (d). It does not discuss
PRESENT PERFECT duration (length of time).
PROGRESSIVE 1. I (sit) ______________________ in class right now. I (sit)
Po is sitting at his desk in class. He Incorrect: Po has been sitting in class ______________________ here since one o'clock.
sat down at nine o'clock. It is now right now.
nine-thirty. 2. Kate is standing at the corner. She (wait) ______________________ for the
bus. She (wait) ______________________ for the bus for twenty minutes.
b) Po has been sitting in class since nine The PRESENT PERFECT
o'clock. PROGRESSIVE expresses the duration 3. Scott and Rebecca (talk) ______________________ on the phone right now.
c) Po has been sitting in class for thirty (length of time) of an activity that began They (talk) ______________________ on the phone for over an hour.
minutes. in the past and is in progress right now.
4. Right now we're in class. We (do) ______________________ an exercise.
INCORRECT: Po is sitting in class since We (do) ______________________ this exercise for a couple of minutes.
nine o'clock.
5. A: You look busy right now. What (you, do) ______________________
d) CORRECT: I know Yoko. Reminder: Non-action verbs (e.g., B: I (work) ______________________ on my physics experiment. It's a long
e) INCORRECT.' I am knowing Yoko. know, like, own, belong) are not used in
f) CORRECT: I have known Yoko for any progressive tenses. and difficult experiment.
two years. In (i): With non-action verbs, the present A: How long (you, work) ______________________ on it?
g) INCORRECT: I have been knowing perfect is used with since or for to
Yoko for two years. express the duration of a situation that B: I started planning it last January. I (work) ______________________ on it
began in the past and continues to the since then.
present.
EXERCISE 28: The present perfect progressive. PRESENT PERFECT vs. PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
Directions: Choose the correct verb form.
PRESENT PERFECT The PRESENT PERFECT
PROGRESSIVE PROGRESSIVE expresses the duration
1. Where have you been? I ______________________ for you for over an a) Rita and Josh are talking on the of present activities that are in progress,
hour! phone. They have been talking on the using action verbs, as in (a).
A. am waiting B. have been waiting phone for twenty minutes.
2. I'm exhausted! I ______________________ for the last eight hours without a PRESENT PERFECT The PRESENT PERFECT expresses
break. b) Rita has talked to Josh on the phone repeated activities that occur at
A. am working B. have been working many times (before now) unspecified times in the past, as in (b),
c) Incorrect: Rita has been talking to or
3. Shhh! Susan ______________________. Let’s not make any noise. We don’t
Josh on the phone many times
want to wake her up. d) Rita has known Josh or two years. the duration of present situations, as in
A. is sleeping B. has been sleeping e) INCORRECT: Rim has been (d), using non-action verbs.
knowing Josh for two years.
4. Annie, go upstairs and wake your brother up. He ______________________
for ten hours. He has chores f) I have been living here for six For some (not all) verbs, duration can be
A. is sleeping B. has been sleeping months. expressed by either the present perfect or
5. Erin has never gone camping. She ______________________ in a tent. OR the present perfect progressive. (f) and
g) I have lived here for six months. (g) have essentially the same meaning,
A. has never slept B. has never been sleeping h) Al has been wearing glasses since he and both arc correct.
6. This is a great shirt! I ______________________ it at least a dozen times, was ten.
and it still looks like new. OR Often either tense can be used with verbs
Al has worn glasses since he was ten. that express the duration of usual or
A. have washed B. have been washing
i) I've been going to school ever since I habitual activities / situations (things that
7. Aren't you about finished with the dishes? You ______________________ was five years old. happen daily or regularly), e.g., have,
dishes for thirty minutes or more. How long can it take to wash dishes? OR work, teach, smoke, wear glasses, play
I've gone to school ever since I was chess, go to school, read the same
A. have washed B. have been washing
five years old. newspaper every morning, etc.
8. We ______________________ to the Steak House restaurant many times.
The food is excellent.
A. have gone B. have been going
EXERCISE 29: Present perfect vs. the present perfect progressive 9. A: Ed (play) ______________________ tennis for ten years, but he still
Directions: Complete the sentences. Use the present perfect or the present perfect doesn't have a good backhand.
progressive. In some sentences, either form is possible. B: Neither do I, and I (play) ______________________ tennis for twenty
years.
1. A: I'm tired. We (walk) ______________________ for more than an hour. 10. A: Where does Mr. Alvarez work?
Let's stop and rest for a while. B: At the power company. He (work) ______________________ there for
B: Okay. fifteen years. He likes his job.
2. A: Is the post office far from here? A: What about his neighbor, Mr. Perez?
B: not at all. I (walk) ______________________ there many times. B: He's currently unemployed, but he'll find a new job soon.
3. A: Do you like it here? A: What kind of job experience does he have?
B: I (live) ______________________ here for only a short while. I don't B: He (work) ______________________ for a small manufacturing firm,
know yet. for the telephone company, and at two of the world's leading software
4. A: I (read) ______________________ this chapter in my chemistry text companies. With all that work experience, he won't have any trouble
three times, and I still don't understand it! finding another job.
B: Maybe I can help.
5. A: My eyes are getting tired. I (read) ______________________ for two EXERCISE 30: Present perfect vs. present perfect progressive.
hours. I think I'll take a break. Directions: Use the present perfect or the present perfect progressive. In some
B: Why don't we go for a walk? sentences, either tense may be used with little or no change in meaning.
6. A: Do you like the Edgewater Inn?
B: Very much. I (stay) ______________________ there at least a dozen 1. It (snow) ______________________ all day. I wonder when it will stop.
times. It's my favorite hotel. 2. We (have) ______________________ three major snowstorms so far this
7. A: The baby's crying. Shouldn't we do something? winter. I wonder how many more we will have.
B: He's all right. Are you sure? He (cry) ______________________ for 3. It's ten P.M. I (study) ______________________ for two hours and probably
almost ten minutes. Okay. I'll go into his room and see if anything's won't finish until midnight.
wrong. 4. I (write) ______________________ them three times, but I still haven't
8. A: Who's your daughter's new teacher? received a reply.
B: Mrs. Jackson. 5. The telephone (ring) ______________________ four times in the last hour,
A: She's one of the best teachers at the elementary school. She (teach) and each time it has been for my office mate.
______________________ kindergarten for twenty years. 6. The telephone (ring) ______________________ for almost a minute. Why
doesn't someone answer it?
7. A: (you, be) ______________________ able to reach Bob on the phone 4. Tim (sleep) ______________________ in the downstairs bedroom only
yet? once. He usually sleeps upstairs in the bedroom he shares with his brother.
B: Not yet. I (try) ______________________ for the last twenty minutes, 5. I (fly, not) ______________________ on a plane since last year when I was
but all I get is a busy signal. on a plane that had a fire in one of its engines. Now I'm afraid to even think
8. A: Hi, Jenny. I (see, not) ______________________ you for weeks. What about getting on an airplane.
(you, do) ______________________ lately? 6. A: How much longer until we arrive at the Singapore airport?
B: Studying. B: Let me see. It's about 9:15. We (fly) ______________________ for
9. A: What are you going to order for dinner? almost six hours. We should be there in another couple of hours.
B: Well, I (have, never) ______________________ vegetarian pizza, so I 7. A: Is the rescue crew still looking for survivors of the plane crash?
think I'll order that. B: Yes, they (search) ______________________ the area for hours, but
10. A: What's the matter? Your eyes are red and puffy. (you, cry) they haven't found anybody else. They'll keep searching until night falls.
______________________ 8. Karl (raise) ______________________ three children to adulthood. Now
B: No. I just finished peeling some onions. they are educated and working in productive careers.
11. A: Dr. Jones is a good teacher. How long (he, be) 9. Sally is falling asleep at her desk. Dr. Wu (lecture)
______________________ at the university? ______________________ since ten, and it's now past noon.
B: He (teach) ______________________ here for twenty-five years. 10. Virginia is a law student. Ever since she enrolled in law school, she (miss,
12. The little girl is dirty from head to foot because she (play) never) ______________________ a class due to illness.
______________________ in the mud. 11. The club members (make, finally) ______________________ their decision.
The election is over, and they (choose) ______________________ a new
president. Ann Andrews is now the club leader.
EXERCISE 31: The present perfect and the present perfect progressive.
Directions: Use either the present perfect or the present perfect progressive of the
given verbs.
1. The children are at the park. They (play) ______________________ ball for
the last two hours, but they don't seem tired yet.
2. Jim (play) ______________________ soccer only a couple of times, so he's
not very good at it. He's much better at tennis.
3. A: Janice (sleep) ______________________ for almost eleven hours. Don't
you think we should wake her up?
B: I guess we probably should.
EXERCISE 32: The present perfect and the present perfect progressive. 8. A: How much money do you have to buy clothes with?
Directions: Complete the sentences by using the present perfect or the present B: Sixty dollars.
perfect progressive of the words in the list. Use each verb only once. Include any A: I thought you had a hundred dollars.
words in parentheses. B: I did. But I (already) ______________________ forty.
9. A: Isn't the rice ready to eat yet? It ______________________ for over an
cook hear spend understand hour, hasn't it? Are you sure you know how to cook rice?
dig meet stand wait B: Of course, I do! I've watched my mother make rice for years.
grow paint travel want 10. I'm surprised that George apologized for what he said. As far as I can
remember, I (never) ______________________ him say "I'm sorry" before.
11. A: We ______________________ to hear about the new baby since 5 A.M.
1. They have never gotten along with each other. I (never)
Isn't there any word yet?
______________________ why they agreed to be roommates in the first
B: Not yet.
place.
12. A: I've been watching Mr. Tuttle in his front yard across the street. He
2. Al just introduced me to his sister. Now I ______________________
______________________ a long trench across the middle of his yard
everyone in his family.
for the last two hours. I wonder why.
3. Ms. Erickson is a sales clerk in a large department store. It's almost closing
B: He's uncovering the water pipes, so he can repair a leak and put in new
time. Her feet hurt, as they do every day, because she
plumbing.
______________________ at the sales counter since eight o'clock this
morning.
4. A: I am so happy! I finally got the one thing that I (always)
______________________
B: 'What's that?
5. My uncle ______________________ the outside of his house for three
weeks, and he's still not finished. He's being very careful. He wants his house
to look just right.
6. The Smiths are presently in Tunisia. They ______________________
throughout North Africa since the middle of May. They'll return home in
another month.
7. My brother's daughter ______________________ nearly six inches (15 cm)
______________________ since I last saw her two years ago.
Using ALREADY, YET, STILL, and MORE 17. I don't have to study tonight. I've ______________________ finished all my
homework.
ALREADY Idea of already: Something happened
18. I started a letter to my parents yesterday, but I haven't finished it
a) The mail came an hour ago. before now, before this time.
The mail is already here. Position: midsentence. ______________________ I'll finish it later today and put it in the mail.
19. I started a letter to my parents yesterday. I thought about finishing it last
YET Idea of yet: Something did not happen
b) I expected the mail an hour ago, but before now (up to this time), but it may night before I went to bed, but I didn't. I ______________________ haven't
it hasn't come yet. happen in the future.
finished it.
Position: end of sentence.
20. A: Is Mary home ______________________
STILL Idea of still: A situation continues to
B: No, but I'm expecting her soon.
c) It was cold yesterday. It is still cold exist from past to present without
today. We still need to wear coats. change, Position: midsentence, 21. A: Is Mary ______________________ in class?
d) I could play the piano when I was a
B: Yes, she is. Her class doesn't end until 11:30.
child. I can still play the piano.
e) The mail didn't come on hour ago. 22. A: Has Rob found a new job ______________________
The mail still hasn't come.
B: No. He ______________________ works at the bookstore.
ANYMORE Idea of anymore: A past situation does 23. A: When is your sister going to come to visit you?
f) I lived in Chicago two years ago, but not continue to exist at present; a past
B: She's ______________________ here. She got here yesterday
then I moved to another city. situation has changed. Anymore has the
I don't live in Chicago anymore. same meaning as any longer. 24. A: Do you ______________________ live on Pine Avenue?
Position: end of sentence.
B: No, I don't live there ______________________. I moved to another
Note: Already is used in affirmative sentences. apartment closer to school.
Yet and anymore are used in negative sentences.
Still is used in either affirmative or negative sentences.
EXERCISE 34: ALREADY, STILL, YET, ANYMORE.
Directions: Choose the correct completion.
EXERCISE 33: ALREADY, YET, STILL, ANYMORE.
1. I haven't finished my homework yet. I’m ______________________
Directions: Complete the sentences with already, yet, still, or anymore.
working on it.
A. already B. still C. yet D. anymore
13. It's 1:00 P.M. I'm hungry. I haven't eaten lunch ______________________
2. Top Rock Videos used to be my favorite TV show, but I have stopped
14. It's 1:00 P.M. I'm not hungry. I've ______________________ eaten lunch.
watching it. I don't watch it
15. Eric was hungry, so he ate a candy bar a few minutes ago. But he's
______________________ hungry, so he's going to have another candy bar.
3. I don't have to take any more math classes. I've ______________________
16. I used to eat lunch at the cafeteria every day, but now I bring my lunch to
taken all the required courses
school in a paper bag instead. I don't eat at the cafeteria
______________________
4. I used to nearly choke in an airplane because of all the smoke in the cabin. EXERCISE 35: ALREADY, STILL, YET, ANYMORE.
But smoking is now forbidden by law on all domestic flights. You can't Directions: Complete the sentences with already, yet, still, or anymore.
smoke in an airplane ______________________
A. already B. still C. yet D. anymore 1. A: Has Dennis graduated ______________________ yet?
5. I'm not quite ready to leave. I haven't finished packing my suitcase B: No. He's still in school.
______________________ 2. A: I'm hungry. How about you? Did you eat ______________________
A. already B. still C. yet D. anymore B: No. Did you?
6. "Don't you have a class at two?" "Yeah, why?" "Look at your watch." "Oh A: Nope. Let's go eat lunch.
my gosh, it's ______________________ past two! Bye!" 3. A: Do you ______________________ live on Fifth Street?
A. already B. still C. yet D. anymore B: Not anymore. I moved.
7. Don't sit there! I painted that chair yesterday, and the paint isn't completely 4. A: Has Karen found a new apartment ______________________
dry B: Not that I know of. She's still living on Elm Street.
A. already B. still C. yet D. anymore 5. A: Do you ______________________ love me?
8. 1448 South 45th Street is Joe's old address. He doesn't live there B: Of course, I do! I love you very much.
A. already B. still C. yet D. anymore 6. A: Is the baby ______________________ sleeping?
9. Mr. Wood is eighty-eight years old, but he ______________________ goes B: Yes. Shhh. We don't want to wake him up.
into his office every day. 7. A: Is the baby asleep ______________________
A. already B. still C. yet D. anymore B: I think so. I don't hear anything from the nursery. I put him down for his
10. "Are you going to drive to Woodville with us for the street festival nap fifteen minutes ago, so I'm pretty sure he's asleep by now.
Saturday?" "I don't know. I might. I haven't made up my mind 8. It started raining an hour ago. We can't go for a walk because it's
______________________ " ______________________ raining. I hope it stops soon.
A. already B. still C. yet D. anymore 9. Look! The rain has stopped. It isn't raining ______________________. Let's
go for a walk.
10. I didn't understand this chapter in my biology book when I read it yesterday.
Since then, I've read it three more times, but I ______________________
don't understand it.
11. A: Is Anne home?
B: No, she isn't. I'm getting worried. She was supposed to be home at eight.
It's almost nine, and she ______________________ isn't here.
A: Don't worry. She'll probably be here any minute.
12. A: I'm going to have another sandwich. ANN: Where?

B: What? You just ate three sandwiches! BEN: At The Bistro, a little cafe on First Street.
A: I know, but I'm not full ______________________. I'm ANN: How long (you, work) ______________________ there?
______________________ hungry. BEN: For two months.
13. A: Would you like to see today's newspaper? ANN: I (work) ______________________ in a lot of restaurants, but I (have,
B: Thanks, but I've ______________________ read it. never) ______________________ a dishwashing job. How (you, like)
14. A: Did you try to call Peter again? ______________________ your job as a dishwasher?
B: Yes, but the line was ______________________ busy. I'll try again in a BEN: I (like, not) ______________________ it very much. It (be)
few minutes. ______________________ hard work for low pay.
15. A: How does Dick like his job at the cafe? ANN: Where (you, work) ______________________ at present?
B: He doesn't work there ______________________. He found a new job. BEN: I (have, not) ______________________ a job right now. I (have, not)
16. A: Is your younger sister a college student? ______________________ a job since I (quit)
B: No. She's ______________________ in high school. ______________________ the dishwashing one.
17. A: When are you going to make Tommy's birthday cake? ANN: (you, look) ______________________ for a part-time or a full-time job?
B: I've ______________________ made it. BEN: A part-time job, maybe twenty hours a week.
18. A: How did you do on your calculus exam? ANN: I (go) ______________________ to Al's Place tomorrow to see about a
B: I haven't taken it ______________________. The exam is tomorrow. job. The restaurant (look) ______________________ for help. Why don't
I'm ______________________ studying for it. you come along with me?
BEN: Thanks. I think I (do) ______________________ that. I (look, never)
______________________ for a job at Al's Place before. Maybe the pay
(be) ______________________ better than at The Bistro.
ANN: I (know, not) ______________________. We (find)
EXERSICE 36: Verb tense review.
______________________ out when we (go) ______________________
Directions: Read the conversation between Ann and Ben. Complete the sentences
there tomorrow.
with the words in parentheses.
BEN: I (need) ______________________ to find a job. Where (be)

______________________ a good place for a student to work?
ANN: (you, work, ever) ______________________ at a restaurant?
BEN: Yes. I (work) ______________________ at several restaurants. I (have)
______________________ a job as a dishwasher last fall.
EXERCISE 37: Review of verb tenses. 5. A: Where's Juan? He (be) ______________________ absent from class for
Directions: Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses. the last three days. (anyone, see) ______________________ him lately?
B: I have. I (see) ______________________ him yesterday. He has a bad
1. A: (you, have) ______________________ any plans for vacation? cold, so he (be) ______________________ home in bed since the
B: Yes, I do. I (plan) ______________________ to go to Toronto. weekend. He (be, probably) ______________________ back in class
A: (you, be, ever) ______________________ there before? tomorrow.
B: Yes, I have. I (be) ______________________ in Toronto two months 6. A: How long (you, wear) ______________________ glasses?
ago. My brother (live) ______________________ there, so I (go) B: Since I (be) ______________________ ten years old.
______________________ there often. A: (you, be) ______________________ nearsighted or farsighted?
2. A: Where's Jessica? B: Nearsighted.
B: She (study) ______________________ at the library. 7. A: Let's go to a restaurant tonight.
A: When (she, get) ______________________ back home? B: Okay. Where should we go?
B: In an hour or so. Probably around five o'clock. A: (you, like) ______________________ Thai food?
A: How long (she, study) ______________________ at the Library? B: I don't know. I (eat, never) ______________________ any. What's it
B: Since two o'clock this afternoon. like?
A: (she, study) ______________________ at the library every day? A: It's delicious, but it can be pretty hot!
B: Not every day, but often. B: That's okay. I (love) ______________________ really hot food.
3. A: Shhh. Irene (talk) ______________________ on the phone long- A: There (be) ______________________ a Thai restaurant downtown. I
distance. (go) ______________________ there a couple of times. The food is
B: Who (she, talk) ______________________ to? excellent.
A: Her brother. They (talk) ______________________ for almost an hour. I B: Sounds good. I (be, never) ______________________ to a Thai
think her brother is in some kind of trouble. restaurant, so it (be) ______________________ a new experience for
B: That's too bad. I hope it's nothing serious. me. After we (get) ______________________ there, can you explain the
4. A: (you, know) ______________________ Abdullah's new address? menu to me?
B: Not off the top of my head. But I (have) ______________________ it at A: Sure. And if I can't, our waiter or waitress can.
home in my computer. When I (get) ______________________ home
this evening, I (call) ______________________ and (give)
______________________ you his address.
A: Thanks. Or you could e-mail it to me.
B: Okay. I (do) ______________________ that.
EXERCISE 38: Error analysis.

8. A: (you, smoke) ______________________ Directions: Correct the errors. Most of the errors are in verb usage, but some are
B: Yes, I do. miscellaneous (e.g., capitalization, word order, spelling, agreement, etc.).
A: How long (you, smoke) ______________________
B: Well, let me see. I (smoke) ______________________ since I (be) 1. I have been studied englsih for eight year, but I still have a lot to learn.
______________________ seventeen. So I (smoke) 2. I want to learn English since I am a child.
______________________ for almost four years. 3. Our class has have three tests since the beggining of the term.
A: Why (you, start) ______________________ 4. I have started the English classes since three weeks ago and I am learning
B: Because I (be) ______________________ a dumb, stupid kid. some English since that time.
A: (you, want) ______________________ to quit? 5. I have been thinking about how to improve my English ability since I came
B: Yes. I (plan) ______________________ to quit very soon. In fact, I here, but I
(decide) ______________________ to quit on my next birthday. My 6. still don't find a good way.
twenty-first birthday is two weeks from now. On that day, I (intend) 7. All of us has learn many thing since we were children.
______________________ to smoke my last cigarette. 8. When I was at my sister's house, we had an argument. Since then I didn't talk
A: That's terrific! You (feel) ______________________ much better after to her for three days.
you (stop) ______________________ smoking. 9. Since I was very young, I like animals.
B: (you, smoke, ever) ______________________ 10. I have been study english since three and a half month.
A: No, I haven't. I (smoke, never) ______________________ a cigarette in 11. I like very much the english. Since I was young my father found an American
my life. When I (be) ______________________ ten years old, I (smoke) girl to teach my brothers and me English, but when I move to another city my
______________________ one of my uncle's cigars. My sister and I father hasn't find one for five years. Now I'm living here and studying in this
(steal) ______________________ a couple of his cigars and (go) English program.
______________________ behind the garage to smoke them. Both of us 12. I almost die in an automobile accident five year ago. Since that day my life
(get) ______________________ sick. I (have, not) changed completely.
______________________ anything to smoke since then. 13. In my country, women are soldiers in the army since the 1970s.
B: That's smart. 14. I meet Abdul in my first English class last June. He was friendly and kind.
We are friends since that day.
15. My favorite place in the world is my hometown. I live there for twenty years.
16. My wife and I have been in Italy two weeks ago. We went there to ski.
17. My wife broke her leg while she was skiing in Italy. Now she's home, but she EXERCISE 39. Verb tense review.
can't walk without help. A lot of our friends are visiting her since she has Directions: Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses.
broken her leg.
Dear Adam,
18. I was busy every day since I arrived at this city.
19. I haven't to eaten any kind of chinese food for a week. I miss it a lot!
Hi! Remember me? (Just a joke!). I (write, not)
______________________ to you for at least six months, but that's not long
enough for you to forget me! I think about writing to you often, but I (be, not)
______________________ a good correspondent for the last few months. You
(hear, not) ______________________ from me for such a long time because I
(be) ______________________ really busy. For the last few months, I (work)
______________________ full-time at a shoe store and (go)
______________________ to school at the local community college to study
business and computers. When I (write) ______________________ to you six
months ago—last April, 1 think—I (go) ______________________ to the
university full-time and (study) ______________________ anthropology. A lot of
things (happen) ______________________ since then.
At the end of the spring semester last June, my grades (be)

______________________ terrible. As a result, I (lose)
______________________ my scholarship and my parents' support. I really
(mess) ______________________ up when I (get) ______________________
those bad grades. When I (show) ______________________ my grade report to
my parents, they (refuse) ______________________ to help me with my living
expenses at school anymore. They (feel) ______________________ that I was
wasting my time and their money, so they (tell) ______________________ me to
get a job. So last June I (start) ______________________ working at a shoe
store: Imperial Shoes at Southcenter Mall. I (work) ______________________
there ever since.
It (be, not) ______________________ a bad job, but it (be, not) ______________________ me for a job that I can enjoy for the rest of my life.
______________________ wonderful either. Every day, I (fetch) And even though I love studying anthropology, I (decide)
______________________ shoes from the back room for people to try on, boxes ______________________ that a degree in business and computers will provide
and boxes of shoes, all day long. I (meet) ______________________ some pretty the best career opportunities.
weird people since I (start) ______________________ this job. A couple of
weeks ago, a middle-aged man (come) ______________________ into the store. Now I (work) ______________________ part-time at the shoe store and
He (want) ______________________ to try on some black leather loafers. I (go) ______________________ to school at the same time. I (want, always)
(bring) ______________________ the loafers, and he (put) ______________________ to be completely independent and self-reliant, and
______________________ them on. While he (walk) ______________________ now I (be) ______________________ I (have) ______________________ to pay
around to see if they fit okay, he (pull) ______________________ from his every penny of my tuition and living expenses now. Ever since I (lose)
pocket a little white mouse with pink eyes and (start) ______________________ ______________________ my scholarship and (make)
talking to it. He (look) ______________________ right at the mouse and (say) ______________________ my parents mad, I (be) ______________________
______________________ , "George, (you, like) ______________________ this completely on my own. I'm glad to report that my grades at present (be)
pair of shoes?" When the mouse (twitch) ______________________ its nose, the ______________________ excellent, and right now I (enjoy, really)
man (say) ______________________, "Yes, so do I." Then he (turn) ______________________ my work with computers. In the future, I (continue)
______________________ to me and (say) ______________________, "We'll ______________________ to take courses in anthropology whenever I can fit
take them." Can you believe that!? them into my schedule, and I (study) ______________________ anthropology on
my own for the rest of my life, but I (pursue) ______________________ a career
Most of the people I meet are nice—and normal. My favorite customers in business. Maybe there is some way I can combine anthropology, business, and
(be) ______________________ people who (know) ______________________ computers. Who knows?
what they want when they (enter) ______________________ the store. They
(come) ______________________ in, (point) ______________________ at one There. I (tell) ______________________ you everything I can think of
pair of shoes, politely (tell) ______________________ me their size, (try) that is at all important in my life at the moment. I think I (grow)
______________________ the shoes on, and then (buy) ______________________ up a lot during the last six months. I (understand)
______________________ them, just like that. They (agonize, not) ______________________ that my education is important. Losing my
______________________ for a long time over which pair to buy. scholarship (make) ______________________ my life more difficult, but I
(believe) ______________________ that I (finally) ______________________
I (learn) ______________________ one important thing from working charge of my life. It's a good feeling. Please write. I'd love to hear from you.
at the shoe store: I (want, not) ______________________ to sell shoes as a Jessica
career. I (need) ______________________ a good education that (prepare)
EXERCISE 40: Writing: verb tense review. 3. I'm trying to study. I try to study for the last hour, but something always
Directions: Think of a friend you haven't spoken or written to since the seems to interrupt me. I think I'd better go to the library.
beginning of this term. Write this friend a letter about your activities from the 4. Mr. Ford is waiting in the dentist's office. He was waiting there for the last
start of this school term to the present time. Begin your letter as follows: twenty minutes. He hopes the dentist can see him soon because he has a bad
toothache.
Dear ( . . . ),
I'm sorry I haven't written for such a long time. Lots of things have happened
since I last wrote to you. EXERCISE 43: Activity: using the present perfect.
Directions: Discuss and/or write answers to some or all of the following questions.
1. What significant changes have taken place in your life since you were
EXERCISE 41: Writing: verb tense review. thirteen years old?
Directions: Write about one (or both) of the following topics. 2. What are some interesting experiences you have had in your lifetime?
3. What are some things you have not yet done in your lifetime but would like
1. Think of two or three important events that have occurred in your life in the to do?
past year or two. In a paragraph for each, briefly tell your reader about these 4. Who are some of the people you have met, and what are some of the things
events and give your opinions and/or predictions. you have done in the past couple of months?
5. What are some of the places you have visited in the world or in your country,
2. Think of two or three important events that have occurred in the world in the and when did you visit them?
past year or two. In a paragraph for each, briefly tell your reader about these
events and give your opinions and/or predictions.
EXERCISE 44: Activity: using the present perfect and present perfect
EXERCISE 42: Error analysis: present perfect progressive. progressive in writing.
Directions: Which verbs in these sentences should be present perfect progressive? Directions: Choose one to write about.
Correct the errors in verb tense usage. 1. Write about your first day in this class. What did you see, hear, feel, think?
Then write about what you have done and have been doing in this class since
1. The boys are playing soccer right now. They are playing for almost two the first day.
hours. They must be getting tired. 2. Describe your last week at home before you came to this city/country. Then
2. Alex is talking on the phone. He talked on the phone for more than half an describe what you have done and have been doing since you arrived here.
hour. He should hang up soon. Long distance is expensive.
THE PAST PERFECT
Situation: The PAST PERFECT is used when the

Jack left his apartment at 2:00. Ann speaker is talking about two different
arrived at his apartment at 2:15 and events at two different times in the past;
knocked on the door. one event ends before the second event
happens.
a) When Ann arrived, Jack wasn't there.
He had left. In (a): There are two events, and both
happened in the past: Jack left his
FORM: had + past participle apartment. Ann arrived at his apartment.
To show the time relationship between
b) Jack had left his apartment when Ann the two events, we use the past perfect
arrived. (had left) to say that the first event (Jack
leaving his apartment) was completed
CONTRACTION: before the second event (Ann arriving at
I/You/She/He/It/We/They 'd his apartment) occurred.
c) He'd left. I'd left. They'd left. etc.
If either before or after is used in the

d) Sam had left before Ann got there. sentence, the past perfect is often not
e) Sam left before Ann got there. necessary because the time relationship is
f) After the guests had left, I went to already clear.
bed. The simple past may be used, as in (e)
g) After the guests left, I went to bed and (g)
Note: (d) and (e) have the same meaning;
(f) and (g) have the same meaning.
EXERCISE 45: Past perfect. 8. Stella was alone in a strange city. She walked down the avenue slowly,
Directions: Identify which action took place first (1st) in the past and which looking in shop windows. Suddenly, she turned her head and looked behind
action took place second (2nd). her. Someone had called her name.
a. __________________ Stella turned her head and looked behind her.
1. The tennis player jumped in the air for joy. She had won the match. b. __________________ Someone called her name.
a. __________________ The tennis player won the match.
b. __________________ The tennis player jumped in the air.
2. Before I went to bed, I checked the front door. My roommate had already
locked it.
EXERCISE 46: Simple past vs. past perfect.
a. __________________ I checked the door.
Directions: Use the simple past or the past perfect to complete the sentences. Are
b. __________________ My roommate locked the door.
there some blanks where either tense is possible?
3. I looked for Bob, but he had left the building.
a. __________________ Bob left the building. 1. Sam (be) ______________________ a newspaper reporter before he
b. __________________ I looked for Bob. (become) ______________________ a businessman.
4. I laughed when I saw my son. He had poured a bowl of noodles on top of his 2. I (feel) ______________________ a little better after I (take)
head. ______________________ the medicine.
a. __________________ I laughed. 3. I was late. The teacher (give, already) ______________________ a quiz
b. __________________ My son poured a bowl of noodles on his head. when I (get) ______________________ to class.
5. Oliver arrived at the theater on time, but he couldn't get in. He had left his 4. It was raining hard, but by the time class (be) ______________________
ticket at home. over, the rain (stop) ______________________
a. __________________ Oliver left his ticket at home. 5. Millions of years ago, dinosaurs (roam) ______________________ the earth,
b. __________________ Oliver arrived at the theater. but they (become) ______________________ extinct by the time humankind
6. I handed Betsy the newspaper, but she didn't want it. She had read it during first (appear) ______________________
her lunch hour. 6. I (see, never) ______________________ any of Picasso's paintings before I
a. __________________ I handed Betsy the newspaper. (visit) ______________________ the art museum.
b. __________________ Betsy read the newspaper. 7. Yesterday at a restaurant, I (see) ______________________ Pam Donnelly,
7. After Carl arrived in New York, he called his mother. He had promised to an old friend of mine. I (see, not) ______________________ her in years. At
call her as soon as he got in. first, I (recognize, not) ______________________ her because she (lose)
a. __________________ Carl made a promise to his mother. ______________________ a great deal of weight.
b. __________________ Carl called his mother.
8. In 1980, my parents (emigrate) ______________________ to the United 6. Yesterday a hornet ______________________ me under my arm. That really
States from China. They (travel, never) ______________________ outside of hurt! When I put on my shirt after working in the garden, I didn't notice that
China and were, of course, excited by the challenge of relocating in a foreign there was a hornet in it.
country. Eventually, they (settle) ______________________ in California. 7. We were not happy with the plans that the architect showed us for our new
My sister and I were born there and (grow) ______________________ up house. Obviously, he (never) ______________________ a home like the one
there. Last year, I (go) ______________________ to China for the first time we wanted.
to study at Beijing University. I (want, always) ______________________ to 8. When I saw that Mike was having trouble, I ______________________ him.
visit China and learn more about my own family background. My dream was He was very appreciative.
finally realized. 9. My wife and I went to Disneyland when we visited Los Angeles last spring.
Prior to that time, we (never) ______________________ to such a big
EXERCISE 47: The simple past and the past perfect
amusement park. It was a lot of fun.
Directions: Use the simple past or the past perfect of the verbs in the list to
10. Last year I experienced how tedious long plane trips can be. I
complete the sentences. Include any words in parentheses. Use each verb only
______________________ in an airplane for fairly long distances before, but
once.
never as long as when I went to Australia in June.
11. Mr. Khan has had experience teaching chemistry and physics, but he (never)
be finish invent sting burn
______________________ mathematics until this year. He's found that he
fly leave teach design
enjoys teaching math.
help spend turn on
12. Promptly at five, I went to Iris' office to offer her a ride home from work, but
I couldn't find her. She (already) ______________________
1. By the time Jason arrived to help, we (already) ______________________

moving everything.
2. The apartment was hot when I got home, so I ______________________ the
air conditioner.
3. Alexander Graham Bell (already) ______________________ the telephone
by the time I was born.
4. The farmer's barn caught on fire some time during the night. By the time the
firefighters arrived, the building ______________________ to the ground. It
was a total loss.
5. The suit I bought cost more than a week's salary. Until then, I (never)
______________________ so much on one outfit.
EXERCISE 48: The simple past and the past perfect. 5. A friend of mine, Judith Nelson, is presently working in the international
Directions: Use the simple past or the past perfect of the verbs in parentheses. In sales division at an electronics firm. She's just returned from a trip to Japan.
some cases, both forms are correct. She was asked to go there because she can speak Japanese. When she (be)
______________________ a business student at Boston University, she
1. Yesterday I (go) ______________________ to my daughter's dance recital. I
(study) ______________________ Japanese for four years. She (have, never)
(be, never) ______________________ to a dance recital before. I (take, not)
______________________ the opportunity to use her Japanese until she
______________________ dancing lessons when I (be)
went to Tokyo last month. While she was there, she (speak)
______________________ a child.
______________________ Japanese every day and (enjoy)
2. Last night, I (eat) ______________________ four servings of food at the
______________________ every minute of it. She's eager to return.
"all-you-can-eat" special dinner at The Village Restaurant. Until that time, I
6. When I first (travel) ______________________ abroad to study, I (live,
(eat, never) ______________________ so much in one meal. I've felt
never) ______________________ in a dormitory before. During the first
miserable all day today.
year, I (have) ______________________ a roommate from Switzerland who
3. A: I (see) ______________________ you in the school play last night. You
(become) ______________________ a very good friend. Prior to that time, I
(do) ______________________ a terrific ______________________
(live, never) ______________________ . with anyone from another culture.
acting job. (you, act, ever) ______________________ in a play
before this one?
B: Yes. I (start) ______________________ acting when I was in
elementary school.
4. Last year, I (go) ______________________ mountain climbing for the first
time. It was exciting and terrifying at the same time. We (move)
______________________ slowly and carefully, and it (take)
______________________ three days to get to the top. Imagine our surprise
when we climbed onto the summit and found another group of climbers.
They (arrive) ______________________ several hours ahead of us. They
were having dinner and listening to Beethoven. We (laugh)
______________________ , and they (invite) ______________________ us
to join them. The climb (be) ______________________ , to say the least, an
unforgettable experience.
COMPARE THE PRESENT PERFECT AND THE PAST PERFECT. EXERCISE 49: The present perfect vs. the past perfect.
Directions: Complete the sentences with the word in parentheses. Use the present
a) I am not hungry now. I have already The PRESENT PERFECT expresses an perfect or the past perfect.
eaten. activity that occurred before now, at an
unspecified time in the past, as in (a).
1. I am not hungry. I (eat, already) ______________________
2. I was not hungry. I (eat, already) ______________________
3. It's ten o'clock. I (finish, already) ______________________ my homework,
so I'm going to go to bed.
4. Last night I went to bed at ten o'clock. I (finish, already)
______________________ my homework.
5. By the time* I went to bed last night, I (finish, already)
______________________ my homework.
b) I was not hungry at 1:00 P.M. I had The PAST PERFECT expresses an
already eaten. activity that occurred before another time 6. Sam's parties usually start late, so I was surprised that his party (start,
in the past. already) ______________________ by the time I got there.
In (b): I ate at noon. I was not hungry at 7. Look at all the people who are here! The parry (start, already)
1:00 P.M. because I had already eaten ______________________
before 1:00 PM.
8. Carol missed her plane yesterday because of a traffic jam on her way to the
airport. By the time she got to the airport, her plane (leave, already)
______________________
EXERCISE 50: Present perfect vs. past perfect.

Directions: Complete the sentences with the present perfect or the past perfect
form of the verb in parentheses.
1. A: Oh no! We're too late. The train (leave, already)

______________________
B: That's okay. We'll catch the next train to Athens.
2. Last Thursday, we went to the station to catch a train to Athens, but we were
too late. The train (leave, already) ______________________
3. A: Go back to sleep. It's only six o'clock in the morning.

COMPARE THE PAST PROGRESSIVE AND THE PAST PERFECT.
B: I'm not sleepy. I (sleep, already) ______________________ for eight
hours. I'm going to get up. a) I was eating when Bob came. The PAST PROGRESSIVE expresses an
activity that was in progress at a
4. I woke up at six this morning, but I couldn't get back to sleep. I wasn't sleepy.
particular rime in the past.
I (sleep, already) ______________________ for eight hours.
5. A: I'll introduce you to Professor Newton at the meeting tonight.
In (a): I began to eat at noon. Bob came
B: You don't need to. I (meet, already) ______________________ him. at 12:10. My meal was in progress when
Bob came.
6. Jack offered to introduce me to Professor Newton, but it wasn't necessary. I
(meet, already) ______________________ him.
7. A: Do you want to go to the movie tonight?
B: What are you going to see?
b) I had eaten when Bob came. The PAST PERFECT expresses an
A: Distant Drums.
activity that was completed before a
A: I (see, already) ______________________ it. Thanks anyway. particular time in the past.
8. I didn't go to the movie with Francisco last Tuesday night. I (see, already)
In (b): I finished eating at noon. Bob
______________________ it. came at 1:00 P.M. My meal was
completed before Bob came
9. A: Jane? Jane! Is that you? How are you? I haven't seen you for ages!
B: Excuse me? Are you talking to me?
A: Oh. You're not Jane. I'm sorry. It is clear that I (make)
______________________ a mistake. Please excuse me.
10. Yesterday I approached a stranger who looked like Jane Moore and started
talking to her. But she wasn't Jane. It was clear that I (make)
______________________ a mistake. I was really embarrassed.
EXERCISE 51: The past progressive vs. the past perfect. EXERCISE 52: Past progressive vs. past perfect
Directions: Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses. Use the past Directions: Circle the correct completion
progressive or the past perfect.
1. Amanda didn't need to study the multiplication tables in fifth grade. She
1. When I left for school this morning, it (rain) ______________________, so I ______________________ them.
used my umbrella. A. was learning B. had already learned
2. By the time class was over this morning, the rain (stop) 2. I enjoyed visiting Tommy's class. It was an arithmetic class. The students
______________________, so I didn’t need my umbrella anymore. their multiplication tables.
3. Last night I started to study at 7:30. Dani came at 7:35. I (study) A. were learning B. had already learned
______________________ when Dick came. 3. While I ______________________ up the mountain, I got tired. But I didn't
4. Last night I started to study at 7:30. I finished studying at 9:00. Dan came at stop until I reached the top.
9:30. By the time Dan came, I (finish) ______________________ my A. was walking B. had walked
homework. 4. I was very tired when I got to the top of the mountain. I
5. When I walked into the kitchen after dinner last night, my wife (wash) ______________________ a long distance.
______________________ the dishes, so I picked up a dish towel to help A. was walking B. had walked
her. 5. I knocked. No one answered. I turned the handle and pulled sharply on the
6. By the time I walked into the kitchen after dinner tonight, my husband (wash, door, but it did not open. Someone ______________________ it.
already) ______________________ the dishes and (put) A. was locking B. had locked
______________________ them away. 6. "Where were you when the earthquake occurred?" "In my office. I
______________________ to my assistant. We were working on a report."
A. was talking B. had already talked
7. "Ahmed's house was destroyed in the earthquake." "I know! It's lucky that he
and his family ______________________ for his parents' home before the
earthquake struck,"
A. were leaving B. had already left
8. We drove two hundred miles to see the circus in Kansas City. When we got
there, we couldn't find the circus. It ______________________ town. We
______________________ all the way to Kansas City for nothing.
A. was leaving …. were driving C. was leaving . . . had driven
B. had left . . . had driven D. had left . . . were driving
EXERCISE 53: The past perfect. 2. Before his marriage, he ______________________ the front page of the
Directions: Read the passage and underline the past perfect verbs and their newspaper first.
modifying adverbs always and never. Then complete the sentences that follow the 3. Prior to getting married, he ______________________ other people choose
passage. Use the past perfect in your completions. the station on his car radio.
4. Until he began married life, he ______________________ his dirty socks on
(1) Alan Green got married for the first time at age 49. His new life is the floor.
very different because he has had to change many old habits. For example, 5. Before getting married, he ______________________ the toothpaste cap
before his marriage, he had always watched TV during dinner, but his wife back on.
likes to talk at dinnertime, so now the TV is off. 6. Until he had a wife who also liked to use the TV remote control, he
(2) Until his marriage, Alan had always read the front page of the ______________________ the remote with anyone.
newspaper first, but his wife likes to read the front page first, too, so now
Alan reads the sports page first.
EXERCISE 54: Present perfect, past progressive, and past perfect.
(3) Until he got married, he had never let anyone else choose the radio
Directions: Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the words in
station in the car. He had always listened to exactly what he wanted to listen
parentheses. Use the present perfect, past progressive, or past perfect.
to. But his wife likes to choose what's on the radio when she's in the car with
him.
1. When I went to bed, I turned on the radio. While I (sleep)
(4) When he was a bachelor, Alan had always left his dirty socks on the
______________________ was somebody turned it off.
floor. Now he picks them up and puts them in the laundry basket.
2. You're from Jakarta? I (be, never) ______________________ there. I'd like
(5) Before he was married, he'd never put the cap back on the
to go there someday.
toothpaste. He left it off. His wife prefers to have the cap back on. She also
3. I started to tell Rodney the news, but he stopped me. He (hear, already)
squeezes from the bottom of the tube, and Alan doesn't. Alan can't remember
______________________ it.
to put the cap back on, so now they have separate toothpaste tubes.
4. When Gina went to bed, it was snowing. It (snow, still)
(6) Alan had never shared the TV remote control with anyone before he
______________________ when she woke up in the morning.
got married. He still likes to have control of the TV remote, but he doesn't
5. Rita called me on the phone to tell me the good news. She (pass)
say anything when his wife uses it.
______________________ her final exam in English.
6. I couldn't think. The people around me (make) ______________________
Complete these sentences.
too much noise. Finally, I gave up and left to try to find a quiet place to work.
7. Are you still waiting for David? (he, come, not) ______________________
1. Until Alan got married, he ______________________ TV during dinner.
yet? He's really late, isn't he?
8. Otto's back to work today, but was in the hospital last week. He (be, never) 5. Now, whenever Sarah starts to lose her temper, she
______________________ a patient in a hospital before. It was a new ______________________ a deep breath and ______________________ to
experience for him. ten.
9. A couple of weeks ago Mr. Fox, our office manager, surprised all of us. A. takes . . . counts C. took . .. counted
When he walked into the office, he (wear) ______________________ a T- B. has taken . . counted D. is taking ... counting
shirt and jeans. Everyone stopped and stared. Mr. Fox is a conservative 6. Nicky, please don't interrupt me. I ______________________ to Grandma on
dresser. Before that time, he (wear, never) ______________________ the phone. Go play with your trucks so we can finish our conversation.
anything but a blue or gray suit. And he (wear, not) A. talk B. have talked
______________________ his jeans to the office since that time. He wore C. am talking D. have been talking
them only that one time. 7. We ______________________ at a hotel in Miami when the hurricane hit
southern Florida last month. As soon as the hurricane moved out of the area,
we left and went back home.
EXERCISE 55: Verb tense review. A. had stayed B. stay C. were staying D. stayed
Directions: Circle the correct completion. 8. Now listen carefully. When Aunt Martha ______________________
1. I can't come with you. I need to stay here. I ______________________ for a tomorrow, give her a big hug.
phone call. A. arrives B. will arrive
A. wait B. will wait C. am waiting D. have waited C. arrived D. is going to arrive
2. I ______________________ my glasses three times so far this year. One 9. My cousin ______________________ with me in my apartment for the last
time I dropped them on a cement floor. Another time I sat on them. And this two weeks. I'm ready for him to leave, but he seems to want to stay forever.
time I stepped on them. Maybe I should ask him to leave.
A. broke B. was breaking A. is staying B. stayed
C. have broken D. have been breaking C. was staying D. has been staying
3. Kate reached to the floor and picked up her glasses. They were broken. She 10. Mrs. Larsen discovered a bird in her apartment. It was in her living room. It
______________________ them. into her apartment through an open window.
A. stepped B. had stepped C. was stepping D. has stepped A. was flying B. had flown C. has flown D. was flown
4. Sarah gets angry easily. She ______________________ a bad temper ever 11. The phone rang, so I ______________________ it up and
since she was a child. ______________________ hello.
A. has B. will have C. had D. has had A. picked ... had said B. picked … said
C. was picking ….. said D. was picking ……… had said
12. My mother began to drive cars when she was fourteen. Now she is eighty- 19. I heard a slight noise, so I walked to the front door to investigate. I looked
nine, and she still drives. She ______________________ cars for seventy- down at the floor and saw a piece of paper. Someone
five years. ______________________ a note under the door to my apartment.
A. was driving B. drives A. had pushed B. is pushing C. has pushed D. pushed
C. drove D. has been driving 20. I walked slowly through the market. People ______________________ all
13. In every culture, people ______________________ jewelry since prehistoric kinds of fruits and vegetables. I studied the prices carefully before I decided
times. what to buy.
A. wear B. wore C. have worn D. had worn A. have sold B. sell C. had sold D. were selling
14. It ______________________ when I left the house this morning, so I opened 21. I really like my car. I ______________________ it for six years. It runs
my umbrella. beautifully.
A. rained B. had rained A. have B. have had
C. is raining D. was raining C. had D. have been having
15. Australian koala bears are interesting animals. They
______________________ practically their entire lives in trees without ever EXERCISE 56: Verb tense review.
coming down to the ground. Directions: Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses.
A. are spending C. have spent
B. have been spending D. spend 1. A: (you, enjoy) ______________________ the concert last night?
16. The teacher is late today, so class hasn't begun yet. After she B: Very much. I (go, not) ______________________ to a concert in a long
______________________ here, class will begin. time.
A. will get B. is going to get C. gets D. is getting 2. A: (you, see) ______________________ John yesterday?
17. It's raining hard. It ______________________ an hour ago and B: Yes, I did. It (be) ______________________ good to see him again. I
______________________ yet. (see, not) ______________________ him in a long time.
A. had started . . . doesn't stop C. started . . . hasn't stopped 3. A: Hi, Jim! It's good to see you again. I (see, not)
B. has started . . didn't stop D. was starting .. . isn't stopping ______________________ you in weeks.
18. Alex's bags are almost ready for his trip. He ______________________ for B: Hi, Sue! It (be) ______________________ good to see you again, too. I
Syria later this afternoon. We'll say good-bye to him before he (see, not) ______________________ you since the end of last semester.
______________________ How's everything going?
A. left . . . went C. is leaving . .. goes
B. leaves . . . will go D. has left . . . will go
4. A: (you, get) ______________________ to class on time yesterday EXERCISE 57: Error analysis.
morning? Directions: Correct the errors.
B: No. By the time I (get) ______________________ there, it (begin,
already) ______________________ 1. Where have you been? I've waiting for you for an hour.
5. A: I called Ana, but I couldn't talk to her. 2. Anna have been a soccer fan since a long time.
B: Why not? 3. Since I have been a child, I liked to solve puzzles.
A: She (go, already) ______________________ to bed, and her sister 4. Have you ever want to travel around the world?
didn't want to wake her up for a phone call. 5. The family is at the hospital since they hear about the accident.
6. A: You're a wonderful artist. I love your watercolor paintings of the river 6. My sister is only 30 years old, but her hair has began to turn gray.
valley. 7. Jake has been working as a volunteer at the children's hospital several
B: Thank you. I (paint) ______________________ the same valley many times.
times because it has such interesting light at different times of the day. 8. Steve has worn his black suit only once since he has bought it.
7. A: I had a scare yesterday. I (watch) ______________________ the news 9. My cousin is studying for medical school exams since last month.
when a tornado warning flashed on the screen. 10. The students are hearing rumors about their teacher's engagement for a week.
B: What (you, do) ______________________ 11. I don't know the results of my medical tests already. I'll find out soon.
A: I (run) ______________________ to the basement of the house. 12. Jean has been try to get online to go Internet shopping for an hour.
8. A: (you, go) ______________________ out to eat last night? 13. By the time Michelle unlocked the door and got into her apartment, the phone
B: No. By the time I (get) ______________________ home, my husband already stopped ringing.
(make, already) ______________________ dinner for us.
A: Flow (be) ______________________ it?
B: Terrific! We (have) ______________________ chicken, rice, and a
salad. While we (eat) ______________________ , George Drake (stop)
______________________ by to visit us, so we (invite)
______________________ him to join us for dinner.
THE PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE EXERCISE 59: The present perfect progressive and the past perfect progressive.
Directions: Use the present perfect progressive or the past perfect progressive to
a) The police had been looking for the The past perfect progressive emphasizes
complete these sentences.
criminal for two years before they the duration of an activity that was in
caught him. progress before another activity or rime
b) Eric finally came at six o'clock. I had in the past.
1. Anna (listen to) ______________________ loud rock music when her
been waiting for him since four-
thirty. friends arrived but turned it off so all of them could study together. When
they finished, she turned it back on, and they (dance)
c) When Judy got home, her hair was
still wet because she had been ______________________ and (sing) ______________________ for two
swimming.
hours now.
d) I went to Jane's house after the
funeral. Her eyes were red because 2. We (wait) ______________________ for Ali for the last two hours, but he
she had been crying.
still hasn't arrived.
3. We (wait) ______________________ for Ali for over three hours before he
finally arrived yesterday.
EXERCISE 58: Present perfect progressive and past perfect progressive.
4. Oscar (train) ______________________ for the Olympics for the last three
Directions: Use the present perfect progressive or the past perfect progressive to
years and wants to make the national team next year.
complete the sentences.
5. The marathon runner (run) ______________________ for almost two hours
when he collapsed to the pavement. He received immediate medical
1. We (wait) ______________________ for Nancy for the last two hours, but
attention.
she still hasn't arrived.
6. Tom had a hard time finding a job. He (try) ______________________ to get
2. We (wait) ______________________ for Nancy for over three hours before
a new job for six months before he finally found a position at a local
she finally arrived yesterday.
community college. Now he has a two-year contract. He (teach)
3. It is midnight. I (study) ______________________ for five straight hours.
______________________ there for only a few weeks, but he likes his new
No wonder I'm getting tired.
job very much.
4. It was midnight. I (study) ______________________ for five straight hours.
7. Dr. Sato (perform) ______________________ _ specialized surgery since
No wonder I was getting tired.
she began working at the university hospital ten years ago. She still does
5. Jack suddenly realized that the teacher was asking him a question. He
many operations each year, but now her work is so famous that she travels all
couldn't answer because he (daydream) ______________________ for the
over the world lecturing to other surgeons on her technique.
last ten minutes.
6. Wake up! You (sleep) ______________________ long enough. It's time to
get up.
8. The Acme Construction Company is having problems. They (work) 7. a. Donna lived in Chicago for five years.
______________________ on a new office building for the last seven b. Carlos has been living in Chicago for five years.
months, and everything seems to be going wrong. Earlier, they stopped work QUESTION: Who still lives in Chicago?
on a smaller structure that they (build) ______________________ so they 8. a. Jane put some lotion on her face because she had been lying in the sun.
could take on this job. Now both projects are in jeopardy. b. Sue put some lotion on her face because she was lying in the sun.
QUESTION: Who put lotion on her face after she finished sunbathing?
9. a. I looked across the street. Mr. Fox was waving at me.
EXERCISE 60: Review of verb tenses. b. I looked across the street. Mrs. Cook waved at me.
Directions: In pairs or groups, discuss the meaning of the verb forms and answer QUESTION: Who began to wave at me before I looked across the street?
the questions about the pairs of sentences.
EXERCISE 61: Error analysis: present and past verbs. Correct the errors.
1. a. Dan was leaving the room when I walked in. 1. Since I came to this country, I am learning a lot about the way of life here.
b. Sam had left the room when I walked in. 2. Before I come here, I never was buying anything from a vending machine.
QUESTION: Who did I run into when I walked into the room? 3. I arrive here only a short time ago. I am here only since last Friday.
ANSWER: Dan. 4. When I arrived here, I hadn't known much about the United States. I saw
2. a. When the rain stopped, Gloria was riding her bicycle to work. many movies about America, but that wasn't enough.
b. When the rain stopped, Paul rode his bicycle to work. 5. My understanding of this country changed a lot since I arrived.
QUESTION: Who got wet on the way to work? 6. When I was in my country, I had coached a children's soccer team. When I
3. a. Ken went to the store because he was running out of food. came here, I had wanted to do the same thing. Now I am coaching a soccer
b. Ann went to the store because she had run out of food. team at a local elementary school. I am coaching this team for the last two
QUESTION: Who is better at planning ahead? months.
4. a. Ms. Lincoln taught at this school for nine years. 7. My grandfather had lived in a small village in Italy when he was a child. At
b. Mr. Sanchez has taught at this school for nine years. nineteen, he had moved to Rome, where he had met and had married my
QUESTION: Who is teaching at this school now? grandmother in 1947. My father had been born in Rome in 1950. I am born in
5. a. Alice was walking to the door when the doorbell rang. Rome in 1979.
b. George walked to the door when the doorbell rang. 8. I'm living in my cousin's apartment since I have arrived here. I'm not able to
QUESTION: Who had been expecting the doorbell to ring? find my own apartment yet. I look at several places for rent, but I don't find
6. a. When I got there, Marie had eaten. one that I can afford.
b. When I got there, Joe ate. 9. How long you been living here? I been here for almost two year.
QUESTION: Who was still hungry when I got there? 10. Why you no have been in class the last couple of days?
CHAPTER 03: THE PRESENT PERFECT & THE PAST PERFECT
EXERCISE 62: Using verb tenses in writing.

Directions: Choose one to write about.
1. Describe the state of the world in the year of your birth. What significant or
historical events occurred or were occurring at that time? Who were the
leaders of your country? Then describe the changes that have occurred since
that time and discuss the state of the world today.
2. Describe your family in the year you were born. Where were they living and
working? Were they in a good situation? Who did your family consist of? OUTLINE
Who in your family hadn't been born yet? Then describe the changes in your
family that have occurred since the year of your birth and your family's 1. FUTURE TIME: BE GOING TO & WILL
current situation. 2. WORDS USED FOR PAST TIME AND FUTURE TIME
3. SURENESS ABOUT THE FUTURE
4. BE GOING TO vs. WILL
5. PRESENT STRUCTURES FOR FUTURE
6. DIFFERENT CLAUSES AND FUTURE STRUCTURES
7. USING WHAT + A FORM OF DO
8. IMMEDIATE FUTURE: USING BE ABOUT TO
9. PARALLEL VERBS
10. FUTURE PROGRESSIVE
11. FUTURE PERFECT
12. FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
CHAPTER 04: FUTURE TIME CHAPTER 04: FUTURE TIME
FUTURE TIME: BE GOING TO & WILL Exercise 01: Change the sentences by using will to express future time.
1. I'm going to arrive around six tomorrow.
2. Ahmed isn't going to come to our party.
a) I’m going to leave at nine Be going to and will are used to express
tomorrow morning future time. 3. He's going to be out of town next week.
b) I will leave at nine tomorrow Be going to +V1
4. Mrs. Rivera is going to be in class tomorrow.
Will +V1
morning.
Negative 5. She has a cold, but she isn't going to stay home.
Subject + be + not + going to+V1
c) I’m not going to go downtown 6. Jack and Olga are going to meet us at the movie theater.
Subject + will + not + V1
tomorrow. 7. They're going to be there at 7:15.
d) Ann isn’t going to stay tonight. Question
8. Tina is going to stay home and watch TV tonight.
Be + Subject + going to + V1 ……?
e) Are you going to stay here tonight? Will + Subject + V1 ……? 9. This is an important letter. I'm going to send it by express mail.
f) Will you stay here tonight? 10. My parents are going to stay at a hotel in Canada.
with “shall”
The use of shall (with I or we) to express 11. Hurry up, or we're going to be late for the concert.
with “shall” future time is possible but infrequent.
g) I shall leave at nine tomorrow 12. I'm not going to be at home this evening.
morning. CONTRACTIONS 13. I'm going to wash the dishes and clean the kitchen after dinner.
h) We shall leave at nine tomorrow Will is contracted to ‘ll with subject
14. Be careful with those scissors! You're going to hurt yourself!
morning. pronouns. These contractions are
common in both speaking and writing.
I will come. = I'll come. Will is also contracted with nouns in
Exercise 02: Change the sentences. Use be going to and the given expressions.
You will come. = You'll come. speaking (but not in writing).
She will come. = She'll come. 1. I need to buy a book. I (go)__________________ to the bookstore.
He will come. = He'll come. SPOKEN: Tom’ll be here at ten.
2. It's midnight now. I'm sleepy. I (lie) ______________ down and rest for a
It will come. = It'll come. WRITTEN: Tom will be here at ten.
We will come. = We'll come. while.
They will come. = They'll come. Negative contraction
3. Sue is hungry. She (get) _________________________ something to eat.
will + not = won't
4. My clothes are dirty. I (take) _________________________ them to the
i) Bob won’t be here tomorrow. Be going to is more common in
laundromat
speaking and informal writing than in
formal writing. In informal speaking, it 5. I have a toothache. I (see) _________________________ a dentist.
going to = gonna is sometimes pronounced “gonna”.
6. I'm writing a composition. I don't know how to spell a word. I (look up)
 Hurry up! We’re gonna be late! Gonna is not usually a written form.
_________________________ in the dictionary.
7. George has to mail a package. He (take) _________________________ to the
post office.
8. It's a nice day today. Mary and I (take) _________________________ a long
walk in the park.
9. Sue and I want to go swimming. We (go) _________________________ to WORDS USED FOR PAST TIME AND FUTURE TIME
the beach.
PAST FUTURE
10. I have a headache. I (stay) _________________________ in bed today.
11. It's late at night, I hear a burglar! I (call) _________________________ the yesterday tomorrow PAST: It rained yesterday.
FUTURE: It's going to rain
police.
yesterday morning tomorrow morning tomorrow.
12. I want to be a psychologist. When I go to the university, I (major) yesterday afternoon tomorrow afternoon
yesterday evening tomorrow evening PAST: I was in class yesterday
_________________________ in psychology
last night tomorrow night morning
13. I feel terrible. I think I'm getting the flu. I (go) _________________________ FUTURE: I’m going to be in
last week next week class tomorrow morning.
to bed.
last month next month
14. Irfan and Natasha want to go out to eat. They (go) last year next year PAST: Mary went downtown
last week.
_________________________ an Italian restaurant.
last weekend next weekend FUTURE: Mary is going to go
15. Rosa lives in an apartment. There's a problem with the plumbing. She (call) last spring next spring downtown next week.
last summer next summer
_________________________ the manager.
last fall next fall PAST: Bob graduated from high
last winter next winter school last spring.
last Monday, etc. next Monday, etc. FUTURE: Ann is going to
Exercise 03: Make questions.
graduate from high school next
1. I’ll be at home tomorrow night. ... minutes ago in . . . minutes (from now) spring.
... hours ago in . . . hours (from now)
2. Anna won’t be in class tomorrow.
... days ago in . . . days (from now) PAST: I finished my homework
3. I’ll see Mr. Pong tomorrow afternoon. ... weeks ago in . . . weeks (from now) five minutes ago.
... months ago in . . . months (from now) FUTURE: Pablo is going to
4. The plane will be on time.
... years ago in . . . years (from now) finish his homework in five
5. Dinner will be ready in a few minutes. minutes.
Today, tonight, and this + {morning, afternoon, evening, week,} etc., can express
6. I’ll graduate next year.
present, past, or future time.
7. Mary will go to school at the community college next year.
Present: Sam is in his office this morning.
8. Jane and Mark won’t be at the party.
Past: Ann was in her office this morning at eight, but now she’s at a meeting.
9. Mike will arrive in Chicago next week. Future: Bob is going to be in his office this morning after his dentist appointment.
10. I won’t be home early tonight.
11. Dr. Smith will be back in a few minutes.
12. I’ll be ready to leave at 8:15.
Exercise 04: Complete the sentences. Sentence practice. Complete the sentences. 8. half an hour I'm going to meet David at the coffee shop
Use yesterday, last, tomorrow, or next. _________________.
1. I went swimming __________________ morning. 9. one more week The new highway is going to open _________________.
2. Ken is going to go to the beach __________________ morning. 10. a year I was living in Korea _________________.
3. I'm going to take a trip __________________ week.
4. Maria went to Miami __________________ week for a short vacation. Exercise 06: Complete the sentences. Sentence practice. Complete the sentences.
5. We had a test in class __________________ afternoon. Use yesterday, last, tomorrow, or next, in or ago.
6. __________________ afternoon we're going to go on a picnic. 1. I went to the zoo _________________week
7. My sister is going to arrive __________________ Tuesday. 2. Yolanda went to the zoo a week _________________
8. Mr. Koh bought a used car __________________ Friday. 3. Peter Nelson is going to go to the zoo _________________Saturday
9. My brother is going to enter the university __________________ fall. 4. We're going to go to the zoo _________________two more days
10. __________________ spring I took a trip to San Francisco. 5. My children went to the zoo _________________morning
11. Mia is going to fly to London __________________ month. 6. My cousin is going to go to the zoo _________________afternoon
12. Rick lived in Tokyo __________________ year. 7. Kim Yang-Don graduated from Air University _________________spring
13. I'm going to study at the library __________________ night. 8. We're going to have company for dinner _________________night
14. __________________ night I watched TV. 9. We had company for dinner three days _________________
15. __________________ evening I'm going to go to a baseball game. 10. We're going to have dinner at our friends' house _________________two days
16. Mrs. Chang went to the opera __________________ evening. 11. _________________evening we're going to go to a concert
12. _________________Friday I went to a party
Exercise 05: Complete the sentences. Complete the sentences. Use the given time 13. _________________morning the students took a test
expression with ago or in. 14. My little sister arrived here _________________month
1. ten minutes Class is going to end _________________. 15. She is going to leave _________________two weeks
2. ten minutes Ann's class ended ___________________. 16. _________________year Yuko is going to be a freshman in college.
3. an hour The post office isn't open. It closed _________________.
4. an hour Jack is going to call us _________________.
5. two more I'm studying abroad now, but I'm going to be back home
months _________________.
6. two months My wife and I took a trip to Morocco _________________.
7. a minute Karen left _________________.
Exercise 07: Sentence practice. Complete the sentences with the verbs in SURENESS ABOUT THE FUTURE
parentheses
100% I will be in class tomorrow. OR will / be going to = the speaker feels
1. Right now, Anita (sit) ___________________ at her desk.
Sure I am going to be in class sure about his future activity.
2. She (do, not) ___________________ homework. tomorrow.
3. She (write) ___________________ an e-mail to her parents. She (write)
___________________ an e-mail to her parents every week. 90% Sure Po will probably be in class Probably = the speaker is not 100%
tomorrow. OR sure
4. She (write, not) ___________________ an e-mail every day.
Po is probably going to be in Word order (Probably)
5. Her parents (expect, not) ___________________ to get an e-mail every day. class tomorrow. Statement
…helping verb + probably …
6. Last night Anita (write) ___________________ an e-mail to her brother. Then
Negative
she (start) ___________________ to write an e-mail to her sister. …probably + helping verb….
7. While Anita was writing an e-mail to her sister last night, her phone (ring)
___________________. It (be) ___________________ her sister! 50% Sure Ali may come to class May/Maybe expresses a future
8. Anita (finish, not) ___________________ the e-mail to her sister last night. tomorrow. OR possibility: maybe something will
Ali may not come to class happen, and maybe it won’t happen.
After she (talk) ___________________ to her sister, she (go) tomorrow.
___________________ to bed. Maybe (a single word)
Maybe Ali will come to class, May be (two words)
9. Tomorrow she (write) ___________________ an e-mail to her cousin in and maybe he won’t.
Brazil. OR Maybe+….will/be going to ….
Maybe Ali is going to come to ……may…………..
10. Anita (write, not) ___________________ an e-mail to her parents tomorrow. class, and maybe he isn’t.
11. (you, write) ___________________ an e-mail to someone every day? Maybe comes at the beginning of a
sentence
12. (you, write) ___________________ an e-mail to someone yesterday?
13. (you, write) ___________________ an e-mail to someone tomorrow?
Exercise 08: Sentence practice. Complete the sentences with may be or maybe.
1. A: I ____________ a little tonight.
B: That’s okay. I won’t worry about you.
2. A: Will you be here by 7 o’clock?
B: It’s hard to say. _____________ I’ll be a little late.
3. A: It ___________ cold tomorrow.
B: That’s okay. Let’s go to the beach anyway.
4. A: Will the plane be on time?
B: I think so, but it ____________ a few minutes late.
5. A: Do you want to go to the park tomorrow?
B: sure. That sounds like fun. EXERCISE 10: WILL PROBABLY.

A: let’s talk to Carlos too. _________________ he would like to go with us. Directions: Complete the sentences with will or won't. Also use probably.
6. A: Where’s Mr. Chu?
B: Look in Room 506 down the hall. I think he _____________ there. 1. The clouds are leaving, and the sun is coming out. It probably won’t rain
A: No, he’s not there. I just looked in Room 506. anymore.
B: ________________ he’s in Room 508. 2. The weather is cold today. There's no reason to expect the weather to change.
Exercise 09: Sentence practice. Complete the sentences with may or maybe. It will probably be cold tomorrow too.
1. A: Is David going to come to the party? 3. Sam, Sharon, and Carl worked hard on this project. They
B: I don’t know. _________________ _________________________ turn in the best work. The other students didn't
2. A: What are you going to do tomorrow? work as hard.
B: I don’t know. I _____________ go swimming. 4. Ronald is having a very difficult time in advanced algebra. He didn't
3. A: What are you going to do tomorrow? understand anything that happened in class today, and he
B: I don’t have any plans. _____________ I’ll go swimming. _________________________ understand tomorrow's class either.
4. A: Where is Robert? 5. Jan skipped lunch today. She _________________________ eat as soon as she
B: I don’t know. He _____________ be at his office. gets home.
5. A: Where is Robert? 6. I don't like parties. Mike really wants me to come to his birthday party, but I
B: I don’t know. _____________ he’s at his office. _________________________ go. I'd rather stay home.
6. A: Are Kate and Steve going to get married? 7. Conditions in the factory have been very bad for a long time. All of the people
B: ______________. Who knows? who work on the assembly line are angry. They
7. A: Are you going to move to Portland or to Seattle? _________________________ vote to go out on strike.
B: I don’t know. I ____________ move to San Francisco. 8. We are using up the earth's resources at a rapid rate. We
8. A: Where are you planning to go on your vacation? _________________________ continue to do so for years to come.
B: _____________ we’ll go to Mexico. We haven’t decided yet. We
______________ got Florida.
9. A: I’d like to have a pet.
B: Oh? What kind of pet would you like to get?
A: Oh, I don’t know. I haven’t decided yet. _____________ I’ll get a canary.
Or __________________ I’ll get a snake. I’m not sure. I __________ get a
frog. Or I _______________ get a turtle.
B: What’s wrong with a cat or dog?
EXERCISE 11: WILL PROBABLY. EXERCISE 12: Sureness about the future.
Directions: Complete the sentences. Directions: Decide if the speaker is 100%, 90%, or 50% sure.
1. You'll probably hear from our office tomorrow.
PART I. Use a pronoun + will/won't. Use probably. 2. Gino may not finish his assignment on time.
3. My roommate will transfer to another university next year.
1. I went to the library last night, and I'll probably go there tonight too. 4. My roommate is probably going to change her major.
2. Ann didn't come to class today, and she probably won’t come tomorrow either. 5. Julia may join a health club next month.
3. Greg went to bed early last night, and _________________________ to bed 6. I will probably join a health club too.
early tonight too. 7. Karen and Lee are not going to continue dating each other.
4. Jack didn't hand his homework in today, and _________________________ it 8. Maybe they will remain friends.
in tomorrow either. The students had a quiz today, and
_________________________ one tomorrow too. EXERCISE 13: Sureness about the future.
Directions: Answer each question by using the word in parentheses. Pay special
PART II. Use a pronoun + be going to/not be going to. Use probably attention to word order.
1. A: Are Joel and Rita going to have a simple wedding? (probably)
5. I watched TV last night, and I’m probably going to watch TV tonight too. B: Yes. Joel and Rita are probably going to have a simple wedding.
6. I wasn't at home last night, and _________________________ at home tonight 2. A: Are they going to invite a lot of people? (probably not)
either. B: No. They _____________________________________ a lot of people.
7. It's hot today, and _________________________ hot tomorrow too. 3. A: Will they get married in Rita's garden? Or will they get married at a place
8. My friends didn't come over last night, and _________________________ of worship? (may, maybe)
over tonight either. B: They're not sure. They _____________________________________ in
9. Alice didn't ride her bike to school today, and _________________________ Rita's garden. _____________________________________ they
it to school tomorrow either. _____________________________________ at a place of worship.
4. A: Is Rita going to rent her wedding dress? (may)
B: She's trying to save money, so she's thinking about it. She
_____________________________________ her wedding dress.
5. A: Will she decide that she wants a wedding dress of her very own? (probably)
B: She _____________________________________ that she wants a
wedding dress of her very own.
6. A: Will Joel feel very relaxed on his wedding day? Will he be nervous? (may BE GOING TO vs. WILL
not, may)
To express a prediction: Use either
B: Joel _____________________________________ very relaxed on his
WILL or BE GOING TO Be going to and will mean the same when
wedding day. He _____________________________________ a little a) She is going to succeed because they are used to make predictions about
she works hard. the future. (a) and (b) have the same
nervous.
b) She will succeed because she works meaning.
7. A: Are they going to go on a honeymoon? (will) hard.
Be going to (but not will) is used to
B: Yes. They _____________________________________ on a honeymoon
To express a prior plan: Use only BE express a prior plan (i.e., a plan made
immediately after the wedding, but they haven't told anyone where they are GOING TO before the moment of speaking). In (c)
c) I bought some wood because I am The speaker plans to build a bookcase.
going to go.
going to build a bookcase for my
8. A: Will they go far away for their honeymoon? (probably not) apartment. Will is not appropriate in (c) to (e)
d) A: Why did you buy this paint?
B: They _____________________________________ far. They have only a
B: I’m going to paint my bedroom
few days before they need to be back at work. tomorrow.
e) I’ve talked to Bob yesterday. He is
tired of taking the bus to work.
He’s going to buy a car.
To express a WILLINGNESS: Use Will (but not be going to) is used to

only WILL express a decision the speaker makes at
the moment of speaking. In (f) The
f) This chair is too heavy for you to speaker decides to help at the immediate
carry alone. I’ll help you. present moment; he did not have a prior
g) A: The phone’s ringing. plan or intention to help.
B: I’ll get it.
EXERCISE 14: BE GOINGTO vs. WILL. Complete the sentences with be going EXERCISE 15: Will vs going to.
to or will.
Directions: Complete the sentences with will or be going to as appropriate. Include
1. A: Why did you buy this flour? any words in parentheses.
B: I _____________ to make some bread.
2. A: Could someone get me a glass of water? 1. A: Excuse me, waiter? This isn't what I ordered. 1 ordered a chicken salad.
B: Certainly. I _____________ get you one. Would you like some ice in it? B: Sorry, sir. I _____________________ take this back and get your salad.
3. A: Are you going to go to the post office soon? A: Thank you.
B: Yes. Why? 2. A: Would you like to join Linda and me tomorrow? We
A: I need to send this letter today. _____________________ visit the natural history museum:
B: I _____________mail it for you. B: Sure. I've never been there.
A. Thanks. 3. A: Where's the mustard?
4. A: Why are you carrying that box? B: In the refrigerator, on the middle shelf:
B: I _____________mail it to my sister. I'm on my way to the post office. A: I've looked there.
5. A: Could someone please open the window? B: Okay: I _____________________ find it for you.
B: I _____________do it. 4. A: What's all this paint for? (you) _____________________ paint your
A: Thanks. house?
6. A: What are your vacation plans? B: No, we _____________________ paint my mother's house:
B: We _____________spend two weeks on a Greek island. 5. A: Paul, do you want to go with me to the shopping mall?
7. A: I have a note for Joe from Rachel. I don't know what to do with it. B: No thanks. 1 have some things I have to do today. I
B: Let me have it. I _____________give it to him. He's in my algebra class. _____________________ wash my car and then clean out the basement.
A: Thanks. But you have to promise not to read it. 6. A: Someone needs to take this report to Mr. Day's office right away, but I
8. A: Did you know that Sara and I are moving? We found a great apartment on can't leave my desk.
45th Street. B: I _____________________ do it.
B: That's terrific. I _____________help you on moving day if you like. A: Thanks.
A: Hey, great! We'd really appreciate that. 7. A: Let’s make something easy for dinner. Got any ideas?
9. A: Do you have a car? B: I _____________________ make some rice. Why don't you make a salad?
B: Yes, but I _____________sell it. I don't need it now that I live in the city. A: Sounds good.
10. A: Do you want to walk to the meeting together? 8. A: Why did you buy so many tomatoes?
B: Okay. I _____________meet you by the elevator. Okay? B: I _____________________ make a lot of spaghetti sauce.
A: Okay. I _____________wait for you there.
9. A: Who'd like to take the VCR back to the visual aids room? Any volunteers? EXERCISE 16: WILL vs. BE GOING TO
B: I _____________________ do it. PART I. EXPRESSING PREDICTIONS
10. A: Why did you buy so many vegetables? Use will and/or be going to with the verb in parentheses.
B: I make a large salad for the potluck dinner tonight.
11. A: Why is Carlos wearing a suit and tie? He usually wears jeans to class. 1. Sue (graduate) ______________________ in June. After that, she (begin)
B: He _____________________ give a speech at the faculty lunch today. ______________________ work at an electronics firm.
A: Really? What (he) _____________________ speak about? 2. Fred (be) ______________________ at the meeting tomorrow. I think Jane
B: About university study in his country. (come) ______________________ too. 3.
12. A: I wonder what the weather is like in Chicago now. I need to know what 3. A: Can you give Ed a message for me?
kind of clothes to pack for my trip there. B: Sure. I (see, probably) ______________________ him at the meeting this
B: I don't know, but it just so happens that I have a cousin who lives in evening.
Chicago, and I have to call her tonight. I _____________________ ask 4. A: Mr. Swan (be, not) ______________________ here next term. He has
her about the weather and tell you what she says. resigned. Who (be) ______________________ the new teacher? Do you
13. A: I need some help. know?
B: What can I do, Andy? B: Yes. Ms. Mary Jefferson. Ms. Jefferson (teach)
A: I _____________________ go to a job interview this afternoon, and I ______________________ the same courses Mr. Swan taught: English,
don't have a decent tie to wear. algebra, and geometry. I (be) ______________________ in her algebra
B: I _____________________ lend you one of mine. class.
A: Thanks. 5. In what ways (the damage we do to our environment today, affect)
14. A: You're going out? ______________________ the quality of life for future generations?
B: Yes. I _____________________ go to the grocery store for some fruit,
meat, and rice. Can you think of anything else we need? PART II. EXPRESSING PRIOR PLAN vs. WILLINGNESS
A: How about some chocolate-covered nuts? Use be going to if you think the speaker is expressing a prior plan. If you think
B: I said "need" she/he has no prior plan, use will.
1. A: This letter is in French, and I don't speak French. Can you help me?
B: Sure. I (translate) ______________________ it for you.
2. A: Do you want to go shopping with me? I (go) ______________________
to the shopping mall downtown.
B: Sure. What time do you want to leave?
3. A: Who wants to erase the board? Are there any volunteers? 11. A: I (sell) ______________________ my bicycle. I have to.
B: I (do) ______________________ it! B: What? Why? You need your bicycle to get to work.
C: I (do) ______________________ it! A: I know. But I need money right now to pay for my baby's doctor and
4. A: Why does he have an eraser in his hand? medicine. I can walk to work.
B: He (erase) ______________________ the board. 12. A: How do you spell "accustomed"?
5. A: How about getting together for dinner after work? B: I'm not sure. I (look) ______________________ it up for you.
B: Sounds good. Where? A: Thanks.
A: How about Alice's Restaurant or the Gateway Cafe? You decide. B: Here it is. It has two "c"s but only one "m."
B: Alice's Restaurant. I (meet) ______________________ you there around
six.
A: Great.
6. A: Do you have plans for dinner?
B: Yes. I (meet*) ______________________ a co-worker for dinner at
Alice's Restaurant. Want to join us?
7. A: This light doesn't work. The bulb is probably burned out. Do we have any
new light bulbs?
B: I (get) ______________________ one for you.
A: Thanks.
8. A: I (enroll) ______________________ in the community college next
spring.
B: Oh? I didn't know you wanted to go back to school.
A: I need to sharpen my skills so I can get a better job. I (take)
______________________ a course in word processing.
9. A: Uh, oh! I've spilled coffee on my shirt!
B: Just a minute. I (get) ______________________ a damp cloth for you.
10. A: Janice, do you want to come with us?
B: I can't. I have to study.
A: Oh, c'mon! You can't study all day and all night.
B: All right, I (go) ______________________ with you. I guess I can finish
this stuff tomorrow.
EXERCISE 17: Questions with WILL and BE GOING TO. EXERCISE 18: BE GOING TO vs. WILL.
Directions: Use the given information to complete the questions. Write the question
Directions: Complete the sentences with either be going to or will. Usually be going to
forms for both will and be going to.
and will are interchangeable: you can use either one of them with little difference in
meaning. Sometimes, however, they are NOT interchangeable. In this exercise, only
1. Nick is thinking about starting an Internet company. His friends are
one of them is correct, not both.
wondering:
Will Nick start an Internet company?
Example:
Is Nick going to start an Internet company?
(Speaker B is planning to listen to the news at six.)
2. The teacher, Mr. Jones, is thinking about giving a test. His students are A: Why did you turn on the radio?
wondering: B: I ‘m going to listen to the news at six.
a test?
a test? 1. (Speaker B didn't have a plan to show the other person how to solve the math
3. Jacob is thinking about quitting his job. His co-workers are wondering: problem, but she is happy to do it.)
his job? A: I can't figure out this math problem. Do you know how to do it?
B: Yes. Give me your pencil. I _________________ show you how to solve
his job?
it.
4. Mr. and Mrs. Kono are thinking about adopting a child. Their friends are
2. (Speaker B has made a plan. He is planning to lie down because he doesn't
wondering:
a child? feel well.)
A: What's the matter?
a child?
B: I don't feel well. I _________________ lie down for a little while. If
5. The Johnsons are thinking about moving. Their friends are wondering: anyone calls, tell them I'll call back later.
A: Okay. I hope you feel better.
3. (Speaker B did not plan to take the other person home. He volunteers to do so
6. Dr. Johnson is thinking about retiring. Her patients are wondering: only after the other person talks about missing his bus.)
A: Oh no! I wasn't watching the time. I missed my bus.
B: That's okay. I _________________ give you a ride home.
A: Hey, thanks!
4. (Speaker B already has a plan.)
A: Why did you borrow money from the bank?
B: I _________________ buy a new pickup. I've already picked it out.
5. (Speaker B does not have a plan.) 5. A: It's grandfather's eighty-fifth birthday next Sunday. What
A: Mom, can I have a candy bar? _____________________ you _____________________ give him for
B: No, but I _________________ buy an apple for you. How does that his birthday?
sound? B: I _____________________ give him a walking stick that I made myself.
A: Okay, I guess. 6. A: Gee, I'd really like an ice cream cone, but I didn't bring any money with
6. (Speaker B has already made her plans about what to wear. Then Speaker B me.
volunteers to help.) B: That's okay. I _____________________ buy one for you.
A: I can't figure out what to wear to the dance tonight. It's informal, isn't it? A: Thanks!
B: Yes. I _________________ wear a pair of nice jeans. 7. A: Why are you looking for a screwdriver?
A: Maybe I should wear my jeans, too. But I think they're dirty. B: One of the kitchen chairs has a loose screw. I _____________________
B: I _________________ wash them for you. I'm planning to do a load of fix it.
laundry ina few minutes. 8. A: The computer printer isn't working again! What am I going to do?
A: Gee, thanks. That'll help me out a lot. B: Calm down. Give Tom a call. He _____________________ fix it for
you. He just fixed my printer.
EXERCISE 19: BE GOING TO vs. WILL. 9. A: Why is Nadia going to leave work early today?
Directions: Complete the sentences with either be going to or will. B: She _____________________ pick up her husband at the airport.
10. A: Achoo! Your cat is making me sneeze.
1. A: Can I borrow this book? B: I _____________________ put her outside.
B: Sure. But I _____________________ need it back soon. A: Thanks.
A: I _____________________ return it to you tomorrow. Okay? 11. A: Do you have any plans for Saturday?
2. A: I _____________________ wear a dark suit to the wedding reception. B: I _____________________ help some friends move to their new home.
How about you? 12. A: Your pants have ink on them.
B: I'm not sure. B: They do? I don't have another pair.
3. A: What are you doing with that picture? A: Don't worry. I have some spot remover. I _____________________ get
B: It doesn't look good in this room. I _____________________ hang it in it for you.
our bedroom.
4. A: Can you meet me for dinner after work?
B: I'd like to, but I can't. I _____________________ work late tonight.
Present Structures for Future PRESENT SIMPLE FOR FUTURE

l) My plane arrives at 7:35 tomorrow The Simple Present can express future
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE FOR FUTURE evening. time when events are on a definite
a) My wife has an appointment with a The present progressive can be used to m) Tom’s new job starts next week. schedule or timetable. Only a few verbs
doctor. She is seeing Dr. North next express future time. Each pair of n) The semester ends in two more are used in the simple present to express
Tuesday. example sentences has the same weeks. future time. The most common are
meaning. The present progressive o) There is a meeting at ten tomorrow arrive, leave, start, begin, end, finish,
b) describes definite plans for the future, morning. open, close, be, come, return.
c) A: What are you going to do this plans that were made before the
afternoon? moment of speaking. p) Incorrect: I wear my new suit to the Most verbs can’t be used in the simple
wedding next week. present to express future time. For
B: After lunch I am meeting a Correct: I am wearing/ am going to example, in (o): the verb wear does not
friend of mine. We are going A future meaning for the present wear my new suit to the wedding express an event on a schedule or
shopping. Would you like to come? progressive is indicated either by future next week. timetable. It can’t be used in the simple
time words (e.g., tomorrow) or by the present to express future.
d) We’re going to go a movie tonight. situation.
e) We’re going to a movie tonight.
f) I’m going to stay home this

evening. EXERCISE 20: Using the present progressive and the simple present to express
g) I’m staying home this evening. future time.
Directions: Indicate the meaning expressed by the italicized verbs by writing in
h) Ann is going to fly to Chicago next
the future, now, or habitually in the blanks.
week.
i) Ann is flying to Chicago next week.
The present progressive is NOT used 1. I am taking four courses next semester. In the future
for predictions about the future. In (i): 2. I am taking four courses this semester. now
j) You’re going to laugh when you The speaker is predicting a future event.
hear this joke. In (j): The is not possible; laughing is a 3. Students usually take four courses every semester. habitually
k) Incorrect: You’re laughing when prediction, not a planned future event. 4. I’ll mail this letter at the corner when I take Susan home.
you hear this joke.
5. My brother's birthday is next week. I am giving him a sweater.
Shhh. The broadcaster is giving the latest news about the crisis in England. I
want to hear what she's saying.
6. When I graduate, I'm going to return home.
7. When students graduate, they receive diplomas.
8. I'm tired. I am going to bed early tonight.
9. When I am in New York. I'm going to visit the Museum of Modern Art.
10. When I am home alone in the evening, I like to read or watch television. EXERCISE 21: Using the present progressive to express future time. Use the
following verbs to complete the sentences.
cut, go, spend, do, leave, stay, drive, meet, take, fly
11. A: Are you busy? 1. A: What _____________________ you ____________ tomorrow afternoon?
B: Not really. B: I _____________________________ to the mall.
A: What are you doing? A: Why?
B: I'm writing a letter to my folks. B: I _________________________________ shopping for some new clothes.
A: When you finish your letter, do you want to play a game of chess? How about you? What ___________________ you _____________
12. A: What are you doing after work today? tomorrow afternoon?
B: I'm playing tennis with Brown at the health club. And you? A: I _________________ to a movie with Tom. After the movie, we
A: I'm meeting Smith for a round of golf. ____________________ out to dinner. Would you like to meet us for
13. Tony will arrive at eight tomorrow evening. dinner?
14. Tony is going to arrive at eight tomorrow night. B: No, thanks. I can’t. I _____________________________ Hamid at 6:30 at
15. Tony is arriving at eight tomorrow evening, the new seafood restaurant on Firth Street.
16. Tony arrives at eight tomorrow evening. 2. A: What courses ________________ you _________________ this year?
17. When Tony arrives, we'll have a party. B: I ___________________ English, biology, math, and psychology.
A: What courses ________________ you _________________ next year?
B: I __________________________ English literature, chemistry, calculus,
and history.
A: That should keep you busy.
3. A: I ________________________________ on vacation tomorrow.
B: Where ____________ you ________________________________?
A: To San Francisco.
B: How are you getting there? _______________ you _________________ or
_______________________ your car?
A: I ________________________________. I have to be at the airport by
seven tomorrow morning.
B: Do you need a ride to the airport?
A: No, thanks. I ________________________________ a taxi. Are you
planning to go somewhere over vacation?
B: No. I ________________________________ here.
4. A: Stop! Annie! What ___________________ you _______________? EXERCISE 23: Using the present progressive to express future time. Directions:
Use the present progressive to complete the sentences. Use any verb that makes
B: I __________________ my hair, Mom.
sense.
A: Oh dear! 1. A: How about going across the street for a cup of coffee?
5. A: You haven’t seen my passport, have you? B: I can't. I ______________________ Jennifer at the library at 5:00.
B: No, why? 2. A: Why are you in such a hurry?
A: I need it because I ______________________________ for Taipei next B: I have to be at the airport in an hour. I ______________________ the 4
Monday. o'clock plane to New York. I have an important meeting there tomorrow.
B: Oh? How long will you be there? 3. A: We got an invitation in the mail from Ron and Maureen. They
A: A week. I _____________________ the first few days with my brother, who ______________________ a dinner party next Saturday evening. Do you
_______________________ to school there. After that I want to go? I'd like to.
___________________________ some old friends I went to school with in B: Sure. I always enjoy spending time with them. Let's call and tell them we
Australia several years ago. They’ve invited me to be their house guest. 4. A: Your cough sounds terrible! You should see a doctor.
B: Sound like a great trip. Hope you find you passport. B: I know. It just won't go away. I ______________________ Dr. Murray
later this afternoon.
5. A: Have you seen Jackie?
EXERCISE 22: Using the present verbs to express future time.
B: She just left. She has some shopping to do, and then she
1. begin The concert ___________________ at eight tonight.
______________________ to the health club for her yoga class. She
2. make I _______________ seafood pasta for dinner tonight.
should be back around 4:30.
3. walk I ______________________ to school tomorrow morning. I need the
6. A: Where are you and your family going for your vacation this summer?
exercise.
B: Ontario.
4. leave The bus ___________________ at 8:15 tomorrow morning.
A: Are you planning to fly?
5. watch I ________________ the championship game on TV at Jim’s house
B: No, we ______________________ so we can take our time and enjoy the
tomorrow.
scenery.
6. start The game ___________________ at one tomorrow afternoon.
7. A: We're going to a soccer match next week.
7. arrive Alex’s plane ________________ at 10:14 tomorrow morning.
B: Who ______________________?
8. take I can’t pick him up tomorrow, so he ___________________ the
A: A team from Brazil and a team from Argentina. It ought to be a really
airport bus into the city.
exciting game.
8. A: I see you're smoking. I thought you stopped last month,
B: I did. I don't know why I started again. I ______________________ again
tomorrow, and this time I mean it.
Different Clauses and Future Structures EXERCISE 24: Sentence practice. Complete the sentences with the words in
parentheses.
CLAUSES EXPLANATION 1. Before I (go) ____________________ to bed tonight, I (watch)

A future time clause uses the simple ____________________ my favorite show on TV.
a) Bob will come soon. When Bob present tense, not will or be going to.
comes, we will see him. 2. I (stay) ____________________ with my aunt and uncle if I (go)
b) Before Ann goes to work A time clause begins with such words as ____________________ to Miami next week.
tomorrow, she will eat breakfast. when, before, after, as soon as, until,
c) I will get home at 5:30. After I get while and includes a subject and a verb. 3. I (buy) ____________________ a new coat when I (go)
home, I will eat dinner. ____________________ shopping tomorrow.
d) The taxi will arrive soon. As soon The time clause can come either at the
as it arrives, we’ll be able to leave beginning of the sentence or in the 4. If Ali (be) ____________________ in class tomorrow, I (ask)
for the airport. second part of the sentence: ____________________ him to join us for coffee after class.
e) They are going to come soon. I’ll
wait here until they come. When he comes, we’ll see him. OR 5. After I (finish) ____________________ my homework this evening, I (take)
f) If it rains tomorrow, we will stay We’ll see him when he comes. ____________________ a walk.
home.
when The simple present (not will or be going 6. If the weather (be) ____________________ nice tomorrow, I (go)
before to) is used in if-clause to express future ____________________ to Central Park with my friends.
after time.
as soon as +S+V 7. When I (see) ____________________ Eduardo tomorrow, I (ask)
until ____________________ him to join us for dinner this weekend.
while
if 8. When I (go) ____________________ to Australia next month, I (meet)
if/time clause for Habitual Activities To express habitual activities we write ____________________ my Aunt Emily for the first time.
g) After Ann gets to work, she always both the clauses (main clause and
has a cup of coffee. time/if clause) in the present simple. 9. If my friends (be) ____________________ busy tomorrow, I (go)
h) If it rains, I wear my raincoat. ____________________ to a movie by myself.
i) While I am travelling in Europe Sometimes the present progressive is 10. Mrs. Polanski (change) ____________________ her clothes before she (work)
next year, I’m going to save money used in a time clause to express an ____________________ in her garden this afternoon.
by staying in youth hostels. activity that will be in progress in the
future, as in (i) 11. I (stay, not) ____________________ home tomorrow if the weather (be)
____________________ nice.
j) I will go to bed after I finish my Occasionally, the present perfect is used
work. in a time clause, as in (h). Examples (j) 12. If I (feel, not) ____________________ well tomorrow, I (go, not)
k) I will go to bed after I have finished and (k) have the same meaning. The ____________________ to work.
my work. present perfect in the time clause
emphasizes the completion of the act 13. Masako (stay) ____________________ in bed tomorrow if she (feel, not)
before the other act occurs in the future. ____________________ well.
14. If we (continue) ____________________ to pollute the land and oceans with
poisons and waste, future generations (suffer) ____________________
EXERCISE 25: Sentence practice. Complete the sentences with the words in 11. When I (go) _______________________ to Taiwan next month, I (stay)
parentheses.
_______________________ with my friend Mr. Chu. After I (leave)
1. When I (go) _______________________ to Miami, I (stay, usually) _______________________ Taiwan, I (go) _______________________ to
_______________________ with my aunt and uncle. Hong Kong.
2. When I (go) _______________________ to Miami next week, I (stay) 12. Ms. Wah (go) _______________________ to Hong Kong often. When she
_______________________ with my aunt and uncle. (be) _______________________ there, she (like)
3. Before I (go) _______________________ to class today, I (have) _______________________ to take the ferry across the bay, but she (take)
_______________________ a cup of tea. _______________________ the subway under the bay if she (be)
4. Before I (go) _______________________ to class, I (have, usually) _______________________ in a hurry.
_______________________ a cup of tea.
5. I'm often tired in the evening after a long day at work. If I (be)
EXERCISE 26: Future time clauses.
_______________________ tired in the evening, I (stay, usually) Directions: Combine the ideas of the two given sentences into one sentence by using a
time clause. Use the word in parentheses to introduce the time clause.
_______________________ home and (go) _______________________ to
bed early.
1. First: I'm going to finish my homework.
6. If I (be) _______________________ tired this evening, I (stay)
Then: I'm going to go to bed.
_______________________ home and (go) _______________________ to
(after) ________________________________ my homework,
bed early.
________________________________ to bed.
7. After I (get) _______________________ home in the evening, I (sit, usually)
2. First: I'll finish my homework.
_______________________ in my favorite chair and (read)
Then: I'm going to go to bed.
_______________________ the newspaper.
(until) ________________________________ to bed
8. After I (get) _______________________ home tonight, I (sit)
________________________________ my homework.
_______________________ in my favorite chair and (read)
3. First: Ann will finish her homework.
_______________________ the newspaper.
Then: She will watch TV tonight.
9. People (yawn, often) _______________________ and (stretch)
(before) ________________________________ TV tonight,
_______________________ when they (wake) _______________________
________________________________ her homework.
up.
4. First: Jim will get home tonight.
10. Before the teacher (walk) _______________________ into the room every
Then: He's going to read the newspaper.
day, there (be) _______________________ a lot of noise in the classroom.
(after) ________________________________ the newspaper
________________________________ home tonight.
5. First: I'll call John tomorrow. EXERCISE 27: Review of time clauses and IF-clauses. Complete the sentences by
using a form of the words in parentheses. Read carefully for time expressions.
Then: I'll ask him to my party.
(when) ________________________________ John tomorrow,
1. Before Tom (go) ______________________ yes to bed, he always (brushes)
________________________________ him to my party.
______________________ his teeth.
6. First: Mrs. Fox will stay in her office tonight.
2. Before Tom (go) ______________________ to bed later tonight, he (e-mail)
Then: She will finish her report.
______________________ his girlfriend.
(until) ________________________________ in her office tonight
3. Before Tom (go) ______________________ to bed last night, he (take)
________________________________ her report.
______________________ a shower.
7. First: I will get home tonight.
4. While Tom (take) ______________________ a shower last night, the phone
Then: I'm going to take a hot bath.
(ring) ______________________.
(as soon as) ________________________________ home tonight,
5. As soon as the phone (ring) ______________________ last night, Tom (jump)
________________________________ a hot bath.
______________________ out of the shower to answer it.
8. First: I'm going to be in Bangkok.
6. As soon as Tom (get) ______________________ up tomorrow morning, he
Then: I'm going to go to a Thai-style boxing match.
(brush) ______________________ his teeth.
(while) ________________________________ in Bangkok,
7. Tom always (brush) ______________________ his teeth as soon as he (get)
________________________________ to a Thai-style boxing match.
______________________ up.
8. After I (get) ______________________ home from work every afternoon, I
usually (drink) ______________________ a cup of tea.
9. After I (get) ______________________ home from work tomorrow afternoon,
I (drink) ______________________ a cup of tea.
10. I (have, not) ______________________ any tea until I (get)
______________________ home from work tomorrow.
11. After I (get) ______________________ home from work yesterday, I (drink)
______________________ a cup of tea.
12. While I (drink) ______________________ a cup of tea yesterday afternoon,
my neighbor (come) ______________________ over, so I (offer)
______________________ her a cup of tea too.
13. My neighbor (drop, probably) ______________________ over again
tomorrow. If she (come) ______________________, I (make)
______________________ a cup of tea for her.
EXERCISE 28: IF-clauses. 4. I'm going to watch a TV program at nine, but before I (watch)
Directions: Using the given ideas, complete each sentence by using an if-clause. Use a ______________________ the program, I (write) ______________________
comma if necessary.
a letter to my parents.
1. Maybe it will rain tomorrow.
5. Gary will come soon. I (wait) ______________________ here until he (come)
If it rains tomorrow, I'm going to go to a movie.
______________________
2. Maybe it will be hot tomorrow.
6. I'm sure it will stop raining soon. As soon as the rain (stop)
I'm going to go swimming.
______________________,1 (walk) ______________________ to the store
3. Maybe Adam will have enough time.
to get some film.
Adam will finish his essay tonight
7. I'm a junior in college this year. After I (graduate) ______________________
4. Maybe I won't get a check tomorrow.
with a B.A. next year, I (intend) ______________________ to enter graduate
I'll e-mail my parents.
school and work for an M.A. Perhaps I (go) ______________________ on for
5. Perhaps the weather will be nice tomorrow.
a Ph.D. after I (get) ______________________ my Master's degree.
We're going to go on a hike
8. I (listen) ______________________ to English language tapes while I (sleep)
6. Maybe Gina won't study for her test.
______________________ tonight. Do you think it will help me learn English
she'll get a bad grade.
faster?
7. Maybe I will have enough money.
9. A: How long (you, stay) ______________________ in this country?
I'm going to go to Hawaii for my vacation
B: I (plan) ______________________ to be here for about one more year. I
8. Maybe I won't study tonight.
(hope) ______________________ to graduate a year from this June.
I probably won't pass the chemistry exam.
A: What (you, do) ______________________ after you (leave)
______________________
EXERCISE 29: Expressing the future in time clauses.
B: I (return) ______________________ home and (get)
Directions: Use will I be going to or the simple present.
______________________ a job. How about you?
A: I (be) ______________________ here for at least two more years before
1. Peter is going to leave in half an hour. He (finish) ______________________
I (return) ______________________ home and (get)
all of his work before he (leave) ______________________
______________________ a job.
2. I'm going to eat lunch at 12:30. After I (eat) ______________________, I
(take, probably) ______________________ a nap.
3. I'll get home around six. When I (get) ______________________ home, I
(call) ______________________ Sharon.
EXERCISE 30: Expressing the future in time clauses. Directions: Complete the 8. Relax. The plumber is on his way. He (be) ______________________ here
sentences with the simple present or with will and/or the correct form of be going before there (be) ______________________ a flood in the kitchen. Lees just
to, (In some blanks, both will and be going to may be possible.) keep mopping up the water the best we can.
1. The strike has been going on for over two months now. The strikers (return, EXERCISE 31: Time clauses and IF-clauses.
not) ______________________ to work until they (get) Directions: Combine the ideas in the two sentences into one sentence by using the word
______________________ a raise and the benefits they are demanding. in italics to make an adverb clause. Omit the words in parentheses from your new
2. A: Have you heard any news about Barbara since her car accident? sentence. Underline the adverb clause.
B: No, I've heard nothing. As soon as I (hear) ______________________
something, I (let) ______________________ you know. 1. when a. I'll see you Sunday afternoon.
3. A: I see you're reading The Silk &ad. I'd really like to read it sometime. b. I'll give you my answer (then)
B: I (lend) ______________________ it to you as soon as I (finish) When I see you Sunday afternoon, I’ll give you my answer.
______________________ it
A: Really? Thanks! 2. before a. I'm going to clean up my apartment (first).
4. When Rita (get) ______________________ her driver's license next week, she b. My friends are going to come over (later).
(be) ______________________ able to drive to school every day. 3. when a. The storm will be over (in an hour or two).
5. A: Mr. Jackson called. He'll be here at the garage to pick up his car in a few b. I'm going to do some errands (then).
minutes. He (be, not) ______________________ very happy when he 4. if a. (Maybe) you won't learn how to use a computer.
(learn) ______________________ about the bill for repairs on his car. Do b. (As a result), you will have trouble finding a job.
you want to talk to him when he (come) ______________________ in and 5. as soon as a. Joe will meet us at the coffee shop.
(ask) ______________________ about his bill? b. He'll finish his report (soon).
B: Not especially, but I will. 6. after a. Sue will wash and dry the dishes.
6. After Ali (return) ______________________ to his country next month, he b. (Then) she will put them away.
(start) ______________________ working at the Ministry of Agriculture. 7. if a. They may not leave at seven.
7. According to the newspaper, the Department of Transportation (build) b. (As a result), they won't get to the theater on time.
______________________ a new four-lane highway into the city. In my
opinion, it (be) ______________________ obsolete before they (complete)
______________________ it. It seems to me that a six-lane highway is needed
to handle the heavy traffic. 8.
Using WHAT + A Form of DO 9. A: What (the students) _______________________right now?

B: They (work) _______________________on this exercise.
Present
10. A: What (they, do) _______________________in class tomorrow?
 What do you do every day? ~ I work every day. What + a form of do is used
 What are you doing right now? ~ I’m studying to ask about activities. B: They (take) _______________________a test.
English.
11. A: What (Boris, do) _______________________last night?
 What do you do? ~ I’m a teacher. In “What do you do?”
Past means B: He (go) _______________________to a movie.
 What did you do yesterday? ~ I went to school
12. A: What (the teacher, do) _______________________every day at the
yesterday. What kind of work do you
Future do? beginning of class?
 What are you going to do tomorrow? ~ I'm
B: She (put) _______________________her books on her desk, (look)
going to go downtown tomorrow. OR
 What will we do if it rains tomorrow? We'll _______________________at the class, and (say)
stay home if it rains tomorrow. What is your job?
_______________________"Good morning."
EXERCISE 32: Sentence practice. Complete the sentences with the words in EXERCISE 33: Sentence practice: review of be. Complete the sentences with the
parentheses. verbs in parentheses.
1. A: What (you, do) _______________________every Friday?
B: I (come) _______________________to class. 1. I (be) _________________ in class right now. I (be, not) _________________
2. A: What (you, do) _______________________last Friday? here yesterday. I (be) _________________ absent yesterday. (you, be)
B: I (come) _______________________to class. _________________ in class yesterday? (Carmen, be) _________________
3. A: What (you, do) _______________________next Friday? here yesterday?
B: I (come) _______________________to class. 2. Carmen and I (be) _________________ absent from class yesterday. We (be,
4. A: What (you, do) _______________________yesterday evening? not) _________________ here.
B: I (watch) _______________________TV. 3. My friends (be) _________________ at Fatima's apartment tomorrow
5. A: What (you, do) _______________________every evening? evening. I (be) _________________ there too. (you, be) _________________
B: I (watch) _______________________TV. there? (Yuko, be) _________________ there?
6. A: What (you, do) _______________________tomorrow evening? A whale (be, not) _________________ a fish. It (be) _________________ a
B: I (watch) _______________________TV. mammal. Dolphins (be, not) _________________ fish either. They (be)
7. A: What (you, do) _______________________right now? _________________ mammals.
B: I (do) _______________________a grammar exercise.
8. A: What (Maria, do) _______________________every morning?
B: She (go) _______________________to work.
IMMEDIATE FUTURE: USING BE ABOUT TO EXERCISE 35: Using BE ABOUT TO.

Directions: Write sentences using be about to. Use each verb in the list only once
BE ABOUT TO EXPLANATION
break leave rain ring write
(a) Ann's bags are packed, and she is The idiom "be about to do something"
wearing her coat. She is about to leave expresses an activity that will happen in
for the airport. the immediate future, usually within 1. A: What does it usually mean if the sky is cloudy and dark?
(b) Shhh. The movie is about to begin. minutes or seconds. In (a) Ann is going
to leave sometime in the next few B: It usually means that it ______________________________
minutes. 2. A: What does it probably mean if Jack is standing by the front door with his
car keys in his hand?
EXERCISE 34: Using BE ABOUT TO. B: It means that he ______________________________ the house.
Directions: What are the following people probably about to do? Create pictures of them 3. A: What does it mean if the teacher picks up a piece of chalk?
in your imagination. B: It probably means that he ______________________________ on the
board.
1. Jack is holding his camera to his eye. He has his finger on the button. 4. A: You're in the kitchen. The oven timer has only a few seconds left. What
2. He's about to take a picture. does that mean?
3. The door is closed. Sally has her hand on the doorknob. B: The timer ______________________________
4. Eric is on the last question of the examination. 5. A: The heavy snow is making the tree branches hang down. One is almost
5. Nancy has dirty hands from working in the garden. She is holding a bar of touching the ground. What's going to happen?
soap. She is standing at the bathroom sink. B: The branch ______________________________ probably
6. Ben is putting on his coat and heading for the door.
7. Rita is holding a fly swatter and staring at a fly on the kitchen table.
8. Mr. Tomko has just checked to make sure the doors are locked and turned off
the lights in the living room. He's heading toward the bedroom.
PARALLEL VERBS 7. I'm tired of this cold weather. As soon as spring (came) _________________,
I (play) _________________ tennis and (jogs) _________________ in the
park as often as possible.
a) Jim makes his bed and cleans up Often a subject has two verbs that are
his room every morning. connected by and. We say that the two 8. While Paul (carry) _________________ brushes and paint and (climb)
b) verbs are parallel:
_________________ a ladder, a bird (fly) _________________ down and (sit)
v + and + v
c) Ann is cooking dinner and (is)
makes and cleans = parallel verbs _________________ on his head. Paul (drop) _________________ the paint
talking on the phone at the same
time. and (spill) _________________ it all over the ground.
It is not necessary to repeat a helping
d) I will stay home and (will) study verb (an auxiliary verb) when two verbs 9. When I first (arrive) _________________ in this city and (start)
tonight. are connected by and.
_________________ going to school here, I knew no one. I was lonely and
e) I am going to stay home and (am
going to) study tonight. felt that I didn't have a friend in the world. One day white I (watch)
_________________ TV alone in my room and (feel) _________________
sorry for myself, a woman I had met in one of my classes (knock)
EXERCISE 36: Parallel verbs.
_________________ on my door and (ask) _________________
Directions: Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the words in parentheses.
10. me if I wanted to accompany her to the student center. That was the beginning
1. When I (walk) _________________ into the living room yesterday, Grandpa
of my friendship with Lisa King. Now we (see) _________________ each
(read) _________________ a newspaper and (smoke) _________________
other every day and usually (spend) _________________ time talking on the
his pipe.
phone, too. Later this week we (borrow) _________________ her brother's car
2. Helen will graduate soon. She (move) _________________ to New York and
and (go) _________________ to visit her aunt in the country. Next week we
(look) _________________ for a job after she (graduate) _________________
(take) _________________ a bus to Fall City and (go) _________________
3. Every day my neighbor (call) _________________ me on the phone and
to a football game. I'm really enjoying our friendship.
(complain) _________________ about the weather.
4. Look at Erin! She (cry) _________________ and (laugh) _________________
EXERCISE 37: Review: verb forms. Directions: Complete the sentences with the
at the same time. I wonder if she is happy or sad?
correct forms of the words in parentheses.
5. I'm beat! I can't wait to get home. After I (get) _________________ home, I
1. I usually (ride) _________________ my bicycle to work in the morning, but
(take) _________________ a hot shower and (go) _________________ to
it (rain) _________________ when I left my house early this morning, so I
bed.
(take) _________________ the bus. After I (arrive) _________________ at
6. Yesterday my dog (dig) _________________ a hole in the back yard and
work, I (discover) _________________ that I had left my briefcase at home.
(bury) _________________ a bone
2. A: Are you going to take the kids to the amusement park tomorrow morning? 6. A: What (you, wear) _________________ to Eric's wedding tomorrow?
B: Yes. It (open) _________________ at 10:00. If we (leave) B: My blue dress, I guess. How about you?
_________________ here at 9:30, we'll get there at 9:55. The kids can be the A: I (plan) _________________ to wear my new outfit. I (buy)
first ones in the park. _________________ it just a few days ago. It (be) _________________
3. A: Ouch! a yellow suit with a white blouse. Just a minute. I (show)
B: What happened? _________________ it to you. Wait right here. I (get)
A: I (cut) _________________ my finger. _________________ it from my closet and (bring) _________________
B: It (bleed) _________________ it out.
A: I know! 7. A: Look! There (be) _________________ a police car behind us. Its lights
B: Put pressure on it. I (get) _________________ some antibiotic and a (flash) _________________
bandage. B: I (know) _________________ I (know) _________________ I (see)
A: Thanks. _________________ it.
4. A: I (go) _________________ to a lecture on Shakespeare tomorrow A: What (go) ______________ on?
evening. Want to join me? B: No, I'm not. I (drive) ________________the speed limit.
B: Nah. Brian and I (go) _________________ to a movie— Godzilla Eats A: Ah, look. The police car (pass) ___________________ us.
the Earth. B: Whew!
5. A: Your phone (ring) _________________ 8. A: (the sun, keep) ______________ burning forever, or (it, burn, eventually)
B: I (know) _________________ _______________ itself out?
A: (you, answer) _________________ it? B: It (burn, eventually) ___________ itself out, but that (happen, not)
B: No. ________________ for billions of years. Sometime in the next twenty-
A: (you, want) _________________ me to get it? five years, a spaceship with a human crew (land) _________________ on
B: No thanks. Mars. I (think)_________________ they
A: Why (you, want, not) _________________ to answer your phone? (find)_______________evidence of some kind of life forms there, but I
B: 1 (expect) _________________ another call from the bill collector. I have (expect, not) _______________ them to encounter sentient beings.
a hunch of bills I haven't paid. I (want, not) _________________ to talk Someday, however, I (believe) that humans (make) contact with other
to her. intelligent beings in the universe.
A: Oh.
EXERCISE 38: Review: verb forms. Exercise 39: Review: Correct the errors.
Directions: Complete the sentences with a form of the verb in parentheses.
1. Is Ivan will go to work tomorrow?
2. When you will call me?
(1) _________________ Three hundred and fifty years ago, people (make) their
3. Will Tom to meet us for dinner tomorrow?
own clothes. They (have, not) _________________ machines for making
4. We went to a movie yesterday night.
clothes. There (be, not) _________________ any clothing factories. People
5. Did you found your keys?
(wear) ______________ homemade clothes that were sewn by hand
6. What time you are going to come tomorrow?
(2) Today, very few people (make) _________________ their own clothes.
7. My sister is going to meet me at the airport. My brother won't to be there.
Clothing (come) ________________ ready-made from factories. People (buy)
8. Mr. Wong will sells his business and retires next year.
_________________ almost all their clothes from stores.
9. Do you will be in Venezuela next year?
(3) The modern clothing industry (be) _________________ international. As a
10. I'm going to return home in a couple of month.
result, people from different countries often (wear) _________________
11. I saw Jim three day ago.
similar clothes. For example, people in many different countries throughout
12. A thief stoled my bicycle.
the world (wear) ____________ jeans and T-shirts.
13. If it will be cold tomorrow morning, my car won't start.
(4) However, some regional differences in clothing still (exist) _______________
14. We maybe late for the concert tonight.
For instance, people of the Arabian deserts (wear) _________________ loose,
15. What time you are going to come tomorrow?
flowing robes to protect themselves from the heat of the sun. In parts of
16. Fatima will call us tonight when she will arrive home safely.
northern Europe, fur hats(be) _________________ common in the winter.
17. Emily may will be at the party.
(5) In the future, there (be, probably) _________________ fewer and fewer
18. When I'll see you tomorrow, return your book to you.
differences in clothing. People throughout the world (wear)
19. I may to don't be in class tomorrow.
_________________ clothes from the same factories. (we all, dress) alike in
20. Ahmed puts his books on his desk when he walked into his apartment.
the future? TV shows and movies about the future often
21. I’ll see my parents when I will return home for a visit next July.
(show)________________ everybody in a uniform of some kind. What (you,
22. What do you doing all day at work?
think) _________________?
23. I used to kicked my sister's legs.
24. We had a test last week, and I past it.
25. I not like the food in the United State.
26. I use to get up at noon, but now I have to be at work by eight.
27. I study hardly every day, but my english is not be improve.
28. Everyone enjoy these English classes.
29. At the picnic, we sang songs and talk to each other.
30. I learn the english in my school in hong Kong before I come here. Exercise 40: Complete the sentences using the verbs in parentheses. Give short
31. I like to travel. I gonna go to new and interesting places all my life. answers to questions where necessary
32. Now I study at this school and I living with my cousin. I am always meet my
friends in the cafeteria and we talking about our classes. 1. A: (you, have) _________________ a bicycle?
33. When I wake up in the morning. I am turning on the radio. Before get up. B: Yes, I ____________________. I (ride) _________________ it to work
34. I am live with an American family. They are having four childrens. every day
35. When I was at the outdoor market, I pointed at the chicken I wanted to buy. 2. A: (you, walk) _________________ to work yesterday?
36. The man was taking it from a wooden cage and kill it without mercy. B: No, I __________________. I (ride) _________________ my bicycle
37. Every day I wake up when the birds begin to sing. If the weather not to be 3. A: Where (you, study, usually) _________________?
cloudy, I am seeing a beautiful sunrise from my bed. B: In my room
38. My husband and children they are going to join me after I will finish my A: (you, go) _________________ to the library to study sometimes?
English course. B: No. I (like, not) _________________ to study at the library.
39. My friends will to join us after work. 4. A: (you, be) _________________ in class tomorrow?
40. Maybe the rain stops soon. B: Yes, I _________________. But I (be, not) _________________ in class
41. On Friday, our school close early so teachers can go to a workshop. the day after tomorrow
42. My husband and I will intend to be at your graduation. 5. A: (whales, breathe) _________________ air?
43. Our company is going to sells computer equipment to schools. B: Yes, they _________________.
44. Give grandpa a hug. He's about to leaving. A: (a whale, have) _________________ lungs?
45. Mr. Scott is going to retire and moving to a warmer climate. B: Yes, it ___________________.
46. If your soccer team will win the championship tomorrow, we'll have a big A: (a whale, be) _________________ a fish?
celebration for you. B: No, it _________________. It (be) _________________ a mammal
47. I maybe won't be able to meet you for coffee. 6. A: (Yuko, call) _________________ you last night?
48. I bought this cloth because I will make some curtains for my bedroom. B: Yes, she ______________. We (talk) _________________ for a few
49. I moving to London when I will finish my education here. minutes.
50. Are you going go to the meeting? A: (she, tell) _________________ you about her brother, Tom?
51. I opened the door and walk to the front of the room. B: No, she ____________________. She (say, not) _________________
52. When will you be going to move into your new apartment? anything about him. Why?
A: Tom (be) _________________ in an accident
B: That's too bad. What happened?
7. A: A dog (run) _________________ in front of his bicycle. He (want, not) 14. A: Where's your homework?
_________________ to hit the dog. When he (try) _________________ B: I (lose) _____________________ it.
to avoid the dog, his bike (run) _________________ into the path of a A: Oh?
truck. The truck hit Tom. It was an unfortunate accident B: I (forget) _____________________ it.
B: (he, be) _________________ in the hospital now? A: Oh?
A: No, he ________________. He (be) _________________ at home. B: I (give) _____________________ it to Roberto to give to you, but he
8. A: I (skip) _____________________ class tomorrow. (lose) _____________________ it.
B: Why? A: Oh?
A: Why not? B: Someone (steal) _____________________ it.
B: That's not a very good reason. A: Oh?
9. A: How did you get here? B: Well, actually I (have, not) _____________________ enough time to
B: I (take) _____________________ a plane. I (fly) finish it last night.
_____________________ here from Bangkok. A: I see.
10. A: How do you usually get to class? 15. A: (you, stay) _____________________ here during vacation next week?
B: I (walk, usually) _____________________, but sometimes I (take) B: No. I (take) _____________________ a trip to Miami. I (visit)
_____________________ the bus. _____________________ my aunt and uncle.
11. A: Where's my book! Someone (steal) _____________________ it! A: How long (you, be) _____________________ away?
B: Take it easy. Your book (be) _____________________ right here. B: About five days.
A: Oh. 16. A: Why (you, wear) _____________________ a cast on your foot?
12. A: Where (you, meet) _____________________ your wife? B: I (break) _____________________ my ankle.
B: I (meet) _____________________ her at a party ten years ago. A: How?
13. A: What time (the movie, begin) _____________________ last night? B: I (step) _____________________ in a hole while I was running in the
B: 7:30. park.
A: (you, be) _____________________ late? 17. A: (you, see) _____________________ Randy yesterday?
B: No. We (make) _____________________ it in time. B: No, but I (speak) _____________________ to him on the phone. He (call)
_____________________ me yesterday evening.
A: Is he okay?
B: Yes. He still has a cold, but he's feeling much better.
A: That's good.
18. A: Is Carol here? EXERCISE 42: Review: Complete the sentences. Use the words in parentheses.
B: No, she (be, not) _____________________. She (leave) Use any appropriate verb form.
_____________________ a few minutes ago.
A: (she, be) _____________________ back soon? PART I.
B: I think so. Peter and Rachel are brother and sister. Right now their parents (be) _______________
A: Where (she, go) _____________________. abroad on a trip, so they (stay) _______________ with their grandmother. They (like)
B: She (go) _____________________ to the drugstore. _______________ to stay with her. She (make, always) _______________ wonderful
food for them. And she (tell) _______________ them stories every night before they
(go) _______________ to bed. Before Peter and Rachel (go) _______________ to bed
EXERCISE 41: Review: verb forms. Directions: Complete the sentences with the
last night, they (ask) _______________ Grandma to tell them a story. She (agree)
correct forms of the words in parentheses.
_______________. The children (put) _______________ on their pajamas, (brush)
_______________ their teeth, and (sit) _______________ with their grandmother in
A: Okay, let's all open our fortune cookies,
her big chair to listen to a story.
B: What (yours, say) ________________________________?
A: Mine says, "An unexpected gift (add) _________________ to your pleasure."
PART II.
Great! (you, plan) _________________ to give me a gift soon?
GRANDMA: That's good. Sit here beside me and get comfortable.
B: Not that I know of. Mine says, "Your trust in a friend (prove) _________________
CHILDREN: What (you, tell) _______________ us about tonight, Grandma?
well-founded." Good. I (like) _________________ having trustworthy friends.
GRANDMA: Before I (begin) _______________ the story, I (give) _______________
C: This one says, "A smile (overcome) _________________ a language barrier." Well,
each of you a kiss on the forehead because I love you very much.
that's good! After this, when I (understand, not) _________________ people who
CHILDREN: We (love) _______________ you too, Grandma.
(speak) _________________ English to me, I (smile, just) _________________
GRANDMA: Tonight I (tell) _______________ you a story about Rabbit and Eagle.
at them!
Ready?
D: My fortune is this: "Your determination (make) _________________ you succeed
CHILDREN: Yes!
in everything."
GRANDMA: Rabbit had light gray fur and a white tail. He lived with his family in a
A: Well, it (look) _________________ like all of us (have) _________________
hole in a big, grassy field. Rabbit (be) _______________ afraid of many
good luck in the future!
things, but he (be) _______________ especially afraid of Eagle. Eagle liked to
eat rabbits for dinner. One day while Rabbit was eating grass in the field, he
(see) _______________ Eagle in the sky above him. Rabbit (be)
_______________ very afraid and (run) _______________ home to his hole
as fast as he could.
Rabbit (stay) _______________ in his hole day after day because he PART IV
(be) _______________ afraid to go outside. He (get) _______________ very GRANDMA: There's a lesson to learn from this story, children. If you (be)
hungry, but still he (stay) _______________ in his hole. Finally, he (find) _______________ afraid and expect bad things to happen, bad things will
_______________ the courage to go outside because he (need) happen. The opposite is also true. If you (expect) _______________ good
_______________ (eat) _______________. things to happen, good things will happen. (you, understand)
Carefully and slowly, he (put) _______________ his little pink nose _______________ Now it's time for bed.
outside the hole. He (smell, not) _______________ any dangerous animals. CHILDREN: Please tell us another story!
And he (see, not) _______________ Eagle anywhere, so he (hop) GRANDMA: Not tonight. I'm tired. After I (have) _______________ a warm drink, I
_______________ out and (find) _______________ some delicious new grass (go) _______________ to bed. All of us need (get) _______________ a good
to eat. While he was eating the grass, he (see) _______________ a shadow on night's sleep. Tomorrow (be) _______________ a busy day.
the field and (look) _______________ up. It was Eagle! Rabbit said, "Please CHILDREN: What (we, do) _______________ tomorrow?
don't eat me, Eagle! Please don't eat me!" GRANDMA: After we (have) _______________ breakfast, we (go) _______________
to the zoo at Woodland Park. When we (be) _______________ at the zoo, we
PART III. (see) _______________ lots of wonderful animals. Then in the afternoon we
GRANDMA: On this sunny afternoon, Eagle was on her way home to her nest when (see) _______________ a play at the Children's Theater. But before we (see)
she (hear) _______________ a faint sound below her. "What is that sound?" _______________ the play, we (have) _______________ a picnic lunch in the
Eagle said to herself. She looked around, but she (see, not) _______________ park.
anything. She (decide) _______________ to ignore the sound and go home. CHILDREN: Wow! We (have) _______________ a wonderful day tomorrow!
She was tired and (want) _______________ (rest) _______________ in her GRANDMA: Now off to bed! Goodnight, Rachel and Peter. Sleep tight.
nest. CHILDREN: Goodnight, Grandma. Thank you for the story!
Then below her, Rabbit (say) _______________ again in a very loud
voice, "Please don't eat me, Eagle! Please don't eat me!" This time Eagle (hear)
_______________ Rabbit clearly. Eagle (spot) _______________. Rabbit in EXERCISE 43: Verb tense review.
the field, (fly) _______________ down, and (pick) _______________ Rabbit Directions: Complete the sentences by using a form of the words in parentheses.
up in her talons. "Thank you, Rabbit," said Eagle. "I was hungry and (know,
not) _______________ where I could find my dinner. It's a good thing you 1. It's getting late, but before I (go) _____________________ to bed, I (finish)
called to me." Then Eagle (eat) _______________ Rabbit for dinner. _____________________ my homework and (write)
_____________________ a couple of e-mails.
2. While I (make) _____________________ dinner last night, some grease (spill) 7. If I (see) _____________________ Mike tomorrow, I (tell)
_____________________ out of the frying pan and (catch) _____________________ him about the party.
_____________________ on fire. When the smoke detector on the ceiling 8. I go to New York often. When I (be) _____________________ in New York,
(start) _____________________ to buzz, my roommate (run) I usually (see) _____________________ a Broadway play.
_____________________ into the kitchen to find out what was wrong. He 9. When I (be) _____________________ in New York next week, I (stay)
(think) _____________________ that the house was on fire! _____________________ at the Park Plaza Hotel.
3. Mark is obsessed with video games. He (play) _____________________ video 10. Cindy and I (go) _____________________ to the beach tomorrow if the
games morning, noon, and night. Sometimes he (cut) weather (be) _____________________ warm and sunny.
_____________________ class to play them. Right now he (do, not) 11. Jack (watch) _____________________ a football game on TV right now. As
_____________________ very well in school. If he (study, not) soon as the game (be) _____________________ over, he (mow)
_____________________ harder and (go) _____________________ to class _____________________ the grass in the back yard.
every day, he (flunk) _____________________ out of school. 12. As soon as the test (be) _____________________ over in class yesterday, the
4. Sometimes my daughter, Susie, has temper tantrums. She (cry) students (leave) _____________________ the room.
_____________________ and (stomp) _____________________ her feet 13. As soon as I (get) _____________________ home every day, my children
when she (get) _____________________ angry. Yesterday when she (get) always (run) _____________________ to the door to meet me.
_____________________ angry, she (pick) _____________________ 14. A: I'll lend you my bike if I (need, not) _____________________ it
(throw) _____________________ it at her little brother. Luckily, the car (hit, tomorrow.
not) _____________________ him. Susie (feel) _____________________ B: Thanks.
very bad. She (apologize) _____________________ to her brother and (kiss) 15. A: Everyone in the office (plan) _____________________ to come to the
_____________________ him. annual company picnic tomorrow. (you, come) ___________________?
5. It's October now. The weather (begin) _____________________ to get colder. B: Of course!
It (begin) _____________________ to get cold every October. I (like, not) 16. A: How (you, get, usually) _____________________ to work?
_____________________ winter, but I (think) _____________________ B: I (take) _____________________ the commuter train every morning.
autumn is beautiful. In a couple of weeks, my friend and I (take) 17. This morning, Bob (comb) _____________________ his hair when the comb
_____________________ a weekend trip to the country if the weather (be) (break) _____________________ . So he (finish) _____________________
_____________________ nice. We (drive) _____________________ through combing his hair with his fingers and (rush) _____________________ out the
the river valley and (enjoy) _____________________ the colors of fall. door to class.
6. Jane (meet) _____________________ me at the airport when my plane 18. I'm exhausted! When I (get) _____________________ home tonight, I (read)
(arrive) _____________________ tomorrow. _____________________ the paper and (watch) _____________________
the news. I (do, not) _____________________ any work around the house.
19. Yesterday I (see) _____________________ the man who stole the radio from f. You have to spend the money to improve your country. What are you
my car last Friday. I (run) _____________________ after him, (catch) going to do?
_____________________ him, and (knock) _____________________ him
down. A passerby (go) _____________________ to call the police. I (sit) EXERCISE 45: Using the present progressive to express future time.
Directions: Answer the questions. Practice using the present progressive to
_____________________ on the man while I (wait)
express future time.
_____________________ for them to come. After they (get)
_____________________ there and (understand) _____________________ 1. What are your plans for the rest of today?
the situation, they (put) _____________________ handcuffs on him and (take) 2. What are your plans for tomorrow?
_____________________ him to jail. 3. Do you have any travel plans? What are they?
20. A: My cousin (have) _____________________ a new cat. She now (have) 4. Think of someone you know. Does this person have any plans that you are
_____________________ four cats. aware of?
B: Why (she, have) _____________________ so many? EXERCISE 46: Using the present progressive and the simple present to express
future time.
A: To catch the mice in her house.
B: (you, have) _____________________ any cats? Directions: Pretend that you are going to take your ideal vacation next week, All of
A: No, and I (get, not) _____________________ any. I (have, not) your plans are made, and your itinerary is in front of you. Write your travel plans. Use
present tenses where appropriate.
_____________________ mice in my house.
Example:
Exercise 44: Written Exercises. Write paragraphs for the following situations. This coming Saturday I am beginning my 'vacation of a lifetime." The
1. What is going to happen in the next 50 years? first place I'm going to is Bali. My plane leaves at six-thirty Saturday
morning. I arrive in Bali late that afternoon. I'm staying at the Nusa
2. In the mail is a letter from your bank. In the envelope is a gift of a lot of money. Duo Beach Hotel. leave Bali on the fifteenth and travel to the
a. You have to spend the money on a wonderful vacation. What are you Philippines. While I'm there, I'm staying with some friends. Etc.
going to do?
b. You have to spend the money to help other people. What are you going
to do?
c. You have to spend the money to improve your school or place of work.
What are you going to do?
d. You have to spend the money on your family. What are you going to do?
e. You have to spend the money to make the world a better place. What are
you going to do?
EXERCISE 47: Error analysis: summary review of present, past, and future time. FUTURE PROGRESSIVE
Directions: Rewrite the paragraphs. Correct any errors in grammar, spelling, or
punctuation. If you wish, change the wording to improve the expression of the ideas.
a) I will begin to study at seven. You The future progressive expresses an
will come at eight. I will be activity that will be in progress at a time
studying when you come. in the future.
1. I want to tell you about Oscar. He my cousin. He comes here four years ago. b) Right now I am sitting in class. At
this same time tomorrow, I will be
Before he came here, he study statistics in Chile, When he leaves Chile to come sitting in class.
here. He came with four friends. They were studying English in Ohio. Then he c) Don't call me at nine because I The progressive form of be going to:
won't be home. I am going to be be going to + be + -ing
went to New york stayed there for three years. He graduated from New York studying at the library.
University. Now he study at this school. After he finish his Master's degree, he d) Don't get impatient. She will be Sometimes there is little or no difference
coming soon. between the future progressive and the
return to Chile. e) Don't get impatient She will come simple future, especially when the future
soon event will occur at an indefinite time in
2. Long ago in a faraway place, a lonely man move into a new neighborhood. His the future, as in (d) and (e).
first project is his new garden. He begun to work on it right away. He wanting
to make a perfect garden. One day some friendly neighbors and their children
EXERCISE 48: Using the future progressive.
visitted the man in his garden and helpped him with the work. They planting Directions: Use the future progressive or the simple present.
flowers and build a small bridge across a little stream. All of them were very
1. Right now I am attending class. Yesterday at this time, 1 was attending class.
happy during they were building the bridge and work on the garden. The man
Tomorrow at this time, I (attend) ______________________ class.
was especially happy because he's no longer lonely. While the adults working, 2. Tomorrow I'm going to leave for home. When I (arrive)
______________________ at the airport, my whole family (wait)
some of their children plaied with a ball in the garden while they were play,
______________________ for me.
one of them step on a flower. Suddenly the man was getting very angry and
3. When I (get) ______________________ up tomorrow morning, the sun
tell everyone to leave. All the neighbors leaved and go back to their own (shine) ______________________ the birds (sing)
______________________, and my roommate (lie, still)
homes. After that, the man builded a wall around his garden and lock the gate.
______________________ in bed fast asleep.
For the rest of his life, the man sat alone in his garden every evening and crying.
4. A: When do you leave for Florida? EXERCISE 49: Future progressive.

B: Tomorrow. Just think! Two days from now I (lie) Directions: Complete the sentences with the future progressive or the simple
______________________ on the beach in the sun. present of the verbs in parentheses.
A: Sounds great! I (think) ______________________ about you.
5. A: How can I get in touch with you while you're out of town? 1. Just relax, Antoine. As soon as your sprained ankle (heal)
B: I (stay) ______________________ at the Pilgrim Hotel: You can reach ______________________, you can play soccer again. At this time nest week,
me there. you (play) ______________________ soccer again.
6. Next year at this time, I (do) ______________________ exactly what I am 2. I’ll meet you at the airport tomorrow. After you (clear)
doing now. I (attend) ______________________ school and (study) ______________________ customs, look for me just outside the gate. I (stand)
______________________ hard next year. ______________________ right by the door
7. Look at those dark clouds. When class (be) ______________________ over, 3. Ingrid and Ruth won't be at this school when classes (start)
it (rain, probably) ______________________ ______________________ next semester. They (attend)
8. A: Are you going to be in town next Saturday? ______________________ a new school in Taiwan.
B: No. I (visit, in Chicago) ______________________ my aunt. 4. Please come and visit today when you (have) ______________________ a
9. A: Where are you going to be this evening? chance. I (shop) ______________________ from 1:00 to 2:30 but be home
B: I (work, at the library) ______________________ on my research paper. after that.
10. A: Do you think life will be very different 100 years from now? 5. I won't be here next week. I (attend) ______________________ a seminar in
B: Of course. I can picture it in my mind. People (live) Los Angeles. Ms. Gomez will substitute-teach for me. When I (return)
______________________ in modular mobile residential units that they ______________________ I will expect you to be ready for the midterm
can take with them if they have to move, and they (drive) examination.
______________________ air cars that can go at tremendous speeds.
A: That sounds pretty far-fetched to me. Why would people want to take their
houses with them when they move?
FUTURE PERFECT 2. This traffic is terrible. We're going to be late. By the time we (get)
______________________ to the airport, Bob's plane (arrive, already*)
______________________ and he'll be wondering where we are.
a) I will graduate in June. I will see The future perfect expresses an activity
you in July. By the time I see you, I that will be completed before another 3. The traffic was very heavy. By the time we (get) ______________________
will have graduated. time or event in the future.
to the airport, Bob's plane (arrive, already) ______________________
b) I will have finished my homework (Note: by the time introduces a time
by the time I go out on a date clause; the simple present is used in a 4. This morning I came to class at 9:00. Right now it is 10:00, and I am still in
tonight time clause.)
class. I (sit) ______________________ at this desk for an hour. By 9:30, I (sit)
______________________ here for a half an hour. By 11:00, I (sit)
FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE ______________________ here for two hours.
5. I'm getting tired of sitting in the car. Do you realize that by the time we arrive
a) I will go to bed at ten P.M. Ed will The future perfect progressive in Phoenix, we (drive) ______________________ for twenty straight hours?
get home at midnight. At midnight I emphasizes the duration of an activity 6. Margaret was born in 1975. By 1995, she (live) ______________________ on
will be sleeping. I will have been that will be in progress before another
sleeping for two hours by the time rime or event in the future. this earth for 20 years. By the year 2025, she (live) ______________________
Ed gets home. on this earth for 50 years.
b) When Professor Jones retires next Sometimes the future perfect and the 7. Go ahead and leave on your vacation. Don't worry about this work. By the time
month, he will have taught for 45 future perfect progressive have the same you (get) ______________________ back, we (take)
years. meaning, as in (b) and (c). Also, notice
c) When Professor Jones retires next that the activity expressed by either of ______________________ care of everything.
month, he will have been teaching these two tenses may begin in the past. 8. I don't understand how those marathon runners do it! The race began more than
for 45 years.
an hour ago. By the time they reach the finish line, they (run)
______________________ steadily for more than two hours. I don't think I
can run more than two minutes!
EXERCISE 50: Perfect and perfect progressive tenses. 9. What? He got married again? At this rate, he (have)
Directions: Use any appropriate tense. ______________________ a dozen wives by the time he (die)
______________________
1. Ann and Andy got married on June 1st. 10. We have been married for a long time. By our next anniversary, we (be)
Today is June 14th. They (be) ______________________ married for two ______________________ married for 43 years.
weeks.
By June 7th, they (be) ______________________ married for one week.
By June 28th, they (be) ______________________ married for four weeks.
EXERCISE 51: The future perfect and the future perfect progressive. EXERCISE 52: Review: future time.
Directions: Complete the sentences with the future perfect or the future perfect Directions: These sentences describe typical events in a day in the life of a man named
progressive of the verbs in the list. Include any words in parentheses. Use each Bill, The sentences are in the past, but all of these things will happen in Bill's life
verb only once. tomorrow. Change all of the sentences to the future.
arrive listen rise smoke 1. When Bill got up yesterday morning, the sun was shining, And tomorrow?
fly ride save teach SAMPLE: When Bill gets up tomorrow morning, the sun will be shining. 6
2. He shaved and showered, and then made a light breakfast. And tomorrow?
1. By the time I get up tomorrow morning, the sun (already) 3. After he ate breakfast yesterday, he got ready to go to work. And tomorrow?
_________________________ 4. By the time he got to work yesterday, he had drunk three cups of coffee. And
2. This is a long trip! By the time we get to Miami, we tomorrow?
_________________________ on this bus for over 15 hours. 5. Between 8:00 and 9:00, Bill answered his e-mail and planned his day. And
3. We're going to be late meeting my brother's plane, By the time we get to the tomorrow?
airport, it (already). 6. By 10:00 yesterday, he had called new clients. And tomorrow?
4. He's never going to stop talking. In 15 more minutes, we 7. At 11:00 yesterday, he was attending a staff meeting. And tomorrow?
_________________________ to him lecture for three solid hours. I don't 8. He went to lunch at noon and had a sandwich and a bowl of soup. And
even know what he's saying anymore. tomorrow?
5. What? You're smoking another cigarette? At this rate you 9. After he finished eating, he took a short walk in the park before he returned to
_________________________ a whole pack by lunchtime. Don't you think the office. And tomorrow?
you should cut down a little? 10. He worked at his desk until he went to another meeting in the middle of the
6. This is the longest flight I have ever taken. By the time we get to New Zealand, afternoon. And tomorrow?
we _________________________ for 13 hours. I'm going to be exhausted. 11. By the time he left the office, he had attended three meetings. And tomorrow?
7. Douglas has been putting some money away every month to prepare for his 12. When Bill got home, his children were playing in the yard. And tomorrow?
trip to South America next year. By the end of this year he 13. They had been playing since 3:00 in the afternoon. And tomorrow?
_________________________ enough. It looks like he's going to make it. 14. As soon as he finished dinner, he took the children for a walk to a nearby
8. Can you believe it? According to our grammar teacher, by the end of this playground: And tomorrow?
semester she _________________________ more than 3,000 students from 42 15. Afterward, the whole family sat in the living room and discussed their day.
different countries. She has been teaching for nearly 20 years and she still loves And tomorrow?
it. 16. They watched television for a while, and then he and his wife put the kids to
bed. And tomorrow?
CHAPTER 04: FUTURE TIME
17. By the time Bill went to bed yesterday, he had had a full day and was ready for
sleep. And tomorrow?
EXERCISE 53: Review: future time.

Directions: What do you think the world will be like a hundred years from now? What
changes will have occurred between then and now? Use your imagination and make
some predictions. Possible topics:
1. means of transportation
2. sources of energy
3. population growth
4. food sources
5. extinction of animal species OUTLINE
6. architecture
7. clothing styles 1. ADVERB CLAUSES OF TIME: FORM
8. exploration of the oceans; of the earth's interior 2. USING ADVERB CLAUSES TO SHOW TIME
9. space exploration; contact with beings from outer space RELATIONSHIPS
10. weapon technology
11. role of computers in daily life
12. long-term solutions to today's political crises
13. international language
14. international world government
NOTE: You may wish to make comparisons among the past, the present, and the
future.
For example:
A hundred years ago, the automobile hadn't been invented, today
it is one of the most common means of transportation and has
greatly changed the way people lead their lives: By the year
_______________, the automobile will have become obsolete. A
hundred years from now people will use small, jet-propelled,
wingless flying machines in place of cars.
CHAPTER 05: ADVERB CLAUSES OF TIME & REVIEW OF VERB TENSES CHAPTER 05: ADVERB CLAUSES OF TIME & REVIEW OF VERB TENSES
EXERCISE 01: Error analysis: review of verb tenses. 16. When I got home to my apartment last night, I use my key to open the door
Directions: Correct the errors. as usual. But the door didn't open. I trying my key again and again with no
luck. So I am knocking on the door for my wife to let me in. Finally the door
1. I am studying here since last January. opens, but I don't saw my wife on the other side. I saw a stranger. I had been
2. By the time I return to my country, I am away from home for more than three try to get into the wrong apartment! I quickly apologizing and am went to my
years. own apartment.
3. As soon as I will graduate, I going to return to my hometown.
4. By the end of the 21st century, scientists will had discovered the cure for the
common cold. EXERCISE 02: Review of verb tenses.
5. I want to get married, but I don't meet the right person yet. Directions: Use any appropriate tense of the verbs in parentheses.
6. I have been seeing that movie three times, and now I am wanting to see it
again. 1. John is in my English class. He (study) ______________________ English
7. Last night, I have had dinner with two friend. I knew both of them for a long this semester. He (take, also) ______________________ some other classes.
time. His classes (begin) ______________________ at 9:00 every day.
8. I am not like my job at the restaurant. My brother wants me to change it. I am 2. Yesterday John ate breakfast at 8:00. He (eat, already)
thinking he is right. ______________________ breakfast when he (leave)
9. So far this week, the teachers are giving us a lot of homework every day. ______________________ for class at 8:45. He (eat, always)
10. There are more than forty presidents of the United States since it became a ______________________ breakfast before he (go)
country. George Washington had been the first president. He was become the ______________________ to class. Tomorrow before he (go)
president in 1789. ______________________ to class, he (eat) ______________________
11. While I will be studying tonight, I'm going to listen to Beethoven's Seventh breakfast.
Symphony. 3. John is in class every morning from 9:00 to 12:00. Two days ago, I (call)
12. We washed the dishes and clean up the kitchen after our dinner guests were ______________________ him at 11:30, but I could not reach him because
leaving. he (attend) ______________________ class at that time.
13. My neighbors are Mr. and Mrs. Jones. I know them ever since I am a child. 4. Don't try to call John at 11:30 tomorrow morning because he (attend)
14. It's raining tomorrow morning. ______________________ class at that time.
15. Many scientists believe there is a major earthquake in California in the next 5. Yesterday John took a nap from 1:00 to 2:00. I arrived at 1:45. When I (get)
few years. ______________________ there, John (sleep) ______________________
He (sleep) ______________________ for 45 minutes by the time I got there.
6. Right now John (take) ______________________ a nap. He (fall) ADVERB CLAUSES OF TIME: FORM
______________________ asleep an hour ago. He (sleep)
a) When the phone rang, the In (a): When the phone rang is an adverb clause of
______________________ for an hour.
baby woke up time. An adverb clause is one kind of dependent
7. Three days ago, John (start) ______________________ to read A Farewell to clause. A dependent clause must be attached to an
independent, or main, clause. In (a): the baby woke
Arms, a novel by Ernest Hemingway. It is a long novel. He (finish, not)
up is the main clause.
______________________ reading it yet. He (read)
b) INCORRECT: When the Example (b) is incorrect because the adverb clause
______________________ it because his English teacher assigned it.
phone rang. The baby woke is not connected to the main clause.
8. Since the beginning of the semester, John (read) ______________________ up. Example (c) is correct because there is no adverb
c) The phone rang. The baby clause. The two main clauses are both independent
three novels. Right now he (read) ______________________ A Farewell to
woke up. sentences.
Arms. He (read) ______________________ that novel for the past three
days. He (intend) ______________________ to finish it next week. In his
d) When the phone rang, the Examples (d) and (e) have the same meaning. An
lifetime, he (read) ______________________ many novels, but this is the baby woke up. adverb clause can come in front of a main clause,
e) The baby woke up when the as in (d), or follow the main clause, as in (e).
first Hemingway novel he (read, ever) ______________________
phone rang. Notice that a comma is used to separate the two
9. Tomorrow, after he (eat) ______________________ dinner, John (go) clauses when the adverb clause comes first.
______________________ to a movie. In other words, he (eat)
______________________ dinner by the time he (go)
______________________ to the movie.
EXERCISE 03: Adverb clauses of time.
Directions: Add necessary punctuation and capitalization. Identify adverb
clauses and main clauses. Do not add or delete any words.
Example: when Sam was in New York he stayed with his cousins
When Sam was in New York, he stayed with his cousins.
1. we went inside when it began to rain
2. it began to rain we went inside
3. when it began to rain we went inside
4. when the mail comes my assistant opens it
5. my assistant opens the mail when it comes
6. the mail comes around ten o'clock every morning my assistant opens it
PRACTICE 04: Adverb clauses of time. USING ADVERB CLAUSES TO SHOW TIME
Directions: Change the position of the adverb clause in the sentence. Underline RELATIONSHIPS
the adverb clause in the given sentence, and underline the adverb clause in the
AFTER A present tense, NOT a future tense, is
new sentence. Punctuate carefully. a) After she graduates, she will get a job. used in an adverb clause of time, as in
b) After she (had) graduated, she got a examples (a) and (c).
job
1. I didn't feel any older when I reached my 21st birthday. After and before are commonly used in
When I reached my 21st birthday, I didn't feel any older. BEFORE the following expressions:
2. I had a cup of tea before I left for work. c) I will leave before he comes. shortly after shortly before
3. After I get home from work, 1 like to read the evening newspaper. d) I (had) left before he came. a short time after a short time before
a little while after a little while before
4. Since my watch broke, I have been late to work three times. not long after not long before
5. My cat hides under the house whenever it rains. soon after
6. I'm going to get a job once I finish school. WHEN

7. While I was waiting for my bus, I heard a gunshot. e) When I arrived, he was talking on the when = at that time
phone. Notice the different time relationships
8. The village will have no electric power until a new generator is installed. f) When I got there, he had already left. expressed by the tenses
9. The last time I was in Taipei, I saw Mr. Wu. g) When it began to rain, I stood under a
tree.
10. As soon as we saw the tornado heading toward our town, we ran to the h) When I was in Chicago, I visited the
basement of the town hall museums.
i) When I see him tomorrow, I will ask
him.
WHILE AS while, as = during that time
j) While I was walking home, it began

to rain.
k) As I was walking home, it began to
rain.
BY THE TIME by the time = one event is completed

l) By the time he arrived, we had already before another event
left.
m) By the time he comes, we will have Notice the use of the past perfect and
already left. future perfect in the main clause.
SINCE since = from that time to the present In EXERCISE 05: Using adverb clauses to show time relationships.
n) I haven't seen him since he left this (o): ever adds emphasis.
Directions: Combine each pair of sentences. Use the given time words if they are
morning. Note: The present perfect is used in the
o) I've known her ever since I was a main clause. possible and appropriate to the meaning. Cross out inappropriate ones. In the
child.
new sentences, omit unnecessary words, make any necessary changes (paying
UNTIL / TILL until, till = to that time and then no special attention to verb forms), and punctuate carefully.
p) We stayed there until we finished our longer (Till is used more in speaking than
work. in writing; it is generally not used in
q) We stayed there till we finished our formal English.) 1. The other passengers will get on the bus soon. Then we'll leave.
work. A. while B. as soon as C. the last time
AS SOON AS / ONCE as soon as, once = when one event —> As soon as the other passengers get on the bus, we'll leave.
r) As soon as it stops raining, we will happens, another event happens soon 2. I turned off the lights. After that, I left the room.
leave. afterward
s) Once it stops raining, we will leave. A. before B. by the time C. after
—> I turned off the lights before I left the room.
AS LONG AS / SO LONG AS as long as, so long as = during all that —> By the time I left the room, I had turned off the lights.
t) I will never speak to him again as time, from beginning to end
—> After I turned off the lights, I left the room.
long as I live.
u) I will never speak to him again so 3. Susan sometimes feels nervous. Then she chews her nails.
long as I live.
A. whenever B. before C. every time
WHENEVER / EVERY TIME whenever = every time 4. The frying pan caught on fire. I was making dinner at that time.
v) Whenever I see her, I say hello.
w) Every time I see her, I say hello. A. by the time B. while C. as soon as
5. We were sitting down to eat. Someone knocked on the door at that moment.
THE FIRST TIME / THE LAST Adverb clauses can be introduced by the
A. just as* B. just after* C. just before*
TIME / THE NEXT TIME following:
x) The first time (that) I went to New the first time (that) 6. The singer finished her song. The audience immediately burst into applause.
York, I went to an opera. the second time (that)
y) I saw two plays the last time (that) I the third time (that) A. as long as B. as soon as C. immediately after
went to New York. the last time (that) 7. We have to wait here. Nancy will come.
z) The next time (that) I go to New the next time (that) etc.
A. as soon as B. after C. until
York, I'm going to see a ballet.
8. Nancy will come. We can leave for the theater.
A. after B. as soon as C. when
9. My roommate walked into the room yesterday. I immediately knew that
something was wrong.
A. just as soon as B. when C. whenever
10. I stood up to give my speech. Immediately before that, I got butterflies in my PRACTICE 06: Adverb clauses of time.
stomach. Directions: Using the words in parentheses, make logical connections between the
A. until B. while C. just before ideas in Column A with the ideas in Column B. Punctuate carefully and pay
11. I saw the great pyramids of Egypt in the moonlight. I was speechless. attention to verb tenses. Underline the adverb clauses in the new sentences.
A. until B. the first time C. before Examples: As soon as the taxi gets here, we can leave.
12. Jane has gotten three promotions in the last six months. She started working I turned off the TV before I left the room.
at this company six months ago. Column A Column B
A. before B. since C. when 1) Our taxi will get here. (as soon as) A. She was leaving the store.
13. I had gone to bed. The phone rang. 2) I turned off the TV. (before) B. It destroyed everything in its
A. shortly after B. not long after C. a short time after 3) I parachuted from a plane. (the first time) path.
14. The weather will get warmer soon. Then we can start playing tennis again. 4) My boss stormed into my office (while) C. We can leave.
A. while B. when C. once 5) Ceylon had been independent for 24 D. I get sleepy.
15. Shakespeare died in 1616. He had written more than 37 plays before then. years. (after) E. I left the room.
A. while B. once C. by the time 6) Jack fell off his bicycle. (since) F. Its name was changed to Sri
16. Sam will go to the movies again. He'll remember to take his glasses then. 7) Ms. Johnson will return your call. (as Lanka.
A. the next time B. as long as C. by the time soon as) G. We can eat.
17. I will not forget Mr. Tanaka. I will live for a long time. 8) John will learn how to use a computer. H. She'll have some free time.
A. as B. as long as C. so long as (once) I. I'll finish my research project.
18. Mohammad had never heard about Halloween. Then he came to the U.S. 9) I won't return this book to the library. J. I was both terrified and
A. before B. until C. since (until) exhilarated.
10) Sue dropped a carton of eggs. (as) K. I was talking on the phone to an
11) Anna will go to class. (the next time) important client.
12) The flooding river raced down the valley. L. He'll be able to work more
(when) efficiently.
13) The rice will be done. (just as soon as) M. He's had to use crutches to walk
14) When I go to bed at night, I like to read. N. She'll remember to take her
(until) grammar book.
EXERCISE 07: Verb tenses in adverb clauses of time. 8. After the horse threw her to the ground for the third time, Jennifer picked
Directions: Choose the best completion. Give yourself seven minutes to complete
herself up and said, “I ____________ on another horse as long as I live.”
this exercise.
A. never ride B. have never ridden
1. As soon as Martina saw the fire, she ______________________ the fire
C. will never ride D. do not ride
department.
9. The next time Paul ______________________ to New York, he will visit
A. was telephoning B. telephoned
the Metropolitan Museum's famous collection of international musical
C. had telephoned D. has telephoned
instruments.
2. 2 Before Jennifer won the lottery, she ______________________ any
A. will fly B. flies
kind of contest.
C. has flown D. will have flown
A. hasn't entered B. doesn't enter
10. Ever since Maurice arrived, he ______________________ quietly in the
C. wasn't entering D. hadn't entered
corner. Is something wrong?
3. Every time Prakash sees a movie made in India, he
A. sat B. has been sitting
______________________ homesick.
C. had been sitting D. will have sat
A. will have felt B. felt
11. After Nancy ______________________ for twenty minutes, she began to
C. feels D. is feeling
feel tired.
4. Since I left Venezuela six years ago, I ______________________ to visit
A. jogging B. had been jogging
friends and family several times.
C. has been jogging D. has jogged
A. return B. will have returned
12. Peter, ______________________ since you got home from football
C. am returning D. have returned
practice?
5. While he was washing his new car, Mr. De Rosa ______________________
A. have you eaten B. will you eat
a small dent in the rear fender.
C. are you eating D. do you eat
A. has discovered B. was discovering
13. By the time the young birds ______________________ the nest for good,
C. is discovering D. discovered
they will have learned how to fly.
6. Yesterday while I was attending a sales meeting, Matthew
A. will leave B. will have left C. are leaving D. leave
______________________ on the company’s annual report.
14. The last time I ______________________ in Athens, the weather was hot
A. was working B. had been working
and humid.
C. has worked D. works
A. had been B. was
7. Tony ______________________ to have children until his little daughter
C. am D. will have been
was born. After she won his heart, he decided he wanted a big family.
A. doesn't want B. hadn't wanted
C. wasn't wanting D. hasn't wanted
EXERCISE 08: Review of verb tenses Directions: Use any appropriate tense for 6. A: I was in your hometown last month. It looked like a nice town. I (be,
the verbs in parentheses. In some instances, more than one tense is possible.*
never) ______________________ there before.
1. A: There is something I have to tell you. B: What (you, do) ______________________ in that part of the country?
B: Go ahead. I (listen) ______________________ A: My wife and I (drive) ______________________ to Washington, D.C.,
2. A: Hi, Ann. (you, meet) ______________________ my friend George to visit her family.
Smith? 7. A: (you, take) ______________________ Econ 120 this semester?
B: No, I (have, never) ______________________ the pleasure. B: No, I
A: Then let me introduce you. A: (you, take, ever) ______________________ it?
3. A: Stop! What (you, do) ______________________ B: Yes, I
B: I (try) ______________________ to get this piece of toast out of the A: When (you, take) ______________________ it?
toaster. It's stuck. B: Last semester.
A: Well, don't use a knife. You (electrocute) ______________________ A: Who (be) ______________________ your professor?
yourself! B: Dr. Lee.
B: What do you suggest I do? A: Oh, I have the same professor. What (he, be) ______________________
A: Unplug it first. like?
4. A: There's Jack. B: He (be) ______________________ very good.
B: Where? 8. A: May I borrow some money? My check (be) ______________________
A: He (lie) ______________________ on the grass under that tree over supposed to arrive yesterday, but I still (receive, not)
there. ______________________ it. I need to buy a book for one of my
B: Oh, yes. I (see) ______________________ him. He (look, certainly) classes, but I (have, not) ______________________ any money.
______________________ comfortable. Let's go talk to him. B: Sure. I'd be happy to lend you some. How much (you, need)
5. A: I (go) ______________________ to a play last night. ______________________
B: (it, be) ______________________ any good? A: How about five dollars? Thanks. I (pay) ______________________ you
A: I thought so. I (enjoy) ______________________ it a lot. back as soon as I (get) ______________________ my check.
B: What (you, see) ______________________
A: Arsenic and Old Lace. I (see, never) ______________________ it
before.
B: Oh, I (see) ______________________ that play too. I (see)
______________________ it a couple of years ago. It (be)
______________________ good, (be, not) ______________________ it
9. A: Hello? ALI: I (study) ______________________ English. I (need)

B: Hello. May I speak to Sue? ______________________ to improve my English before I (take)
A: She (be, not) ______________________ in right now. May I take a ______________________ regular academic courses next semester.
message? JOSE: How long (you, he) ______________________ here?
B: Yes. This is Art O'Brien. Would you please ask her to meet me at the ALI: I (be) ______________________ here since the beginning of this
library this afternoon? I (sit) ______________________ at one of the semester. Actually, I (arrive) ______________________ in the United
study booths on the second floor. States six months ago, but I (study) ______________________ English
10. A: Alex, (you, know) ______________________ where Ms. Rodriguez is? at this university only since January. Before that I (live)
I (look) ______________________ for her for the past hour. ______________________ with my brother in Washington, D.C.
B: She (see) ______________________ Mr. Frost at the moment about the JOSE: You (speak) ______________________ English very well. (you, study)
shipment of parts which we (receive) ______________________ earlier ______________________ a lot of English before you (come)
today. Some of the parts are missing. ______________________ to the United States?
A: Uh, oh. That (sound) ______________________ like trouble. Please tell ALI: Yes. I (study) ______________________ English for ten years in my
Ms. Rodriguez to phone me when she (have) ______________________ own country. And also, I (spend) ______________________ some time
some free time. I (work) ______________________ in my office all in Canada a couple of years ago. I (pick) ______________________ up
afternoon. a lot of English while I (live) ______________________ there.
JOSE: You (be) ______________________ lucky, When I (come)
EXERCISE 09: Review of verb tenses. ______________________ to the United States, I (study, never)
Directions: Use any appropriate tense. ______________________ any English at all. So I had to spend a whole
year studying nothing but English before I (start)
JOSE: Hi, my name is JOSE. ______________________ school.
ALI: Hi, my name is ALI. ALI: How long (you, plan) ______________________ to be in the United
JOSE: (you, study) ______________________ at this university? An! Yes, I States?
(be) ______________________ And you? JOSE: I (be„ not) ______________________ sure. Probably by the time I
JOSE: Yes, I (be) ______________________ here since last September. Before (return) ______________________ home, I (he)
that I (study) ______________________ English at another school. ______________________ here for at least five years. How about you?
ALI: What (you, take) ______________________ this term? J05E: I (take) ALI: I (hope) ______________________ to be finished with al! my work in
______________________ chemistry, math, psychology, and American two and a half years.
history. What (you, take) ______________________
PRACTICE 10: Verb tenses in adverb clauses of time. 8. Before I started the car, all of the passengers ___________ their seat belts.
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. A. will buckle B. had buckled
C. buckle D. have buckled
1. After Jessica ___________ her degree, she intends to work in her father's 9. It seems that whenever I travel abroad, I ___________ to take something I
company. need
A. will finish B. will have finished A. forgot B. am forgetting
C. finishes D. is finishing C. forget D. had forgotten
2. By the time I go to bed tonight, I ___________ my work for the day. 10. When I see the doctor this afternoon, I ___________ him to look at my
A. will finish B. have finished throat.
C. will have finished D. finish A. will ask B. asked
3. When my parents ___________ for a visit tomorrow, they will see our new C. will have asked D. ask
baby for the first time. 11. After ancient Greek athletes won a race in the Olympics, they ___________ a
A. will arrive B. arrived simple crown of olive leaves.
C. will have arrived D. arrive A. received B. had received
4. Fatemah looked down to discover a snake at her feet. When she saw it, she C. were receiving D. have received
___________. 12. After the race ___________, the celebration began.
A. was screaming B. had screamed A. had been won B. is won
C. screamed D. screams C. will be won D. has been won
5. By the time Alfonso finally graduated from high school, he ___________ 13. I'll return Bob's pen to him the next time I ___________ him.
seven different schools because his parents moved frequently. A. see B. will see
A. attended B. was attending C. will have seen D. have seen
C. had attended D. had been attending 14. I ___________ all of the questions correctly since I began this grammar
6. Until you learn to relax more, you ___________ your ability to speak exercise on verb tenses.
English. A. am answering B. answer
A. haven't improved B. aren't improving C. have answered D. answered
C. don't improve D. won't improve 15. A small stone struck the windshield while we ___________ down the gravel
7. I borrowed four books on gardening the last time I ___________ to the road.
library. A. drive B. were driving
A. go B. went C. had driven D. had been driving
C. had gone D. have gone
EXERCISE 11: Review of verb tenses. PRACTICE 12: Verb tense review.
Directions: Use any appropriate tense. Directions: Use any appropriate tense for the verbs in parentheses.
Dear Ann, 1. My grandfather (fly, never) ______________________ in an airplane, and he

I (receive) ______________________ your letter about two weeks ago has no intention of ever doing so.
and (try) ______________________ to find time to write you back ever since. I 2. Jane isn't here yet. I (wait) ______________________ for her since noon, but
(be) ______________________ very busy lately. In the past two weeks, I (have) she still (arrive, not) ______________________
______________________ four tests, and I have another one next week. In 3. In all the world, there (be) ______________________ only 14 mountains
addition, a friend (stay) ______________________ with me since last Thursday. that (reach) ______________________ above 8, 000 meters (26, 247 feet)
She wanted to see the city, so we (spend) ______________________ a lot of ______________________.
time visiting some of the interesting places here. We (be) 4. I have a long trip ahead of me tomorrow, so I think I'd better go to bed. But
______________________ to the zoo, the art museum, and the botanical let me say good-bye now because I won't see you in the morning. I (leave,
gardens. Yesterday we (go) ______________________ to the park and (watch) already) ______________________ by the time you (get)
______________________ a balloon race. Between showing her the city and ______________________ up.
studying for my exams, I (have, barely) ______________________ enough time 5. Right now we (have) ______________________ a heat wave. The
to breathe. temperature (be) ______________________ in the upper 90s (upper 30s
Right now it (be) ______________________ 3:00 A. M. and I (sit) Celsius) ______________________ for the last six days.
______________________ at my desk. I (sit) ______________________ here 6. Last night I (go) ______________________ to a party. When I (get)
five hours doing my studying. My friend's plane (leave) ______________________ there, the room was full of people. Some of them
______________________ at 6:05, so I (decide) ______________________ not (dance) ______________________, and others (talk)
to go to bed. That's why I (write) ______________________ to you at such an ______________________. One young woman (stand)
early hour in the day. I (get) ______________________ a little sleepy, but I ______________________ by herself. I (meet, never)
would rather stay up. I (take) ______________________ a nap after I (get) ______________________ her, so I (introduce) ______________________
______________________ back from taking her to the airport. myself to her.
How (you, get) ______________________ along? How (your classes, 7. About three yesterday afternoon, Jessica (lie) ______________________ in
go) ______________________ Please write soon. bed reading a book. Suddenly she (hear) ______________________ a loud
noise and (get) ______________________ up to see what it was. She (look)
Yours, ______________________ out the window. A truck (back, just)
Janet ______________________ into her new car!
8. Next month I have a week's vacation. I (plan) ______________________ to PRACTICE 13. Verb tense review.
take a trip. First, I (go) ______________________ to Madison, Wisconsin, to Directions: Complete the sentences with the verbs in parentheses. Use any
visit my brother. After I (leave) ______________________ Madison, I (go) appropriate tense.
______________________ to Chicago to see a friend who (study)
______________________ at the university there. She (live) On June 20th, I returned home. I (be) ______________________ away from
______________________ in Chicago for three years, so she (know) home for two years. My family (meet) ______________________ me at the
______________________ her way around the city. She (promise) airport with kisses and tears. They (miss) ______________________ me as much
______________________ to take me to many interesting places. I (be, as I had missed them. I (be) ______________________ very happy to see them
never) ______________________ in Chicago, so I (look) again. When I (get) ______________________ the chance, I (take)
______________________ forward to going there. ______________________ a long look at them. My little brother (be)
9. Yesterday while I (sit) ______________________ in class, I (get) ______________________ no longer little. He (grow)
______________________ the hiccups. The person who (sit) ______________________ a lot. He (be) ______________________ almost as
______________________ next to me told me to hold my breath. I (try) tall as my father. My little sister (wear) ______________________ a green dress.
______________________ that, but it didn't work. The instructor (lecture) She (change) ______________________ quite a bit, too, but she (be, still)
______________________, and I didn't want to interrupt him, so I just sat ______________________ mischievous and inquisitive. She (ask)
there trying to hiccup quietly. Finally, after I (hiccup) ______________________ me a thousand questions a minute, or so it seemed.
______________________ for almost five minutes, I (raise) My father (gain) ______________________ some weight, and his hair (turn)
______________________ my hand and (excuse) ______________________ a little grayer, but otherwise he was just as I had
______________________ myself from class to go get a drink of water. remembered him. My mother (look) ______________________ a little older, but
10. The weather has been terrible lately. It (rain) ______________________ off not much. The wrinkles on her face (be) ______________________ smile
and on for two days, and the temperature (drop) ______________________ wrinkles.
drastically. It (be) ______________________ really cold today. Just three
days ago, the sun (shine) ______________________ and the weather (be)
______________________ pleasant. The weather certainly (change)
______________________ quickly here. I never know what to expect. Who
knows? When I (wake) ______________________ up tomorrow morning,
maybe it (snow) ______________________
PRACTICE 14: Verb tense review. A: Gosh, that's too bad. I'm sorry to hear that. How's she doing?
Directions: Complete the sentences with the verbs in parentheses_ Use any B: Well, she's pretty uncomfortable. She (wear) ______________________ a
appropriate tense. special brace on her back for the last five days. Needless to say, she (be, not)
______________________ able to play volleyball since her injury. She
PART I. probably (be, not) ______________________ able to play again for at least a
A: What (seem) ______________________ to be the trouble, Ms. Jones? month.
B: I (send) ______________________ in my money for a subscription to A: (her doctor, allow) ______________________ her to play in the national
your magazine, Computer Data, two months ago, but to date I (receive, tournament at the end of the summer?
not) ______________________ any issues. B: She (have) ______________________ the brace on her back for more than
A: I'm sorry to hear that. Unfortunately, one of our main computers seven weeks by then, so I think he will.
(function, not) ______________________ at the moment. However, our A: I hope so. I know how much she likes to compete in volleyball games. And
computer specialists (work) ______________________ very hard to fix it the team really needs her.
at the present time. We (start) ______________________ your new PART III.
subscription as soon as possible. A: Hi, Jim. How's it going?
B: Thank you. B: Great.
A: (you, enjoy) ______________________ the rock concert last night?
PART II. B: You bet! I had a terrific time.
A: Where's Sonia? I (see, not) ______________________ her lately. A: Tell me about it. I (go, never) ______________________ to a rock concert.
B: She (recuperate, at home) ______________________ B: Well, I (go, never) ______________________ to a rock concert before
A: Oh? What (recuperate, she) ______________________ from? either, so I (know, not) ______________________ what to expect. I've been
B: She (hurt) ______________________ her back while she (play) to symphony concerts lots of times, but never a rock concert. Ten minutes
______________________ volleyball last week in the game against South before the concert was supposed to start, hundreds of teenagers (try, still)
City College. ______________________ to find their seats. The place was a madhouse. I
A: What happened? How (she, hurt) ______________________ her back? thought that things would settle down once the concert began. Boy, was I
B: She (try) ______________________ to spike a ball when she (collide) wrong! As soon as the lead singer (appear) ______________________ on the
______________________ with another player and (fall) stage, everyone (start) ______________________ screaming at the top of
______________________ to the ground. She (land) their lungs. I couldn't hear myself think. But after a while things calmed
______________________ hard and (twist) ______________________ her down. And the music was great. At one time during the concert, while the
back. lead singer (sing) ______________________ a famous hit song, many people
in the audience knew the song so well that they sang along with him. All in EXERCISE 15: Review of verb tenses.
all, the concert (be) ______________________ a lot of fun, but very noisy. Directions: Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses. Use any
A: It does sound like it was a lot of fun! appropriate tense.
PART IV Almost every part of the world (experience) ______________________ an

Mark Twain, the author of the The Adventures of Torn Sawyer, is one of earthquake in recent years, and almost every part of the world (experience)
America's best loved storytellers. He (grow up) ______________________ in a ______________________ earthquakes in the years to come. Since the ancient
small town on the Mississippi River. As a young boy, he (admire, greatly) Chinese (begin) ______________________ to keep records several thousand
______________________ the pilots of the riverboats and dreamed about being a years ago, more than 13 million earthquakes (occur) ______________________
riverboat pilot on the mighty river. He pursued his dream, and by the age of 22, he worldwide by some estimates. What (cause) ______________________
himself (become) ______________________ a riverboat pilot. Later in life, when earthquakes? Throughout time, different cultures (develop)
he (become) ______________________ a writer, many of his stories (contain) ______________________ myths to explain these violent earth movements.
______________________ elements of his own experiences. He wrote many According to a Japanese myth, a playful catfish lives in the mud under the earth.
humorous stories and articles about life on the Mississippi River before he (die) Whenever it feels like playing, it (wave) ______________________ its fat tail
______________________ in 1910 at the age of 74. Sadly, Twain (work) around in the mud. The result? Earthquakes. From India comes the story of six
______________________ on a new story for several months before his death, strong elephants who (hold) ______________________ up the earth on their
but he (finish, never) ______________________ it. Over the years since his heads. Whenever one elephant (move) ______________________ its head, the
death, his boyhood home in Hannibal, Missouri, (become) earth trembles. Nowadays, although scientists (know) ______________________
______________________ a favorite place for Americans to visit to learn about more about the causes of earthquakes, they still cannot prevent the terrible
Twain and life on the Mississippi at the turn of the 19th century. damage. One of the strongest quakes in the 20th century (happen)
______________________ in Anchorage, Alaska, on March 24, 1964, at about
six o'clock in the evening. When the earthquake (strike)
______________________ that evening, many families (sit)
______________________ down to eat dinner. People in the city (find, suddenly)
______________________ themselves in the dark because most of the lights in
the city went out when the earthquake occurred. Many people (die)
______________________ instantly when tall buildings (collapse)
______________________ and (send) ______________________ tons of brick
and concrete crashing into the streets. When (the next earthquake, occur)
______________________ No one really knows for sure. Interestingly enough,
throughout history animals (help, often) ______________________ people 9. The phone rung while I doing the dishes. I dry my hands and answer it. When
predict earthquakes shortly before they happen. At present, some scientists I am hear my husband voice, I very happy.
(study) ______________________ catfish because catfish swim excitedly just 10. I am in the United States for the last four months. During this time, I had
before an earthquake. According to some studies, snakes, monkeys, and rodents done many thing and saw many place.
(appear, also) ______________________ to be sensitive to the approach of 11. When the old man started to walk back to his cave, the sun has already hided
violent movement in the earth's surface. Some animals (seem) itself behind the mountain.
______________________ to know a great deal more than humans about when 12. While I am writing my composition last night, someone knocks on the door.
an earthquake will occur. in recent years, scientists (develop) 13. I'm studing English at an English conversation school two time a week.
______________________ many extremely sensitive instruments. Perhaps 14. Getting accustomed to a different cultures are not easy.
someday the instruments (be) ______________________ able to give us a 15. I'm really glad you to visit my hometown this year.
sufficiently early warning so that we can be waiting calmly in a safe place when 16. While I was visitting my cousin in Los Angeles. We went to a restaurant and
the next earthquake (strike) ______________________ eat Thai food.
17. We ate dinner. We watched TV after.
EXERCISE 16: Error analysis: general review. 18. When I was in my country, I am afraid to come to the United States. I
Directions: The following sentences are adapted from student writing and thought I couldn't walk outside at night because of the terrible crime. But
contain typical errors of different kinds. See how many of these errors you can now I am having a different opinion. I live in this small town for three month
find and correct. and learn that there is very little crime here.
19. Before I came to the United State. I pictured the U. S. as an exciting place
1. I am living at 3371 grand avenue since last September. with honesty, hard-working, well-mannered peoples. After I came to United
2. I have been in New York city two week ago. State since four month ago this picture had changed. The manners of the
3. My country have change its capital city five time. students while they are in the cafeteria. They are really bad. I am also
4. Dormitory life is not quiet. Everyone shouted and make a lot of noise in the thinking that office workers here lazy. People in my country works a lot
halls. harder.
5. My friends will meet me when I will arrive at the airport.
6. Hasn't anyone ever tell you to knock on the door before you enter someone
else's room? Didn't your parents taught you that?
7. When I was a child, I viewed thing from a much lower height. Many physical
objects around me appear very large. When I want to move something such
as a chair, I need help.
8. I will intend to go back home when I will finish my education.
PRACTICE 17: Test: Verb tenses. 8. "Could someone help me lift the lawnmower into the pickup truck?" "I'm not
Directions: Choose the correct answer. busy. I___________ you. "
A. help B. will help
C. am going to help D. am helping
1. I've been in this city for a long time. I ___________here sixteen years ago.
9. My family loves this house. It ___________ the family home ever since my
A. have come B. was coming C. came D. had come
grandfather built it 60 years ago.
2. "May I speak to Dr. Paine, please?" "I'm sorry, he ___________ a patient at
A. was B. has been C. is D. will be
the moment. Can I help you?"
10. Here's an interesting statistic: On a typical day, the average person
A. is seeing B. sees
___________ about 48, 000 words. How many words did you speak today?
C. has been seeing D. was seeing
A. spoke B. was speaking C. speaks D. is speaking
3. "When are you going to ask your boss for a raise?" ___________ to her twice
11. I know you feel bad now, Tommy, but try to put it out of your mind. By the
already! I don't think she wants to give me one. "
time you're an adult, you ___________ all about it.
A. I've talked B. I've been talking C. I was talking D. I'd talked
A. forget B. will have forgotten
4. "Do you think Harry will want something to eat after he gets here?" "I hope
C. will forget D. forgot
not. It']] probably be after midnight, and we ___________
12. It's against the law to kill the black rhinoceros. They ___________ extinct.
A. are sleeping B. will be sleeping
A. became B. have become C. become D. are becoming
C. have been sleeping D. be sleeping
13. After ten unhappy years, Janice finally quit her job. She ___________ along
5. Paul, could you please turn off the stove? The potatoes ___________ for at
with her boss for a long time before she finally decided to look for a new
least thirty minutes.
position.
A. are boiling B. boiling
A. hadn't been getting B. isn't getting
C. have been boiling D. were boiling
C. didn't get D. hasn't been getting
6. "Is it true that spaghetti didn't originate in Italy?" "Yes. The Chinese
14. The National Hurricane Center is closely watching a strong hurricane over
___________ spaghetti dishes for a long time before Marco Polo brought it
the Atlantic Ocean. When it ___________ the coast of Texas sometime
back to Italy. "
tomorrow afternoon, it will bring with it great destructive force.
A. have been making B. have made
A. reaches B. will reach C. is reaching D. reaching
C. had been making D. make
15. At one time, huge prehistoric reptiles dominated the earth. This Age of
7. "I once saw a turtle that had wings. The turtle flew into the air to catch
Dinosaurs ___________ much longer than the present Age of Mammals has
insects. " "Stop kidding. I ___________ you!"
lasted to date.
A. don't believe B. am not believing
A. lasted B. was lasting C. has lasted D. had lasted
C. didn't believe D. wasn't believing
16. Jim, why don't you take some time off? You ___________ too hard lately. 23. "Robert is going to be famous someday. He ___________ in three movies
Take a short vacation. already. " "I'm sure he'll be a star. "
A. worked B. work A. has been appearing B. had appeared
C. were working D. have been working C. has appeared D. appeared
17. The city is rebuilding its dilapidated waterfront, transforming it into a 24. "Where's Polly?"
pleasant and fashionable outdoor mall. Next summer when the tourists arrive, "She ___________
they ___________ 104 beautiful new shops and restaurants in the area where A. is in her room studying C. studies in her room
the old run-down waterfront properties used to stand. B. in her room is studying D. has in her room studied
A. will found B. will be finding 25. "Hello? Alice? This is Jeff. How are you?"
C. will have found D. will find "Jeff? What a coincidence! I ___________ about you when the phone rang. "
18. A minor earthquake occurred at 2:07 A. M. on January. Most of the people in A. was just thinking C. have just been thinking
the village ___________ at the time and didn't even know it had occurred B. just thought D. was just thought
until the next morning. 26. "What ___________ about the new simplified tax law?"
A. slept B. had slept C. were sleeping D. sleep "It's more confusing than the old one. "
19. The little girl started to cry. She ___________ her doll, and no one was able A. are you thinking C. have you thought
to find it for her. B. do you think D. have you been thinking
A. has lost B. had lost C. was losing D. was lost 27. "When is Mr. Fields planning to retire?"
20. According to research reports, people usually ___________ in their sleep 25 "Soon, I think. He ___________ here for a long time. He'll probably retire
to 30 times each night. either next year or the year after that. "
A. turn B. are turning C. have turned D. turned A. worked C. has been working
21. Jane's eyes burned and her shoulders ached. She ___________ at the B. had been working D. is working
computer for five straight hours. Finally, she took a break. 28. "Why did you buy all this sugar and chocolate?"
A. is sitting B. has been sitting "I ___________ a delicious dessert for dinner tonight. "
C. was sitting D. had been sitting A. make C. am going to make
22. "Hurry up! We're waiting for you. What's taking you so long?" B. will make D. will have made
"I ___________ for an important phone call. Go ahead and leave without 29. "Let's go! What's taking you so long?"
me." "I'll be there as soon as I ___________ my keys. "
A. wait B. will wait C. am waiting D. have waited A. found B. will find C. find D. am finding
30. Next week when there ___________ a full moon, the ocean tides will be 39. If coastal erosion continues to take place at the present rate, in another fifty
higher. years this beach ___________ anymore.
A. is being B. is C. will be D. will have been A. doesn't exist C. isn't existing
31. While I ___________ TV last night, a mouse ran across the floor. B. isn't going to exist D. won't be existing
A. watch B. watched 40. Homestead High School's football team ___________ a championship until
C. was watching D. am watching last season, when the new coach led them to win first place in their league.
32. Fish were among the earliest forms of life. Fish ___________ on earth for A. has never won C. had never been winning
ages and ages. B. is never winning D. had never won
A. existed B. are existing C. exist D. have existed 41. Non-native speakers need many years of intensive language study before they
33. The phone ___________ constantly since Jack announced his candidacy for can qualify as interpreters. By the end of this year, Chen ___________
president this morning. English for three years, but he will still need more training and experience
A. has been ringing C. had rung before he masters the language.
B. rang D. had been ringing A. will be studying C. will have been studying
34. The earth ___________ on the sun for its heat and light. B. has studied D. has been studying
A. is depend B. depending C. has depend D. depends
35. I don't feel good. I ___________ home from work tomorrow.
A. am staying B. stay
C. will have stayed D. stayed
36. Today there are weather satellites that beam down information about the
earth's atmosphere. In the last two decades, space exploration ___________
great contributions to weather forecasting.
A. is making B. has made C. made D. makes
37. On July 20, 1969, Astronaut Neil Armstrong ___________ down onto the
moon, the first person ever to set foot on another celestial body.
A. was stepping B. stepped C. has stepped D. was step
38. The plane's departure was delayed because of mechanical difficulties. When
the weary passengers finally boarded the aircraft, many were annoyed and
irritable because they ___________ in the airport for three and a half hours.
A. are waiting C. have been waiting
B. were waiting D. had been waiting
CHAPTER 06: ASKING QUESTIONS
Questions and their types
There are two types of questions
1. Confirmation Questions or Yes/No Questions

2. Information Questions
A yes/no question = a question that may be answered by yes or no (Start with helping
verb)
A: Does he live in Chicago?
B: Yes, he does, or No, he doesn’t.
Yes / No Question = helping verb + subject + main verb

OUTLINE
An information question = a question that asks for information by using a question
1. QUESTIONS AND THEIR TYPES word (Start with a question word)
A: Where does he live?
2. QUESTION WORDS AND THEIR USAGE B: In Chicago.
3. YES / NO QUESTIONS AND SHORT ANSWERS
4. QUESTIONS WITH WHO, WHO(M), AND WHAT Information Question = (Question word) + helping verb + subject + main verb
5. SPOKEN AND WRITTEN CONTRACTIONS WITH Notice that the same subject-verb order is used in both yes/no and information
QUESTION WORDS questions.
6. USING WHAT + A FORM OF DO
7. USING WHAT KIND OF Question Words and their usage
8. USING WHICH Question
Question Answer Explanation
9. USING WHOSE Words
10. USING HOW When did they arrive? Yesterday. When is used to ask
11. USING HOW OFTEN When questions about
12. USING HOW FAR When will you come? Next Monday. time.
13. LENGTH OF TIME. IT + TAKE AND HOW LONG
Where is she? At home. Where is used to ask
14. MORE QUESTIONS WITH HOW Where questions about
15. USING HOW ABOUT AND WHAT ABOUT Where can 1find a pen? In that drawer. place.
16. TAG QUESTIONS
Why did he leave
Because he's ill. Why is used to ask
early?
Why questions about
Why aren’t you coming reason.
I’m tired.
with us?
CHAPTER 06: ASKING QUESTIONS CHAPTER 06: ASKING QUESTIONS
Question Words and their usage Question Words and their usage
Question Question
Question Answer Explanation Question Answer Explanation
Words Words
How How did you come to Whose book did you
school?
By bus. How generally asks David’s.
about manner. borrow? Whose asks questions
How does he drive? Carefully. Whose
Whose key is this? about possession.
How much money does It's mine.
Ten dollars. ( Whose is this?)
it cost? How is used with much
How many people and many. What What made you angry? His rudeness. What is used as the
Fifteen.
came? subject of a question. It
How old are you? Twelve. What went wrong Everything refers to things.
How cold is it? Ten below zero. What do you need? I need a pencil.
How is also used with
How soon can you get
In ten minutes. adjectives and What did Alice buy? A book.
here?
adverbs. What is also used as an
How fast were you 50 miles an What did he talk
driving? hour. about? object.
His vacation.
How long has he been How long asks about About what did he
Two years.
here? length of time. talk? (formal)
How often do you How often asks about
Every week. What kind of soup is What kind of asks
write home? frequency. It’s bean soup.
that? about the particular
How far is it to Miami How far asks about
500 miles. What kind of shoes did variety or type of
from here? distance. Sandals.
Who can answer that Who is used as the he buy? something
I can.
question? subject of a question. It What did you do last What + a form of DO is
refers to people. I studied.
Who came to visit you? Jane and Eric. night? used to ask questions
Who about activities.
What is Mary doing? Reading a book.
Who is coming to Ann, Bob, and Who is usually followed
dinner tonight? Al. by a singular verb even What countries did
Italy and Spain.
if the speaker is asking you visit?
Who wants to come about more than one What may accompany a
We do What time did she
with me? Seven o’clock noun
person. come?
Who(m) did you see? I saw George.
Who(m) are you Whom is used as the What color is his hair? Dark brown.
My relatives.
visiting? object of a verb or He’s kind and
preposition. In everyday What is Hamid like? What + be like asks for
friendly.
spoken English, whom a general description of
What is the weather qualities
is rarely used; who is Hot and humid.
Whom like?
Who(m) should I talk used instead. Whom is
to? used only in formal What does Hamid look He's tall and has
The secretary. What + look like asks
To whom should I questions. like? dark hair.
talk? (formal) for a physical
What does her house It’s a two-story, description.
Note: Whom, not who,
look like? red brick house
is used if preceded by a
preposition.
Question Words and their usage Yes / No Questions and Short Answers
Question
Question Answer Explanation
Words a) Do you like tea? A yes/no question is a question that can
Which I have two pens. Yes, I do (I like tea.) be answered by yes or no. In an
No, I don’t. (I don’t like tea.) affirmative short answer (yes), a helping
verb is NOT contracted with the subject.
b) Did Sue call?
Which pen do you The blue one. Which is used instead
Yes, she did. (Sue called.) In (c): INCORRECT: Yes, I've.
want? of what when a
No, she didn't. (Sue didn't call.) In (d): INCORRECT: Yes, it's,
question concerns
Which one do you In (e): INCORRECT. Yes, he'll.
choosing from a
want? c) Have you met Al?
definite, known quantity
Yes, I have. (I have met Al.) The spoken emphasis in a short answer is
Which do you want? or group.
No, I haven't. (I haven't met Al.) on the verb
Which book should I d) Is it raining?
That one.
buy? Yes, it is. (It's raining.)
No, it isn't. (It isn't raining.)
Which countries did
France and
he visit? e) Will Rob be here?
Germany. In some cases, there is
What countries did he little difference in Yes, he will. (Rob will be here.)
visit? meaning between which No, he won't. (Rob won't be here.)
and what when they
Which class are you accompany a noun, as in
in? these sentences EXERCISE 01: Look at the long answer, and then write the appropriate yes/no
This class.
What class are you in? question and short answer to complete each dialogue. Do not use a negative verb
in the question.
1. I don't know your brother
Do you know my brother? ~ No, I don’t.
2. Aspirin relieves pain.
3. Snakes don't have legs.
4. Snakes can't move backward
5. The United States is in North America
6. I enjoyed the movie
7. I won't be at home tonight.
8. I have a bicycle.
9. Paul has left.
10. He left with Kate.
PRACTICE 02: Yes/no questions and short answers. 3. A: to class yesterday?

Directions: Answer the questions honestly. Use short answers. B: No, (Ann and Jim didn't come to class yesterday.)
4. A: in your grammar workbook?
1. Do you know how to swim? B: Yes, (I'm writing in my grammar workbook.)
2. Does your mother speak Chinese? 5. A: home last night?
3. Are you going downtown tomorrow? B: No, (I wasn't home last night.)
4. Will you be in class tomorrow? 6. A: in your astronomy class?
5. Can you play the guitar? B: Yes, (Tim Wilson is in my astronomy class.)
6. Do you know how to play the violin? 7. A: her work before she goes to bed?
7. Are we going to have a test on grammar tomorrow? B: Yes, (Karen will finish her work before she goes to bed.)
8. Can turtles swim? 8. A: under water?
9. Should people smoke cigarettes? B: Yes, (Some birds can swim under water.)
10. Did you watch TV last night? 9. A: at your homework for tomorrow yet?
11. Do you have a bicycle? B: No, (I haven't looked at my homework for tomorrow yet.)
12. Will class begin on time tomorrow?
13. Does class begin on time every day?
EXERCISE 04: Information questions.
14. Were all of the students in class yesterday?
Directions: Create information questions. Use where, why, when, or what time.
15. Should the teacher speak more slowly?
16. Is English grammar easy?
1. I'm going to go downtown tomorrow. (downtown, tomorrow)
17. Was this exercise difficult?
2. My children go to school at Lincoln Elementary School. (at Lincoln
Elementary school)
PRACTICE 03: Yes/no questions and short answers.
3. Class begins at 1:10. (At 1:10.)
Directions: Complete Speaker A's questions. Complete Speaker B's short
4. I met the Smiths four years ago. (Four years ago)
answers.
5. The cat is staring at the hole in the wall because it's waiting for a mouse. (It's
waiting for a mouse.)
1. A: lunch at the cafeteria every day?
6. I went to bed after midnight last night. (after midnight, bed)
B: Yes, (Jane eats lunch at the cafeteria every day.)
7. I can't go with you tomorrow, because I have to study for a test. (tomorrow,
2. A: your parents live nearby?
because I have to study)
B: No, (My parents don't live nearby.)
8. I ate two breakfasts this morning. (this morning)
9. I'm going to sell my guitar. (to sell my guitar)
PRACTICE 05: Information questions. 10. A: Chinese?

Directions: Create questions for the given answers. Use the information in B: In Germany. (I studied Chinese in Germany.)
parentheses. Use when, what time, where, or why. Pay special attention to the 11. A: Chinese in Germany?
word order in the questions. B: Because there is a good Chinese language school there. (I studied
Chinese in Germany because there is a good Chinese language school
1. A: this evening? there.)
B: At 9:30. (The fireworks start at 9:30 this evening.) 12. A: to China to study Chinese?
2. A: to see the principal? B: Because I had a scholarship to study in Germany. (I didn't go to China to
B: Because I need to get his signature on this application form. (I'm waiting study Chinese because I had a scholarship to study in Germany.)
to see the principal because I need to get his signature on this application
form.) PRACTICE 06: Information questions.
3. A: her new job? Directions: Create information questions. Use where, why, when, or what time.
B: Next Monday morning. (Rachel starts her new job next Monday
morning.) 1. A: this morning?
4. A: home for work? B: At 7:30 (I got up at 7:30 this morning.)
B: Usually around 6:00. (I usually leave home for work around 6:00.) 2. A: today?
5. A: to the meeting? B: At the cafeteria. (I ate lunch at the cafeteria today.)
B: Because I fell asleep after dinner and didn't wake up until 9:00. (I didn't 3. A: lunch?
get to the meeting because I fell asleep after dinner and didn't wake up B: At 12:15. (I ate lunch at 12:15.)
until 9:00) 4. A: at the cafeteria?
6. A: razor blades? B: Because the food is good. (I eat lunch at the cafeteria because the food is
B: At many different kinds of stores. (You can find razor blades at many good.)
different kinds of stores.) 5. A: ?
7. A: for home? B: In Chicago. (My aunt and uncle live in Chicago.)
B: Next Saturday. (I'm leaving for home next Saturday.) 6. A: your aunt and uncle?
8. A: to finish this project? B: Next week. (I'm going to visit my aunt and uncle next week.)
B: Next month. (I expect to finish this project next month.) 7. A: tonight?
9. A: B: Around six. (I'll get home around six tonight.)
B: To Mars. (The spaceship will go to Mars.) 8. A: tonight?
B: At the library. (George is going to study at the library tonight.)
9. A: at the library? PRACTICE 07: Information questions with WHY.

B: Because it's quiet. (George studies at the library because it's quiet.) Directions: Practice questions with why.
10. A: a bus?
1. A: I was absent from class yesterday.
B: At that corner. (You can catch a bus at that corner.)
B: Why absent from class yesterday?
11. A: ?
2. A: I can't come to your party this weekend.
B: Ten o'clock. (I have to leave at ten o'clock.)
B: Why to my party this weekend?
12. A: in 1998?
3. A: Tom went downtown yesterday.
B: In Japan. (I was living in Japan in 1998.)
B: Why downtown yesterday?
13. A: in their books?
4. A: Ann won't be in class tomorrow.
B: Because they're working on an exercise. (The students are writing in
B: Why in class tomorrow?
their books because they're working on an exercise.)
5. A: I need to go to the drugstore.
14. A: you?
B: Why to go to the drugstore?
B: Around seven. (You should call me around seven.)
6. A: I'm going to buy a new dictionary.
15. A: absent?
B: Why a new dictionary?
B: Because she's flying her kite in the park. (Yoko is absent because she's
7. A: I didn't do my homework last night.
flying her kite in the park.)
B: Why your homework last night?
8. A: Anita is not coming to class tomorrow.
B: Why to class tomorrow?
9. A: Joe and I are going to the bank after class.
B: Why to the bank after class?
10. A: I didn't eat breakfast this morning
B: Why breakfast this morning?
11. A: Jack took a taxi to school today.
B: Why a taxi to school today?
12. A: I don't like the weather in this city.
B: Why the weather in this city?
QUESTIONS WITH WHO, WHO(M), AND WHAT EXERCISE 09: Questions with WHO, WHO(M), and WHAT.
Directions: Create questions. Use who, whom, or what.
a) Who came? ~ Someone In (a) Who is used as the subject (s) of a question:
came. In (b) Who(m) is used as the object (o) in a 1. An accident. (I saw an accident.)
question.
b) Who(m) did you see? ~ I 2. An accident. (Mary saw an accident.)
Whom is used in formal English: In everyday
saw someone. spoken English, who is usually used instead of 3. Mary. (Mary saw an accident.)
whom:
4. John. (Mary saw John.)
FORMAL: Whom did you see?
INFORMAL: Who did you see? 5. Mary. (Mary saw John.)
6. An accident. (An accident happened.)
c) What happened? ~ What can be used as either the subject or the object
in a question. 7. A new coat. (Alice bought a new coat.)
Something happened.
Notice in (a) and (c): When who or what is used as
d) What did you see? ~ I saw 8. Alice. (Alice bought a new coat.)
the subject of a question, usual question word
something. order is not used; no form of do is used: 9. A map of the world. (I'm looking at a map of the world.)
CORRECT: Who came?
10. Jane. (I'm looking at Jane.)
INCORRECT': Who did come?
11. The secretary. (I talked to the secretary.)
12. His problems. (Tom talked about his problems.)
PRACTICE 08: WHO, WHO (M), and WHAT. (Chart 5-4) Directions: Create
13. The board. (The teacher looked at the board.)
questions with who, who (m), and what.
14. The teacher. (The teacher looked at the board.)
15. The students. (The teacher looked at the students.)
QUESTION ANSWER
16. An amphibian. (A frog is an amphibian.)
1. Someone knows Tom.
17. An animal that can live on land or in water. (An amphibian is an animal that
2. Tom knows someone.
can live on land or in water.)
3. Someone will help us.
18. Mostly insects. (Frogs eat mostly insects.)
4. I will ask someone.
5. Eric is talking to someone on the phone.
6. Someone is knocking on the door.
7. Something surprised them.
8. Jack said something.
9. Sue talked about something.
10. Ann talked about someone.
PRACTICE 10: WHO, WHO (M), and WHAT. SPOKEN AND WRITTEN CONTRACTIONS WITH QUESTION
Directions: Complete the dialogues by creating questions. Use the information in WORDS
the long answer in parentheses to create each question.
SPOKEN ONLY
IS Is, are, did, and will are usually
1. A: you to play chess? a) "When's he coming?" contracted with question words in
speaking: These contractions are usually
B: My mother. (My mother taught me to play chess.) b) "Why's she late?".
NOT written
ARE
2. A: ?
c) "What're these?"
B: A bank robbery. (Robert saw a bank robbery.) d) "Who're they?" Only contractions with is and where,
3. A: a good look at the bank robber? DID what, or who are commonly used in
e) "Who'd you see?" writing. Contractions are used in
B: Robert did. (Robert got a good look at the bank robber.) informal writing, such as letters to
f) "What'd you do?"
4. A: ? WILL friends or e-mails, but are generally not
appropriate in more formal writing, such
B: A toy for my brother's children. (I'm making a toy for my brother's g) "Where'll you be?"
as in magazine articles or reference
h) "When'll they be here?" books.
children.)
5. A: to? SPOKEN / WRITTEN
B: Joe. (That calculator belongs to Joe.) IS
6. A: in your pocket? i) "Where's Ed?"
j) "What's that?"
B: A bag of candy. (I have a bag of candy in my pocket.) k) "Who's he?"
7. A: ?
B: A mouse. (The cat killed a mouse.)
8. A: ?
B: Curiosity. (Curiosity killed the cat. *)
9. A: an apple fall to the ground from a tree?
B: Gravity. (Gravity makes an apple fall to the ground from a tree.)
10. A: on the envelope?
B: My sister. (My sister wrote a note on the envelope.)
11. A: from?
B: My father. (I got a letter from my father.)
USING WHAT + A FORM OF DO PRACTICE 11: Using WHAT + a form of DO.

Directions: Create questions. Use what + a form of do.
a) What does Bob do every morning? ~ What + a form of do is used to ask

He goes to class. questions about activities. 1. A: right now?
b) What did you do yesterday? ~ I went B: I'm studying.
Examples of forms of do:
downtown. She's studying.
2. A: last night?
c) What is Anna doing (right now)? ~ am doing,
She is studying. B: I studied:
will do,
d) What are you going to do tomorrow? are going 3. A: tomorrow?
~ I’m going to go to the beach. to do,
B: I’m going to visit my relatives.
e) What do you want to do tonight? ~ I did,
want to go to a movie. etc. 4. A: _____ tomorrow?
f) What would you like to do B: I want to go to the beach.
tomorrow? ~ I would like to visit 5. A: _______ this evening?
Jim.
B: I would like to go to a movie.
g) What will you do tomorrow? ~ I’ll
go downtown. 6. A: ______________ tomorrow?
h) What should I do about my B: I’m planning to stay home and relax most of the day.
headache? ~ You should take an
7. A: ______________________ in class every day?
aspirin.
B: I study English.
8. A: ______________________ (for a living)?*
B: I'm a teacher.
9. A: ______________________ when he stopped you for speeding?
B: He (the police officer) gave me a ticket.
10. A: ______________________ in the winter?
B: It (a bear) hibernates.
11. A: I have the hiccups. ______________________
B: You should drink a glass of water:
12. A: ?
B: He (Mr. Rice) is a businessman. He works for General Electric.
13. A: ______________________ ?
B: She (Mrs. Rice) designs websites. She works for an Internet company.
PRACTICE 12: WHAT + a form of DO. 11. A: after school today?

Directions: Use the information in parentheses to make questions with what + a B: Let's go to the shopping mall, okay? (I would like to go to the shopping
form of do to complete each dialogue. Use the same verb tense or modal that is mall after school today.)
used in the parentheses. 12. A: ?
B: Make this coin stand on edge. (I'm trying to make this coin stand on
edge.)
1. A: ?
13. A: ?
B: Watching a movie on TV. (Alex is watching a movie on TV)
B: He needs to hand in all of his homework. (Kevin needs to hand in all of
2. A: if someone calls while you're out?
his homework if he wants to pass advanced algebra.)
B: Just take a message. (You should take a message if someone calls while
14. A: ?
I'm out.)
B: He's an airplane mechanic. (Nick repairs airplanes for a living.)
3. A: ?
15. A: Did you say something to that man over there? Why does he look angry?
B: They explore space. (Astronauts explore space.)
B: I accidentally ran into him and stepped on his foot.
4. A: Saturday morning?
A: ?
B: Play tennis at Waterfall Park. (I'm going to play tennis at Waterfall Park
B: Said something nasty. (He said something nasty when I bumped into
Saturday morning.)
him.)
5. A: when you get sick?
A: ?
B: I see my doctor. (I see my doctor when I get sick.)
B: Apologized. (I apologized.)
6. A: to help you?
A: Then? ?
B: Carry this suitcase. (You can carry this suitcase to help me.)
B: Walked away without saying a word. (Then he walked away without
7. A: when she heard the good news?
saying a word.)
B: She smiled. (Sara smiled when she heard the good news.)
A: What an unpleasant person!
8. A: I spilled some juice on the floor. ?
B: I didn't mean to step on his foot. It was just an accident.
B: Wipe it up with a paper towel. (You should wipe it up with a paper
towel.)
9. A: after she graduates?
B: I think she plans to look for a job in hotel management. (Emily is going
to look for a job in hotel management after she graduates.)
10. A: when the fire alarm sounded?
B: Ran down the stairs and out of the building. (I ran down the stairs and
out of the building when the fire alarm sounded.)
USING WHAT KIND OF EXERCISE 13: Using WHAT KIND OF

Directions: Complete each question. Give other possible answers to the question.
a) What kind of shoes did you buy? What kind of asks for information about
Boots. a specific type (a specific kind) in a 1. A: What kind of ___________________________________ are you
Sandals. general category:
wearing?
Tennis shoes. In (a)
Loafers. general category = shoes B: Boots.
Running shoes. specific kinds = boots sandals tennis
2. A: What kind of ___________________________________ do you eat most
High heels. Etc. shoes etc.
often?
B: Beef.
3. A: What kind of ___________________________________ do you like
best?
B: Rock 'n roll.
4. A: What kind of ___________________________________ would you like
to have?
B: A Mercedes-Benz.
b) What kind of fruit do you like best? In (b):
Apples. general category = fruit 5. A: What kind of ___________________________________ do you like to
Bananas. specific kinds = apples bananas oranges read?
Oranges. etc.
Grapefruit B: Science fiction.
Grapes 6. A: What kind of ___________________________________ do you have?
Strawberries.
Etc. B: ___________________________________
7. A: What kind of do you like best?
B: ___________________________________
8. A: What kind of ___________________________________ is Amjad
wearing?
B: ___________________________________
PRACTICE 14: WHAT KIND OF USING WHICH

Directions: Ask questions with what kind of.
a) TOM: May I borrow a pen from In (a): Ann uses which (not what)
1. A: do you like best?
you? because she wants Tom to choose.
B: Rock 'n roll. ANN: Sure. I have two pens. This Which is used when the speaker wants
someone to make a choice, when the
2. A: do you like to wear? pen has black ink. That pen
speaker is offering alternatives: this one
B: Jeans and a T-shirt. has red ink. or that one; these or those.
Which pen do you want? OR Which can be used with either singular or
3. A: do you like best? Which one do you want? OR plural nouns.
B: Fresh fruit and vegetables. Which do you want?
4. A: do you like to read? b) SUE: I like these earrings, and I like
those, too:
B: Romance novels.
BOB: Which (earrings/ones) are
5. A: should I buy? you going to buy?
B: A four-door sedan with good gas mileage. SUE: I think I'll get these.
6. A: does your country have?
c) JIM: Here's a photo of my Which can be used to ask about people as
B: It's a democratic republic. daughter's class. well as things.
7. A: would you like to have? KIM: Very nicE: Which one is your
daughter?
B: I'd like to have one that pays well, is interesting, and allows me to
d) SUE: My aunt gave me some In (d): The question doesn't involve
contribute to society. I've often thought I'd like to be a doctor or an money for my birthday. I'm choosing from a particular group of
architect. going to take it with me to items, so Bob uses what, not which.
8. A: would you like to marry? the mall.
BOB: What are you going to buy
B: Someone who is kind-hearted, loving, funny, serious, and steady.
with it?
9. A: can we recycle? SUE: I haven't decided yet.
B: Paper, wood, plastic, and aluminum.
EXERCISE 15: WHICH vs. WHAT: 3. A: Could I borrow your pen for a minute?
Directions: Complete the questions with which or what. B: Sure. I have two.
A: That one. (I would like that one.)
1. A: This hat comes in brown and in gray. __________________ color do
4. A:
you think your husband would prefer?
B: A pen. (Chris borrowed a pen from me.)
B: Gray, I think.
5. A:
2. A: I've never been to Mrs. Hall's house. __________________ color is it?
B: Two pieces of hard candy (I have two pieces of hard candy in my hand.)
B: Gray.
Would you like one?
3. A: I have two dictionaries. __________________ one do you want?
A: Yes. Thanks.
B: The Arabic-English dictionary, not the English-English one.
B:
4. A: May I help you?
A: The yellow one. (I'd like the yellow one.)
B: Please.
6. A: Do you like this tie?
A: __________________ are you looking for?
B: Yes.
B: An Arabic-English dictionary.
A: Do you like that tie?
A: Right over there in the reference section.
B: It's okay.
B: Thanks.
A:
5. A: __________________ did you get on your last test?
B: This one. (I'm going to buy this one.)
B: I don't want to tell you: It was an awful grade.
7. A: Tony and I went shopping. I got some new shoes.
6. A: If I need only half an onion, __________________ half should I use and
B:
__________________ half should I save?
A: A tie. (Tony got a tie.)
B: Save the root half. It lasts longer.
8. A: Did you enjoy your trip to Europe?
B: Yes, I did. Very much.
EXERCISE 16: WHICH vs. WHAT: A:
Directions. Create questions. Use which or what. B: Poland, Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Italy. (I visited Poland,
Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Italy.)
1. A: I have two books. A:
B: That one. (I want that book.) B: Poland. (I enjoyed visiting Poland the most.)
2. A:
B: A book. (I bought a book when I went shopping.)
PRACTICE 17: WHICH vs. WHAT. USING WHOSE

Directions: Complete the questions with which or what.
a) Whose (book) is this? Whose asks about possession. Notice in

1. A: I have two pens. ______________ one do you want?
It's John's (book). (a): The speaker of the question may
B: That one. b) Whose (books) are those? omit the noun (book) if the meaning is
clear to the listener.
2. A: I’m hungry. They're mine (OR my books).
B: So am I. ______________ are you going to order? c) Whose car did you borrow?
I borrowed Karen's (car).
A: I think I'll have the fish.
3. A: There are two good movies on TV tonight, a spy movie and a comedy. COMPARE
d) Who's that? Who's and whose have the same
______________ one do you want to watch?
Mary Smith. pronunciation.
B: Let's watch the spy movie. Who's = a contraction of who is.
e) Whose is that?
Whose = asks about possession
4. A: Did you go out last night? Mary's.
B: No. I stayed home and watched TV.
A: ____________________ did you watch?
B: A movie.
5. A: These shoes are comfortable, and so are those shoes. ______________
should I buy, these or those? I can't decide.
B: These.
6. A: There are flights to Atlanta at 7:30 A.M. and 8:40 A.M.
______________ one are you going to take?
B: The 7:30 flight.
7. A: ____________________ does “huge” mean?
B: “Very big.”
8. A: I need some help.
B: ______________ can I do to help?
A: Please hand me that bowl.
B: Sure.
9. A: Would you please hand me a sharp knife?
B: I'd be happy to. There are several in this drawer. ______________ one
would you like?
A: That one.
EXERCISE 18: Using WHOSE. 8. A: __________________________________________________ this?

Directions: Create questions with whose or who. The things near Susan belong to her.
B: Susan. (Susan is in a gym.)
The things near Eric belong to him. Point to the things and people in the pictures
when you ask some of the questions. 9. A: _______________________________________________ sitting down?
B: Eric. (Eric is sitting down.)
10. A: __________________________________________________ longer?
B: Eric's. (Eric's hair is longer than Susan's.)
PRACTICE 19: WHO vs. WHOSE.

Directions: Complete the questions with who or whose.
1. A: __________________ is driving to the game tonight?

B: Heidi is.
2. A: __________________ car are we taking to the game?
B: Heidi’s.
3. A: This notebook is mine. __________________ is that? Is it yours?
B: No, it's Sara's.
1. A: __________________________________________________ this? 4. A: There's Ms. Adams. __________________ is standing next to her?
B: Susan's. (It's Susan's basketball.) B: Mr. Wilson.
2. A: __________________________________________________ this? 5. A: __________________ was the first woman doctor in the United States?
B: Susan. (This is Susan.) B: Elizabeth Blackwell, in 1849.
3. A: __________________________________________________ that? 6. A: Okay. __________________ forgot to put the ice cream back in the
B: Eric's. (It's Eric's notebook.) freezer?
4. A: __________________________________________________ these? B: I don't know. Don't look at me. It wasn't me.
B: Eric's. (They’re Eric's tapes.) 7. A: __________________ motorcycle ran into the telephone pole?
5. A: __________________________________________________ that? B: Bill's.
B: Eric. (That is Eric.) 8. A: __________________ suitcase did you borrow for your trip?
6. A: __________________________________________________ those? B: Andy's
B: Susan's. (They're Susan's clothes.)
7. A: __________________________________________________ that?
B: Susan's. (It's Susan's coat.)
USING HOW 7. A:
B: It's 29,028 feet high. (Mt. Everest is 29,028 feet high.)
8. A:
a) How did you get here? How has many uses. One use
I drove. / By car. of how is to ask about means B: I walked. (I walked to school today.)
I took a taxi. / By taxi. (ways) of transportation.
I took a bus. / By bus.
I flew. / By plane.
I took a train. / By train.
I walked. / On foot.
PRACTICE 21: Using HOW.
b) How old are you? ~ Twenty-one. How is often used with Directions: Complete the sentences with any of the words in the list.
c) How tall is he? ~ About six feet. adjectives (e.g., old, big) and
d) How big is your apartment? ~ It has three rooms. adverbs (e.g., well, quickly). busy fresh safe soon
e) How sleepy are you? ~ Very sleepy.
expensive hot serious well
f) How hungry are you? ~ I'm starving.
g) How soon will you be ready? ~ In five minutes.
h) How well does he speak English? ~ Very well. 1. A: How _________________ does it get in Chicago in the summer?
i) How quickly can you get here? ~ I can get there
B: Very _________________. It can get over 100°. (100°F = 37. 8°C)
in 30 minutes.
2. A: How _________________ will dinner be ready? I'm really hungry.
B: In just a few more minutes.
EXERCISE 20: Using HOW.
3. A: Look at that beautiful vase! Let's get it.
Directions: Create questions with how.
B: How _________________ is it?
A: Oh my gosh! Never mind. We can't afford it.
1. A:
4. A: Sorry to interrupt, Ted, but I need some help. How _________________
B: Ten. (My daughter is ten years old.)
are you today? Do you have time to read over this report?
2. A:
B: Well, I'm always _________________, but I'll make time to read it.
B: Very important. (Education is very important.)
5. A: How _________________ is Toshi about becoming an astronomer?
3. A:
B: He's very _________________. He already knows more about the stars
B: By bus. (I get to school by bus.)
and planets than his high school teachers.
4. A:
6. A: How _________________ is a car with an airbag?
B: Very, very deep. (The ocean is very, very deep.)
B: Well, there have been bad accidents where both drivers walked away
5. A:
without injuries because of airbags.
B: By plane. (I'm going to get to Denver by plane.)
6. A:
B: Not very. (The test wasn't very difficult.)
7. A: Tomatoes for sale! Hey, lady! Do you want to buy some tomatoes? EXERCISE 22: Using HOW OFTEN.
Tomatoes for sale! Directions: Work in pairs.
B: Hmmm. They look pretty good. How_________________ are they? Speaker A: Ask a question with how often or how many times
A: What do you mean "How_________________ are they?" Would I sell a day / week / month / year.
something that wasn't _________________ ? They were picked from the Speaker B: Answer the question. (Possible answers are
field just this morning. suggested in the list of frequency expressions.)
8. A: Do you know Jack Young? Example. eat lunch at the cafeteria
B: Yes. SPEAKER A: How often do you eat lunch at the cafeteria?
A: Oh? How _________________ do you know him? SPEAKER B: About twice a week.
B: Very _________________. He's one of my closest friends. Why? FREQUENCY EXPRESSIONS
A: He's applied for a job at my store. A lot every
occasionally* every other
once in a while once a
day / week / month / year
not very often twice a
USING HOW OFTEN hardly ever three times a

almost never ten times a
never
a) How often do you go shopping? How often asks about
Every day. frequency.
Once a week. 1. play cards
About twice a week.
Every other day or so. 2. get on the Internet
Three times a month. 3. go out to eat
4. cook your own dinner
Other ways of asking how
b) How many times a day do you eat? ~ three or 5. read a newspaper
often:
four
How many times 6. get your hair cut
c) How many times a week do you go shopping? ~
a day
two 7. buy a toothbrush
a week
d) How many times a month do you go to the post
a month 8. go to a laundromat
office? ~ Once
a year
e) How many times a year do you take a vacation? 9. go swimming
~ once or twice
10. be late for class
11. attend a wedding
12. see a falling star
USING HOW FAR 5. A: I ran out of gas while I was driving to work.
B: before you ran out
of gas?
a) It is 289 miles from St. Louis to Chicago. The most common way of
expressing distance. 6. A: ___________________________________ the junction of 1-90 and 480.
b) It is 289 miles It is + distance + from/to + to/from
B: (I got to the junction of 1-90 and 480.) Luckily, there was a gas station
from St. Louis to Chicago.
from Chicago to St. Louis. In (b). All four expressions with about half a mile down the road.
to Chicago from St. Louis. from and to have the same
to St. Louis from Chicago. meaning.
PRACTICE 24: Using HOW FAR, HOW LONG, and HOW OFTEN.
c) A: How far is it from St. Louis to Chicago? How far is used to ask questions
Directions: Complete the questions with far, long, or often.
B: 289 miles. about distance.
d) A: How far do you live from school? B:
Four blocks.
1. A: How ______________________ is it to the nearest police station?
Other ways to ask how far.
e) How many miles is it from St. Louis to how many miles B: Four blocks.
Chicago? how many kilometers
2. A: How ______________________ does it take you to get to work?
f) How many kilometers is it to Montreal how many blocks
from here? B: Forty-five minutes.
g) How many blocks is it to the post office?
3. A: How ______________________ do you see your family?
.
B: Once a week.
4. A: How ______________________ is it to your office from home?
B: About twenty miles.
EXERCISE 23: Using HOW FAR.
5. A: How ______________________ is it from here to the airport?
Directions: Create questions.
B: Ten kilometers.
6. A: How ______________________ do you see your dentist?
1. A:
B: Every six months.
B: 919 miles. (It's 919 miles to Chicago from New Orleans.) 2.
7. A: How ______________________ does it take to get to the airport?
2. A:
B: Fifteen minutes.
B: 257 kilometers. (It's 257 kilometers from Montreal to Quebec.) 3.
8. A: How ______________________ above sea level is Denver, Colorado?
3. A:
B: One mile. That's why it's called the Mile High City.
B: Six blocks. (It's six blocks to the post office.) 4.
9. A: How ______________________ does it take to fly from Chicago to
4. A: I had a terrible day yesterday.
Denver?
B: What happened?
B: About three hours.
10. A: How ______________________ does your department have meetings? LENGTH OF TIME. IT + TAKE AND HOW LONG
B: Twice a week.
IT + TAKE + (SOMEONE) + LENGTH OF
11. A: How ______________________ did it take you to build your own boat?
TIME + INFINITIVE
B: Four years.
a) It takes 20 minutes to cook rice. It + take is often used with time
12. A: How ______________________ did you walk?
b) It took Al two hours to drive to work. words and an infinitive to express
B: Two miles. length of time, as in (a) and (b). An
c) How long does it take to cook rice? —20 infinitive = to + the simple form of
13. A: How ______________________ did you walk?
minutes. a verb.
B: Two hours. d) How long did it take Al to drive to work In (a). to cook is an infinitive.
today? —Two hours.
14. A: How ______________________ does the bus come?
e) How long did you study last night? Four How long asks about length of
B: Every two hours. hours. time.
f) How long will you be in Hong Kong? —
15. A: How ______________________ is it from here to the bus stop?
Ten days.
B: About two blocks.
g) How many days will you be in Hong Other ways of asking how long:
16. A: How ______________________ does the ride downtown take?
Kong? how many minutes
B: About 20 minutes. how many hours
how many days
17. A: How ______________________ do you take the bus?
how many weeks
B: Every day. how many months
how many years
EXERCISE 25: Length of time.

Directions: Create sentences using it + take to express length of time.
1. I drove to Madrid. (Length of time. three days)
2. It took me three days to drive to Madrid.
3. I walk to class. (Length of time. twenty minutes)
4. Gino finished the test. (Length of time. an hour and a half)
5. We will drive to the airport. (Length of time. forty-five minutes)
6. Alan hitchhiked to Alaska. (Length of time. two weeks)
7. I wash my clothes at the laundromat. (Length of time. two hours)
EXERCISE 26: Length of time. 7. A:

Directions: Use it + take. B: Since 1999. (He's been living in Canada since 1999.)
8. A:
1. How long does it take you to... B: For 21 to 30 days, according to psychologists. (A person has to do
a. eat breakfast? --> It takes me ten minutes to eat breakfast. something consistently for 21 to 30 days before it becomes a habit.)
b. get to class?
c. write a short paragraph in English? PRACTICE 28: Cumulative review.
d. read a 400-page novel? Directions: Complete the dialogues by writing questions for the given answers.
2. Generally speaking, how long does it take to.. Use the information in parentheses to form the questions.
a. fly from (name of a city) to (name of a city)?
1. A: ?
b. get from here to your hometown?
B: He's playing tennis. (Jack is playing tennis.)
c. get used to living in a foreign country?
2. A: with?
d. commute from (name of a local place) to (name of a local place) during
B: Anna. (He is playing tennis with Anna.)
rush hour?
3. A: ?
B: Serving the ball. (Anna is serving the ball.)
EXERCISE 27: Length of time.
4. A: in the air?
Directions: Create questions using how long.
B: A tennis ball. (She is throwing a tennis ball in the air.)
5. A: ?
1. A:
B: Rackets. (Anna and Jack are holding rackets.)
B: Five days. (It took me five days to drive to New York.)
6. A: between them?
2. A:
B: A net. (A net is between them.)
B: A week. (Mr. McNally will be in the hospital for a week.)
7. A: ?
3. A:
B: On a tennis court. (They are on a tennis court.)
B: A long time. (It takes a long time to learn a second language.)
8. A: ?
4. A:
B: For an hour and a half. (They have been playing for an hour and a half.)
B: Six months. (I've been living here for six months.)
9. A: right now?
5. A:
B: Jack. (Jack is winning right now.)
B: Six years. (I lived in Istanbul for six years.)
10. A: the last game?
6. A:
B: Anna. (Anna won the last game.)
B: A couple of years. (I've known Aslam for a couple of years.)
PRACTICE 29: Cumulative review. MORE QUESTIONS WITH HOW

Directions: Complete the dialogues by writing questions for the given answers.
Use the information in parentheses to form the questions.
a) How do you spell "coming"? To answer (a). Spell the
C-O-M-I-N-G. word.
b) How do you say "yes" in Japanese? To answer (b). Say the word.
1. A: dry?
Hai. To answer (c). Pronounce the
B: In about an hour. (The clean clothes will be dry in about an hour.) c) How do you say / pronounce this word? word.
______________________________
2. A: Saturday afternoon?
B: I went to a baseball game. (I went to a baseball game Saturday In (d), (e), and (f). How is
d) How are you getting Great. your life? Is your life okay?
afternoon.)
along? Fine. Do you have any problems?
3. A: ? e) How are you doing? Okay.
f) How's it going? So-so. Note. (f) is also used in
B: The small paperback. (I bought the small paperback dictionary, not the
Terrific! greetings. Hi, Bob. How's it
hardcover one.) Wonderful! going?
4. A: to clean your apartment before your parents visited? Great!
Fine. The questions in (g) ask
B: Four hours. (It took me four hours to clean my apartment before my Okay. about health or about general
g) How do you feel? So-so. emotional state
parents visited.)
h) How are you feeling? A bit under
5. A: the top shelf? the weather.
B: Stand on a chair. (You can reach the top shelf by standing on a chair.) Not so good.
Terrible!
6. A: the best? Lousy.
B: Whole wheat bread. (I like whole wheat bread the best.) Awful!
7. A: the phone when it rang?
i) How do you do? ~ How do you do? How do you do? is used by
B: Because I was in the middle of dinner with my family. (I didn't answer
both speakers when they are
the phone when it rang because I was in the middle of dinner with my j) A: Dr. Erickson, I'd like to introduce you to a introduced to each other in a
friend of mine, Rick Brown. Rick, this is my somewhat formal situation as
family.)
biology professor, Dr. Erickson. in (j).
8. A: to the show with? B: How do you do, Mr. Brown?
C: How do you do, Dr. Erickson? I'm pleased to
B: Maria and her sister. (I'm going to the show with Maria and her sister.)
meet you.
9. A: the radio?
B: Eric. (Eric repaired the radio.)
10. A: in your hometown in the winter?
B: It's not bad. It rarely gets below zero. (It rarely gets below zero in my
hometown in the winter.)
EXERCISE 30: Review of HOW. 11. A: Could you carry this box of books for me?
Directions: Complete the questions. B: I'd like to, but I have a bad back. ____________________________ isn’t
it.
1. A: ____________________________ do you get a haircut?
A: Pretty heavy. That's okay. I'll ask Jack to carry it.
B: About every six weeks, I think/guess.
12. A: You blow on your hands to warm them. You blow on your soup to cool
2. A: ____________________________ does it take to get a haircut at
it. Imagine that! Hot and cold from the same mouth
Bertha's Beauty Boutique?
____________________________ do you explain that?
B: Half an hour.
B: I don't know. ____________________________ do you explain it?
3. A: ____________________________ is it from the earth to the moon?
B: Approximately 239, 000 miles or 385, 000 kilometers.
4. A: times a day do you brush your teeth?
EXERCISE 31: Review of questions. Directions: Complete the dialogue with
B: At least three.
questions. Use any appropriate question words. Work in pairs or as a class.
5. A: ____________________________ does a snake shed its skin?
B: From once a year to more than six times a year, depending on the kind of
A: _____________________________________________ this weekend?
snake.
B: I'm going to go to a baseball game.
6. A: ____________________________ is it from your desk to the door?
A: There are two games this weekend.
B: I'd say about four regular steps or two giant steps.
_____________________________________________ ?
7. A: ____________________________ times does the numeral 9 appear in
B: The one on Sunday.
the numerals from 1 to 100?
A: _____________________________________________ yesterday?
B: 20 times.
B: No, I didn't. I didn't know there was a game yesterday.
8. A: ____________________________ does a bird's heart beat?
_____________________________________________ ?
B: It depends on size. A big bird's heart beats more than 300 times a minute.
A: Yes, I did, and I really enjoyed it.
A small bird like a hummingbird has a normal heart beat of more than 600
B: _____________________________________________ to the game
beats a minute.
alone?
9. A: ____________________________ volcanoes erupt every year?
A: No.
B: About 50. But that's just on Earth.
B: _____________________________________________ with you?
10. A: ____________________________ 's it going?
A: Linda Rivera. _____________________________________________ to
B: Okay, I guess. What about you? What's new with you?
Sunday's game with?
A: Nothin' much.
B: A guy I work with named Bob Woo. He's a real fan.
A: _____________________________________________ to the stadium USING HOW ABOUT AND WHAT ABOUT

from your apartment?
B: No, I can't. It's too far.
a) A: We need one more player. How about and what about have the
A: _____________________________________________ B: How about (what about) Jack? same meaning and usage. They are used
Let's ask him if he wants to play. to make suggestions or offers.
B: Six miles.
b) A: What time should we meet?
A: _____________________________________________ get there? B: How about (what about) three How about and what about are followed
o'clock? by a noun (or pronoun) or the -ing form
B: By bus.
of a verb.
A: _____________________________________________ get there?
c) A: What should we do this Note: How about and what about are
B: Just twenty minutes.
afternoon? frequently used in informal spoken
A: _____________________________________________ start Sunday? B: How about going to the zoo? English but are usually not used in
d) A: What about asking Sally over for writing.
B: One o'clock.
dinner next Sunday?
A: I wish I could join you. B: Okay: Good idea.
How about you? and What about you?
_____________________________________________ to a baseball
are used to ask a question that refers to
game? e) A: I'm tired: How about you? the information or question that
B: Yes, I'm tired too: immediately preceded it.
B: About once a month. How about you?
f) A: Are you hungry? In (e): How about you? = Are you tired?
A: I go to a baseball game as often as I can. B: No. What about you? In (f): What about you? = Are you
A: I'm a little hungry. hungry?
B: _____________________________________________ to baseball
games?
A: Because it's a wonderful game, and it's so much fun to be there and
watch it in person.
B: _____________________________________________ when you go to
a game?
A: I yell, enjoy the sunshine, eat peanuts, and drink soda.
B: That's exactly what I do, too!
EXERCISE 32: HOW ABOUT and WHAT ABOUT. TAG QUESTIONS

Directions: Complete the dialogues with your own words.
1. A: What time do you want to meet for dinner?
AFFIRMATIVE (+) NEGATIVE (—) A tag question is a question that
B: How about nine or nine thirty? a) You know Bob Wilson, don't you? is added onto the end of a
b) Marie is from Paris, isn't she? sentence. An auxiliary verb is
A: That’s too late for me. How about eight?
c) Jerry can play the piano, can't he? used in a tag question.
B: Okay. When the main verb is
NEGATIVE (—) AFFIRMATIVE (+) affirmative, the tag question is
2. A: ?
negative.
B: No, Tuesday's not good for me. d) You don't know Jack Smith, do you? When the main verb is negative,
e) Marie isn't from Athens, is she? the tag question is affirmative.
A: Then what about ?
f) Jerry can't speak Arabic, can he?
B: Okay. That's fine. In using a tag question, a speaker gives his idea while asking a question at the same
3. A: There's room in the car for one more person. Do you think time. In (g) and (h) below. I (the speaker) use a tag question because I expect you (the
listener) to tell me that my information or my idea is correct.
_________________________________________ would like to go to As with other kinds of questions, a speaker usually uses a rising intonation at the end
with us? of a tag question.
Sometimes a falling intonation is used with tag questions. For example.
B: __________________ can't go with us because A: It's a beautiful day today, isn't it? (voice falling rather than rising)
________________________________________ B: Yes, indeed. The weather's perfect.
A speaker uses falling intonation for a tag question when he is making an observation,
A: Then how about ? commenting on something rather than making sure his information is correct. In the
B: . example, the speaker is making a comment about the weather to invite conversation.
Other examples.
4. A: Do you like fish? That was a good movie, wasn't it?
B: Yes, very much. How about ? Mr. Smith is a good teacher, isn't he?
It's really hot today, isn't it?
A: Yes, I like fish a lot. In fact, I think I'll order fish for dinner tonight. That THE SPEAKER'S IDEA THE SPEAKER'S QUESTION EXPECTED ANSWER
sounds good. What about ? I think that you know Bob You know Bob Wilson, Yes, I do.
Wilson don't you?
B: I think that you don't know You don't know Jack No, I don't.
Jack Smith Smith, do you?
COMPARE In (g) The speaker has no idea.
g) A: Do you know Torn Lee? (a yes/no The speaker is simply looking
question) for information.
B: Yes, I do. OR No, I don't.
In (h) The speaker believes that
h) A: You know Tom Lee, don't you? (a tag the listener knows Tom Lee. The
question) speaker wants to make sure that
B: Yes, I do. his idea is correct.
EXERCISE 33: Tag questions. 7. She's had her car for several years, ?
Directions: Add tag questions and give the expected answers. 8. She has to get a new license plate for her car, ?
9. If you want to get to work on time,you should leave pretty soon, ?
1. A: You are a student, aren’t you? 10. Ms. Boxlight will be here tomorrow, ?
B: Yes, I am. 11. You didn't forget to finish your homework, ?
2. A: Ahmed came to class yesterday, ? 12. his is your pen, ?
B: . 13. That is Ivana's dictionary, ?
3. A: Pedro was in class too, ? 14. Those are your gloves, ?
B: . 15. The average lifespan of a horse is more than 40 years, ?
4. A: Anna will be at the meeting tomorrow, ? And sea turtles can live to be more than 200, ?
B: .
5. A: You can speak Spanish, ? PRACTICE 35: Tag questions.
B: . Directions: Complete the tag questions with the correct verbs.
6. A: Our teacher didn't give us a homework assignment, ?
B: . SIMPLE PRESENT
7. A: You haven't eaten dinner yet, ? 1. You like strong coffee, ____________________ you?
B: . 2. David goes to Ames High School, ___________________________ he?
8. A: All birds lay eggs, ? 3. Kate and Sara live on Tree Road, ___________________________ they?
B: . 4. Jane has the keys to storeroom, ___________________________ she?
5. Jane's in her office, ___________________________ she?
6. You're a member of this class, ___________________________ you?
EXERCISE 34: Use of auxiliary verbs in tag questions. 7. Jack doesn't have a car, ___________________________ he?
Directions: Add tag questions. 8. Ann isn't from California, ___________________________ she?
SIMPLE PAST
1. Mr. Adams was born in England, ? 9. Paul went to Florida, ___________________________ he?
2. Flies can fly upside down, ? 10. You didn't talk to the boss, ___________________________ you?
3. Po lives with his brother, ? 11. Tom's parents weren't at home, ___________________________ they?
4. Mike isn't married, ? 12. That was Pat's idea, ___________________________ it?
5. You would rather have a roommate than live alone, ?
6. Janet has a car, ?
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE, BE GOING TO, and PAST PROGRESSIVE 4. A: You usually bring your lunch to school, _________________________?
13. You're studying hard, ___________________________ you? B: ___________________________
14. Tom isn't working at the bank, ___________________________ he? 5. A: Rita and Philip have been married for five years, __________________?
15. It isn't going to rain today, ___________________________ it? B: ___________________________
16. Susan and Kevin were waiting for us, ___________________________ 6. A: Kathy has already finished her work, ___________________________ ?
they? B: ___________________________
17. It wasn't raining, ___________________________ it? 7. A: This isn't a hard exercise, ___________________________ ?
PRESENT PERFECT B: ___________________________
18. It has been warmer than usual, ___________________________ it? 8. A: We have to hand in our assignments today, _________________ ?
19. You've had a lot of homework, ___________________________ you? B: ___________________________
20. We haven't spent much time together, ___________________________ we? 9. A: Tony Wah lives in Los Angeles, ___________________________ ?
21. Lisa has started her new job, ___________________________ she? B: ___________________________
22. Bill hasn't finished his sales report yet, ___________________________ he? 10. A: You used to live in Los Angeles, ___________________________ ?
MODAL AUXILIARIES B: ___________________________
23. You can answer these questions, ___________________________ you? 11. A: Tomorrow isn't a holiday, ___________________________ ?
24. Kate won't tell anyone our secret, ___________________________ she? B: ___________________________
25. Sam should come to the meeting, ___________________________ he? 12. A: Jack doesn't have to join the army, ___________________________ ?
26. Alice would like to come with us, ___________________________ she? B: ___________________________
27. I don't have to come to the meeting, ___________________________ I? 13. A: I don't have to be at the meeting, ___________________________ ?
28. Steve had to leave early, ___________________________ he? B: ___________________________
14. A: This isn't your book, ___________________________ ?
PRACTICE 36: Tag questions. B: ___________________________
Directions: Add tag questions to the following and give the expected responses. 15. A: Jack and Elizabeth were in class yesterday, __________________ ?
B: ___________________________
1. A: You've already seen that movie, ___________________________? 16. A: Jennifer won't be here for dinner tonight, _______________________ ?
B: ___________________________ B: ___________________________
2. A: Alex hasn't called, ___________________________?
B: ___________________________
3. A: You talked to Mike last night, __________________________?
B: ___________________________
PRACTICE 37: Error analysis. PRACTICE 38: Review. questions.

Directions: Correct the errors in the sentences. Directions: Using the information in parentheses, complete the questions for the
given answers.
1. Whom saw the car accident?
2. Why you didn't say "good-bye" when you left? 1. A: a new bicycle?
3. How about ask Julie and Tim to come for dinner Friday night? B: Next week. (I'm going to buy a new bicycle next week.)
4. What time class begins today? 2. A: for it?
5. Why he have no shoes on his feet? B: With my credit card. (I'm going to pay for it with my credit card.)
6. Where you can get a drink of water in this building? 3. A: your old bike?
7. What kind of music you like best? B: Ten years. (I had my old bike for ten years.)
8. How long it takes to get to the beach from here? 4. A: your bike?
9. She is working late tonight, doesn't she? B: Four or five times a week. (I ride my bike four or five times a week.)
10. Who's glasses are those? 5. A: to work?
11. How much tall your father? B: I usually ride my bike. (I usually get to work by riding my bike.)
12. Who you talked to about registration for next term? 6. A: your bike to work tomorrow?
13. How about we go to see the baby elephant at the zoo tomorrow? B: Yes. (I'm going to ride my bike to work tomorrow.)
14. How far from here to the nearest gas station? 7. A: your bike to work today?
B: I decided I would rather walk. (I didn't ride my bike to work today
because I decided I would rather walk.)
8. A: a comfortable seat?
B: Yes, it does. (My bike has a comfortable seat.)
9. A: ?
B: A ten-speed. (I have a ten-speed bicycle.)
10. A: his new bike?
B: Two weeks ago. (Jason got his new bike two weeks ago.)
11. A: Jason's new bike?
B: Billy. (Billy broke Jason's new bike.)
12. A: ?
B: The front wheel on Jason's new bike. (Billy broke the front wheel on
Jason's new bike.)
CHAPTER 06: ASKING QUESTIONS
13. A:
B: Jason's new bike. (Jason's new bike is broken.)
14. A: Jason's bike?
B: He ran into a brick wall. (Billy broke Jason's bike by running into a brick
wall.)
OUTLINE
15. A: yours? 1. SUMMARY CHART OF MODALS AND SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS
B: The blue one. (The blue bicycle is mine, not the red one.) 2. INTRODUCTION
16. A: your bicycle at night? 3. ABILITY & POSSIBILITY: CAN, COULD AND BE ABLE TO
4. ABILITY: KNOW HOW TO AND BE ABLE TO
B: Inside my apartment. (I keep my bicycle inside my apartment at night.)
5. EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY: MAY, MIGHT AND COULD
17. A: ? EXPRESSING PERMISSION: MAY AND CAN
B: David. (That bike belongs to David.) 6. POLITE REQUESTS WITH I AS THE SUBJECT
7. POLITE REQUESTS WITH YOU AS THE SUBJECT
18. A: ?
8. POLITE REQUESTS WITH WOULD YOU MIND
B: Suzanne's. (I borrowed Suzanne's bike.) 9. EXPRESSING NECESSITY: MUST, HAVE TO HAVE GOT TO
19. A: ? 10. LACK OF NECESSITY AND PROHIBITION: HAVE TO AND MUST IN
THE NEGATIVE
B: In the park. (Rita is in the park.)
11. MAKING LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS: MUST
20. A: ? 12. ADVISABILITY: SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER
B: Riding her bike. (She's riding her bike.) 13. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MUST AND SHOULD
21. A: her bike yesterday? 14. THE PAST FORM OF SHOULD
15. EXPECTATIONS: BE SUPPOSED TO
B: 25 miles. (Rita rode her bike 25 miles* yesterday.) 16. MAKING SUGGESTIONS: LET'S, WHY DON'T, SHALL I / WE
22. A: "bicycle"? 17. MAKING SUGGESTIONS: COULD VS. SHOULD
B: B-I-C-Y-C-L-E. (You spell "bicycle" B-I-C-Y-C-L-E.) 18. DEGREES OF CERTAINTY: PRESENT TIME
19. DEGREES OF CERTAINTY: PRESENT TIME NEGATIVE
20. DEGREES OF CERTAINTY: PAST TIME
21. DEGREES OF CERTAINTY: FUTURE TIME
22. PROGRESSIVE FORMS OF MODALS
23. USING WOULD TO EXPRESS A REPEATED ACTION IN THE PAST
24. EXPRESSING PREFERENCE: PREFER, LIKE …. BETTER, WOULD
RATHER
25. COMBINING MODALS WITH PHRASAL MODALS
26. GIVING INSTRUCTIONS: IMPERATIVE SENTENCES
CHAPTER 07: MODAL VERBS CHAPTER 07: MODAL VERBS
SUMMARY CHART OF MODALS AND SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS SUMMARY CHART OF MODALS AND SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS
AUXILIARY USES PRESENT / FUTURE PAST AUXILIARY USES PRESENT / FUTURE PAST
may 1) Polite request May I borrow your must 1) strong necessity I must go to class (I had to go to
(only with I pen? today. class yesterday.)
or We) 2) prohibition You must not open
2) formal You may leave the (negative) that door.
permission room. 3) 95% certainty Mary isn't in class. Mary must have
3) less than 50% Where's John? ~ He may have been at She must be sick. been sick
certainty He may be at the the library. (present only) yesterday.
library. have to 1) necessity I have to go to class I had to go to class
might 1) less than 50% Where's John? ~ He might have been today. yesterday.
certainty He might be at the at the library. 2) lack of necessity I don't have to go to I didn't have to go
library. (negative) class today. to class yesterday.
2) polite request Might I borrow your have got to 1) necessity I have got to go to (I had to go to
(rare) pen? class today. class yesterday.)
should 1) advisability I should study I should have will 1) 100% certainty He will be here at
tonight. studied last night, 6:00. (future only)
but I didn't. 2) willingness The phone's ringing.
2) 90% certainty She should do well She should have I'll get it.
(expectation) on the test. (future done well on the test. 3) polite request Will you please pass
only, not present) the salt?
ought to 1) advisability I ought to study I ought to have be going to 1) 100% certainty He is going to be
tonight. studied last night, (prediction) here at 6:00. (future
but I didn't. only)
2) 90% certainty She ought to do well She ought to have 2) definite plan I'm going to paint
(expectation) on the test. (future done well on the test. (intention) my bedroom. (future
only, not present) only)
had better 1) advisability You had better be on (past form 3) unfulfilled I was going to
with threat of time, or we will uncommon) intention paint my room, but
bad result leave without you. I didn't have time.
be 1) expectation Class is supposed to
supposed begin at 10:00.
to 2) unfulfilled Class was supposed
expectation to begin at 10:00, but
it didn't begin until
10:15.
SUMMARY CHART OF MODALS AND SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS SUMMARY CHART OF MODALS AND SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS
AUXILIARY USES PRESENT / FUTURE PAST AUXILIARY USES PRESENT / FUTURE PAST
can 1) ability / I can run fast. I could run fast would 1) polite request Would you please
possibility when I was a child, pass the salt?
but now I can't. Would you mind if 1
2) informal You can use my car left early?
permission tomorrow. 2) preference 1 would rather go to I would rather have
3) informal polite Can I borrow your the park than stay gone to the park.
request pen? home.
4) impossibility That can't be true! That can't have been 3) repeated When I was a child, I
(negative only) true! action in the would visit my
could 1) past ability I could run fast past grandparents every
when I was a child. weekend.
2) polite request Could I borrow your 4) polite for I would like an
pen? "want" (with apple, please.
Could you help me? like)
3) suggestion I need help in math. You could have 5) unfulfilled I would have liked a
(affirmative You could talk to talked to your wish cookie, but there
only) your teacher. teacher. were none in the
4) less than 50% Where's John? He could have been house.
certainty He could be at at home. used to 1) repeated I used to visit my
home. action in the grandparents every
5) impossibility That couldn't be That couldn't have past weekend.
(negative only) true! been true! 2) past situation I used to live in
be able to 1) ability I am able to help I was able to help that no longer Spain. Now I live in
you. him. exists Korea.
I will be able to help shall 1) polite question Shall I open the
you. to make a window?
suggestion
2) future with "I" I shall arrive at nine.
or "we" as (will = more
subject common)
INTRODUCTION PRACTICE 01: Verb forms with modal auxiliaries. Choose the correct
The modal auxiliaries in English are can, could, had better, may, might, must, completion.
ought (to), shall, should, will, would.
Modal auxiliaries generally express speakers' attitudes. For example, modals can 1. Mary can to the meeting.
express that a speaker feels something is necessary, advisable, permissible,
A. comes B. to come C. come
possible, or probable; and, in addition, they can convey the strength of those
attitudes. 2. Jack should harder.
a) BASIC MODALS Modals do not take a final -s, even A. studies B. to study C. study
when the subject is she, he, or it. 3. The whole team must together in order to win
can do it. CORRECT: She can do it.
the game.
could do it. INCORRECT: She cans do it.
I had better do it. A. worked B. to work C. work
You may do it. Modals are followed immediately by the 4. We ought before we drop in on Peter and Marcia. They may be
He might do it. simple form of a verb.
She busy.
must do it. CORRECT: She can do it.
It ought to do it. INCORRECT: She can to do it. / She can A. called B. to call C. call
We
shall do it. does it. I She can did it. 5. Paul can Chinese very well because he studied it for six years.
You
They should do it.
A. speaks B. to speak C. speak
will do it. The only exception is ought, which is
would do it followed by an infinitive (to + the simple 6. May I you?
form of a verb). A. can help B. to help C. help
CORRECT: He ought to go to the 7. The construction crew might the bridge in time for the
meeting.
holiday traffic.
b) PHRASAL MODALS Phrasal modals are common expressions
be able to do it whose meanings are similar to those of A. finished B. to finish C. finish
be going to do it some of the modal auxiliaries. For 8. We had better an umbrella when we go out. It looks like it's going
be supposed to do it example: be able to is similar to can; be
to rain.
have to do it going to is similar to will.
have got to do it A. taken B. to take C. take
used to do it An infinitive (to + the simple form of a 9. I couldn't that book because I didn't take any money with me.
verb) is used in these similar
A. bought B. to buy C. buy
expressions.
10. The children should "thank you" when you
gave them their gifts.
A. has said B. to have said C. have said
11. Tom could us to help him move.
A. had asked B. to have asked C. have asked
12. I can't find the grocery list. Gail must it with her when she went PRACTICE 04: The form of modal auxiliaries. (Chart 7-1)
out. Directions: Add the word to where necessary: Write ----- if to is not necessary.
A. has taken B. to have taken C. have taken
EXERCISE 02. The form of modal auxiliaries:

1. Mr. Alvarez spilled tea on his shirt. He must _________________ change
Directions: Add to where necessary: If no to is necessary, write -----.
clothes before dinner.
2. Mr. Alvarez has _________________ change his shirt before dinner.
1. I have ______________________ go downtown tomorrow.
3. Tom and I might _________________ play tennis after work tomorrow.
2. Tom must ______________________ see his dentist.
4. You had better _________________ see a doctor.
3. Could you please ______________________ open the window?
5. Would you _________________ speak more slowly, please?
4. May I ______________________ borrow your pen?
6. The students have _________________ take a test next Friday.
5. A good book can ______________________ be a friend for life.
7. Everyone should _________________ pay attention to local politics.
6. I ought ______________________ go to the post office this afternoon.
8. Everyone ought _________________ participate in local government.
7. Jimmy is yawning and rubbing his eyes. He must ______________________
9. May I please _________________ have the salt and pepper? Thanks.
be sleepy.
10. You'd better not _________________ come to the meeting late. The boss will
8. I have got ______________________ go to the post office this afternoon.
_________________ be angry if you're late.
9. Shouldn't you ______________________ save a little money for a rainy day?
11. I've had a lot of trouble sleeping the last few nights. I've got
10. Poor Edward. He has ______________________ go to the hospital for an
_________________ get a good night's sleep! I can barely
operation.
_________________ stay awake in class.
11. Alex! Stop! You must not ______________________ run into the street when
12. We may _________________ go to Argentina for our vacation.
there's traffic!
13. Will you please _________________ mail this letter for me?
EXERCISE 03: Error analysis: the form of modal auxiliaries.
Directions: Correct the errors.
1. Can you to help me, please?
2. I must studying for an exam tomorrow.
3. We couldn't went to the party last night.
4. I am have to improve my English as soon as possible.
5. You shouldn't to spend all your free time at the computer.
6. My mother can't speaking English, but she can speaks several other language.
ABILITY & POSSIBILITY: CAN, COULD AND BE ABLE TO EXERCISE 05: Expressing ability: CAN and CAN'T.
Directions: Complete the sentences with can and can't.
a) Tom is strong. He can lift that heavy Can is used to express physical ability,
box. in present or future as in (a).
1. A cat ______________________ climb trees, but it
a) I can see Central Park from my Can is frequently used with verbs of the
apartment. five senses: see, hear, feel, smell, taste, ______________________ fly.
as in (b). 2. A fish ______________________ walk, but it ______________________
b) Maria can play the piano. She's been Can is used to express an acquired skill.
swim.
taking lessons for many years. In (c), can play = knows how to play.
3. A dog ______________________ bark, but it ______________________
c) You can buy a hammer at the Can is used to express possibility. In (d), sing.
hardware store. you can buy = it is possible for one to 4. A tiny baby ______________________ cry, but it ______________________
buy
COMPARE talk.
d) I'm not quite ready to go, but you Can is used to give permission in 5. You ______________________ store water in a glass jar, but you
can leave if you're in a hurry. I'll informal situations, as in (e). In formal ______________________ store it in a paper bag.
meet you later. situations, may rather than can is usually
6. You ______________________ drive from the Philippines to Australia, but
e) When you finish the test, you may used to give permission, as in (f).
leave. you drive from Italy to Austria.
f) Dogs can bark, but they cannot / Negative form: cannot or can't.
can't talk.
EXERCISE 06: Ability: couldn’t.
g) I am in Hawaii. I can go to the beach The past form of can meaning "ability" Directions: Use couldn’t and give a reason
every day. is could, as in (h).
h) I was in Hawaii last month. I could Negative = could not or couldn't. 1. eat breakfast / get up late
go to the beach every day when I 2. eat lunch \ leave his wallet at home
was there.
3. finish his report \ have to go to a meeting
i) Tom could lift the box, but I
couldn't. 4. leave work at five \ have to finish his report
5. play tennis after work it \ be raining
6. enjoy his dinner \ his wife \ be angry at him
7. watch his favorite TV program after dinner \ his TV set \ not work
8. read quietly \ his children \ be very noisy
9. go to bed early \ his neighbors \ come to visit
EXERCISE 07: Review: error analysis. 9. (squirrel, polar bear) A __________________________ can stay high up
Directions: Correct the errors. in the trees for weeks, leaping from branch to branch.
10. (people, ants) Most __________________________ can lift objects
1. Could you to drive a car when you were thirteen years old?
that are ten times heavier than their own bodies.
2. If your brother goes to the graduation party, he can meets my sister.
11. (baby, student) When I was a __________________________ , I
3. I couldn't opened the door because I didn't have a key.
could sleep most of the day.
4. Please turn up the radio. I can't to hear it.
12. (men, women) One hundred years ago,
5. When Ernesto arrived at the airport last Tuesday, he can't find the right gate:
__________________________ couldn't vote in
6. Mr. Lo was born in Hong Kong, but now he lives in Canada. He cannot
many countries, but now they can.
understand spoken English before he moved to Canada, but now he speak and
PRACTICE 09: Ability: can and could.
understand English very well.
Directions: Complete the sentences with can, can't, could, or couldn't.
PRACTICE 08: Expressing ability. 1. Fish ______________________ talk.

Directions: Choose one of the words in parentheses to complete each sentence. 2. I used to be a good swimmer. I ______________________ swim long
distances when I was a teenager.
1. (giraffe, zebra) A __________________________ can't stretch its 3. Why ______________________ all the nations of the world just get along in
neck to reach the tops of trees. peace? Why are there always wars somewhere on the earth?
2. (bee, cat) A single __________________________ can kill a 4. When I was younger, I ______________________ stay up past midnight and
thousand mice in a year. get up at dawn feeling refreshed and ready to go. I ______________________
3. (Rabbits, Elephants) __________________________ can crush small do that any longer now that I'm middle-aged.
trees under their huge feet. 5. I ______________________ get to sleep last night because it was too hot in
4. (Monkeys, Chickens) __________________________ can climb trees with my room.
ease. 6. An illiterate person is someone who ______________________ neither read
5. (ducks, camels) Did you know that __________________________ nor write.
can survive seventeen days without any water at all? 7. My uncle was a wonderful craftsman. He made beautiful things out of wood.
6. (cow, bull) One __________________________ can produce as But he ______________________ read or write because he never went to
much as 8,500 lbs. (3,860 kgs) of milk in a year. school.
7. (horse, cat) A person can sit on a 8. I had to put together my daughter's tricycle. It came from the factory
__________________________ without hurting it. unassembled. At first, I______________________ figure out what to do, but
8. (donkey, snake) A __________________________ can carry heavy finally, after hours of work, I managed to get it assembled.
loads on its back.
ABILITY: KNOW HOW TO AND BE ABLE TO EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY: MAY, MIGHT AND COULD
a) I can swim. know how to expresses EXPRESSING PERMISSION: MAY AND CAN
b) I know how to swim. ability. (Usually PRESENT)
c) Can you cook? (j) and (k) have the same a) It may rain tomorrow. May and might express possibility in
b) It might rain tomorrow. the present or future. They have the
d) Do you know how to cook? meaning. c) A: Why isn’t John in class? same meaning. There is no difference in
(l) and (m) have the same B: I don’t know. He may/might be meaning between (a) and (b).
meaning. sick today.
PRESENT be able to expresses ability.
e) I am able to touch my toes. (e) and (f) have the same d) A: Why isn’t Greg in class? Could can mean past ability.
f) I can touch my toes meaning. B: I don’t know. He could be sick. But that is not its only meaning.
e) Look at those dark clouds. It could Another meaning of could is possibility.
FUTURE (g) and (h) have the same
start raining any minute. In (d): “He could be sick” has the same
g) I will be able to go shopping tomorrow. meaning. meaning as “He may/might be sick,”
h) I can go shopping tomorrow. (i) and (j) have the same i.e., “It is possible that he is sick.”
PAST meaning. In (d): could expresses a present
i) I wasn’t able to finish my homework last night. possibility. In (e): could expresses a
j) I couldn’t finish my homework last night. future possibility.
f) It may not rain tomorrow. Negative: may not and might not. (Do
EXERCISE 10: Sentence practice. On a separate sheet of paper, make sentences g) It might not rain tomorrow. not contract may and might with not.)
with the same meaning. Use be able to.
h) Maybe it will rain tomorrow. In (f) and (g): maybe (spelled as one
1. I can be here tomorrow at ten o'clock. word) is an adverb. It means “possibly.”
COMPARE It comes at the beginning of a sentence.
SAMPLE: I'll (I will) be able to be here tomorrow at ten o'clock.
i) Maybe John is sick. (adverb) INCORRECT: It will maybe rain
2. Two students couldn't finish the test. Two students weren't able to finish the j) John may be sick. (verb) tomorrow.
In (h): may be (two words) is a verb
test.
form:
3. Mark is bilingual. He can speak two languages. the auxiliary may + the main verb be.
INCORRECT: John maybe sick.
4. Sue can get her own apartment next year.
5. Animals can't speak. k) Yes, children, you may have a May is also used to give permission, as
cookie after dinner: in (i). Often can is used to give
6. Can you touch your toes without bending your knees?
l) Okay, kids, you can have a cookie permission, too, as in (j).
7. Jack couldn't describe the thief. after dinner. (i) and (j) have the same meaning, but
may is more formal than can:
8. Could you do the homework?
9. I couldn't sleep last night because my apartment was too hot. m) You may not have a cookie. May not and cannot (can’t) are used to
You can’t have a cookie. deny permission (i.e., to say “no”).
10. My roommate can speak four languages. He's multilingual.
11. I'm sorry that I couldn't call you last night.
12. I'm sorry, but I can't come to your party next week.
13. Can we take vacations on the moon in the 22nd century?
PRACTICE 11: Expressing possibility. PRACTICE 12: Expressing possibility and permission.
Directions: Rewrite the sentences using the words in parentheses. Directions: Decide if the meaning of the modal verb is possibility or permission.
MODAL VERB MEANING
1. Maybe I will take a nap. (might)
2. She might be sick. (maybe)
1. Both of my grandparents are retired. They like
3. There may be time later. (maybe)
to travel. They may travel overseas next
4. Maybe our team will win. (may)
summer. possibility permission
5. You may be right. (might)
2. They may take their two grandchildren with
6. Maybe we'll hear soon. (may)
them. possibility permission
7. It might rain. (may)
3. A: Yes, Tommy, you may play outdoors
8. Maybe it will snow. (might)
until dinner. possibility permission
9. She might come tomorrow. (maybe)
B: Okay, Mom.
10. She might be at home right now. (maybe)
4. The dog has an infected foot. He might need
to go to the vet. possibility permission
5. A: Susie, no, you can't stay overnight at
your friend's house tonight. possibility permission
B: Then how about my friend staying
overnight here?
6. A: Susie, no, you can’t stay overnight at
your friend’s house tonight. possibility permission
B: Then how about my friend staying
overnight here?
A: No
7. It may be hot and humid all weekend. possibility permission
8. Johnny, you may not stay up until midnight.
Your bedtime is nine o'clock. possibility permission
9. I might not stay up to watch the end of the
game on TV. I'm sleepy. possibility permission
10. Children, you cannot go out now. It's dark
outside, and dinner is ready. possibility permission
PRACTICE 13: Expressing ability and possibility. EXERCISE 14: Ability, possibility, and permission: CAN, MAY, and MIGHT
Directions: Complete the sentences with can/can't, may/might, or may not/might Directions: Complete the sentences with can, may, or might. Use the negative as
not. appropriate: Identify the meaning expressed by the modals: ability, possibility, or
1. Jessica hasn't made up her mind about where to go to school. She permission.
__________________________ attend Duke University, or she
__________________________. She just doesn't know yet. 1. I ______________________ play only one musical instrument: the piano. I
2. Alice is a runner. She likes to compete, but two days ago she broke her ankle ______________________ play a guitar. (meaning expressed by modals:
when she fell. She __________________________ run in the race tomorrow ability)
3. A: Carol's in New York now. Is she going to return to school in Chicago in 2. Tommy, you ______________________ stay up until eight tonight, but you
September? stay up past that time. (meaning expressed by modals: permission)
B: It depends. If she __________________________ find a job in 3. A: What are you going to do this evening?
New York, she'll stay there this fall. Who knows? She B: I don't know. I ______________________ stay home, or I
__________________________ stay there through the winter and ______________________ go over to Anita's house. (meaning expressed
spring, too. If she likes her job, she __________________________ by modals: possibility)
want to return to school in Chicago next year at all. We'll have to wait 4. A: What are you going to order?
and see. B: I don't know. I ______________________ have the tofu pasta.
4. A: Do you remember a famous actor named Basil Rathbone? Is he still 5. A: Would you like some more food?
making movies? B: No thanks. I ______________________ eat another bite. I'm full:
B: I think he __________________________ be dead. 6. A: Is it okay if I have a piece of candy, Mom?
5. Jodie finished law school last month, but she hasn't taken her exams yet. She B: No, but you ______________________ have an orange.
__________________________ practice law until she passes them. 7. A: Which of these oranges is sweet? I like only sweet oranges.
6. Jack and Jenny haven't decided what kind of wedding to have. They B: How should I know? I ______________________ tell if an orange is
__________________________ have a large, formal celebration, or they sweet just by looking at it. ______________________ you? Here. Try this
__________________________ have a small, quiet ceremony. one. It ______________________ be sweet enough for you. If it isn't, put
7. My roommate is planning to go sailing tomorrow, but he needs at least one some sugar on it.
other person to help him sail the boat. If no one is available, he 8. May I have everyone's attention? The test is about to begin. If you need to
__________________________ take it out. leave the room during the examination, please raise your hand. You
______________________ leave the room without permission: Are there any
questions? No? Then you ______________________ open your test booklets
and begin.
9. A: What channel is the news special on tonight? POLITE REQUESTS WITH "YOU" AS THE SUBJECT
B: I'm not sure. It ______________________ be on Channel Seven. Try that WOULD YOU / WILL YOU The meaning of would you and will you
one first. a) Would you pass the salt (please)? in a polite request is the same. Would
b) Will you (please) pass the salt? you is more common and is often
considered more polite. The degree of
politeness, however, is often determined
by the speaker's tone of voice.
POLITE REQUESTS WITH "I" AS THE SUBJECT COULD YOU Basically, could you and would you
MAY I / COULD I May I and could I are used to request c) Could you pass the salt (please)? have the same meaning. The difference
a) May I (please) borrow your pen? permission. They are equally polite. is slight:
b) Could I borrow your pen (please)? Note in (b): In a polite request, could Would you = Do you want to do this
has a present or future meaning, not a please?
CAN I past meaning. Could you = Do you want to do this
c) Can I borrow your pen? Can I is used informally to request please, and is it possible for you to do
permission, especially if the speaker is this?
TYPICAL RESPONSES talking to someone s/he knows fairly Could you and would you are equally
d) Certainly. well. Can I is usually considered a little polite.
e) Yes, certainly. less polite than may I or could I.
f) Of course. CAN YOU Can you is often used informally. It
g) Yes, of course. Often the response to a polite request is d) Can you (please) pass the salt? usually sounds less polite than could you
h) Sure. (informal) an action, such as a nod or shake of the or would you.
head, or a simple "uh-huh."
TYPICAL RESPONSES A person usually responds in the
MIGHT I Might I is quite formal and polite; it is e) Yes, I'd (I would) be happy to/be affirmative to a polite request. If a
i) Might I borrow your pen? use much less frequently than may I or glad to. negative response is necessary, a person
could I f) Certainly. might begin by saying "I'd like to, but
g) Sure. (informal) .…" (e.g. “I'd like to pass the salt, but I
can't reach it").
h) INCORRECT: May you pass the May is used only with I or we in polite
salt? requests.
EXERCISE 15: Polite requests. POLITE REQUESTS WITH WOULD YOU MIND
Directions: Ask and answer polite requests. ASKING PERMISSION Notice in (a): Would you mind if I is followed by
Speaker A: Your book is open. Present the situation to Speaker B. the simple past.
a) Would you mind if I NOTE: The simple past does not refer to past time
Speaker B: Your book is closed. Make a polite request for the situation.
closed the window? after would you mind; it refers to present or future
Speaker A: Give a typical response. b) Would you mind if I time.
Example: used the phone? Sometimes, in informal spoken English, the simple
present is used: Would you mind if I close the
SPEAKER A (book open): You and I are co-workers. We don't
window?
know each other well. We're at a lunch table in a cafeteria. You want The meaning in (a): May I close the window? Is it
the pepper. TYPICAL RESPONSES all right if I close the window? Will it cause you any
SPEAKER B (book dosed). Would/Could you please pass me the c) No, not at all/of course trouble or discomfort if I close the window?
not.
pepper? (Note: Will is also possible because the speaker uses d) No, that would be fine Another typical response might be "unh-unh,"
please, but can is probably not appropriate in this situation.) meaning "no."
SPEAKER A: Certainly. I'd be glad to. Here you are.
ASKING SOMEONE TO Notice in (e): Would you mind is followed by -ing
DO SOMETHING (a gerund). The meaning in (e): I don't want to cause
1. You and I are good friends. We're in my apartment. You want to use the phone. e) Would you mind closing you any trouble, but would you please close the
2. I'm your instructor. You want to leave class early. the window? window? Would that cause you any inconvenience?
f) Excuse me. Would you
3. You call your friend. Her name is ( …. ). I answer the phone. You and I don't
mind repeating that?
know each other.
4. I'm your supervisor at work. You knock on my half-open office door. I'm TYPICAL RESPONSES The informal responses of "Sure" and "Okay" are
g) No. I'd be happy to. common, but are not logical: the speaker means
sitting at my desk. You want to come in.
h) Not at all. I'd be glad to. "No, I wouldn't mind" but seems to be saying "Yes,
5. I'm Dr. North's secretary. You want to make an appointment to see Dr. North. i) Sure. /Okay. (informal) I would mind." Native speakers understand that the
6. We're roommates. You want me to tape (a particular program) on the VCR response "Sure" or "Okay" in this situation means
tonight while you're away at a meeting. that the speaker agrees to the request.
7. I'm a stranger next to you at an airport check-in line. You want me to save your
place in line and keep an eye on your luggage while you get a drink of water.
EXERCISE 16: Polite requests with WOULD YOU MIND 10. A: You have an atlas, don't you? Would you mind (borrow)
Directions: Using the verb in parentheses, fill in the blank either with if I + the past ______________________ it for a minute? I need to settle an argument.
tense or with the -ing form of the verb. In some of the sentences, either response is My friend says Timbuktu is in Asia, and I say it's in Australia.
possible but the meaning is different. B: You're both wrong. It's in Africa. Here's the atlas. Look it up for yourself.
1. I'm getting tired. I'd like to go home and go to bed. Would you mind (leave)
______________________ early?
PRACTICE 17: Using would you mind.
2. I'm sorry. I didn't understand what you said. Would you mind (repeat)
Directions: Using the verb in parentheses, fill in the blank either with if I + PAST
______________________ that?
tense or with the -ing form of the verb, as appropriate.
3. A: Are you going to the post office?
B: Yes.
1. A: It's cold in here. Would you mind (close) ______________________ the
A: Would you mind (mail) ______________________ this letter for me?
window?
B: Not at all.
B: Not at all. I'd be glad to.
4. A: Are you coming with us?
2. A: It's cold in here. Would you mind (close) ______________________ the
B: I know I promised to go with you, but I'm not feeling very good. Would
window?
you mind (stay) ______________________ home?
B: Not at all. Go right ahead. I think it's cold in here, too.
A: Of course not.
3. A: Would you mind (take) ______________________ the book back to the
5. A: It's getting hot in here. Would you mind (open)
library for me?
______________________ the window?
B: Not at all.
B: No.
4. A: This story you wrote is really good. Would you mind (show)
6. A: This is probably none of my business, but would you mind (ask)
______________________ it to my English teacher?
______________________ you a personal question?
B: Go right ahead. That'd be fine.
B: It depends.
5. A: I'll wash the dishes. Would you mind (dry) ______________________
7. A: Would you mind (smoke) ______________________
them? That would help me a lot.
B: I'd really rather you didn't.
B: I'd be happy to.
8. A: Excuse me. Would you mind (speak) ______________________ a little
6. A: I'm feeling kind of tired and worn out. This heavy work in the hot sun is
more slowly? I didn't catch what you said.
hard on me. Would you mind (finish) ______________________ the
B: Oh, of course. I'm sorry.
work yourself?
9. A: I don't like this TV program. Would you mind (change)
B: No problem, Grandpa. Why don't you go in and rest? finish it up.
______________________ the channel?
B: Unh-unh.
7. A: Would you mind (use) ______________________ your name as a 3. One of you says that you're going to a particular store. The other one wants
reference on this job application? something from that store, too, but doesn't have time to go there.
B: Not at all. In fact, ask them to call me. 4. One of you wants to ask the other a personal question.
8. A: Would you mind (wait) ______________________ here for just a minute? 5. You're in a computer lab at a language school. One of you knows how to rim
I need to run back to the classroom. I forgot my notebook. the computers, and the other doesn't. The one who doesn't want to see a CD-
B: Sure. Go ahead. I'll wait right here. ROM program.
9. A: I need to look up the meaning of the word "stationery.” Would you mind
(borrow) ______________________ your dictionary?
PRACTICE 19: Making polite requests.
B: No, I don't mind. I'm not using it right now.
Directions: Change the sentences into polite requests using the words in
10. A: Since this is the first time you've owned a computer, would you mind
parentheses.
(give) ______________________ you some advice?
B: Not at all. I'd appreciate it.
1. I want you to hand me that book. (would)
ANSWER: Would you (please) hand me that book?
2. I want you to give me some advice about buying a computer. (could)
EXERCISE 18: Polite requests with WOULD YOU MIND.
3. I want to borrow your wheelbarrow. (could)
Directions: Pair up and make dialogues.
4. I want to have a cup of coffee. (may)
Speaker A: Make a polite request using would you mind.
5. I want to use your bicycle tomorrow. (can)
Speaker B: Give a typical response.
6. I want you to read over my composition for spelling errors. (would)
Example: You have a library book. You want the other person to take it
7. I want you to open the door for me. (would you mind)
back to the library for you.
8. I want to leave early. (would you mind)
SPEAKER A: Are you going to the library?
SPEAKER B: Yes.
EXERCISE 20: Polite requests. Directions: Complete the polite requests with your
SPEAKER A: This book is due. Would you mind taking it back to the
own words. Try to imagine what the speaker might say in the given situation.
library for me?
SPEAKER B: Not at all. I'd be glad to.
1. JACK: What's the trouble, Officer?
1. You've finished dinner. You're about to wash the dinner dishes. You want the
OFFICER: You made an illegal U-turn.
other person to dry them.
JACK: I did?
2. You're watching TV together. One of you has the remote control and wants to
OFFICER: Yes. May ?
turn up the volume.
JACK: Certainly. It's in my wallet.
OFFICER: Would ?
2. WAITER: Good evening. Are you ready to order? EXPRESSING NECESSITY: MUST, HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO
CUSTOMER: No, we're not. Could ?
WAITER: Certainly. And if you have any questions, I'd be happy to tell a) All applicants must take an Must and have to both express necessity.
entrance exam. In (a) and (b): It is necessary for every
you about anything on the menu.
b) All applicants have to take an applicant to take an entrance exam. There is
3. SALLY: Are you driving to the meeting tonight? entrance exam. no other choice. The exam is required.
MIKE: Uh-huh, I am.
c) I'm looking for Sue. I have to In everyday statements of necessity, have to
SALLY: Could ?
talk to her about our lunch date is used more commonly than must. Must is
MIKE: Sure. I'll pick you up at 7:00. tomorrow. I can't meet her for usually stronger than have to and can
4. MR. PENN: Something's come up, and I can't meet with you Tuesday. lunch because I have to go to a indicate urgency or stress importance. In (c):
Would you mind ? business meeting at 1:00. The speaker is simply saying, "I need to do
d) Where's Sue? I must talk to her this, and I need to do that." In (d): The
MS. GRAY: Let me check my calendar. right away. I have an urgent speaker is strongly saying, "This is very
5. MECHANIC: What seems to be the trouble with your car? message for her. important!"
CUSTOMER: Something's wrong with the brakes, I think. Could
e) I have to ("hafta") be home by Note: have to is usually pronounced "hafta";
?
eight. has to is usually pronounced "hasta."
MECHANIC: Sure. Just pull the car into the garage. f) He has to ("hasta") go to a Have got to also expresses the idea of
6. CLERK: May ? meeting tonight. necessity: (g) and (h) have the same
meaning.
CUSTOMER: Yes, please. Could ?
CLERK: Surely. Do you have a particular color in mind? g) I have got to go now. I have a Have got to is informal and is used primarily
class in ten minutes. in spoken English. Have to is used in both
h) I have to go now. I have a class formal and informal English.
7. SHELLEY: Are you enjoying the movie?
in ten minutes.
MIKE: Yeah, you?
SHELLEY: Yes, but I can't see over the man in front of me. Would you i) I have got to go ("I've gotta Usual pronunciation of got to is "gotta."
mind ? go/I gotta go") now. Sometimes have is dropped in speech: "I
gotta do it."
MIKE: Not at all. I see two empty seats across the aisle.
8. CARLO: I have to leave now, but I'd like to continue this conversation PRESENT or FUTURE The idea of past necessity is expressed by
later. May ? j) I have to I have got to I must had to. There is no other past form for must
study tonight. (when it means necessity) or have got to.
ANNE: Of course. My phone number is 555-1716. I'll look forward to
PAST
hearing from you. k) I had to study last night.
PRACTICE 21: Necessity. MUST, HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO. 8. We wanted to go bike riding along the river yesterday, but we
Directions: Circle the correct verb. __________________________ stay home because the weather was awful.
1. Last week, John must, had to interview five people for the new management EXERCISE 23: Let's talk: class activity:
position. Directions: Make sentences using have to/has to and because:
2. Professor Drake had got to, had to cancel several lectures when she became Example: go downtown \ buy some new shoes
ill. SPEAKER A: I have to go downtown because I have to buy
3. Why did you have to, had to leave work early? some new shoes:
4. I must, had to take my daughter to the airport yesterday. TEACHER: (to Speaker B) Why does (Speaker A) have to go
5. Where did John have to, had to go for medical help yesterday? downtown?
6. We had to, had got to contact a lawyer last week about a problem with our SPEAKER B: (Speaker A) has to go downtown because he/she
neighbors. has to buy some new shoes:
1. go to the drugstore \ buy some toothpaste
PRACTICE 22: Expressing necessity.
2. go to the grocery store \ get some bread
Directions: Complete the sentences with any appropriate forms of have to and
3. go shopping \ get a new coat
must.
4. go to the post office \ mail a package
5. stay home tonight \ study grammar
1. I can't go to the movie tonight because I ________________ study for final
6. go to the hospital \ visit a friend
exams
7. go to the bank \ cash a check
2. When I was in high school, I __________________________ work every
8. go downtown \ go to the immigration office
evening at my parents' store.
9. go to the bookstore \ buy a notebook
3. If you want to travel to certain countries, you ________________________
10. go to (name of a store in the city) \ buy (a particular thing at that store)
get a visa.
4. I'm sorry I was absent from class yesterday, but I _____________________
PRACTICE 24: Necessity. MUST, HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO. (Chart 7-9)
go to a funeral.
Directions: Write the past tense of the verb in italics.
5. Erica won't be in her office tomorrow afternoon because she ____________
pick her brother up at the airport.
1. I have to study for my medical school exams.
6. When I worked in my uncle's restaurant, I __________________________
PAST: I __________________________ for my medical school exams.
wash dishes and clear tables.
2. We have to turn off our water because of a leak.
7. If you want to enter the university, you __________________________ take
PAST: We __________________________ our water because of a leak.
an entrance exam.
3. Do you have to work over the holidays? 5. A: (I, go) ______________________ to the store.
PAST: ________________________ you ____________________ over the B: Why?
holidays? A: Because (I, get) ______________________ some rice and fresh fruit.
4. Jerry has got to see the dentist twice this week. 6. A: Kate didn't come to the movie with us last night.
PAST: Jerry __________________________ the dentist twice last month. B: Why?
5. Who has got to be in early for work this week? A: Because (she, study) ______________________ for a test.
PAST: Who __________________________ in early for work last week? 7. A: What time (you, be) ______________________ at the dentist's office?
6. The bank must close early today. B: Three. I have a three o'clock appointment.
PAST: The bank __________________________ early yesterday. 8. A: (Tom, find) ______________________ a new apartment?
B: Yes, he does. His old apartment is too small.
EXERCISE 25: Sentence practice. 9. A: (Yoko, take, not) ______________________ another English course. Her
Directions: Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses. Use a form of English is very good.
have/has + infinitive. B: (you, take) ______________________ another English course?
A: Yes, I do. I need to study more English.
1. A: Jack can't join us for dinner tonight.
10. A: Was Steve at home yesterday evening?
B: Why not?
B: No. (he, stay) ______________________ late at the office.
A: (he, work) ______________________ He has to work.
A: Why?
B: (he, work) ______________________ Does he have to work tomorrow
B: (he, finish) ______________________ a report for his boss.
night too? If he doesn't, maybe we should postpone the dinner until then.
2. A: Why (you, go) ______________________ to the library later tonight?
B: (I, find) ______________________ some information for my research
paper.
3. A: It's almost four-thirty. What time (Sue, leave) ______________________
for the airport?
B: Around five. (she, be) ______________________ at the airport at six-
fifteen.
4. A: Why did you go to the bookstore after class yesterday?
B: (I, buy) ______________________ some colored pencils.
A: Oh? Why (you, buy) ______________________ colored pencils?
B: I need them for some drawings I plan to do for my art class.
LACK OF NECESSITY: MUST AND HAVE TO IN NEGATIVE PRACTICE 26: Expressing necessity, lack of necessity, and prohibition.
Directions: Write the phrases in the correct columns.
LACK OF NECESSITY When used in the negative, must and have to
a) Tomorrow is a holiday. We have different meanings.
fall asleep while driving cook every meal themselves
don’t have to go to class.
b) I can hear you. You don’t have do not have to = lack of necessity (it is not say "sir" or "madam" to others eat and drink in order to live
to shout. necessary, you have a choice) drive without a license take other people's belongings
In (a): It is not necessary for us to go to class
pay taxes stay in their homes in the evening
tomorrow because it is a holiday.
PROHIBITION stop when they see a police car's lights behind them
c) You must not look in the must not = prohibition (Do NOT DO THIS!,
closet. Your birthday present is you don’t have a choice)
People have to / must People must not People don’t have to
hidden there. In (c): Do not look in the closet. I forbid it. (Necessary) (Don’t) (not necessary)
d) You must not tell anyone my Looking in the closet is prohibited.
secret. Do you promise? Negative contraction: mustn’t. (The first "t"
is silent: "muss-ant.")
e) You needn’t shout. Lack of necessity may also be expressed by

need not + the simple form of a verb. The
use of needn’t as an auxiliary is chiefly
British except in certain common
expressions such as "You needn’t worry."
EXERCISE 27: HAVE TO and MUST in the negative

Directions: Use must not or do not have to in the following.
1. I've already finished all my work, so _________________________ I I'll study

tonight. I think read for a while.
2. I _________________________forget to take my key with me.
3. You _________________________ introduce me to Dr. Gray. We've already
met.
4. In order to be a good salesclerk, you _________________________ be rude 6. A: You ______________________ tell Jim about the surprise birthday party.
to a customer. Do you promise?
5. A person _________________________ become rich and famous in order to B: I promise.
live a successful life. 7. According to the rules of the game, one player ______________________ hit
6. Johnny! You _________________________ play with sharp knives. Put that or trip another player.
knife down immediately! 8. If you use a toll-free number, you ______________________ pay for the
7. I _________________________ go to the doctor. I'm feeling much better. phone call.
8. We _________________________ go to the concert if you don't want to, but 9. A: Did Professor Adams make an assignment?
it might be good. B: Yes, she assigned Chapters 4 and 6, but we ______________________
9. Robin! What are you doing? No, no, no. You _________________________ read Chapter 5.
put your vitamin pill in your nose! 10. A: Listen carefully, Annie. If a stranger offers you a ride, you
10. Bats _________________________ see in order to avoid obstacles. They can ______________________ get in the car. Never get in a car with a stranger.
navigate in complete darkness. Do you understand?
11. If you encounter a growling dog, you _________________________ show any B: Yes, Mom.
signs of fear. If a dog senses fear, it is more likely to attack a person. 11. A: Do you have a stamp?
12. A person _________________________ get married in order to lead a happy B: Uh-huh. Here.
and fulfilling life. A: Thanks. Now I ______________________ go to the post office to buy
stamps.
EXERCISE 28: Lack of necessity (DO NOT HAVE TO) and prohibition (MUST 12. A: Children, your mother and I are going out this evening. I want you to be
NOT). good. You must do everything the baby-sitter tells you to do. You
Directions. Complete the sentences with don't/doesn't have to or must not. ______________________ go outside after dark. It's Saturday night, so you
______________________ go to bed at eight. You can stay up until eight-
thirty. And remember. you ______________________ pull the cat's tail.
1. You ______________________ drive when you are tired. It's dangerous.
Okay?
2. I live only a few blocks from my office. I ______________________ drive to
B: Okay, Dad.
work.
3. Liz finally got a car, so now she usually drives to work. She
______________________ take the bus.
4. Tommy, you ______________________ say that word. It's not a nice word.
5. Mr. Moneybags is very rich. He ______________________ work for a living.
PRACTICE 29: Expressing lack of necessity and prohibition. 14. The nations of the world __________________________ stop trying to
Directions: Complete the sentences with don't/doesn't have to or must not. achieve total world peace.
15. My husband and I grow all of our own vegetables in the summer. We
______________________________ buy any vegetables at the market.
1. The soup is too hot. You _______________________ eat it yet. Wait for it to
cool.
2. You ____________________________ have soup for lunch. You can have a PRACTICE 30: Expressing necessity, lack of necessity, and prohibition.
sandwich if you like. Directions: Complete each sentence with a form of have to or must. Use the
3. The review class before the final exam is optional. We negative if necessary to make a sensible sentence.
__________________________ go unless we want to.
1. Smoking in this building is prohibited. You __________________________
4. Many vegetables can be eaten raw. You __________________________ cook
extinguish your cigar.
them.
2. Alan’s company pays all of his travel expenses. Alan _______________ pay
5. You _______________ use a pencil to write a check because someone could
for his own plane ticket to the business conference in Amman, Jordan.
change the amount you have written on it.
3. Our company provides free advice on the use of our products. You
6. When the phone rings, you __________________________ answer it. It's up
__________________________ pay us for the advice.
to you.
4. Everyone here __________________________ leave immediately! The
7. When you have a new job, you __________________________ be late the
building is on fire!
first day. In fact, it is a good idea to be a few minutes early.
5. Lynn __________________________ attend the meeting tonight because she
8. A: I __________________________ forget to set my alarm for 5.30.
isn't working on the project that we're going to discuss. We're going to talk
B: Why do you have to get up at 5.30?
about raising money for the new library. Lynn isn't involved in that.
A: I'm going to meet Ron at 6.00. We're going fishing.
6. The construction company __________________________ finish the building
9. You __________________________ play loud music late at night. The
by the end of the month. That's the date they promised, and they will lose a lot
neighbors will call the police.
of money if they're late.
10. This box isn't as heavy as it looks. You __________________________ help
7. Please remember, you __________________________ call my house between
me with it. Thanks anyway for offering to help.
three and four this afternoon. That's when the baby sleeps, and my mother will
11. Susan, you __________________________ go to the university. Your father
get upset if we wake him up.
and I think you should, but it's your choice.
12. People __________________________ spend their money foolishly if they
want to stay out of financial trouble.
13. When you first meet someone, you __________________________ ask
personal questions. For example, it's not polite to ask a person's age.
PRACTICE 31: Must (not) and (do not) have to. 10. Bill is in the darkroom developing the negatives of the photos he took on his
Directions: Choose the correct completion according to the meaning. last trip to Peru. You ________________ open the door while he's there
because the light will ruin the pictures.
1. Soldiers ________________disobey a superior officer. A. must/have to B. must not C. don't have to
A. must/have to B. must not C. don't have to 11. If you want to keep your job, you ________________ be late for work.
2. To stay alive, people ________________ breathe oxygen. A. must not B. don't have to C. doesn't have to
A. must/have to B. must not C. don't have to 12. My office is close enough to my apartment for me to walk to work. I
3. You ________________ finish your work on this project before you go on ________________ take a bus. I take a bus only in bad weather.
vacation. You'll probably lose your job if you don't. A. must not B. don't have to C. doesn't have to
A. must/have to B. must not C. don't have to 13. Some schools require schoolchildren to wear uniforms to school, but my
4. If you have an aquarium, you ________________ give your tropical fish too children's school doesn't require uniforms. My children ________________
much food or they'll die. wear uniforms to school.
A. must/have to B. must not C. don't have to A. must not B. don't have to C. doesn't have to
5. To be a successful mountain climber, you ________________ have a great 14. Jimmy, it is very important to be careful with matches. You
deal of stamina. ________________ play with matches.
6. Thank goodness we ________________ eat fish again tonight. Dad didn't 15. Jack is twenty-four, but he still lives with his parents. That saves him a lot of
catch any today. money. For example, he ________________ pay rent or buy his own food.
7. You ________________ exert yourself. You're still not fully recovered from 16. The water in that river is badly polluted. You ________________ drink it.
your surgery. A. must not B. don't have to C. doesn't have to
A. must/have to B. must not C. don't have to 17. If you have a credit card, you ________________ pay for something in cash.
8. My room is a mess, but I ________________ clean it before I go out tonight. You can charge it.
I can do it in the morning. A. must not B. don't have to C. doesn't have to
A. must/have to B. must not C. don't have to 18. When an airplane is taking off, you have to be in your seat with your seat belt
9. We really ________________ help Marge move to her new apartment over on. You ________________ stand up and walk around when an airplane is
the weekend. Not only is it too difficult for one person, but she still has her taking off.
arm in a sling from her shoulder sprain a week ago. A. must not B. don't have to C. doesn't have to
A. must/have to B. must not C. don't have to
PRACTICE 32: Verb form review: have to. 13. Because it was Emily's birthday yesterday, she (not)
Directions: Complete the sentences with any appropriate form of have to. Include ______________________ do any of her regular chores, and her mother let
any words in parentheses. her choose anything she wanted to eat for dinner.
14. When I arrived in Rome last week, I was looking forward to practicing my
1. A: (you) ______________________ leave so early?
Italian. I'm disappointed because I (not) ______________________ speak
B: I'm afraid I do. I have some work I ______________________ finish
Italian very much since I got here. Everyone keeps talking to me in English.
before I go to bed tonight.
2. Last night Jack ______________________ go to a meeting. (you)
EXERCISE 33: Summary: expressing advice, possibility, and necessity.
______________________ go to the meeting last night too?
Directions: Read about each situation and discuss it, orally or in writing. In your
3. Joan travels to the Soviet Union frequently. Luckily, she speaks Russian, so
discussion, include as many of the following expressions as possible.
she (not) ______________________ rely on an interpreter when she's there.
4. I (not) ______________________ water the garden later today. Joe has agreed
should shouldn't ought to had better
to do it for me. had better not could have to not have to
have got to not have to must must not
5. I ______________________ write three term papers since the beginning of the
semester.
Example.
6. Why (Tom) ______________________ leave work early yesterday?
Carol is just recovering from the flu. She's at work today. She
7. I found some milk in the refrigerator, so we (not) ______________________
works for a big company. It's her first day back to work since she
go to the store after all. There is plenty.
got ill. She tires easily and feels a little dizzy.
8. (John) ______________________ buy a round-trip ticket when he went to
SPEAKER A. Carol ought to talk to her supervisor about leaving
Egypt?
work early today.
9. Matt is nearsighted. He ______________________ wear glasses ever since he
SPEAKER B. I think Carol should go directly home from work,
was ten years old.
no matter what her boss says. She's got to take care of her health.
10. By the time this week is finished, I ______________________ take eight
SPEAKER C. I agree. She doesn't have to stay at work if she
examinations in five days. The life of a student isn't easy!
doesn't feel well, and she shouldn't.
11. (you, not) ______________________ return these books to the library today?
SPEAKER D. She could explain to her boss that she doesn't feel
Aren't they due?
well yet and see what her boss says.
12. If Jean stays in Brazil much longer, she ______________________ teach
SPEAKER E. I think she should stay at work until quitting time. If
English part-time so that she'll have enough money to support herself. (she)
she was well enough to come to work, she's well enough to work
______________________ apply for a special work visa? Or can she work
a full day. Etc.
part-time on a student visa?
1. Steve is a biology major. Chemistry is a required course for biology majors. MAKING LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS: MUST
Steve doesn't want to take chemistry. He would rather take a course in art
history or creative writing. His parents want him to become a doctor. He's not a) A: Nancy is yawning. In (a). Speaker B is making a logical guess.
B: She must be sleepy. He bases his guess on the information that
interested in medicine or science. He hasn't told his parents because he doesn't Nancy is yawning. His logical conclusion,
want to disappoint them. his "best guess," is that Nancy is sleepy. He
LOGICAL CONCLUSION uses must to express his logical conclusion.
1. Matt and Amy are eighteen years old. They are full-time students. Their b) Amy plays tennis every day.
parents are supporting their education. Matt and Amy met five weeks ago. She must like to play tennis. COMPARE. Must can express
NECESSITY  a logical conclusion, as in (b).
They fell in love. Matt wants to get married next month. Amy wants to wait c) If you want to get into the  necessity, as in (c).
four years until they finish their education. Matt says he can't wait that long. movie theater, you must buy a
ticket.
Amy loves him desperately. She thinks maybe she should change her mind and
marry Matt next month because love conquers all. NEGATIVE LOGICAL
CONCLUSION COMPARE. Must not can express
2. Georgia has just left the supermarket. She paid for her groceries in cash. When d) Eric ate everything on his plate  a negative logical conclusion, as in (d).
she got her change, the clerk made a mistake and gave her too much money. except the pickle. He must not  prohibition, as in (e).
like pickles.
Georgia put the extra money in her purse. With her ten-year-old son beside her, PROHIBITION
she walked out of the store. Georgia needs the money and tells herself that the e) There are sharks in the ocean
near our hotel. We must not go
store won't miss it. Nobody needs to know. swimming there.
3. This is a story about a rabbit named Rabbit and a frog named Frog. Rabbit and
Frog are good friends, but Rabbit's family doesn't like Frog, and Frog's family PRACTICE 34: Logical conclusion or necessity. (Charts 7-9 and 7-11)
doesn't like Rabbit. Rabbit's family says, "You shouldn't be friends with Frog. Directions: Write 1 if the modal must expresses a logical conclusion. Write 2 if the
He's too different from us. He's green and has big eyes. He looks strange. You modal expresses necessity. 1= logical conclusion. 2 = necessity.
should stay with your own kind. And Frog's family says, "How can you be 1. You must have a passport to travel abroad.
friends with Rabbit? He's big and clumsy. He's covered with hair and has funny 2. You must like to read. You have such a large library.
ears. Don't bring Rabbit to our house. What will the neighbors think?" 3. Ellen must like fish. She buys it several times a week.
4. You must take off your shoes before entering this room.
5. The dessert must be good. It's almost gone.
6. You must try this dessert. It's wonderful.
7. Children must stay seated during the flight.
8. You must pay in advance if you want a guaranteed seat for the
performance.
9. The cat must be afraid. She's hiding in the flower garden again
EXERCISE 35: Making logical conclusions. MUST and MUST NOT. 6. A: Fido? What's wrong, old boy?
Directions. Make a logical conclusion about each of the following situations. Use B: What's the matter with the dog?
must. A: He won't eat.
Example. Emily is crying. B: He ______________________ feel well.
SAMPLE: She must be unhappy. 7. A: Erica's really bright. She always gets above ninety-five percent on her
1. Mrs. Chu has a big smile on her face. math tests.
2. Nadia is coughing and sneezing. B: I'm sure she's bright, but she ______________________ also study a lot.
3. Rick is wearing a gold ring on the fourth finger of his left hand. 8. A: I've called the bank three times, but no one answers the phone. The bank
4. Sam is shivering. be open today. That's strange.
5. Mr. Alvarez just bought three mouse traps. B: Today's a holiday, remember?
6. James is sweating. A: Oh, of course!
7. Rita rents ten movies every week. 9. A: Listen. Someone is jumping on the floor in the apartment above us. Look.
8. Olga always gets the highest score on every test she takes. Your chandelier is shaking.
9. Toshi can lift one end of a compact car by himself. B: Mr. Silverberg ______________________ be doing his morning
exercises. The same thing happens every morning.
EXERCISE 36: Making logical conclusions: MUST and MUST NOT.
Directions: Complete the dialogues with must or must not: EXERCISE 37: Making logical conclusions: MUST and MUST NOT.
Directions: Make logical conclusions: Use must or must not. Use the suggested
1. A: Did you offer our guests something to drink? completions and/or your own words.
B: Yes, but they didn't want anything. They ______________________ be
1. I am at Eric's apartment door. I've knocked on the door and have rung the
thirsty.
doorbell several times. Nobody has answered the door.
2. A: You've been out here working in the hot sun for hours. You
at home? be out somewhere?
______________________ be thirsty.
ANSWER: Eric must not be at home. He must be out somewhere.
B: I am.
2. Jennifer reads all the time. She sits in a corner and reads even when people
3. A: Adam has already eaten one sandwich. Now he's making another.
come to visit her.
B: He ______________________ be hungry.
love books? like books better than people? like to talk to people?
4. A: I offered Holly something to eat, but she doesn't want anything.
3. Kate has a full academic schedule, plays on the volleyball team, has the lead
B: She ______________________ be hungry.
in the school play, is a cheerleader, takes piano lessons, and has a part-time job
5. A: Brian has a red nose and has been coughing and sneezing.
at the ice cream store.
B: Poor fellow. He ______________________ have a cold.
Be busy all the time? have a lot of spare time?
4. David gets on the Internet every day as soon as he gets home from work. He ADVISABILITY: SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER
stays at his computer until he goes to bed. a) You should study harder. You Should and ought to have the same meaning:
be a computer addict? have a happy home life? ought to study harder. they express advisability. The meaning
b) Drivers should obey the speed ranges in strength from a suggestion ("This
5. Betsy just talked to Jake on the phone. He asked her to go to a movie. She told
limit is a good idea") to a statement about
him that she had to study. She has just hung up, and now she's going to get Drivers ought to obey the responsibility or duty ("This is a very
ready for bed and go to sleep. speed limit. important thing to do"). In (a): "This is a
good idea. This is my advice." In (b): "This
want to go a movie? be tired?
is an important responsibility."
6. Debbie just got home from school: She slammed the front door, threw her
books on the floor, and ran to her room. Now her parents can hear music c) You shouldn’t leave your keys Negative contraction: shouldn’t. Ought to is
through Debbie's closed door. in the car. not commonly used in the negative, If it is
used in the negative, the to is sometimes
be upset? want to talk to her parents right now? want to be alone? dropped: You oughtn't (to) leave your keys in
the car.
d) I ought to ("otta") study Ought to is often pronounced "otta" in

tonight, but I think I'll watch informal speaking.
TV instead.
e) The gas tank is almost empty. In meaning, had better is close to should I
We had better stop at the next ought to, but had better is usually stronger.
service station. Often had better implies a warning or a
f) You had better take care of that threat of possible bad consequences. In (e):
cut on your hand soon, or it will If we don’t stop at a service station, there
get infected. will be a bad result. We will run out of gas_
Notes on the use of had better:
 It has a present or future meaning.
 It is followed by the simple form of a verb.
 It is more common in speaking than
writing.
g) You'd better take care of it. Contraction: 'd better, as in (g).

h) You better take care of it. Sometimes in speaking, had is dropped, as in
(h).
i) You'd better not be late. Negative form: had better + not.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MUST AND SHOULD 8. My apartment is a mess, and my mother is coming to visit tomorrow!
MUST SHOULD 9. There's no food in the house, and some guests are coming to dinner tonight.
SOMETHING IS VERY SOMETHING IS A GOOD IDEA, BUT
IMPORTANT. SOMETHING IS 10. I can't stop yawning.
YOU HAVE A CHOICE.
NECESSARY. YOU DO NOT HAVE 11. I have a toothache.
A CHOICE.
12. I need to improve my English.
 I must study tonight. I'm going to  I should study tonight. I have some 13. I have the hiccups.
take a very important test tomorrow. homework to do, but I'm tired. I'll
study tomorrow morning. I'm going 14. When William gets out of college, his parents expect him to manage the family
to go to bed now. business, a shoe store, but he wants to be an architect.
 You must take an English course.  You should take an English course. 15. Pam's younger brother, who is 18, is using illegal drugs. How can she help
You cannot graduate without it. It will help you. him?
 Johnny, this is your mother  Johnny, you should eat your 16. The Taylors' daughter is very excited about going to Denmark to study for four
speaking. You must eat your vegetables. They're good for you. months. You've been an international student, haven't you? Could you give her
vegetables. You can't leave the table You'll grow up to be strong and
healthy. some advice?
until you eat your vegetables.
EXERCISE 39: Expressing advice: SHOULD, OUGHT TO, and HAD BETTER.
EXERCISE 38: SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER. Directions: Correct the errors.
Directions: Work in pairs, in groups, or as a class. 1. You will better not be late.
Speaker A: Your book is open. Present the problem as given in the text. 2. Anna shouldn't wears shorts into the restaurant.
Speaker B: Your book is closed. Give advice by using should, ought to, or had better. 3. I should to go to the post office today.
Example: 4. I ought paying my bills today.
SPEAKER A (book open) : I have a test tomorrow. 5. You'd had better to call the doctor today.
SPEAKER B (book closed) : You should (ought to, had better) study tonight. 6. You don't should stay up too late tonight.
7. You'd to better not leaving your key in the door.
1. I'm writing a composition, and there is a word I don't know how to spell.
8. Mr. Nguyen has a large family and a small apartment: He ought found a new
2. I don't feel well. I think I'm catching a cold.
apartment.
3. I can't see the chalkboard when I sit in the back row.
4. I'm cold.
5. My foot is asleep.
6. My roommate snores, and I can't get to sleep.
7. My friend is arriving at the airport this evening. I'm supposed to pick him up,
but I've forgotten what time his plane gets in.
EXERCISE 40: Writing. 3. You didn't stop for gas, and then you ran out of gas on the highway.
Directions: Write a paragraph about your hometown on a separate piece of paper. 4. Sam and Tim, both teenagers, have messed up the house, and their parents are
Include answers to the tourist's questions. coming home soon.
I'm a tourist. I'm going to visit your hometown. Is your hometown a good place for 5. You had to pay a fine because your library book was overdue.
a tourist to visit? Why? What should I do when I'm there? Where should I go? What 6. Ron is wearing jeans. He's expected at a formal reception this evening.
should I see? What shouldn't I do? Are there places I shouldn't visit? Will I enjoy 7. Mary's parents expect her to work in the family business, a shoe store, but she
my visit? wants to be an architect.
8. Richard's roommate stays up very late studying. While his roommate is
PRACTICE 41: Should, ought to, had better. studying, he listens to loud music, and Richard can't get to sleep.
Directions: Give advice to the people in the following situations. Use should, ought to, 9. Pierre is feeling really homesick these days.
or had better. Choose from the suggested completions in the list, or use your own words. 10. You have a stomach ache because you ate too much.
11. Tom didn't show up for work yesterday because he and his friend were in an
call home and talk to his family auto accident. Tom was okay, but his friend was badly hurt, so Tom had to stay
change clothes before he goes with him at the hospital. Tom didn't call his boss to tell him he wouldn't be at
clean it up right away work. When Tom arrived at work today, his boss fired him immediately,
find a chemistry major to tutor her refusing to listen to any of Tom's explanations for missing work.
get his roommate a pair of earphones 12. A man was having dinner in a restaurant with a co-worker. When he got up, he
join some clubs to meet people with similar interests accidentally bumped the table, spilling a plate of food onto the woman's lap.
listen to Tom before he fired him He looked at her in horror and left the room.
make her own decisions about her career and go to architecture school
not eat so much
not leave the room; apologize immediately; signal to a waiter for help
stop for gas
take it back sooner
1. Ann would like to make some new friends.

ANSWER: I think she should/ought to join some clubs to meet people with
similar interests.
2. Ellen is having a lot of trouble in her chemistry class. She's failed the last two
tests.
EXERCISE 42: SHOULD vs. MUST/HAVE TO. His older sister, Kathy, is a good student and never causes any
Directions: Use either should or must I have to in the following. In some sentences problems at home. Mark's parents keep asking him why he can't be
either is possible, but the meaning is different. Discuss the meanings of the more like Kathy. Kathy makes fun of Mark's school grades and tells
completions. him he's stupid.
All Mark does when he's home is stay in his room and listen to very
1. A person ______________________ eat in order to live. loud music. Sometimes he doesn't even come downstairs to eat meals
2. A person ______________________ eat a balanced diet. with his family. He argues with his parents whenever they ask him to
3. If you want to become a doctor, you ______________________ go to medical do chores around the house, like taking out the trash.
school for many years. Mr. and Mrs. Hill can't stay calm when they talk to him. Mrs. Hill is
4. I don't have enough money to take the bus, so I ______________________ always yelling at her son. She nags him constantly to do his chores,
walk home. clean up his room, finish his homework, stand up straight, get a
5. Walking is good exercise. You say you want to get more exercise. You haircut, wash his face, and tie his shoes. Mr. Hill is always making
______________________ walk to and from work instead of taking the bus. new rules. Some of the rules are unreasonable. For instance, one rule
6. We ______________________ go to Colorado for our vacation. Mr. Hill made was that his son could not listen to music after five
7. According to my advisor, I ______________________ take another English o'clock. Mark often becomes angry and goes up to his room and slams
course. the door shut.
8. Rice ______________________ have water in order to grow. This family needs a lot of advice. Tell them what changes they should
9. This pie is very good. You ______________________ try a piece. make. What should Mr. and Mrs. Hill do? What shouldn't they do?
10. This pie is excellent! You ______________________ try a piece. What about Kathy? What should she do? And what's Mark got to do
to change his life for the better?
EXERCISE 43: Summary. expressing advice and necessity.

Use each of the following words at least once in the advice you give.
Directions: Read the passage, and then give advice either in a discussion group or
a. should e. ought to
in writing.
b. shouldn't f. have to/has to
c. have got to/has got to g. must
Mr. and Mrs. Hill don't know what to do about their fourteen-year-old
d. had better
son, Mark. He's very intelligent but has no interest in school or in
learning. His grades are getting worse, but he won't do any homework.
Sometimes he skips school without permission, and then he writes an
excuse for the school and signs his mother's name.
THE PAST FORM OF SHOULD SPEAKER A (book open): I didn't invite Sonya to my parry. That made her feel bad. Pm
sorry I didn't invite her.
j) I had a test this morning. I Past form: should have + past participle. SPEAKER B (book closed): You should have invited Sonya to your party.
didn't do well on the test The past form of ought to is ought to have +
because I didn't study for it last past participle. (I ought to have studied.) It
night. I should have studied has the same meaning as the past form of 1. ( . . ) made a mistake yesterday. He/She left the door to his/her house open,
last night. should. In the past, should is used more and a bird flew in. He/She had a terrible time catching the bird.
commonly than ought to. Had better is used
2. There was an important meeting yesterday afternoon, but you decided not to
k) You were supposed to be here only rarely in a past form (e.g., He had better
at 10 P.M., but you didn't come have taken care of it) and usually only in go. That was a mistake. Now your boss is angry.
until midnight. We were speaking, not writing. 3. ( . . ) didn't feel good a couple of days ago. I told him/her to see a doctor, but
worried about you. You should he/she didn't. That was a mistake. Now he/she is very sick.
have called us. (You did not In (a): I should have studied means that
call.) studying was a good idea, but I didn't do it. I 4. ( . ) sold her/his car. That was a mistake because now she/he can't take trips to
made a mistake. see her/his friends and relatives.
l) My back hurts. I should not Usual pronunciation of should have: 5. ( . . . ) signed a contract to buy some furniture without reading it thoroughly.
have carried that heavy box up "should-av" or "should-a."
Now she/he has discovered that she/he is paying a higher interest rate than
two flights of stairs. (I carried
the box, and now I'm sorry.) In (c): I should not have carried means that I she/he expected. She/he made a mistake.
carried something, but it turned out to be a
m) We went to a movie, but it was bad idea. I made a mistake.
EXERCISE 45: The past form of SHOULD.
a waste of time and money. We Usual pronunciation of should not have:
should not have gone to the "shouldn't-av" or "shouldn't-a." Directions: Work in pairs.
movie. Speaker A: Your book is open. Present the situation.
Speaker B: Your book is closed. Use should have + past participle in your response.
Example:
EXERCISE 44: The past form of SHOULD. SPEAKER A (book open): You failed the test because you didn't study.
Directions: Work in pairs, in groups, or as a class. SPEAKER B (book closed): I should have studied.
Speaker A: Your book is open. Present the situation given in the book.
Speaker B: Your book is closed. Comment on the situation using should have + past 1. You are cold because you didn't wear a coat.
participle. 2. You misspelled a word because you didn't look it up in the dictionary.
Example: 3. Your friend is upset because you didn't write him a letter.
I didn't invite ( . . ) to my party. That made him/her feel bad. I'm sorry I didn't invite 4. You are broke now because you spent all your money foolishly.
him/her. 5. The room is full of flies because you opened the window.
6. You don't have any food for dinner because you didn't go to the grocery store.
7. You overslept this morning because you didn't set your alarm clock. 1. John and his wife, Julie, had good jobs as professionals in New York City.
8. Your friends went to (New Orleans) over vacation. They had a good time. You John was offered a high-paying job in Chicago, which he immediately
didn't go with them, and now you are sorry. accepted. Julie was shocked when he came home that evening and told her the
9. You didn't have a cup of coffee. Now you are sleepy. news. She liked her job and the people she worked with, and did not want to
10. John loved Mary, but he didn't marry her. Now he is unhappy. move away and look for another job.
11. John loved Mary, and he married her. But now he is unhappy. 2. Ann agreed to meet her friend Carl at the library to help him with his chemistry
12. You were sick yesterday, but you went to class anyway. Today you feel worse. homework. On the way, she stopped at a cafe where her boyfriend worked. Her
13. The weather was beautiful yesterday, but you stayed inside all day. boyfriend told her he could get off work early that night, so the two of them
14. You bought your girlfriend/boyfriend a box of candy for her/his birthday, but decided to go to a movie. Ann didn't cancel her plans with Carl. Carl waited
she/he doesn't like candy. for three hours at the library.
15. The little girl told a lie. She got into a lot of trouble. 3. For three years, Donna had been saving her money for a trip to Europe. Her
16. You lent your car to (. ), but s/he had an accident because s/he was driving on brother, Larry, had a good job, but spent all of his money on expensive cars,
the wrong side of the road. clothes, and entertainment. Suddenly, Larry was fired from his job and had no
money to support himself while he looked for another one. Donna lent him
EXERCISE 46: The past farm of SHOULD. nearly all of her savings, and within three weeks he spent it all on his car, more
Directions: Discuss or write what you think the people in the following situations should clothes, and expensive restaurants.
have done and should not have done. 4. Sarah often exaggerated and once told a co-worker that she was fluent in
Example: French even though she had studied only a little and could not really
1. Tom didn't study for the test. During the exam he panicked and started looking communicate in the language. A few days later, her boss asked her to come to
at other students' test papers. He didn't think the teacher saw him, but she did. his office to interpret a meeting with a French businessman who had just
She warned him once to stop cheating, but he continued. As a result, the teacher arrived from Paris to negotiate a major contract with the company. After an
took Tom's test paper, told him to leave the room, and failed him on the exam. embarrassed silence, Sarah told her boss that she was feeling ill and had to go
 Tom should have studied for the test. home immediately.
 He shouldn't have panicked during the test.
 He shouldn't have started cheating.
 He should have known the teacher would see him cheating.
 He should have stopped cheating after the first warning.
 The teacher should have ripped up Tom's paper and sent him out of the
room the first time she saw him cheating
EXPECTATIONS: BE SUPPOSED TO EXERCISE 48: Error analysis: BE SUPPOSED TO.

Directions: Correct the errors.
a) The game is supposed to begin at Be supposed to expresses the idea that
10:00. someone (I, we, they, the teacher, lots of
1. The students are suppose to write a composition.
b) The committee is supposed to vote people, my father, etc.) expects
by secret ballot. something to happen. Be supposed to 2. They supposed write it about a person they admire.
often expresses expectations about 3. They're supposing to write it in ink.
scheduled events, as in (a), or correct
4. They don't supposed to write it in pencil.
procedures, as in (b).
5. When are they suppose to hand it in?
c) I am supposed to go to the meeting. Be supposed to also expresses 6. The building custodian supposed to unlock the classrooms every morning.
My boss told me that he wants me expectations about behavior. 7. We're not suppose to open that door.
to attend.
8. Where are we suppose to meet?
d) The children are supposed to put In (c) and (d): be supposed to gives the
away their toys before they go to idea that someone else expects (requests 9. I have a meeting at seven tonight. I suppose to be there a little early to discuss
bed. or requires) certain behavior. the agenda.
10. When we go to the store, Annie, you not suppose to handle the glassware. It
e) Jack was supposed to call me last Be supposed to in the past (was/were
night. I wonder why he didn't. supposed to) expresses unfulfilled might break, and then you'd have to pay for it out of your allowance.
expectations. In (e): The speaker 11. I'm suppose to be at the meeting. I suppose* I'd better go.
expected Jack to call, but he didn't.
12. Where have you been? You suppose be here an hour ago!
13. A: I can't remember what the boss said. Should I supposed to work in the mail
PRACTICE 47: Be supposed to. order room tomorrow morning and then the shipping department
Directions: Restate the following rules in sentences with be supposed to. tomorrow afternoon? Or the other way around?
1. NO SMOKING B: How am I supposing to remember what you suppose to do? I have enough
ANSWER: You are not supposed to smoke. trouble remembering what I supposed doing.
2. KEEP OFF THE GRASS.
3. NO EATING OR DRINKING [N THIS ROOM.
4. MOVE TO THE REAR OF THE BUS.
5. DO NOT JOKE WITH AIRPORT PERSONNEL WHILE YOUR HAND
LUGGAGE IS BEING INSPECTED.
6. USE THE STAIRS IN CASE OF FIRE. DO NOT USE THE ELEVATOR.
7. NO LITTERING.
8. SLOWER TRAFFIC KEEP RIGHT.
EXERCISE 49: BE SUPPOSED TO. EXERCISE 50: Necessity, advisability, and expectations.
Directions: Answer the questions in complete sentences, using be supposed to. Directions: Which sentence in each pair is stronger?
Switch roles after Item 6 if you work in pairs. 1. a. You have got to wear your seatbelt.
Example: b. You should wear your seatbelt.
SPEAKER A (book open): If you're driving and a traffic light turns red, what are you 2. a. You had better wear your seatbelt.
supposed to do? b. You ought to wear your seatbelt.
SPEAKER B (book closed): You're supposed to come to a complete stop. 3. a. You must wear your seatbelt.
b. You had better wear your seatbelt.
1. What are you supposed to do if you're involved in a traffic accident? 4. a. You have to wear your seatbelt.
2. What are you supposed to do prior to take-off in an airplane? b. You are supposed to wear your seatbelt.
3. What are some things athletes in training are supposed to do, and some things 5. a. We are supposed to bring our own pencils.
they're not supposed to do? b. We have to bring our own pencils.
4. What are you supposed to do later today or this week? 6. a. We ought to bring our own pencils.
5. If you're driving and an ambulance with flashing lights and blaring sirens b. We have got to bring our own pencils.
comes up behind you, what are you supposed to do? 7. a. We had better bring our own pencils.
6. Can you think of something you were supposed to do yesterday (or sometime b. We should bring our own pencils.
in the past) but didn't do?
7. What are we supposed to be doing right now? EXERCISE 51: Necessity, advisability, and expectations.
8. Tell me about any job you've had. What were you supposed to do on a typical Directions: Choose one (or more) of the following topics for writing, group discussion,
day? or role-playing. Include these words and expressions.
9. Where are you supposed to be at 10 o'clock tomorrow? should must
10. What were you supposed to do sometime last week that you didn't do? have to ought to
11. If someone tells you a secret, what are you not supposed to do? be supposed to must not
12. In the place you live or work, who is supposed to do what? In other words, shouldn't do not have to
what are the duties or responsibilities of the people who live or work with you? be not supposed to have got to
had better
Topics:
1. Pretend that you are the supervisor of a roomful of young children. The
children are in your care for the next six hours. What would you say to them
to make sure they understand your expectations and your rules so that they will MAKING SUGGESTIONS: LET'S, WHY DON'T SHALL I/WE
be safe and cooperative?
 You should pick up your toys when you are finished playing with them. a) Let’s go to a movie. Let’s = let us. Let’s is followed by the simple
b) Let’s not go to a movie. form of a verb. Negative form: let’s + not +
 You have to stay in this room. Do not go outside without my permission.
Let’s stay home instead. simple verb
 You're supposed to take a short nap at one o'clock. Etc. The meaning of let’s: "I have a suggestion for
us."
2. Pretend that you are teaching your younger sister/brother how to drive a car.
c) Why don’t we go to a Why don’t is used primarily in spoken English
This is her/his first time behind the wheel, and she/he knows little about driving movie? to make a friendly suggestion.
regulations and the operation of an automobile. d) Why don’t you come In (c): Why don’t we go = let’s go.
around seven? In (d): I suggest that you come around seven.
3. Pretend that you are a travel agent and you are helping two students who are
e) Why don’t I give Mary a In (e): Should I give Mary a call? Do you agree
traveling abroad for a vacation. You want them to understand the travel call? with my suggestion?
arrangements you have made, and you want to explain some of the local
f) Shall I open the window? Is When shall is used with I or we in a question,
customs of the countries they will be visiting.
that okay with you? the speaker is usually making a suggestion and
4. Pretend that you are the supervisor of salesclerks in a large department store g) Shall we leave at two? Is asking another person if s/he agrees with this
and that you are talking to two new employees. You want to acquaint them that okay? suggestion. This use of shall is relatively formal
with their job and your expectations. h) Let’s go, shall we? and infrequent.
i) Let’s go, okay? Sometimes "shall we?" is used as a tag question
5. Pretend that you are instructing the babysitter who will watch your three young after let’s, as in (h). More informally, "okay?" is
children while you are out for the evening. They haven't had dinner, and they used as a tag question, as in (i).
don't like to go to bed when they're told to.
EXERCISE 52: LET'S, WHY DON'T, SHALL I/WE.

Directions: Complete the dialogues with your own words.
1. A: A new Japanese restaurant just opened downtown.

Let's
B: Great idea! I'd like some good sushi.
A: Why don't
Make it for about 7:30.
B: No, let's ___________________________________________________.
I'll be working until 7:30 tonight.
2. A: I don't feel like staying home today. PRACTICE 53: Let's, why don't, shall I/we.
B: Neither do I. Why don't Directions: Complete the dialogues with appropriate pronouns. If nothing is
A: Hey, that's a great idea! What time shall needed in the blank, write ------.
B: How about in an hour? 1. A: We'll never find an apartment we can afford in the middle of the city. Why
A: Good. don't ________________________ look for one in the suburbs. It's
3. A: Shall ________________________or ________________________first? farther, but the apartments are probably less expensive.
B: Let's _______________________________________________ first, B: Okay. I'll drive. Let's ________________________ drive to the suburbs
then we can take our time over dinner. right now.
A: Why don't A: Why don't ________________________ look in the newspaper first? We
B: Yes. Then we'll be sure should look in the classified ads for that area. Do you have this morning's
4. A: Let's ________________________________________________ over paper?
the weekend. The fresh air would do us both good. B: No. Shall ________________________ go get one?
B: I agree. Why don't A: Good idea. I'll come with you.
A: No. Sleeping in a tent is too uncomfortable. Let's 2. A: I'm worried about Barbara. She's never this late.
______________________________________________It won't be that B: Let's not ________________________ worry. She's probably just held up
expensive, and we'll have hot water and a TV in the room. All the comforts in traffic.
of home. A: Why don't ________________________ call her parents? At least then
5. A: How are we ever going to prepare for tomorrow's exam? There's so much we'll know if she left home on time.
to know! B: Okay, if it will make you feel better, but why don't
B: Why don't ________________________ just try not to get upset? I'm sure she's okay.
A: All right. And then let's Okay, but after that we should 3. A: This pasta is delicious! Why don't ________________________ try
some?
B: No, thank you. I'm full. Let's ________________________ ask for the
check.
A: What? No dessert? This place is famous for its pies. Why don't
________________________ stay and have some dessert?
B: I couldn't eat another bite, but I'll wait for you. Shall
________________________ get the waiter for you?
A: Yes, please, when you see him. Thanks. You sure you don't want any MAKING SUGGESTIONS: COULD vs. SHOULD
dessert? What should we do tomorrow? Could can be used to make suggestions.
4. A: I think it's time for us to fix up the apartment. a) Why don't we go on a picnic? (a) and (b) are similar in meaning: the
b) We could go on a picnic. speaker is suggesting a picnic.
B: Okay. Why don't ________________________ do something to the living
room? I'm having trouble in math class. Should gives definite advice. In (c), the
A: That's a good idea. Shall ________________________ paint the walls? c) You should talk to your teacher. speaker is saying: "I believe it is
d) Maybe you should talk to your important for you to do this. This is what
B: Sure. Sounds great.
teacher. I recommend." In (d), the use of maybe
A: Okay. I'll go to the paint store. Shall ________________________ get the softens the strength of the advice.
same color that's on there now, or a different one?
B: Something different. I'm having trouble in math class. Could offers suggestions or possibilities.
e) You could talk to your teacher. Or In (e), the speaker is saying: "I have some
A: Why don't ________________________ get an off-white? you could ask Ann to help you with possible suggestions for you. It is
B: No. How about a light yellow? your math lessons. Or I could try to possible to do this. Or it is possible to do
A: Okay. And while I'm gone, why don't ________________________ cover help you. that."
Might (but not may) can also be used to
the furniture and floor so we won't drip paint on anything.
make suggestions (You might talk to your
B: Well, I'd really like to help, but I have to get back to work. teacher), but the use of could is more
A: What?! common.
I failed my math class. Should have gives "hindsight advice?"

f) You should have talked to your (Hindsight" refers to looking at
teacher and gotten some help from something after it happens.) In (f), the
her during the term. speaker is saying: "It was important for
you to talk to the teacher, but you didn't
do it. You made a mistake."
I failed my math class. Could have offers "hindsight

g) You could have talked to your possibilities." In (g), the speaker is
teacher. Or you could have asked saying: "You had the chance to do this or
Ann to help you with your math. Or that. It was possible for this or that to
I could have tried to help you. happen. You missed some good
opportunities."
EXERCISE 54: Making suggestions. 2. Bruce has helped his mother onto the train and escorted her to a seat. While he
Directions: Discuss Speaker B's use of should and could in the dialogues. In your is saying goodbye, the train begins pulling away from the station. By the time
own words, what is Speaker B saying? he gets through the crowded aisles to the exit, the train is traveling fast. Now
what?
He could
1. A: Ted doesn't feel good. He has a bad stomachache.
He could
B: He should see a doctor.
He should
2. A: Ted doesn't feel good. He has a bad stomachache. What do you think he
3. Kim is an insomniac. Every night she tosses and turns until 2 or 3 A. M. and
should do?
gets only a few hours of sleep. It's beginning to affect her work, as she has to
B: Well, I don't know. He could call a doctor. He could call Dr. Smith. Or he
be in her office at 8:00 A. M. She's always tired. She needs some advice.
could call Dr. Jones. Or he could simply stay in bed for a day and hope he
She could
feels better tomorrow.
She could
3. A: I need to get to the airport.
She should
B: You should take the airport bus. It's cheaper than a taxi.
4. You were driving in the countryside late at night, and you noticed that you
4. A: I need to get to the airport.
were almost out of gas. You managed to make it to a small town nearby but
B: Well, you could take the airport bus. Or you could take a taxi. Maybe Matt
discovered that the only gas station in town was closed. You decided to
could take you. He has a car.
hitchhike to the next town and look for an open station, but the person who
5. A: I took a taxi to the airport, and it cost me a fortune.
picked you up robbed you and left you stranded on a country road. Hitchhiking
B: You should have taken the airport bus.
was a bad idea. What were some other possible courses of action you could
6. A: I took a taxi to the airport, and it cost me a fortune.
have taken?
B: You could have taken the airport bus. Or maybe Matt could have taken
I could
you.
I could
PRACTICE 55: Using could and should to make suggestions.
I should
Directions: For each of these situations, give three suggestions with could. Then
give definite advice with should.
1. It's late at night. Tony is home by himself. He hears a window break. He thinks
it's a burglar. Now what? What could or should he do now?
He could hide under his bed,
He could pick up his baseball bat and go looking for the intruder.
He should leave the house and go to his neighbor’s to call the police.
EXERCISE 56: Activity: making suggestions. EXERCISE 57: Activity: writing.

Directions: Form a group of four. Directions: Write a letter to an advice columnist in a newspaper. Make up a personal
Speaker A: Your book is open. Present the given situation. problem for the columnist to solve. Then give your letter to a classmate, who will write
Speakers B, C, and D: Your books are closed. Make suggestions or give advice. Use an answer.
could to suggest possibilities. Use should only if you want to give strong, definite advice. Example letter:
Speaker A: When the other students are finished, pass the open book to the next student. Dear Abby,
Example: My husband and my sister had an argument over a year ago, and they haven't spoken
SPEAKER A (book open): I need to get to the airport. Any suggestions? to each other since. My husband accused my sister of insulting him about his boldness.
SPEAKER B (book closed): You could take a taxi or the airport bus. Then he told my sister that her hair looked like straw. He said he'd rather be bald than
SPEAKER C (book closed): I could take you if I can borrow my brother's car. have that kind of hair. My sister insists on an apology. My husband refuses until she
SPEAKER D (book dosed): In my opinion, you should take the airport bus. apologizes to him first.
The problem is that I'm planning a graduation party for my daughter. My husband
1. I don't have any plans for this weekend. I need some suggestions.
insists that I not invite my sister. I tell him I have to invite her. He says he'll leave the
2. (...) and I want to go to a nice restaurant for dinner tonight. Any suggestions?
party if my sister walks in the door. My daughter is very close to my sis.er and very
3. I need to get from here to (name of a place in this city/town). Any suggestions?
much wants her to come to the celebration.
4. I need to buy an umbrella, but I don't know where to go. I need some
What should I do? I feel I must include my sister in the graduation party, but I don't
suggestions.
want to anger my husband.
5. I'm hungry. I'd like to eat an egg, but I've never cooked an egg before. What
Yours truly,
should I do?
Confused and Torn
6. I need to get a car, but it can't be very expensive because I don't have a lot of
Example response:
money to spend on it. Any suggestions?
Dear Confused and Torn,
7. I bought a (name of a ear), but I'm unhappy with it. In hindsight, can you
Tell your husband that this party is your daughter's time to have her whole family
suggest other possibilities for a kind of car I could have bought?
around her and that you're going to invite your sister to the family celebration. This is
8. I went to (name of a place) for my vacation last summer, but I didn't enjoy it.
certainly and clearly a time he has to put his daughter's needs first.
In hindsight, can you suggest some other possibilities that I didn't think of? (I
And you should tell both your husband and your sister that it's time to get past their silly
had only five days and a limited amount of money.)
argument and act like grownups instead of ten-year-olds. You could offer to serve as an
9. (..) went to (name of a restaurant) for dinner last night, but the food was
intermediary to get them together to apologize to each other. If you present a
terrible. Do you have any hindsight suggestions?
reasonable, adult way of handling the problem, they may start behaving like adults.
Good luck.
DEGREES OF CERTAINTY: PRESENT TIME PRACTICE 58: Degrees of certainty: must and may/might/could.
Why isn’t John in class? Directions: Which of the two completions is the speaker most likely to say? Choose
100% sure: He is sick. the best completion.
95% sure: He must be sick. 1. "Look at all the children waiting for the bus. What time is it?"
less than 50% sure: He may / might / could be sick. "It _________________ be after 3:00. That's when school is out."
"Degree of certainty" refers to how sure we are—what we think the chances are— A. must B. might
that something is true. If we are sure something is true in the present, we don't need 2. "George says that we're going to have a very high inflation rate next year."
to use a modal. For example, if I say, "John is sick," I am sure; I am stating a fact "He _________________ be right. I think his view is as good as anybody's.
that I am sure is true. My degree of certainty is 100%. I've heard strong opinions on all sides of that issue."
Why isn't John in class? Must expresses a strong degree of certainty A. must B. could
a) He must be sick. (Usually he is about a present situation, but the degree of 3. "Have you heard anything from Ed? Is he still in Africa?"
in class every day, but when I certainty is still less than 100%. "He _________________ be, or he _________________ already be on his way
saw him last night, he wasn't In (a): The speaker is saying, "Probably John home. I'm just not sure."
feeling good. So my best guess is sick. I have evidence to make me believe A. must . . . must B. could . . . could
is that he is sick today. I can't that he is sick. That is my logical conclusion, 4. "Is that a famous person over there in the middle of that crowd?"
think of another possibility.) but I do not know for certain." "It _________________ be. Everyone's trying to get her autograph."
A. must B. might
Why isn't John in class? May, might, and could express a weak degree 5. "Isn't Peter Reeves a banker?"
b) He may be sick. of certainty. "Yes. Why don't you talk to him? He _________________ be able to help you
c) He might be sick. In (b), (c), and (d): The speaker is saying, with your loan."
d) He could be sick. (I don't "Perhaps, maybe,* possibly John is sick. I am A. must B. may
really know. He may be at only making a guess. 6. "Isn't Margaret's daughter over sixteen?"
home watching TV. He might I can think of other possibilities." "She _________________ be. I saw her driving a car, and you have to be at
be at the library. He could be (b), (c), and (d) have the same meaning. least sixteen to get a driver's license."
out of town.) A. must B. might
Maybe (one word) is an adverb: Maybe he is 7. "Overall, don't you think the possibility of world peace is greater now than ever
sick. May be (two words) is a verb form: He before?"
may be sick. "It _________________ be. I don't know. Political relationships can be
fragile."
A. must B. may
8. "The speedometer on my car is broken." DEGREES OF CERTAINTY: PRESENT TIME NEGATIVE

"Do you think you're driving over the speed limit?" 100% sure: Sam isn't hungry.
"I don't know. I _________________,” 99% sure: Sam couldn't be hungry. / Sam can't be hungry.
A. must be B. might be C. am 95% sure: Sam must not be hungry.
9. "You've been on the go all day. Aren't you exhausted?" less than 50% sure: Sam may not be hungry. / Sam might not be hungry.
"Yes, I_________________. I can't remember when I've ever been this worn
out." a) Sam doesn't want anything to eat. In (a): The speaker is sure that Sam is not
A. must be B. may be C. am He isn't hungry. He told me his hungry.
10. "Have you seen the new movie playing at the Bijou?" stomach is full. I heard him say that
"No, but it _________________ sad. Many people leaving the theater seem to he isn't hungry. I believe him.
have been crying."
A. must be B. might be C. is b) Sam couldn't/can't be hungry! In (b): The speaker believes that there is
11. "Do you hear that squeak? What is it?" That's impossible! I just saw him eat no possibility that Sam is hungry (but the
"I don't know. It _________________ a mouse. Isn't that what a mouse sounds a huge meal. He has already eaten speaker is not 100% sure). When used in
like?" enough to fill two grown men. Did the negative to show degree of certainty,
A. must be B. may be C. is he really say he'd like something to couldn't and can't forcefully express the
12. "How old do you think Roger is?" eat? I don't believe it. idea that the speaker believes something
"I just looked at his driver's license. He _________________ 33." is impossible.
A. must be B. might be C. is c) Sam isn't eating his food. He must In (c): The speaker is expressing a logical
not be hungry. That's the only conclusion, a "best guess."
reason I can think of.
d) I don't know why Sam isn't eating In (d): The speaker uses may not/might
his food. He may not/might not be not to mention a possibility.
hungry right now. Or maybe he
doesn't feel well. Or perhaps he ate
just before he got here. Who knows?
EXERCISE 59: Which completion do you think the speaker would probably say? 8. A: Excuse me. Could you tell me which bus I should take to get to City Hall?
Choose the best one. B: Hmmm. Bus number 63 _______________ there. But you'd better ask the
driver.
1. A: Is Jeff a good student? A. must go B. might go C. goes
B: He _______________ . I don't know him well, but I heard he was offered 9. A: Which bus should I take to get to the main post office?
a scholarship for next year. B: Bus number 39. It _______________ right to the post office.
A. must be B. could be C. is A. must go B. could go C. goes
2. A: Do you know where Eva is? 10. A: Do you suppose Mrs. Chu is sick?
B: She _________________ at Barbara's house. She said something about B: She _______________. I can't think of anything else that would have kept
wanting to visit after work today, but I'm really not sure. her from coming to this meeting.
A. must be B. could be C. is A. must be B. may be C. is
3. A: I stayed up all night finishing this report for the boss. 11. A: Is that Adam's brother standing with him in the cafeteria line?
B: You _______________ really tired. B: It _______________, I suppose. He does look a little like Adam.
A. must feel B. might feel C. feel A. must be B. could be C. is
4. A: Do you think the grocery store is still open? 12. A: Let's be really quiet when we go into the baby's room. The baby
B: It_________________________. I can't ever remember what _______________, and we don't want to wake her up.
their hours are. B: Okay.
A. must be B. could be C. is A. might sleep B. might be sleeping C. might have been sleeping
5. A: Where's the left-over chicken from dinner last night? 13. A: I wonder why the radio is on in the den. No one's in there.
B: I just saw it when I got some ice cubes. It _______________ in the freezer. B: Grandma _______________ to turn it off. She was in the den earlier and
A. must be B. might be C. is was probably listening to it.
6. A: It's supposed to rain tomorrow. A. must forget B. must have forgotten C. must be forgetting
B: I know, but the forecast _______________ wrong. Weather forecasts are 14. A: When Ms. White answered the door, I noticed her hands and clothes were
far from 100 percent accurate. dirty.
A. must be B. could be C. is B: Really? That's odd.
7. A: I heard that Jane has received a scholarship and will be able to attend the A: Not really. I figured she _______________ in her garden when she heard
university in the fall. the doorbell, and came inside to answer it. She's an avid gardener, you
B: Wonderful! That's good news. She _______________ very happy to have know.
the matter finally settled. A. must work B. must have worked C. must have been working
A. must be B. may be C. is
EXERCISE 60: Degrees of certainty: present time. 8. A: This winter jacket is still in good shape, but Tommy has outgrown it. Do
Directions: Complete the sentences by using must or may/might/could with the you think it would fit one of your sons?
expressions in the list or with your own words. be about ten be very proud like B: Well, it's probably too small for Johnny, too, but it
green be at a meeting feel terrible miss them very much be crazy fit Jimmy be rich
have the wrong number 9. A: How long has it been since you last saw your family?
B: More than a year.
1. A: Have you noticed that Professor Adams wears something green every day? A: You
B: I know. He 10. B: I do.
2. A: Ed just bought his wife a diamond necklace with matching earrings. A: How old is their daughter now?
B: That's expensive! He B: Hmmm. I think she was born around the same time our daughter was born.
A: He is. She
3. A: Look at the man standing outside the window on the fifteenth floor of the
building!
B: He
4. A: Where's Ms. Adams? She's not in her office.
B: I don't know. She_________________________, or maybe she's in the
employee lounge.
A: If you see her, would you tell her I'm looking for her?
B: Certainly, Mr. French.
5. A: Hello?
B: Hello. May I speak to Ron?
A: I'm sorry. You _________________________ There's no one here by that
name.
6. A: I've heard that your daughter recently graduated from law school and that
your son has gotten a scholarship to the state university. You
B: We are.
7. A: You're coughing and sneezing, blowing your nose, and running a fever.
You
B: I do.
DEGREES OF CERTAINTY: PAST TIME EXERCISE 61: Degrees of certainty: past time.
Directions: Work in pairs, in groups, or as a class.
PAST TIME: AFFIRMATIVE
Why wasn't Mary in class? In (a):The speaker is sure.
Speaker A: Your book is open. Give the first cue. After the response, give the
a) 100%:
She was sick. In (b): The speaker is making a logical second cue.
b) 95%: conclusion, e.g., "I saw Mary yesterday Speaker B: Your book is closed. Respond to the first cue with may have / might
She must have been sick. and found out that she was sick. .I
have I could have. Then after you get more information in the second
She may have been sick. assume that is the reason why she was
c) less than 50%: absent. I can't think of any other good cue, use must have.
She might have been sick. reason." Speaker A: 1st cue: Jack was absent yesterday afternoon. Where was he?
She could have been sick. In (c): The speaker is mentioning one Speaker B: I don't know. He may have been at home. He might have gone to a
possibility.
PAST TIME: NEGATIVE movie. He could have decided to go to the zoo because the weather
Why didn't Sam eat? was so nice.
d) 100%: In (d): The speaker is sure. Speaker A: 2nd cue: What if you overhear him say, "My sister's plane was late
Sam wasn't hungry.
yesterday afternoon. I had to wait almost three hours." Now what do
e) 99%: In (e): The speaker believes that it is
I Sam couldn't have been hungry. impossible for Sam to have been you think?
Sam can't have been hungry. hungry. Speaker B: He must have gone to the airport to meet his sister's plane.
f) 95%: In (f): The speaker is making a logical
Sam must not have been hungry. conclusion.
g) less than 50%: In (g): The speaker is mentioning one 1. 1st cue: ( . . . ) didn't stay home last night. Where did she/he go?
Sam may not have been hungry. possibility. 2nd cue: What if you overhear her/him say, "I usually go there to study in
Sam might not have been hungry.
the evening because it's quiet, and if I need to use any reference
books, they're right there."
2. 1st cue: How did ( . . . ) get to school today?
2nd cue: What if you see her/him pull some car keys out of her/his pocket?
3. 1st cue: ( . . . ) took a vacation in a warm, sunny place. Where do you
suppose she/he went?
2nd cue: What if you then overhear her/him say, "Honolulu is a nice city"?
4. 1st cue: ( . ) visited a person in this class yesterday. Do you know who
she/he visited? What if I say this person (supply a certain
distinguishing characteristic)?
5. 1st cue: ( . . .) walked into class this morning with a broken arm. What 7. A: Where's Nadia? I've been looking all over for her.
happened? B: I saw her about ten minutes ago in the living room. Have you looked there?
2nd cue: Then you overhear her/him say, "After this I'm going to watch A: Yes, I've looked everywhere. She (leave) ______________________
where I'm going when I'm riding my bicycle." 8. A: Listen! Do you hear a noise downstairs?
B: No, I don't hear a thing.
A: You don't? Then something (be) ______________________ wrong with
your hearing.
EXERCISE 62: Degrees of certainty. Directions: Complete the dialogues. Use an
9. A: You have a black eye! What happened?
appropriate form of must with the verbs in parentheses. Use the negative if
B: I walked into a door.
necessary.
A: Ouch! That (hurt) ______________________
B: It did.
1. A: Paula fell asleep in class this morning.
10. A: Who is your teacher?
B: She (stay up) ______________________ tmutSi- kOW€ Sfotyed L. up
B: I think his name is Mr. Rock, or something like that.
too late last night.
A: Mr. Rock? Oh, you (mean) ______________________ Mr. Stone.
2. A: Jim is eating everything in the salad but the onions. He's pushed all of the
11. A: I grew up in a small town.
onions to the side of his plate.
B: That (be) ______________________ dull.
B: He (like) ______________________ onions.
A: It wasn't at all. You can't imagine the fun we had.
3. A: George had to give a speech in front of five hundred people.
12. A: Why are you here so early?
B: Whew! That's a big audience. He (be) ______________________
B: Sam told me that the party started at seven o'clock.
nervous.
A: No, it doesn't start until eight o'clock. You (misunderstand)
A: He was, but no one could tell.
______________________
4. A: What time is it?
B: Well, we came at seven, and I'm sure we've been here for at least an hour.
So it (be) ______________________ around eight o'clock.
5. A: My favorite magazine doesn't come in the mail anymore. I wonder why.
B: Did your subscription run out?
A: That's probably the problem. I (forget) ______________________ to
renew it.
6. A: I met Marie's husband at the reception and we said hello to each other, but
when I asked him a question in English, he just smiled and nodded.
B: He (speak) ______________________ much English.
3. Look. Jack's car is in front of his house. He__________________________ be
DEGREES OF CERTAINTY: FUTURE TIME at home. Let's stop and visit him.
4. A: Hello. May I speak to Jack?
100% sure: B: He isn't here right now.
a) Kay will do well on the test. The speaker feels sure.
A: What time do you expect him?
90% sure: B: He __________________________ be home around nine or so.
b) Kay should do well on the test. The speaker is almost sure. 5. A: Who do you think is going to win the game tomorrow?
c) Kay ought to do well on the test.
B: Well, our team has better players, so we __________________________
less than 50% sure: win, but you never know. Anything can happen in sports.
d) She may do well on the test. The speaker is guessing. 6. A: It's very important for you to be there on time.
e) She might do well on the test. B: I __________________________ be there at seven o'clock. I promise!
f) She could do well on the test.
7. A: What time are you going to arrive?
g) Kay has been studying hard. She Should / ought to can be used to express B: Well, the trip takes about four hours. I think I'll leave sometime around
should do / ought to do well on the expectations about future events. noon, so I __________________________ get there around four.
test tomorrow In (g): The speaker is saying, "Kay will
8. A: Here are your tickets, Mr. Anton. Your flight
probably do well on the test. I expect
her to do well. That is what I think will __________________________ depart from Gate 15 on the Blue Concourse
happen." at 6:27.
B: Thank you. Could you tell me where the Blue Concourse is?
h) I wonder why Sue hasn't written us. The past form of should / ought to is
We should have heard / ought to used to mean that the speaker expected 9. A: Susie is yawning and rubbing her eyes.
have heard from her last week. something that did not occur. B: She __________________________ be sleepy. Let's put her to bed early
tonight.
EXERCISE 63: Degrees of certainty. 10. A: Martha has been working hard all day. She left for work before dawn this
Directions: Use will, should/ought to, or must in the following. In some, more than morning.
one modal is possible. Discuss the meanings that the modals convey. B: She __________________________be really tired when she gets home
this evening.
1. Look at all the people standing in line to get into that movie. It 11. A: Where can I find the address for the University of Chicago?
__________________________ be a good movie. B: I'm not sure, but you __________________________be able to find that
2. Let's go to the lecture tonight. It __________________________ be information at the library. The library carries catalogues of most of the
interesting. universities in the U. S.

12. A: When's dinner? a. It couldn't have been

B: We're almost ready to eat. The rice __________________________ be b. It must not have been
done in five minutes. c. It could have been
13. A: Where's your dictionary? d. It must have been
B: Isn't it on my desk? 3. Situation: There is a hole in the bread. It looks like something ate some of
A: No, I don't see it there. the bread. The bread was in a closed drawer until I opened it.
B: Okay. Then it must be in the bookcase. You Information: A mouse likes to eat bread and is small enough to crawl into a
___________________________ find it on the second shelf. Is it there? drawer. A cat can't open a drawer. And most cats don't like bread.
14. Ed has been acting strangely lately. He ______________________ be in love. A rat can sometimes get into a drawer, but I'm pretty sure we
15. Hmmm. I wonder what's causing the delay. Ellen's plane don't have rats in our house.
___________________ been here an hour ago. a. It could have been
16. I thought I had some money in my billfold, but I don't. I b. It couldn't have been
_______________________ spent it. c. It must have been
4. Situation: My friends Mark and Carol were in the next room with my
EXERCISE 64: Degrees of certainty. neighbor. I heard someone playing a very difficult piece on the
Directions: Using the information about each situation, complete the sentences. piano.
Information: Mark has no musical ability at all and doesn't play any
1. Situation: Someone's knocking at the door. I wonder who it is. instrument. Carol is an excellent piano player. I don't think my
Information: Tom is out of town. Fred called half an hour ago and said he neighbor plays the piano, but I'm not sure.
would stop by this afternoon. Alice is a neighbor who sometimes a. It couldn't have been
drops by in the middle of the day. b. I suppose it could have been
a. It must be Fred. c. It must have been
b. It couldn't be Tows. 5. Situation: The meeting starts in fifteen minutes. I wonder who is coming.
c. I suppose it might be Alice. Information: I just talked to Bob on the phone. He's on his way. Sally rarely
2. Situation: Someone ran into the tree in front of our house. I wonder who misses a meeting. Andy comes to the meetings sometimes, and
did it. sometimes he doesn't. Janet is out of town.
Information: Sue has a car, and she was out driving last night. Jane doesn't a. won't be at the meeting.
have a car and doesn't know how to drive. Ron has a car, but I'm b. should be at the meeting.
pretty sure he was at home last night. Ann was out driving last c. will be here.
night, and today her car has a big dent in the front. d. might come.
PROGRESSIVE FORMS OF MODALS 6. A: I need to call Howard. Do you know which hotel he's staying at in Boston?
B: Well, he (stay) ______________________ at the Hilton, but I'm not sure.
a) Let's just knock on the door lightly. Tom may Progressive form, present time: He (stay) ______________________ at the Holiday Inn.
be sleeping. (right now) modal + be + -ing
7. A: What are you doing?
b) All of the lights in Ann's room are turned off. Meaning: in progress right now
She must be sleeping. (right now) B: I'm writing a letter to a friend, but I (study) ______________________ I
have a test tomorrow.
c) Sue wasn't at home last night when we went Progressive form, past time:
8. A: Did you know that Andy just quit school and started to hitchhike to
to visit her. She might have been studying at modal + have been + -ing
the library. Meaning: in progress at a time Alaska?
d) Joe wasn't at home last night. He has a lot of in the past B: What? You (kid) ______________________
exams coming up soon, and he is also 9. A: Did Ed mean what he said about Andy yesterday?
working on a term paper. He must have been
studying at the library. B: I don't know. He (kid) ______________________ when he said that, but
who knows?
10. A: Did Ed really mean what he said yesterday?
EXERCISE 65: Progressive forms of modals. B: No, I don't think so. I think he (kid) ______________________
Directions: Complete the sentences with the verbs in parentheses. Use the EXERCISE 66: Progressive and past forms of modals.
appropriate progressive forms of must, should, or may/might/could. Directions: Complete the sentences with the appropriate form of the words in
parentheses. Add not if necessary for a sentence to make sense.
1. Look. Those people who are coming in the door are carrying wet umbrellas. It 1. Alex has a test tomorrow that he needs to study for. He (should + watch)
(rain) ______________________ ______________________ TV right now.
2. A: Why is Margaret in her room? 2. There's Tom. He's standing at the bus stop. He (must + wait)
B: I don't know. She (do) ______________________ her homework. ______________________ for the two o'clock bus.
3. A: Do you smell smoke? 3. Kathy lost her way while driving to River City. She (should + leave)
B: I sure do. Something (burn) ______________________ in the kitchen. ______________________ her road map at home.
4. A: The line's been busy for over an hour. Who do you suppose Frank is 4. My tweed jacket isn't in my closet. I think my roommate (might + borrow)
talking to? ______________________ it. He often borrows my clothes without asking
B: I don't know. He (talk) ______________________ to his parents. Or he me.
(talk) ______________________ to his sister in Chicago. 5. When I walked into the room, the TV was on but the room was empty. Dad
5. A: What's all that noise upstairs? It sounds like a herd of elephants. (must + watch) ______________________ TV a short while before I came
B: The children (play) ______________________ some kind of game. into the room. He (must + forget) ______________________ to turn it off
A: That's what it sounds like to me, too. I'll go see. before he left the room.
6. A: Why wasn't Pamela at the meeting last night? PRACTICE 67: Forms of modals.
B: She (may + attend) ______________________ the lecture at Shaw Hall. Directions: Complete the sentences with the appropriate form of the words in
I know she really wanted to hear the speaker. parentheses. Add not if necessary for a sentence to make sense.
7. A: Why didn't Diane come to the phone? I know she was home when I called.
1. A: Where's Ann?
B: I don't know. She (might + wash) ______________________ her hair
B: I don't know. She (could + visit) ______________________ her aunt and
when you called. Who knows?
uncle right now. She usually visits them every Friday evening.
8. A: Where's that cold air coming from?
2. You (should + watch) ______________________ the movie on TV tonight. I
B: Someone (must + leave) ______________________ the door open.
highly recommend it. It's a classic.
9. A: Where's Jane? I haven't seen her for weeks.
3. I heard a loud crash in the next room. When I walked in, I found a brick on the
B: I'm not sure. She (might + travel) ______________________ in Europe. I
floor, and the window was broken. Someone (must + throw)
think I heard her mention something about spending a few weeks in
______________________ the brick through the window.
Europe this spring.
4. Jack is in the employee lounge drinking coffee. He (should + work)
10. A: When I arrived, Dennis looked surprised.
______________________ on his report right now. It's due at 3:00 this
B: He (must + expect) ______________________ you.
afternoon. He (should + waste) ______________________ his time in the
11. A: Why didn't Jack answer the teacher when she asked him a question?
employee lounge.
B: He was too busy staring out the window. He (must + daydream)
5. Do you hear the guitar music? Carla (must + play) ______________________
______________________. He (should + pay)
her guitar.
______________________ attention. He (should + stare)
6. A: I need to see Tom. Where is he?
______________________ out the window during class.
B: In his room. Knock on his door softly. He (might + take)
12. A: The roads are treacherous this morning. In places they're nothing but a
______________________ a nap.
sheet of ice. I (should + take) ______________________ the bus to work
7. Michael wanted to go to the opera, but he put off buying a ticket, and now
today instead of driving my car. I thought I'd never make it!
they're all sold. He (should + buy) ______________________ his ticket weeks
B: I know. It's terrible outside. Jake still hasn't arrived. He (must + walk)
ago. He (should + wait) ______________________ until now to try to get a
______________________ to work right now. He doesn't live too far
ticket.
away, but I know he hates to drive on icy roads.
8. Bob was stopped by a police officer last night. He (must + drive)
A: He (might + decide) ______________________ not to come in at all. He
______________________ too fast when she clocked him on her radar. She
(could + work) ______________________ on his report at home this
gave him a speeding ticket.
morning. I'll check with his secretary. He (may + call)
9. The staff (must + plan) ______________________ very well for the luncheon.
______________________ her by now.
There are still about ten people waiting to eat, and there's not enough food left.
10. A: Where's your bicycle? PRACTICE 68: Making conclusions: must and must not.
B: I don't know. One of my friends (may + borrow) Directions: Make logical conclusions about these situations. Use must or must not
______________________ it. Gee, I hope it wasn't stolen. Maybe Sally for your "best guess.”
borrowed it.
A: Sally? She (could + borrow) ______________________ it. She has a 1. The Adams' house is dark and quiet. Their car isn't in the driveway.
broken leg. Why would she want to borrow your bicycle? ANS: They must not be at home.
11. George didn't do very well on the test because he didn't understand what he 2. We had a test in class yesterday. Charles, who rarely studies and usually fails
was supposed to do. He (could + listen) ______________________ very the tests, got a score of 95% this time.
carefully when the teacher gave the directions. ANS: He must have studied for the test.
12. A: Joan was really upset when she found out that someone had told Alan 3. The man sitting behind us has been talking throughout the movie. He knows
about the surprise birthday party she gave him last night. She thinks Joe what's going to happen before it happens.
told him. 4. Anita is in bed. The lights are out, and I can hear someone snoring.
B: Joe (could + tell) ______________________ him about it. He was out of 5. Mrs. Jenkins has lost some of her hearing. Yesterday the children asked her
town until just before the party. He barely got there in time from the several times for some cookies, but she didn't answer.
airport. 6. Jeremy's car radio is always set on the classical music station. He also keeps a
13. A: Art has two full-time jobs this summer to make some money for school in supply of classical music tapes in the car.
the fall. He (must + have) ______________________ very much time to 7. When Jeremy's wife is in the car with him, she always asks him to change the
rest and do other things. station or the tape.
B: That might explain why no one answered the door when I stopped by his 8. Diane never seems to have enough money. I tried to call her last night and got
house a little while ago. He (must + sleep) ______________________ a recording telling me that her phone had been disconnected.
14. A: Kathy just bought a new car, and now she's looking for a new apartment. 9. Four people had dinner together. Two of them ate wild mushrooms, and two
B: She (must + make) ______________________ a lot of money in her new of them didn't. The two who ate the mushrooms are now critically ill.
job. 10. I heard a loud crash in the next room. I rushed in immediately and found our
antique vase on the floor. It was broken. Five-year-old Bobby was playing
quietly with his toy truck. The cat was leaping frantically from table to table.
The window was open, and the breeze was blowing gently through the room.
I wondered what had happened to the antique vase.
EXERCISE 69: Degrees of certainty. EXERCISE 70: Degrees of certainty.

Directions: Discuss and/or write about the people and activities in the picture. Include
Directions: Go to a public place where there are people whom you do not know (a any factual information you can get from the picture, and also make guesses about the
cafeteria, store, street corner, park, zoo, lobby, etc.) or imagine yourself to be in such people: their ages, occupations, activities, etc.
a place. Choose three of the people to write a composition about. Using a paragraph
for each person, describe his/her appearance briefly and then make guesses about the
person: age, occupation, personality, activities, etc.
Example:
I'm in a hotel lobby. I'm looking at a man who is wearing a blue pin-striped suit
and carrying a briefcase. He is talking to someone at the registration desk, so he
must be registering to stay in the hotel. He could be checking out, but I don't think
so. He might be simply asking a question, but I doubt it. Judging from his clothes,
I'd say he's probably a businessman. But he could be something else. He might be
a doctor, a funeral director, or a professor. He has salt-and-pepper hair and not
too many wrinkles. He must be about 50 or 55. He doesn't have any luggage with
him. The porter must have taken his luggage. The hotel clerk just handed the man
a key. Aha! I was right. He is registering to stay at the hotel.
USING WOULD TO EXPRESS A REPEATED ACTION IN THE EXERCISE 71: Using WOULD and USED TO.
PAST Directions: In these sentences, use would whenever possible to express a repeated
action in the past. Otherwise, use used to.
a) When I was a child, my father would Would can be used to express an action
read me a story at night before that was repeated regularly in the past. 1. I (be) ______________________ very shy. Whenever a stranger came to our
bedtime. When would is used to express this idea, house, I (hide) ______________________ in a closet.
b) When I was a child, my father used it has the same meaning as used to 2. I remember my Aunt Susan very well. Every time she came to our house, she
to read me a story at night before (habitual past). (give) ______________________ me a big kiss and pinch my cheek.
bedtime. (a) and (b) have the same meaning. 3. Illiteracy is still a problem in my country, but it (be)
______________________ much worse
c) I used to live in California. Used to expresses an habitual situation 4. I (be) ______________________ afraid of flying. My heart (start)
He used to be a Boy Scout. that existed in the past, as in (c). In this ______________________ pounding every time I stepped on a plane. But now
They used to have a Ford. case, would may not be used as an I'm used to flying and enjoy it.
alternative. Would is used only for
regularly repeated actions in the past. 5. I (be) ______________________ an anthropology major. Once I was a
member of an archaeological expedition. Every morning, we (get)
______________________ up before dawn. After breakfast, we (spend)
______________________ our entire day in the field. Sometimes one of us
(find) ______________________ a particularly interesting item, perhaps an
arrowhead or a piece of pottery. When that happened, other members of the
group (gather) ______________________ around to see what had been
unearthed.
6. I got a new bicycle when I was ten. My friends (ask)
______________________ to ride it, but for a long time I (let, never)
______________________ anyone else use it.
7. When my grandfather was a boy and had a cold, his mother (make)
______________________ him go to bed. Then she (put)
______________________ on his chest.
8. Last summer, my sister and I took a camping trip in the Rocky Mountains.
wonderful experience. Every morning, we (wake) ______________________
sound of singing birds. During the day, we (hike) ______________________ 3. Until we finally had a long talk about it, my Aunt Pat (never)
woods and along mountain streams. Often we (see) ______________________________ before coming over. In fact, she (not
______________________ On one occasion we saw a bear and quickly ran in even) ______________________________ on the door. She would just walk
the opposite direction. right in and catch us all by surprise.
9. When I was a child, I (take) ______________________ a flashlight to bed with 4. I have fond childhood memories of my Uncle Joe. Whenever he came to visit,
me so that I could read comic books without my parents' knowing about it. he (always) ______________________________ me a little present.
10. I remember Mrs. Sawyer's fifth grade class well. When we arrived each 5. When our kids were still living at home, I liked to go out to eat with my family.
morning, she (sit) ______________________ at her desk. She (smile, always) On every payday, I ______________________________ the family to some
______________________ hello to each student as he or she entered. When restaurant for dinner.
the bell rang, she (stand) ______________________ up and (clear) 6. People acquire strange habits. For example, my Uncle Oscar, who lived with
______________________ her throat. That was our signal to be quiet. Class us when I was a child, (always) ______________________________ his plate
was about to begin. with his napkin whenever he sat down to a meal.
7. I'll never forget evenings spent with my grandparents when I was a child. My
grandmother ______________________________ stories of her childhood
PRACTICE 72: Repeated action: would.
seventy years ago, and we ______________________________ intently and
Directions: Complete the sentences using would and the verbs in the list. Use each
question her for every detail.
verb only once. Include any words in parentheses.
8. When I was a salesman, it seemed to me that I was in my car most of the time.
bring drive listen throw
I ______________________________ to work to pick up my schedule, and
call fall take wipe
then go from place to place all day, calling on small businesses.
come knock tell yell
1. My father never liked to talk on the phone. Whenever it rang, he (always)

______________________________ , "I'm not here!" Usually, he was only
joking and ______________________________ to the phone when it was for
him.
2. I'll always remember Miss Emerson, my fifth grade teacher. Sometimes a
student ______________________________ asleep in her class. Whenever
that happened, Miss Emerson ______________________________ a piece of
chalk at the student!
EXPRESSING PREFERENCE: PREFER, LIKE …. BETTER, EXERCISE 73: Expressing preferences.

WOULD RATHER Directions: Complete the sentences with than or to.
PREFER
a) I prefer apples to oranges.  prefer + noun + to + noun
b) I prefer watching TV to studying  prefer + -ing verb + to + -in 1. When I'm hot and thirsty, I prefer cold drinks ______________________ hot
LIKE … BETTER drinks.
c) I like apples better than oranges.  like + noun + better than + noun
2. When I'm hot and thirsty, I like cold drinks better ______________________
d) I like watching TV better than  like + -ing verb + better than + -ing
studying. verb hot drinks.
WOULD BETTER
e) Ann would rather have an apple 3. When I'm hot and thirsty, I'd rather have a cold drink
Would rather expresses preference.
than an orange. In (e): Notice that the simple form of a ______________________ a hot drink.
f) INCORRECT: Ann would rather verb follows both would rather and
has an apple. 4. I prefer tea ______________________ coffee.
than.
g) I would rather go to a movie 5. I like tea better ______________________ coffee.
tonight than study grammar.
6. I'd rather drink tea ______________________ coffee.
h) I'd rather visit a big city than live 7. When I choose a book, I prefer nonfiction ______________________ fiction.
there.
i) INCORRECT: I'd rather visit a big 8. I like rock-and-roll better ______________________ classical music.
city than to live there. 9. My parents would rather work ______________________ retire. They enjoy
INCORRECT: I'd rather visit a big
city than living there. their jobs.
10. Do you like fresh vegetables better ______________________ frozen or
j) I'd rather study history than (study) canned vegetables?

In (j): If the verb is the same, it usually is
biology. not repeated after than. 11. I prefer visiting my friends in the evening ______________________
How much do you weigh? watching TV by myself.

Contraction: I would = I'd
k) I'd rather not tell you. Negative form: would rather + not 12. I would rather read a book in the evening ______________________ visit
l) The movie was okay, but I would with friends.

The past form:
rather have gone to the concert last would rather have + past participle
night. Usual pronunciation: "I'd rather-ay"
m) I'd rather be lying on a beach in Progressive form:

India than (be) sitting in class right would rather + be + -ing
now
n) Would you rather have an apple or In (n): In a polite question, would rather
an orange? can be followed by or to offer someone a
choice.
PRACTICE 74: Stating preferences. 6. A: Does Peter __________________________ football to baseball?

Directions: Use the words in parentheses to create a new sentence with the same B: No. I think he __________________________ baseball better than
meaning. football.
A: Then why didn't he go to the game yesterday?
Example. Alex would rather swim than jog. (prefer)
B: Because he __________________________ watch sports on TV than go
SAMPLE: Alex prefers swimming to jogging.
to a ball park.
Example. My son likes fish better than beef. (would rather)
7. I __________________________ jog in the morning than after work.
SAMPLE: My son would rather eat/have fish than beef
8. Heidi enjoys her independence. She is struggling to start her own business, but
she __________________ borrow money from the bank than ask her parents
1. Kim likes salad better than dessert. (prefer)
for help.
2. In general, Nicole would rather have coffee than tea. (like)
9. A: Do you want to go out to the Japanese restaurant for dinner?
3. Bill prefers teaching history to working as a business executive. (would rather)
B: That would be okay, but in truth I __________________________
4. When considering a pet, Sam prefers dogs to cats. (like)
Chinese food to Japanese food.
5. On a long trip, Susie would rather drive than ride in the back seat. (prefer)
A: Really? I __________________________ Japanese food better than
6. I like studying in a noisy room better than studying in a completely quiet room.
Chinese food. What shall we do?
(would rather)
B: Let's go to the Italian restaurant.
7. Alex likes soccer better than baseball. (would rather)
10. A: Mother, I can't believe you have another cat! Now you have four cats, two
dogs, and three birds.
B: I know, dear. I can't help it. I love having animals around.
PRACTICE 75: Stating preferences.
A: Honestly, Mother, I sometimes think you __________________________
Directions: Complete the sentences with prefer, like, or would rather.
animals to people.
1. I __________________________ cold weather to hot weather. B: Honestly, dear, sometimes I do.
2. A: What's your favorite fruit? 3.
B: I ___________________strawberries better than any other fruit.
3. Mary __________________ save money than enjoy herself
4. Unfortunately, many children __________________________ candy to
vegetables.
5. A: Why isn't your brother going with us to the movie?
B: He __________________________ stay home and read than go out on a
Saturday night.
EXERCISE 76: Expressing preferences: WOULD RATHER: PRACTICE 77: Would rather.
Directions: Answer the questions in complete sentences. Work in pairs or as a class. Directions: Complete the sentences with the suggestions in the list or your own
words.
Example. be an environment lawyer study Chinese
1. Which do you prefer, apples or oranges? go home stay home
ANS: I prefer (oranges) to (apples). not go out not tell you
2. Which do you like better, bananas or strawberries? go to an opera
ANS: I like (bananas) better than (strawberries). go out with their friends . . . stay home with their parents
3. Which would you rather have right now, an apple or a banana?
ANS: I'd rather have (a banana).
1. I went to a movie last night. I prefer operas to movies. I would

4. Which do you like better, rice or potatoes? __________________________
5. Which do you prefer, peas or corn? 2. I studied French when I was in high school only because my parents wanted
6. Which would you rather have for dinner tonight, beans or potatoes? me to. I would rather __________________________ J
7. Name two sports. Which do you like better? 3. ack's parents want him to become a doctor. He'd rather
8. Name two movies. Which one would you rather see? __________________________ but he feels he has to respect his parents'
9. What kind of music would you rather listen to, rock or classical? wishes, so he has enrolled in medical school.
10. Name two vegetables. Which do you prefer? 4. I know you want to know, but I'd rather __________________________. I told
11. Which do you like better, Chinese food or Mexican food? Marge that I'd keep it a secret.
12. Name two sports that you play. Which sport would you rather play this 5. Sometimes teenagers would rather __________________________ than
afternoon? __________________________
13. Name two TV programs. Which do you like better? 6. I would rather __________________________ right after dinner at the
restaurant last night, but my friends insisted on going back to John's apartment
to listen to some music and talk. Tonight, I'd really rather
__________________________. I want to get a good night's sleep for the first
time all week.
COMBINING MODALS WITH PHRASAL MODALS 6. There was a long line in front of the theater. We (wait)
______________________ almost an hour to buy our tickets.
a) INCORRECT: Janet will can help A modal cannot be immediately 7. A: I'd like to go to a warm, sunny place next winter. Any suggestions?
you tomorrow. followed by another modal. In (a): The
B: You (go) ______________________ to Hawaii or Mexico. Or how
modal will cannot be followed by can,
which is another modal. about Indonesia?
8. I don't feel like going to the library to study this afternoon. I (go)
b) CORRECT: Janet will be able to A modal can, however, be followed by
______________________ to the shopping mall than to the library.
help you tomorrow. the phrasal modals be able to and have
to. In (b): The modal will is correctly 9. A: Mrs. Wilson got a traffic ticket. She didn't stop at a stop sign.
followed by the phrasal modal be able to. B: That's surprising. Usually she's a very cautious driver and obeys all the
traffic laws. She (see, not) ______________________ the sign.
c) CORRECT: Tom isn't going to be It is also sometimes possible for one
able to help you tomorrow phrasal modal to follow another phrasal 10. Annie, you (clean) ______________________ this mess before Dad gets
modal. In (c): be going to is followed by home. He'll be mad if he sees all this stuff all over the living room floor.
be able to. 11. A: This is Steve's laptop, isn't it?
B: It (be, not) ______________________ his. He doesn't have a laptop
computer, at least not that I know of. It (belong)
______________________ to Lucy or to Linda. They sometimes bring
their laptops to class.
EXERCISE 78: Review: modals and similar expressions.
12. In my country, a girl and boy (go, not) ______________________ out on a
Directions: Use a modal or phrasal modal with each verb in parentheses. More than
date unless they are accompanied by a chaperone.
one auxiliary may be possible. Use the one that seems most appropriate to you and
13. Jimmy was serious when he said he wanted to be a cowboy when he grew up.
explain why you chose that one rather than another.
We (laugh, not) ______________________ at him. We hurt his feelings.
14. A: (I, speak) ______________________ to Peggy?
1. It looks like rain. We (shut) ______________________ the windows.
B: She (come, not) ______________________ to the phone right now. (I,
2. Ann, (you, hand) ______________________ me that dish? Thanks.
take) ______________________ message?
3. Spring break starts on the thirteenth. We (go, not) ______________________
15. A: How are you planning to get to the airport?
to classes again until the twenty-second.
B: By taxi.
4. The baby is only a year old, but she (say, already) ______________________
A: You (take) ______________________ a shuttle bus instead. It's cheaper
a few words.
than a taxi. You (get) ______________________ one in front of the
5. In the United States, elementary education is compulsory. All children (attend)
hotel. It picks up passengers there on a regular schedule.
______________________ six years of elementary school.
16. A: Why didn't you come to the party last night?
B: I (study) ______________________
GIVING INSTRUCTIONS: IMPERATIVE SENTENCES
A: You (come) ______________________ . We had a good time.
COMMAND Imperative sentences are used to give
17. A: The phone's ringing again. Let's not answer it. Just let it ring.
a) General: Open the door! commands, make polite requests, and
B: No, we (answer) ______________________ it. It (be)
Soldier: Yes, sir! give directions. The difference between a
______________________ important. We (get)
command and a request lies in the
______________________ an answering machine.
REQUEST speaker's tone of voice and the use of
18. It's not like Tony to be late. He (be) ______________________ here an
b) Teacher: Open the door, please. please.
hour ago. I hope nothing bad has happened.
Student: Okay, I’d be happy to. Please can come at the beginning or end
19. A: This is a great open-air market. Look at all this wonderful fresh fish! What
of a request:
kind of fish is this?
DIRECTIONS Open the door, please.
B: I'm not sure. It (be) ______________________ ocean perch. Let's ask.
c) Barbara: Could you tell me how to Please open the door.
20. The teacher called on Sam in class yesterday, but he kept looking out the
get to the post office
window and didn't respond. He (daydream) ______________________
Stranger: Certainly. Walk two blocks
down this street. Turn left
and walk three more
blocks. It's on the right-
hand side of the street.
The simple form of a verb is used in

d) Close the window. imperative sentences. The understood
e) Please sit down. subject of the sentence is you (meaning
f) Be quiet! the person the speaker is talking to):
g) Don't walk on the grass. (You) close the window.
h) Please don't wait for me. NEGATIVE FORM:
i) Don't be late. Don't + the simple form of a verb
EXERCISE 79: Writing activity: EXERCISE 80: Error analysis: modals.

Directions: Write about one or more of the following. Give general advice to people Directions: Correct the errors. Some of the sentences contain spelling or singular-
who want to plural errors.
1. Would you please to help me?

1. improve their health.
2. I will can go to the meeting tomorrow.
2. find a job.
3. My brother wasn't able calling me last night.
3. get good grades.
4. Ken should writes us a letter.
4. live life fully every day.
5. I have to went to the store yesterday.
5. improve their English.
6. Susie! You must not to play with matches!
6. get married.
7. May you please hand me that book?
7. make a good first impression.
8. Ann couldn't answered my question.
8. help preserve the earth's environment.
9. Shelley can't goes to the concert tomorrow.
Example: handle stress
10. Let's going to a movie tonight.
Do you want to handle stress in your life? Here are some suggestions for you
11. Don't to interrupt. It's not polite.
to consider.
12. Can you to stand on your head?
 Be sure to get daily exercise. You should devote at least half an
13. I saw a beautiful dress at a store yesterday, but I couldn't bought it.
hour to physical activity every day.
14. Closing the door please. Thank you.
 Don't overload your daily schedule. Learn to manage your time
15. May I please to borrow your dictionary? Thank you.
efficiently.
16. If you have a car, you can traveled around the United State.
 You have to take time for yourself. Don't keep yourself busy doing
17. During class the students must to sit quitely. When the student have questions,
things for everyone else from morning until night. Do things that
they
are just for you. Read, reflect, listen to music, or just do nothing
18. must to raise their hands.
for a period every day.
19. When you send for the brochure, you should included a self-addressed,
 Don't waste time worrying about things you can't change.
stamped envelope.
Recognize the things you can't change and accept them. Change
20. A film director must has control over every aspect of a movie.
only the things you can change.
21. When I was a child, I can went to the roof of my house and saw all the other
houses and streets.
22. While I was working in the fields, my son would brought me oranges or candy.
23. I used to brake my leg in a soccer game three month ago.
24. May you please help me with this?
25. Many student would rather to study on their own than going to classes. B: What did you do then?
26. We supposed to bring our books to class every day. A: What do you think I should have done?
27. You can having a very good time as a tourist in my country. My country have B: I don't know. I (think) ______________________ of several things. You (go)
many diferent wheather area, so you have better plan ahead before you came. ______________________ back to your car for your purse. You (try)
28. When you visit big city in my country, you must to be paying attention to your ______________________ to borrow some change from a customer in the
wallet when you are in a crowdy place because there's a lot of thief. restaurant. You (ask) ______________________ to use the private phone in
the restaurant. What did you actually do?
EXERCISE 81: Review of verb forms. A: I (ask) ______________________ to speak with the manager of the restaurant.
Directions: Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses. Use any B: That was a good idea. That's exactly what you should have done. What did the
appropriate tense or modal. manager do?
A: When I (tell) ______________________ her my tale of woe, she (be)
A: Yesterday I (have) ______________________ a bad day. ______________________ very sympathetic. She (allow)
B: Oh? What (happen) ______________________ ______________________ me to use her private phone to call my friend Bill,
A: I was supposed to be at a job interview at ten, but I didn't make it because while who (drive) ______________________ to the restaurant.
I (drive) ______________________ down the freeway, my car (break) B: You (feel) ______________________ really glad when you saw Bill.
______________________ down. A: I did. First, he (take) ______________________ me to my job interview, and
B: What (you, do) ______________________ then he (take) ______________________ care of the car.
A: I (pull) ______________________ over to the side of the road, (get) B: Good friends are important, aren't they?
______________________ out, and (start) ______________________ A: They sure are.
walking. B: Did you get the job you interviewed for?
B: You (do, not) ______________________ that! Walking alone along a highway A: I don't know yet. I (get) ______________________ it, or I might not. I just
can be dangerous. You (stay) ______________________ in your car until help don't know. I (know) ______________________ in a couple more days.
came. B: Good luck!
A: You (be, probably) ______________________ right, but I (start) A: Thanks! I need it! Well, I (leave) ______________________ now. I (be)
______________________ walking down the highway. After I (walk) ______________________ at a meeting in minutes. (I, use)
______________________ for about minutes, I got to an exit ramp. Near the ______________________ your phone? I (need) ______________________
bottom of the exit ramp, there was a restaurant with a public phone. I (go) to call a taxi. My car is still in the garage, and I (have, not)
______________________ to the phone and (discover) ____ ______________________ time to wait for a bus.
__________________ that I had left my purse in the car, so I (have, not) B: I (take) ______________________ you to your meeting.
______________________ any money to make a phone call. A: Really? Thanks. As you said, good friends are important!
EXERCISE 82: Writing: modals. EXERCISE 83:Cumulative review.

Directions: Write a short paragraph on one or more of the topics. Directions: Each of the following has a short dialogue. Try to imagine a situation
in which the dialogue could take place, and then choose the best completion.
Topics:
Example:
1. Write about when, where, and why you should (or should not) have done
"My horse is sick.”
something in your life.
"Oh? What's the matter? You ______________________ call the vet.”
2. Write about a time in your life when you did something you did not want to
A. will B. had better C. may
do. Why did you do it? What could you have done differently? What should
you have done? What would you rather have done?
1. "Does this pen belong to you?"
3. Look at your future. What will, might, should it be like? Write about what you
"No. It ______________________ be Susan's. She was sitting at that desk."
should, must, can do now in order to make your life what you want it to be.
A. had better B. will C. must
4. Write about one embarrassing incident in your life. What could, should, might
2. "Let's go to a movie this evening."
you have done to avoid it?
"That sounds like fun, but I can't, I ______________________ finish a report
5. Look at the world situation and the relationships between nations. What could,
before I go to bed tonight."
should (or should not), must (or must not) be done to improve understanding?
A. have got to B. would rather C. ought to
6. Choose one of the environmental problems we are facing today. What could,
3. "Hey, Ted. What's up with Ken? Is he upset about something?"
should, may, must, might be done to solve this problem?
"He's angry because you recommended Ann instead of him for the promotion.
You ______________________ sit down with him and explain your reasons.
At least that's what I think.”
A. should B. will C. can
4. "Does Tom want to go with us to the film festival tonight?"
“No. He ______________________ go to a wrestling match than the film
festival."
A. could B. would rather C. prefer
5. "I did it! I did it! I got my driver's license!"
"Congratulations, Michelle, I'm really proud of you.”
“Thanks, Dad, Now ______________________ I have the car tonight? Please,
please!”
“No, You're not ready for that quite yet.”
A. will B. should C. may
6. "I just tripped on your carpet and almost fell! There's a hole in it. You that 14. "Do you understand how this computer program works?”
before someone gets hurt.” “Sort of, but not really. ______________________ you explain it to me one
“Yes, Uncle Ben. I should, I will. I'm sorry. Are you all right?" more time? Thanks.”
A. can B. ought to C. may A. Could B. Should C. Must
7. "Are you going to the conference in Atlanta next month?” 15. "Did you climb to the top of the Statue of Liberty when you were in New
“I ______________________. It's sort of iffy right now. I've applied for travel York?”
money, but who knows what my supervisor will do.” “No, I didn't. My knee was very sore, and I ______________________ climb
A. will B. have to C. might all those stairs.”
8. "What shall we do after the meeting this evening?" A. might not B. couldn't C. must not
“______________________ pick Jan up and all go out to dinner together.” 16. "Rick, ______________________ work for me this evening? I'll take your
A. Why don't B. Let's C. Should shift tomorrow.”
9. "Have you seen my denim jacket? I ______________________ find it.” “Sure, I was going to ask you to work for me tomorrow anyway.”
“Look in the hall closet.” A. should you B. would you C. do you have to
A. may not B. won't C. can't 17. "How are we going to take care of your little brother and go to the concert at
10. "Bye, Mom! I'm going to go play soccer with my friends.” the same time?”
“Wait a minute, young man! You ______________________ do your chores “I have an idea. ______________________ we take him with us?"
first.” A. Why don't B. Let's C. Will
A. had better not B. have to C. would rather 18. "Meet me at Tony's at five. Please! I talk to you. It's important.”
11. "Do you think that Scott will quit his job?” “Is something wrong?"
“I don't know, He ______________________ . He's very angry. We'll just A. could B. will C. must
have to wait and see.” 19. "What are you children doing? Stop! You ______________________ play
A. must B. may C. will with sharp knives.”
12. "The hotel supplies towels, you know. You ______________________ pack a “What?"
towel in your suitcase.” A. mustn't B. couldn't C. don't have to
“This is my bathrobe, not a towel.” 20. "Don't wait for me. I ______________________ late.”
A. don't have to B. must not C. couldn't “Okay."
13. "I heard that Bill was seriously ill.” A. maybe B. may to be C. may be
“Really? Well, he ______________________ be sick anymore. I just saw him 21. "Mr. Wells can't figure out how to assemble his daughter's tricycle.”
riding his bike to work.” “He __________________ read the instructions very carefully."
A. won't B. doesn't have to C. must not A. had better B. can't C. would rather
PRACTICE 84: Test: Modals and phrasal modals. 6. Tom wasn't at the party last night. He must not ______________________ a
Directions: Choose the correct completion. ride. I know he wanted to come, but he didn't have a ride.
A. be able to have gotten B. to have been able to get
Example: C. have been able to get D. be able to get
Peter ______________________ rather sleep on a mattress than on the floor. 7. Robert has a new car. He ______________________ it for a very good price.
A. shall B. could C. would D. must He paid 30 percent less than the regular retail cost.
A. could buy C. was supposed to buy
1. Al painted his bedroom black. It looks dark and dreary. He B. had to buy D. was able to buy
______________________ a different color. 8. "Did you enjoy the picnic?"
A. had to choose C. must have chosen "It was okay, but I'd rather ______________________ to a movie.”
B. should have chosen D. could have been choosing A. go B. be going C. have gone D. went
2. Tom is sitting at his desk. He's reading his chemistry text because he has a test 9. "Why are you so sure that Ann didn't commit the crime she's been accused of
tomorrow. He ______________________ committing?"
A. could study C. will study "She ______________________ that crime because I was with her, and we
B. should be studying D. must be studying were out of town that day.”
3. When Mr. Lee was younger, he ______________________ work in the garden A. may not have committed C. committed
for hours, but now he has to take frequent rests because he has emphysema. B. wasn't supposed to commit D. couldn't have committed
A. has got to C. should be able to 10. "Since we have to be there in a hurry, we ______________________ take a
B. can D. could taxi.”
4. Whenever my parents went out in the evening, I ______________________ "I agree.”
the job of taking care of my younger brother. A. had better B. may
A. would get C. must have gotten C. have been used to D. are able to
B. should get D. had better get 11. "It ______________________ rain this evening. Why don't you take an
5. Yesterday I ______________________ to a furniture store. I bought a new umbrella?"
lamp there. "That's a good idea. May I borrow yours?"
A. could go C. could have gone A. had better B. could be C. must D. might
B. went D. ought to have gone 12. " ______________________ you hand me that pair of scissors, please?"
"Certainly.”
A. May B. Shall C. Will D. Should
13. Larry drove all night to get here for his sister's wedding. He 19. "I ______________________ there at 6 P. M. for the meeting, but my car won't
______________________ exhausted by the time he arrived. start. Could you please give me a lift in your car?"
A. ought to be C. must have been "Sure. Are you ready to go now?"
B. could be D. will have been A. will be B. may be C. supposed to be D. have got to be
14. "What are you doing here now? You ______________________ be here for 20. "I left a cookie on the table, but now it's gone. What happened to it?"
another three hours.” "I don't know. One of the children ______________________ it.”
"I know. We got an early start, and it took less time than we expected. I hope A. may have eaten C. had to eat
you don't mind.” B. could eat D. should have eaten
A. couldn't C. had better not 21. “My boss is always looking over my shoulder whenever I do anything.”
B. might not D. aren't supposed to "That ______________________ bother you.”
15. " ______________________ taking me downtown on your way to work this "But it does.”
morning?" A. shouldn't B. might not C. may not D. won't
"Not at all.” 22. "This movie is boring and too violent.”
A. Can you C. Would you mind "I agree. ______________________ leave?"
B. Why don't you D. Could you please A. Will we B. Why don't we C. Must we D. Would we
16. "I locked myself out of my apartment. I didn't know what to do.” 23. "Chris, you ______________________ the fish in the refrigerator before it
"You ______________________ your roommate.” spoils.”
A. could have called C. would have called "You're right. I didn't know it was still in the shopping bag.”
B. may have called D. must have called A. had better put C. would rather put
17. "You haven't eaten anything since yesterday afternoon. You B. had to put D. may put
__________________ be really hungry!" 24. "What does Mr. Griffin do for a living?"
"I am.” "Nothing. He's very rich. He ______________________ work for a living.”
A. might B. will C. can D. must A. must not C. doesn't have to
18. "How long have you been married?" B. shouldn't D. hadn't better
"We ______________________ have been married for twenty-three years on 25. "Why are you so late?"
our next anniversary.” "I ______________________ my aunt to the airport. The traffic was terrible!"
A. must B. should C. will D. could A. could take C. should take
B. must have taken D. had to take
26. "I heard that Laura was offered a job at a top computer firm in Chicago.” 34. "Is littering against the law?"
"Oh? That's wonderful! She ______________________ very pleased.” "Yes. There's a law that says that you ______________________ throw trash
A. is supposed to be C. must be on the streets.”
B. might be D. is A. don't have to B. must not C. could not D. might not
27. "My boss expects me to work this weekend.” 35. "Do you want to go to the seashore for vacation?"
"You shouldn't ______________________ work on weekends.” "I think I'd ______________________ to the mountains.
A. must B. be going to C. ought to D. have to A. to go B. going C. go D. have gone
28. "They towed my car away from the executive parking lot yesterday.” 36. "Barbara just told me that she can't go to the meeting tonight.”
"You ______________________ have parked there.” "She ______________________ go! We need her there for the financial
A. may not B. should not C. must not D. might not report.
29. "Are you going to have a big birthday party for your father?" A. has got to B. has gotten to C. have to D. must be
"Not this year, but next year. He ______________________ 50 years old 37. “__________ letting me use your bicycle for a little while?”
then.” “Not at all.”
A. should be B. must be C. will be D. has to be A. Please to B. Would you mind C. Will you D. Could you please
30. "I need some help with this table. ______________________ you lift the other 38. "We ______________________ be here. That sign says No TRESPASSING.”
end, please?" "It's too late now We're already here, "
"Sure, just a second.” A. couldn't C. might not
A. May B. Should C. Could D. Shall B. don't have to D. aren't supposed to
31. "How did you get my telephone number? It's not listed in the phone book, so 39. "Harry's new jacket doesn't seem to fit him very well.”
you ______________________ have found it in the directory.” "He ______________________ it on before he bought it.”
"I got it from your mother.” A. must have tried C. should have tried
A. may not B. won't C. might not D. couldn't B. was able to try D. may have tried
32. "Is that volcano dormant or active?" 40. "Do you like to play tennis?"
"Active. According to the experts, it ______________________ erupt again in "Yes. When I worked at the embassy, I ______________________ meet a
the very near future.” friend at five every afternoon for a game.”
A. would B. may be C. could D. had better A. would B. should C. had better D. would rather
33. "Last year I ______________________ this fine print in these contracts, but
now I can't, " ~ "You'd better go to the eye doctor.”
A. could read C. should have read
B. must have read D. had to read
PRACTICE 85: Cumulative review. (Chapter 07) 8. “Beth got another speeding ticket yesterday.”
Directions: Choose the best completion. “Oh? That's not good. She __________________________ be more careful.
She'll end up in serious trouble if she gets any more."
1. "I need the milk. __________________________ you get it out of the A. would rather B. will C. ought to
refrigerator for me?” 9. “Are you going to take the job transfer when the company moves out of town?"
“Sure." “I __________________________ accept their offer if they are willing to pay
A. May B. Should C. Could all of my moving expenses."
2. “__________________________ you hand me that book, please? I can't reach A. must not B. might C. maybe
it.” 10. “Are you going to admit your mistake to the boss?”
“Sure. Here it is." “Yes. I __________________________ tell her about it than have her hear
A. Would B. Should C. Must about it from someone else."
3. What do you like the most about your promotion?” A. can B. should C. would rather
“I __________________________ get up at 5.30 in the morning anymore. I 11. “I just heard that there's an accident on the freeway. Traffic is a mess.”
can sleep until 7.00." “We __________________________ leave earlier than we planned."
A. must not B. would rather C. don't have to A. maybe B. had better C. prefer to
4. Do you have a minute? I need to talk to you.” 12. “Would you like to go with me to the Williams' wedding next month?”
“I __________________________ leave here in ten minutes. Can we make “I'm not sure. I __________________________ be too busy with school."
an appointment for another time?" A. will B. might C. maybe
A. have to B. could C. may 13. “Do you need help washing the dishes?”
5. “Yes? __________________________ I help you?” “Oh, no. You __________________________ help. There are enough people
“Yes. Do you have these sandals in a size eight?" in the kitchen already."
A. Should B. Can C. Will A. don't have to B. must not C. may not 14.
6. “Let's go bowling Saturday afternoon.” 14. “Why are you working so many evenings and weekends?”
“Bowling? I __________________________ play golf than go bowling." “I __________________________ increase sales or I'm in danger of losing
A. had better B. should C. would rather my job."
7. “Diane found a library book on a bench at Central Park. Someone had left it A. may B. can C. have got to
there.” 15. “Are these gloves necessary?”
“She __________________________ take it to any library in the city. I'm “Yes. You __________________________ use this chemical without gloves.
sure they'll be glad to have it back." It will burn your skin."
A. will B. should C. would rather A. must not B. don't have to C. could not
PRACTICE 86: Cumulative review. (Chapter 7) PRACTICE 87: Cumulative review. (Chapter 7)
Directions: Correct the errors. Directions: The topic of this passage is writing a composition. Read the passage
through completely to get the main ideas. Then read it again slowly and choose from
1. Before I left on my trip last month, I must get a passport.
the words in boldface italics.
2. Could you to bring us more coffee, please?
3. Ben can driving, but he prefers take the bus.
Writing a Composition
4. My roommate maybe at home this evening.
(1) "What? Not another composition! I hate writing compositions. I'm
5. A few of our classmates can't to come to the school picnic.
not good at it." Do you ever complain about having to write compositions in
6. May you take our picture, please?
English class? A lot of students do.
7. Jane's eyes are red, and she is yawning. She must is sleepy.
8. Jim would rather has Fridays off in the summer than a long vacation.
You may, cannot find it difficult and time-consuming, but you are
9. I must reading several lengthy books for my literature class.
learning a useful skill. The ability to write clearly is, must be important. It
10. Take your warm clothes with you. It will maybe snow.
can, must affect your success in school and in your job. You may, can learn
11. When the baby went to the doctor last week, she must has several shots.
to write effectively by practicing. One of the best ways to practice your
12. It's very cool in here. Please you turn up the heat.
writing skills is to prepare compositions in a thoughtful, step-by-step process.
13. You had better to call us before you come over. We're often away during the
(2) The first step in writing a composition is to choose a subject
day.
that interests you. You maybe, should write about a subject you already know
14. The children would rather to see the circus than a baseball game.
about or can, have to find out about through research. Writers might, should
15. It's such a gorgeous day. Why we don't go to a park or the beach?
never pretend to be experts. For example, if you have never bought a car and
are not knowledgeable about automobiles, you should, should not write an
essay on what to look for when buying a car—unless, of course, you plan to
research the subject in books and magazines and make yourself an expert.
There is one topic about which you are the most knowledgeable expert in the
world, and that topic is, may be yourself and your experiences. Many of the
most interesting and informative compositions are based simply on a writer's
personal experience and observations. The questions you should ask yourself
when choosing a topic are "Do I have any expertise in this subject?" and if
not, "Will, Can I be able to find information about this subject?"
(3) After you have a topic and have researched it if necessary, start
writing down your thoughts. These notes must not, do not have to be in any
particular order. You do not have to, could not worry about grammar at this (7) If possible, write the entire first draft of your composition in a
time. You can, may pay special attention to that later. single sitting. After you have a first draft, the next step is rewriting. Every
(4) Next, you have to, may organize your thoughts. You cannot, composition could, should go through several drafts. Rewriting is a natural
might not say everything possible about a subject in one composition. part of the process of writing. You will, do not have to find many things that
Therefore, you may, must carefully choose the ideas and information you you can change, changed and improve when you reread your first draft. As
want to include. Look over your notes, think hard about your topic, and find you revise, you will, should be careful to include connecting words such as
a central idea. Answer these questions. "What am, do I want my readers to then, next, for example, after, and therefore. These words connect one idea
understand? What is, does my main idea? How can, am I put this idea into to another so that your reader will not get lost. Also pay attention to
one sentence?" Good writing depends on clear thinking. Writers should, had grammar, punctuation, and spelling as you revise and rewrite. Your
better spend more time thinking than actually writing. After you have a dictionary should, can be next to you, or if you are working on a computer,
clearly formed main idea, choose relevant information from your notes to you should, must use the "spell checker."
include in your composition. (8) Writing is, may be a skill. It improves as you gain experience
with the process of choosing a subject, jotting down thoughts, organizing
(5) Before you begin to write the actual composition, you ought to, them into a first draft, and then rewriting and polishing. At the end of this
can know exactly what you want to say and how you are going to develop process, you should, must have a clear and well-written composition.
your ideas. Many good writers
prepare, prepared an outline before they start. An outline is like a road
map to keep you headed toward your destination without getting lost or
sidetracked.
(6) There are, ought to be many ways to begin a composition. For
example, you might, must begin with a story that leads up to your main idea.
Or you may, ought to start with a question that you want your reader to think
about, and then suggest an answer. Maybe, May be you could, have to
introduce your topic by defining a key word. Simply presenting factual
information is, will be another common way of beginning a composition.
Your goals in your first paragraph is, are to catch your reader's attention and
then state your main idea clearly and concisely. By the end of the first
paragraph, your reader may, should understand what you are going to cover
in the composition.
CHAPTER 08: THE PASSIVE
FORMING THE PASSIVE
ACTIVE: PASSIVE:
a) Mary helped the boy. b) The boy was helped by Mary.
In the passive, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb: the
boy in (a) becomes the subject of the passive verb in (b).
Notice that the subject of an active verb follows by in a passive sentence. The noun
that follows by is called the “agent.” In (b): Mary is the agent.
(a) and (b) have the same meaning.
ACTIVE: PASSIVE:
OUTLINE c) An accident happened. d) (none)
1. FORMING THE PASSIVE Only transitive verbs (verbs that can be followed by an object) are used in the passive.
It is not possible to use intransitive verbs (such as happen, sleep, come, seem) in the
2. USING THE PASSIVE
passive.
3. TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS
FORM OF THE PASSIVE: BE + PAST PARTICIPLE
4. USING THE BY-PHRASE
simple present
5. THE PASSIVE FORMS OF THE PRESENT AND PAST Mary helps the boy. The boy is helped by Mary.
PROGRESSIVE present progressive
6. INDIRECT OBJECTS AS PASSIVE SUBJECTS Mary is helping the boy. The boy is being helped by Mary.
7. THE PASSIVE FORM OF MODALS AND PHRASAL present perfect*
Mary has helped the boy. The boy has been helped by Mary.
MODALS
simple past
8. STATIVE PASSIVE Mary helped the boy. The boy was helped by Mary.
9. COMMON STATIVE PASSIVE VERBS + PREPOSITIONS past progressive
10. PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES: -ED VS. -ING Mary was helping the boy. The boy was being helped by Mary.
11. THE PASSIVE WITH GET past perfect*
Mary had helped the boy. The boy had been helped by Mary.
12. USING BE USED/ACCUSTOMED TO AND GET USED/
simple future*
ACCUSTOMED TO Mary will help the boy. The boy will be helped by Mary.
13. USED TO VS. BE USED TO be going to
14. USING BE SUPPOSED TO Mary is going to help the boy. The boy is going to be helped by Mary.
future perfect*
Mary will have helped the boy. The boy will have been helped by Mary.
CHAPTER 08: THE PASSIVE CHAPTER 08: THE PASSIVE
The progressive forms of the present perfect, past perfect, future, and future perfect are PRACTICE 02: Tense forms of the passive.
very rarely used in the passive. Directions: Complete the sentences with the passive form of the given verbs.
a) Was the boy helped by Mary? In the question form of passive verbs, an
b) Is the boy being helped by Mary? auxiliary verb precedes the subject. PART I Use the SIMPLE PRESENT with
c) Has the boy been helped by Mary? 1. collect Taxes ____________________________ by the
government.
2. write Books ____________________________ by authors.
EXERCISE 01: Active vs. passive. 3. grow Rice ____________________________ by farmers in
Directions: Change the active verbs to passive verbs. Write the subject of the Korea.
passive sentence. 4. eat Small fish ____________________________ by big fish.
5. pay I ____________________________ for my work by my
SIMPLE PRESENT boss.
1. (a) The teacher helps me. 6. understand The meaning of a smile ____________________________
2. (b) The teacher helps Jane. by everyone.
3. (c) The teacher helps us. PART II. Use the SIMPLE PAST with:
SIMPLE PAST 7. collect Yesterday the students' papers
4. (a) The teacher helped me. ____________________________ by the teacher at the end
5. (b) The teacher helped them. of the test.
PRESENT PERFECT 8. built The Great Wall of China ____________________________
6. (a) The teacher has helped Joe. by Chinese emperors more than 2500 years ago.
7. (b) The teacher has helped us. 9. write The book War and Peace ____________________________
FUTURE by Leo Tolstoy, a famous Russian novelist.
8. (a) The teacher will help me. 10. destroy Several small buildings ____________________________
by the earthquake in Los Angeles.
PART III. Use the PRESENT PERFECT with
11. visit The pyramids in Egypt ____________________________
by millions of tourists.
12. speak Spanish ____________________________ by people in
Latin America for nearly 600 years.
13. read Mark Twain's books ____________________________ by 3. Jack won't pay the bill.
millions of people through the years. The bill ______________________ be paid by Jack.
14. wear Perfume ____________________________ by both men 4. The waiter refilled my glass.
and women since ancient times. My glass ______________________ by the waiter.
PART IV Use will with: 5. Did Sue knock that vase to the floor?
15. discover New information about the universe will _________________ that vase _____________________ to the floor by Sue?
____________________________ by scientists in the 6. Tommy didn't break the chair.
twenty-first century. The chair by ______________________ Tommy.
16. visit Hawaii ____________________________ by thousands of 7. Alan's knowledge of art doesn't impress me.
tourists this year. I ______________________ by Alan's knowledge of art.
17. save Tigers ____________________________ from extinction 8. One of the parents is taping the children's song.
by people who care. The children's song ______________________ by one of the parents.
PARTY. Use be going to with: 9. Is a student pilot flying that airplane?
18. hurt Your friend ____________________________ by your _________________that airplane ______________________ by a student
unkind remark when she hears pilot?
about it. 10. The best chess player will win the match.
19. offer New computer courses ____________________________ The match ______________________ by the best chess player.
by the university next year. 11. Your emotional appeals will not influence the judge.
20. elect A new leader ____________________________ by the The judge ______________________ by your emotional appeals.
people in my country next month. 12. The voters are going to decide that issue.
That issue ______________________ by the voters.
PRACTICE : Forming the passive. 13. The city attorney has discovered new evidence.
Directions: In the following, active sentences are changed to passive sentences. New evidence ______________________ by the city attorney.
Complete the passive sentences with the appropriate verb form. Keep the same tense. 14. Mr. Snow hasn't taught that course since 1985.
Use question and negative forms as necessary. That course _____________________ by Mr. Snow since 1985.
15. Had a special messenger delivered the package before you got to the office?
____________the package ______________________ by a special
1. Did Ann discover the mistake?
messenger before you got to the office?
__________ the mistake ______________________ discovered by Ann?
16. The pollution in the city was affecting Tim's breathing.
2. A famous author wrote that book.
Tim's breathing ______________________ by the pollution in the city.
That book ______________________ by a famous author.
EXERCISE 03: Form of the passive. 27. Sue is going to sign it.
Directions: Change the verbs to the passive. Do not change the tense. 28. Is Carol going to sign it?
29. Tom opens the door.
1. Bob mailed the package. 30. Tom is opening the door.
2. That company employs many people. 31. Tom has opened the door.
3. That company has hired Sue. 32. Tom opened the door.
4. The secretary is going to fax the letters. 33. Tom was opening the door.
5. A college student bought my old car. 34. Tom had opened the door.
6. Mrs. Adams will do the work. 35. Tom will open the door.
7. Mr. Fox washed the windows. 36. Tom is going to open the door.
8. Ms. Hopkins invited me to dinner. 37. Tom will have opened the door.
9. Thomas Edison invented the phonograph. 38. Is Tom opening the door?
10. Water surrounds an island. 39. Did Tom open the door?
11. A plumber is going to fix the leaky faucet. 40. Has Tom opened the door?
12. A doctor has examined the sick child.
13. A large number of people speak Spanish. 41. A thief stole Ann's purse.
14. Helicopters fascinate children. 42. Did a cat kill the bird?
15. Shakespeare wrote Hamlet. 43. My cat didn't kill the bird.
44. Do a large number of people speak French?
16. This news will amaze you. 45. Is the janitor going to fix the window?
17. The news surprised John. 46. Will a maid clean our hotel room?
18. Did the news surprise you? 47. Does the hotel provide clean towels?
19. The news surprises Erin. 48. Sometimes my inability to understand spoken English frustrates me.
20. Does the news surprise you? 49. Shakespeare wrote that play
21. The news will shock Steve. 50. Waitresses and waiters serve customers.
22. Will the news shock Pat? 51. The teacher is going to explain the lesson.
23. Liz signed the petition. 52. Shirley has suggested a new idea.
24. Did Ryan sign it? 53. Bill will invite Ann to the party.
25. Bob has signed the petition. 54. Alex is preparing that report.
26. Has Jim signed it yet? 55. Two horses were pulling the farmer's wagon.
56. Kathy had returned the book to the library. 6. Are we going to be met at the train station by your cousin?
57. By this time tomorrow, the president will have made the announcement. 7. Have the plans for the new hospital already been drawn by the architect?
58. I didn't write that note. Jim wrote it. 8. The bear was chased up a tree by a dog.
59. Alice didn't make that pie. Did Mrs. French make it? 9. That sentence was written by Omar.
60. Does Prof. Jackson teach that course? I know that Prof. Adams doesn't teach 10. Our papers are going to be collected by the teacher.
it. 11. Was the electric light bulb invented by Thomas Edison?
61. Mrs. Andrews hasn't signed those papers yet. Has Mr. Andrews signed them 12. The speed limit on Highway 5 isn't obeyed by most drivers.
yet? 13. Have you been informed of a proposed increase in our rent by the building
62. Is Mr. Brown painting your house? superintendent?
63. His tricks won't fool me. 14. Taxes are collected by the government.
64. Mr. Catt delivers our mail. 15. Small fish are eaten by big fish.
65. The children have cake eaten the cake. 16. The meaning of a smile is understood by everyone.
66. Linda wrote that letter. 17. War and Peace was written by Leo Tolstoy.
67. The jeweler is going to fix my watch. 18. The cat was chased by the dog.
68. Ms. Bond will teach our class. 19. ABC Corporation is going to be bought by XYZ Inc.
69. Anne is going to bring dinner. 20. The pyramids in Egypt have been visited by millions of tourists.
70. Our team won the final game. 21. New information about the universe will be discovered by scientists in the
71. Dr. Pitt will treat the patient. twenty-first century.
72. Ms. Davis has planted several trees. 22. The letter was signed by Mr. Rice.
73. The police catch criminals. 23. Was the letter signed by Mr. Foster?
24. The fax was sent by Ms. Owens.
EXERCISE 04: Active vs. passive. 25. Was the other fax sent by Mr. Chu?
Directions: Change the passive sentences to active. Keep the same tense. Some of 26. Will Adam be met at the airport by Mr. Berg?
the sentences are questions. 27. Have you been invited to the reception by Mrs. Jordan?
28. I have been invited to the reception by Mr. Lee.
1. Was the riot stopped by the police? 29. Is the homework going to be collected by the teacher?
2. My suitcase was inspected by a customs officer.
3. Love and understanding are needed by all children.
4. Were you taught to read by your parents?
5. I was taught to read by my parents.
USING THE PASSIVE PRACTICE 05: Passive vs. active meaning.

Directions: Circle the letter of the sentence that has the same meaning as the
given sentence.
a) Rice is grown in India. Usually the passive is used without a by-phrase. The
b) Our house was built in passive is most frequently used when it is not
1980. known or not important to know exactly who 1. My grandmother makes her own bread.
c) This olive oil was performs an action. a. This bread is made by my grandmother.
imported from Crete. In (a): Rice is grown in India by people, by farmers, b. Someone makes my grandmother's bread.
by someone. It is not known or important to know
exactly who grows rice in India. 2. Bob was taken to the hospital by car.
(a), (b), and (c) illustrate the most common use of a. Bob drove to the hospital.
the passive, i.e., without the by-phrase. b. Someone drove Bob to the hospital.
d) Life on the Mississippi
3. Suzanne has just been asked to her first dance.
was written by Mark The by-phrase is included only if it is important to
Twain. know who performs an action, as in (d), where by a. Suzanne has asked someone to the dance.
Mark Twain is important information. b. Someone has asked Suzanne to the dance.
e) My aunt made this rug.
4. You will be informed of the test results.
(active) If the speaker knows who performs an action,
usually the active is used, as in (e). a. You will inform someone of the test results.
f) This rug was made by my b. Someone will inform you of the test results.
aunt. Sometimes, even when the speaker knows who
5. You are not allowed to enter.
g) That rug was made by my performs an action, s/he chooses to use the passive
mother. with the by-phrase because s/he wants to focus a. You do not allow people to enter.
attention on the subject of a sentence. In (f) :The b. Someone says you cannot enter.
focus of attention is on two rugs. 6. The child was saved after five minutes in the water.
a. Someone saved the child.
b. The child saved herself.
PRACTICE 06: Active vs. passive. 12. I got into a taxi quickly because I (follow) ______________________ by two
Directions: Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses. Some of the strange men. As soon as I got into the taxi, I (feel)
sentences are active and some are passive. Use any appropriate tense. ______________________ a little safer.
13. The impact of the earthquake yesterday (feel) ______________________ by
people who lived hundreds of kilometers from the epicenter.
1. You (notify) ______________________ by my secretary next week.
14. When Alex was only ten, his father (die) ______________________
2. Last night I (remember, not to lock my front door.
15. Mark (influence) ______________________ a lot by his friends, isn't he? He
3. At the present time, the oldest house in town (restore)
should be more independent and think for himself.
______________________ by the Historical Society. When the restoration is
16. A few days ago, my car (steal) ______________________ by one of the
finished, the house is sure to be a popular tourist attraction.
teenagers in my neighborhood. He (catch) ______________________ by the
4. A: What a beautiful old wooden chest!
police a few blocks from my house. He just wanted to take it for a drive, but
B: It (build) ______________________ by my grandfather over fifty years
now he's in a lot of trouble.
ago.
5. At one time, the entire world (rule) ______________________ by dinosaurs
Some dinosaurs (walk) ______________________ on their hind legs and
(stand) ______________________ as tall as palm trees.
6. Disneyland is a world-famous amusement park in Southern California. It
(visit) ______________________ by more than ten million people every
year.
7. Many of us take water for granted in our daily lives, but people who live in
the desert (use, not) ______________________ water carelessly. To them,
each drop is precious.
8. I (agree, not) ______________________ with people who say space
exploration is a waste of money. What do you think?
9. Do you really think that we (invade) ______________________ by creatures
from outer space in the near future?
10. Most insects (live) ______________________ for less than a year. The
common housefly (live) ______________________ from 19 to 30 days.
11. (you, accept, already) ______________________ by this university when
you heard about the other scholarship?
TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS PRACTICE 07: Transitive vs. intransitive.

Directions: Circle TRANSITIVE if the verb takes an object; circle
INTRANSITIVE if it does not. Underline the object of the verb.
TRANSITIVE
S V O A transitive verb is a verb that is
a) Bob mailed the letter. followed by an object. An object is a 1. TRANSITIVE INTRANSITIVE Alex wrote a letter.
b) Mr. Lee signed the check. noun or a pronoun. 2. TRANSITIVE INTRANSITIVE Alex waited for Amy. (There is no
c) A cat killed the bird. object of the verb.)
An intransitive verb is a verb that is not
INTRANSITIVE followed by an object. 3. TRANSITIVE INTRANSITIVE Rita lives in Mexico.
S V 4. TRANSITIVE INTRANSITIVE Sam walked to his office.
d) An accident happened. 5. TRANSITIVE INTRANSITIVE Kate caught the ball.
e) Kate came to our house.
6. TRANSITIVE INTRANSITIVE My plane arrived at six-thirty.
f) I slept well last
night. 7. TRANSITIVE INTRANSITIVE Emily is crying.
8. TRANSITIVE INTRANSITIVE A falling tree hit my car.
COMMON INTRANSITIVE VERBS
9. TRANSITIVE INTRANSITIVE I returned the book to the library
agree die appear exist arrive yesterday.

fall become flow come go 10. TRANSITIVE INTRANSITIVE A bolt of lightning appeared in the
happen rise stand laugh seem sky last night.
stay live sit talk occur
sleep wait rain sneeze walk
TRANSITIVE VERBS
PRACTICE 08: Review: identifying passives with transitive and intransitive
g) ACTIVE: Bob mailed the letter. Only transitive verbs can be used in the
PASSIVE: The letter was mailed by passive. verbs.
Bob. Directions: Check the sentences that are passive.
INTRANSITIVE VERBS
1. I came by plane.
h) ACTIVE: An accident happened. An intransitive verb is NOT used in the
PASSIVE: (not possible) passive. 2. I was invited to the party by Alex.
i) INCORRECT: An accident was 3. Many people died during the earthquake.
happened.
4. Many people were killed by collapsing buildings.
5. The earthquake has killed many people.
6. The game will be won by the Bulls.
7. The Bulls will win the game.
8. Gina's baby cried for more than an hour.
9. Most of the fresh fruit at the market was bought by customers. 23. The cup fell to the floor.
10. Some customers bought boxes full of fresh fruit. 24. The assistant manager interviewed me.
11. Accidents always occur at that intersection. 25. It rained hard yesterday.
26. A hurricane destroyed the small fishing village.
EXERCISE 09: Transitive vs. intransitive verbs. 27. Dinosaurs existed millions of years ago.
Directions: Underline the verbs and identify them as transitive (v. t.) or 28. A large vase stands in the corner of our front hallway.
intransitive (v. i.). Change the sentences to the passive if possible. 29. The children seemed happy when they went to the zoo.
30. After class, one of the students always erases the chalkboard.
1. Jack walked to school yesterday. (no change) 31. The solution to my problem appeared to me in a dream.
2. Susie broke the window. 32. Our plan succeeded at last.
3. The window was broken by Susie. 33. Barbara traveled to Uganda last year.
4. We stayed in a hotel. 34. Lightning didn't cause the fire.
5. The leaves fell to the ground. 35. A special committee is going to settle the dispute.
6. I slept at my friend's house last night. 36. Did the army surround the enemy?
7. An accident happened at the corner of Third and Main. 37. What happened in class yesterday?
8. Many people saw the accident. 38. The Persians invented windmills around 1500 years ago.
9. Dinosaurs existed millions of years ago. 39. Al will pay the bill.
10. I usually agree with my sister. 40. Sue will come tomorrow.
11. Many people die during a war. 41. The hotel supplies towels.
12. The /th/ sound doesn't occur in my native language. 42. Accidents happen every day.
13. Research scientists will discover a cure for AIDS someday. 43. Everyone noticed my mistake.
14. A cloud of migrating butterflies appeared out of nowhere. 44. The train arrived at three.
15. Did the Koreans invent gunpowder? 45. The news didn't surprise me.
16. In the fairy tale, a princess kissed a frog 46. Did the news surprise you?
17. A strange thing happened yesterday. 47. The sun wasn't shining.
18. Jackie scored the winning goal. 48. Ann interrupted my story.
19. My cat died. 49. Do ghosts exist?
20. I agree with Dr. Ikeda's theory. 50. Birds fly in the sky.
21. Dr. Ikeda developed that theory. 51. Will Ed come tomorrow?
22. Timmy dropped the cup. 52. Mr. Lee died last year.
53. Did Bob throw the ball? 21. That book belongs to me.
54. Sue laughed loudly. 22. The airplane arrived twenty minutes late.
55. An old man told the story. 23. The teacher announced a quiz.
56. It hasn't rained lately. 24. I agree with Larry.
25. Do you agree with me?
PRACTICE 10: Forming the passive. 26. Jack went to the doctor's office.
Directions: Change these active sentences to passive if possible. Some of verbs are
intransitive and cannot be changed. Keep the same tense.
USING THE BY - PHRASE
1. My uncle will meet you at the airport.
ANS: You will be met at the airport by my uncle. a) This sweater was made The by-phrase is used in passive sentences when it is
2. Our plane will land at 6:03. (no change) by my aunt important to know who performs an action. In (a): by
my aunt is important information.
3. John is working at the bakery.
4. We walked downtown after work yesterday. b) My sweater was made in Usually there is no by-phrase in a passive sentence.
5. The chef will prepare the food. Korea. The passive is used when it is not known or not
c) Spanish is spoken in important to know exactly who performs an
6. The baby was crying in his crib. action.
Colombia.
7. I don't agree with you. In (b): The exact person (or people) who made the
d) That house was built in sweater is not known and is not important to know, so
8. Thousands of people ride the subway every day. 1940. there is no by-phrase in the passive sentence.
9. Joe fell down on his way to school this morning. e) Rise is grown in many
countries.
10. George seemed unhappy yesterday.
11. Our houseguests are going to arrive sometime tomorrow afternoon. f) My aunt is very skillful.
Usually the active is used when the speaker knows
12. The office manager answered the phone. She made this sweater.
who performed the action, as in (f), where the focus
g) — I like your sweaters. of attention is on my aunt.
13. A noise awakened me.
—Thanks. This sweater In (g), the speaker uses the passive WITH a by-
14. It rained hard yesterday. was made by my aunt. phrase because he wants to focus attention on the
15. Alice discovered the mistake. That sweater was made subjects of the sentences. The focus of attention is on
by my mother. the two sweaters. The by-phrases add important
16. We stayed at a hotel last night. information.
17. I slept only four hours last night,
18. Anita fixed the chair.
19. Did Susan agree with Prof. Hill?
20. Ann's cat died last week.
PRACTICE 11: The BY-phrase. PRACTICE 12: The BY-phrase.

Directions: Underline the passive verbs. Answer the questions. If you don't know Directions: Cross out the unnecessary by-phrases (those that do not give
the exact person or people who performed the action, write "unknown." important information).
1. Soft duck feathers are used to make pillows. 1. We were helped right away at the appliance store by someone.
Who uses duck feathers to make pillows? (unknown) 2. We were helped at the appliance store by a friendly and knowledgeable
2. The mail was opened by Shelley. salesperson. (no change)
Who opened the mail? (Shelley) 3. Our mail was delivered early today by someone.
3. Eric Wong's new book will be translated into many languages. 4. My favorite lamp was broken by the children when they were playing ball in
Who will translate Eric Wong's new book? the house.
4. Rebecca's bicycle was stolen yesterday from in front of the library. 5. Our house was built just last year by Baker Construction Company.
Who stole Rebecca's bicycle? 6. Our neighbors' house was built ten years ago by someone who builds houses.
5. Our wedding photos were taken by a professional photographer. 7. The child will be operated on tomorrow by three specialists at Hope Hospital.
Who took our wedding photos? 8. The child will be operated on tomorrow by someone.
6. Malawi is a small country in southeastern Africa. A new highway is going to PRACTICE 13: Review: active vs. passive.
be built in Malawi next year. Directions: Create sentences with the given words. Use the present tense. Some
Who is going to build the new highway? are passive. Some are not.
7. There are no more empty apartments in our building. The apartment next to 1. Sometimes keys / hide / under cars
ours has been rented by a young family with two small children. ANS: Sometimes keys are hidden under cars.
Who rented the apartment next to ours? 2. Cats / hide / under cars
8. The apartment directly above ours was empty for two months, but now it has ANS: Cats hide under cars.
also been rented. 3. Students / teach / by teachers
Who rented the apartment directly above ours? 4. Students / study / a lot
5. Cereal / often eat / at breakfast
6. Cats / eat / cat food
7. Mice / eat / by cats
8. Songs / sing / to children / by their mothers
9. Children / sing / songs / in school
10. Thai food / cook / in Thai restaurants
11. Chefs / cook / in restaurants
EXERCISE 14: The BY-phrase. 24. My aunt made this rug.

Directions: Change the sentences from active to passive. Include the by-phrase 25. They are fixing my car today.
only if necessary. 26. They speak French in Quebec.
27. Mr. Eads designed that bridge in the 1870s.
1. Bob Smith built that house. 28. Someone invented the wheel thousands of years ago.
ANS: That house was built by Bob Smith. 29. Did Thomas Edison invent the telephone?
2. Someone built this house in 1904. 30. They are going to build a new hospital just outside of town.
ANS: This house was built in 1904. (Someone = unnecessary) 31. How do people make candles?
3. People grow rice in India. 32. Very few people watch that TV show.
4. Do people speak Spanish in Peru? 33. Look! Someone is feeding the seals.
5. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone. 34. Sally made that pie.
6. When did someone invent the first computer? 35. Someone is considering Jack for that job.
7. People sell hammers at a hardware store. People use them to pound nails. 36. Three continents surround the Mediterranean Sea.
8. Someone will list my name in the new telephone directory. 37. I got upset when someone interrupted me in the middle of my story.
9. Charles Darwin wrote The Origin of Species. 38. People didn't build Rome in a day.
10. Someone published The Origin of Species in 1859. 39. Do they make those tractors in this country, or do they import them?
11. Has anyone ever hypnotized you? 40. While I was walking down the street, a nice young man in a military uniform
12. Someone has changed the name of this street from Bay Avenue to Martin approached me.
Luther King Way.
13. Someone has canceled the soccer game.
14. The president has canceled the meeting.
15. Someone serves beer and wine at that restaurant.
16. Something confused me in class yesterday.
17. The teacher's directions confused me.
18. No one has washed the dishes yet.
19. Someone should wash them soon.
20. Did someone wash this sweater in hot water?
21. No one should wash wool sweaters in hot water.
22. Luis invited me to the party.
23. Has anyone invited you to the party?
EXERCISE 15: The BY-phrase. EXETCISE 16: USING THE PASSIVE

Directions: Underline the passive verbs. Discuss use of the passive. If a by-phrase Directions: Discuss why the use of the passive is appropriate in the sentences. For
is included, discuss why. purposes of comparison, form possible active equivalents, and discuss probable
1. The mail is usually delivered to Bob's apartment around eleven o'clock. reasons why the speakers/writers would choose to use the passive.
ANS: The passive is used because it is unknown exactly who delivers the
mail. 1. My sweater was made in England.
2. A: That's a pretty picture. 2. The new highway will be completed sometime next month.
B: Yes. It was drawn by my eight-year-old son. 3. Language skills are taught in every school in the country.
The passive is used with a by-phrase. The focus of attention is on the picture. 4. Beethoven's Seventh Symphony was performed at the concert last night.
The by phrase includes important information. The active could also be used: 5. The World Cup soccer games are being televised all over the world this year.
"Yes. My eight-year-old son drew it." 6. This composition was written by Ali. That one was written by Yoko.
3. Our classroom building was built in the 1950s. 7. The Washington Monument is visited by hundreds of people every day.
4. Coffee is grown in Brazil. 8. Bananas originated in Asia but now are grown in the tropics of both
5. A: These tomatoes are delicious! hemispheres of the world. They were introduced to the Americas in 1516.
B: Yes. They taste so much better than the ones you can get in the grocery 9. Ink has been used for writing and drawing throughout history. No one knows
store. These tomatoes were grown by my uncle in his greenhouse. when the first ink was developed. The ancient Egyptians and Chinese made
6. Airplane travel is unpredictable. Yesterday Anna's flight was delayed for ink from various natural substances, such as berries, soot, and tree bark.
seven hours. That's a long time to spend in an airport waiting for your plane Through the centuries, thousands of different formulas have been developed
to leave. for ink. Most ink today is made from synthetic chemicals.
7. We can't go to the school play tonight. All the tickets have already been sold. 10. The chief writing material of ancient times was papyrus. It was used in
8. "Thailand" means "land of the free." The country of Thailand has never been Egypt, Greece, and other Mediterranean lands. Parchment, another writing
ruled by a foreign power. material that was widely used in ancient times, was made from the skins of
9. One of the most significant inventions in the history of civilization was the animals such as sheep and goats. After the hair had been removed, the skins
wheel. It was invented around five thousand years ago. It allowed people to were stretched and rubbed smooth so that they could be written on. Paper, the
pull things in carts instead of carrying everything on their backs or in their main writing material today, was invented by the Chinese.
arms.
10. The invention of the printing press changed the world because it allowed
many people instead of few to have copies of books. It was invented by
Johannes Gutenberg around 1440. Before that, books were copied by hand.
Writing books by hand was a slow process.
EXERCISE 17: Active vs. passive. 15. A: Where are you going to go to school next year?
Directions: Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb (active or B: I (accept) ______________________ by Shoreline Community College.
passive) in parentheses. 16. A: I think football is too violent.
B: I (agree) ______________________ with you. I (prefer)
1. Yesterday our teacher (arrive) ______________________ five minutes late. ______________________ baseball.
2. Our morning paper (read) ______________________ by over 200, 000 17. A: When (your bike, steal) ______________________
people every day. B: Two days ago.
3. Last night my favorite TV program (interrupt) ______________________ by 18. A: (you, pay) ______________________ your electric bill yet?
a special news bulletin. B: No, I haven't, but I'd better pay it today. If I don't, my electricity (shut
4. That's not my coat. It (belong) ______________________ to Louise. off) ______________________ by the power company.
5. Our mail (deliver) ______________________ before noon every day. 19. A: Did you hear about the accident?
6. The "b" in "comb" (pronounce, not) ______________________. It is silent. B: No. What (happen) ______________________
7. A bad accident (happen) ______________________ on Highway 95 last A: A bicyclist (hit) ______________________ by a taxi in front of the
night. dorm.
8. When I (arrive) ______________________ at the airport yesterday, I (meet) B: (the bicyclist, injure) ______________________ ?
______________________ by my cousin and a couple of her friends. A: Yes. Someone (call) ______________________ an ambulance. The
9. Yesterday I (hear) ______________________ about Margaret's divorce. I bicyclist (take) ______________________ to City Hospital and (treat)
(surprise) ______________________ by the news. Janice (shock) ______________________ in the emergency ward for cuts and bruises.
______________________ B: What (happen) ______________________
10. A new house (build) ______________________ next to ours next year. A: He (arrest) ______________________
11. Roberto (write) ______________________ this composition last week. That B: He's lucky that the bicyclist (kill, not) ______________________
one (write) ______________________ by Abdullah. 20. The Eiffel Tower (be) ______________________ in Paris, France. It (visit)
12. Radium (discover) ______________________ by Marie and Pierre Curie in ______________________ by millions of people every year. It (design)
1898. ______________________ by Alexandre Eiffel (1832-1923). It (erect)
13. At the soccer game yesterday, the winning goal (kick) ______________________ in 1889 for the Paris exposition. Since that time,
______________________ by Luigi. Over 100, 000 people (attend) it (be) ______________________ the most famous landmark in Paris. Today
______________________ the soccer game. it (recognize) ______________________ by people throughout the world.
14. A: Do you understand the explanation in the book?
B: No, I don't. I (confuse) ______________________ by it.
EXERCISE 18: Active vs. passive. ______________________ that half of all animal species in zoos will also be in
Directions: Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the verbs in danger of extinction by the middle of this century.
parentheses. Because zoos want to treat animals humanely and encourage breeding, today
animals (put) ______________________ in large, natural settings instead of small
Almost everyone (enjoy) ______________________ visiting a zoo. Today cages. They (watch) ______________________ carefully for any signs of disease and
zoos are common. The first zoo (establish) ______________________ around 3500 (feed) ______________________ a balanced diet. Most zoos (have)
years ago by an Egyptian queen for her personal enjoyment. Five hundred years later, ______________________ specially trained veterinarians and a hospital for animals.
a Chinese emperor (establish) ______________________ a huge zoo to show his They also have specially trained keepers. Food (prepare) ______________________
power and wealth. Later zoos (establish) ______________________ for the purpose in the zoo kitchen. The food program (design) ______________________ to satisfy
of studying animals. the animals' particular needs. For example, some snakes (feed)
Some of the early European zoos were dark holes or dirty cages. At that time, ______________________ only once a week, while some birds (feed)
people (disgust) ______________________ by the bad conditions and the ______________________ several times a day. Today zoo animals (treat)
mistreatment of the animals. Later, these early zoos (replace) ______________________ well, and zoo breeding programs are important in the
______________________ by scientific institutions where animals (study) attempt to save many species of wildlife.
______________________ and (keep) ______________________ in good condition.
These research centers (become) ______________________ the first modern zoos.
As early as the 1940s, scientists (understand) ______________________ that
many kinds of wild animals faced extinction. Since that time, zoos (try)
______________________ to save many endangered species, but relying on zoos to
save species such as the rhinoceros is not enough. In the 1980s, the number of rhinos
in the world (reduce) ______________________ from 10,000 to 400. Many rhinos
(kill) ______________________ by poachers, but many also (die)
______________________ in captivity. Zoo breeding programs for rhinos have not
been successful. The best method of conservation (be) ______________________ to
leave them in their natural habitat. By 1999, there (be) ______________________
more than 13,000 rhinos again living in the wild. These rhinos (save)
______________________ from extinction by the strong conservation methods of
local communities, government agencies, and private landowners. Wildlife biologists
still fear that some subspecies of the rhino in Africa and Indonesia (become)
______________________ extinct in the near future. Some scientists (believe)
EXERCISE 19: Using the passive. THE PASSIVE FORMS OF THE PRESENT AND PAST
Directions: Change the active sentences to passive sentences if possible. (Some of PROGRESSIVE
the verbs are intransitive and cannot be changed.) Keep the same tense. Include
the by-phrase only if necessary.
Passive form of the present progressive:
am
1. People grow corn in Iowa. is + being + past participle
are
ANS: Corn is grown in Iowa.
2. Peter came here two months ago. (ANS: no change) The secretary is copying some letters. (a) Some letters are being copied by the
secretary.
3. Someone made this antique table in 1734.
Someone is building a new (b) A new hospital is being hospital.
4. An accident happened at the corner of Fifth and Main.
5. Someone stole my purse. Passive form of the past progressive:
6. Someone was making the coffee when I walked into the kitchen.
was
7. Translators have translated that book into many languages. + being + past participle
were
8. Jim's daughter drew that picture. My son drew this picture.
9. The judges will judge the applicants on the basis of their originality. The secretary was copying some letters. (c) Some letters were being
10. My sister's plane will arrive at 10:35. copied by the secretary.
Someone was building a new hospital. (d) A new hospital was being
11. Is Professor Rivers teaching that course this semester?
built.
12. When did someone invent the radio?
13. The mail carrier had already delivered the mail by the time I left for school
this morning.
14. When is someone going to announce the results of the contest?
15. After the concert was over, hundreds of fans mobbed the rock music star
outside the theater.
16. Ever since I arrived here, I have been living in the dormitory because
someone told me that it was cheaper to live there than in an apartment.
17. They are going to build the new hospital next year. They have already built
the new elementary school.
18. If you expose a film to light while you are developing it, you will ruin the
negative.
EXERCISE 20: Passive forms. PRACTICE 21: Progressive tenses in passive.

Directions: Complete the sentences with the correct passive forms of the present Directions: Underline the progressive verb. Then complete each sentence with the
and past progressive. correct passive form.
1. Mr. Rice is teaching our class today. 1. Some people are considering a new plan.
Our class is being taught by Mr. Rice today A new plan is being considered
2. Someone is building a new house on Elm Street. 2. The grandparents are watching the children.
A new house on Elm Street. The children by their grandparents.
3. The Smith Construction Company is building that house. 3. Some painters are painting Mr. Rivera's apartment this week.
That house by the Smith Mr. Rivera's apartment this week.
Construction Company. 4. We can't use the language lab today because someone is fixing the
4. We couldn't use our classroom yesterday because someone was painting it. equipment.
We couldn't use our classroom yesterday because it 5. We can't use the language lab today because the equipment
5. Someone is organizing a student trip to the art museum. 6. We couldn't use the language lab yesterday because someone was fixing the
A student trip to the art museum equipment.
6. Dogs usually wag their tails while people are petting them. We couldn't use the language lab yesterday because the equipment
Dogs usually wag their tails while they
7. Many of the older people in the neighborhood were growing vegetables to 7. Eric's cousins are meeting him at the airport this afternoon.
help with the war effort. Eric by his cousins at the airport this afternoon.
Vegetables by many of the older 8. I watched while the movers were moving the furniture from my apartment to
people in the neighborhood to help with the war effort. a truck.
8. According to one scientific estimate, we are losing 20,000 species of plants I watched while the furniture from my apartment to a truck.
and animals each year due to the destruction of rainforests. 9. Everyone looked at the flag while they were singing the national anthem.
According to one scientific estimate, 20,000 species of plants and animals Everyone looked at the flag while the national anthem
each year due
to the destruction of rainforests. 10. Scientists are still discovering new species of plants and animals.
New species of plants and animals
PRACTICE 22: Passive forms of progressive verbs. 8. I am agree with you.

Directions: Circle the letter of the sentence with the same meaning as the given 9. The little boy was fallen down while he was running in the park.
sentence. 10. The swimmer was died from a shark attack.
1. A mouse is being chased. 11. The swimmer was killed by a shark.
a. A mouse is trying to catch something. 12. I was slept for nine hours last night.
b. Something is trying to catch a mouse.
2. The soldiers are being trained.
a. The soldiers are training someone.
b. Someone is training the soldiers. INDIRECT OBJECTS AS PASSIVE SUBJECTS
3. The earthquake victims are being helped by the medics.
a. The medics are receiving help. I.O. = indirect object
I.O. D.O.
D.O. = direct object
b. The victims are receiving help.
a) Someone gave Mrs. Lee an award. Either an indirect object or a direct
4. The children were trying to find their parents after the school play. b) Mrs. Lee was given an award. object may become the subject of a
a. The children were looking for their parents. passive sentence.
b. The parents were looking for their children. (a), (b), (c), and (d) have the same
meaning.
5. The airline passengers were being asked to wait while the plane was cleaned.
D.O. I.O.
a. The passengers made a request. Notice in (d): When the direct
b. Someone asked the passengers to wait. c) Someone gave an award to Mrs. Lee. object becomes the subject, to is
d) An award was given to Mrs. Lee. usually kept in front of the indirect
object.
PRACTICE 23: Review: active vs. passive. The omission of to is more
Directions: Write "C" if the sentence is correct. Write "I" if it is incorrect. Make common in British English than
American English: An award was
any necessary corrections.
given Mrs. Lee.
1. It was happened many years ago.

2. Rice is grown in California.
3. I was go to school yesterday.
4. Two firefighters have injured while they were fighting the fire.
5. Sara was accidentally broken the window.
6. Kara was eaten a snack when she got home from school.
7. Timmy was eating when the phone rang.
EXERCISE 24: Indirect objects as passive subjects. EXERCISE 26: Using the passive.
Directions: Find the indirect object in each sentence and make it the focus of Directions: Change active to passive. Work in pairs, in groups, or as a class.
attention by using it as the subject of a passive sentence. Use the by-phrase only if
necessary. Example:
SPEAKER A (book open): Someone built that house ten years ago.
1. Someone handed Ann a menu at the restaurant.
SPEAKER B (book closed): That house was built ten years ago.
(indirect object = Ann) Ann was handed a menu at the restaurant.
2. Indiana University has awarded Peggy a scholarship.
1. Someone invited you to a party.
3. Some company paid Fred three hundred dollars in consulting fees for a job he
2. People grow rice in many countries.
did last week.
3. Someone is televising the game.
4. Someone has given Maria a promotion at her job as a computer programmer
4. Teachers teach reading in the first grade.
at Microsoft.
5. Someone told you to be here at ten.
5. They will send you a bill at the end of the month.
6. Someone made that hat in Mexico.
6. Someone will give the starving people a week's supply of rice as soon as the
7. Someone is going to serve dinner at six.
food supplies arrive in the famine stricken area.
8. Someone will announce the news tomorrow.
9. Someone has made a mistake.
PRACTICE 25: Indirect objects as passive subjects.
10. The teacher is giving a test in the next room right now.
Directions: Identify the indirect object (I.O.). Change the sentences to the passive by
using the indirect object as the subject of the sentence. Use the by-phrase only if
necessary. Keep the same tense.
1. Someone is going to serve Jack breakfast in bed on his birthday.
ANS: Jack is going to be served breakfast in bed on his birthday.
2. Someone has offered Mike the opportunity to study abroad.
3. People don't pay babysitters a lot of money.
4. When I was living in Kuwait, my neighbor taught me Arabic.
5. Someone awarded Jason a medal for distinguished service in the military.
6. The real estate office will send you a copy of the sales contract.
7. Someone handed me a telegram when I answered the door.
8. The director of the museum, Ms. Cynthia Hall, is going to give the
schoolchildren a special tour of the modern art exhibit.
9. People gave Mr. French a gold watch upon his retirement from the company.
EXERCISE 27: Using the passive. 12. Last week I ________________________________ a job at a local bank, but
Directions: Use the words in the list to complete these passive sentences. Use any I didn't accept it.
appropriate tense. 13. The children ________________________________ in the middle of the
night when they heard strange noises in the house.
build frighten report cause invent 14. Could you explain this math problem to me? Yesterday in class I
spell confuse kill surprise divide ________________________________ by the teacher's explanation.
offer surround expect order wear 15. A: Is the plane going to be late?
B: No. It ________________________________ to be on time.
1. The electric light bulb ________________________________ by Thomas
Edison.
EXERCISE 28: Using the passive.
2. An island ________________________________ by water.
Directions: Use either active or passive, in any appropriate tense, for the verbs in
3. The -ing form of "sit" ________________________________ with a double
parentheses.
t.
4. Even though construction costs are high, a new dormitory
1. The Amazon valley is extremely important to the ecology of the earth. Forty
________________________________ next year.
percent of the world's oxygen (produce) ______________________ there.
5. The class was too large, so it ________________________________ into
2. Right now Roberto is in the hospital. * He (treat) ______________________
two sections.
for a bad burn on his hand and arm.
6. A bracelet ________________________________ around the wrist.
3. The game (win, probably) ______________________ by the other team
7. The Johnsons' house burned down. According to the inspector, the fire
tomorrow. They're a lot better than we are.
________________________________ by lightning.
4. There was a terrible accident on a busy downtown street yesterday. Dozens
8. Al got a ticket for reckless driving. When he went to traffic court, he
of people (see) ______________________ it, including my friend, who
________________________________ to pay a large fine.
(interview) ______________________ by the police.
9. I read about a hunter who ________________________________ accidently
5. In my country, certain prices, such as the price of medical supplies, (control)
________________________________ by another
______________________ by the government. Other prices (determine)
hunter.
______________________ by how much consumers are willing to pay for a
10. The hunter's fatal accident ________________________________ in the
product.
newspaper yesterday.
11. I didn't expect Lisa to come to the meeting last night, but she was there. I
________________________________ to see her.
6. Yesterday a purse-snatcher (catch) ______________________ by a dog. 11. Carl Gauss (recognize) ______________________ as a mathematical genius
While the thief (chase) ______________________ by the police, he (jump) when he was ten. One day a professor gave him an arithmetic problem. Carl
______________________ over a fence into someone's yard, where he (ask) ______________________ to add up all the numbers from 1 to 100 (1
encountered a ferocious dog. The dog (keep) ______________________ the + 2 + 3 + 4+ 5, etc.) ______________________. It (take)
thief from escaping. ______________________ him only eight seconds to solve the
7. The first fish (appear) ______________________ on the earth about 500 problem. How could he do it so quickly? Can you do it quickly?
million years ago. Up to now, more than 20, 000 kinds of fish (name) Carl could do it quickly because he (know) ______________________ that
______________________ and (describe) ______________________ by each pair of numbers — 1 plus 100, 2 plus 99, 3 plus 98, and so on to 50 plus
scientists. New species (discover) ______________________ every year, so 51 — equaled 101. So he (multiply) ______________________ 50 times 101
the total increases continually. and (come) ______________________
8. Richard Anderson is a former astronaut. Several years ago, when he was 52, up with the answer: 5, 050.
Anderson (inform) ______________________ by his superior at an aircraft 12. Captain Cook, a British navigator, was the first European to reach Australia's
corporation that he could no longer be a test pilot. He (tell) east coast. While his ship was lying off Australia, his sailors (bring)
______________________ that he was being ______________________ a strange animal on board. Cook wanted to know
relieved of his duties because of his age. Anderson took the corporation to the name of this unusual creature, so he (send) ______________________
court for age discrimination. his men ashore to ask the native inhabitants. When the natives (ask)
9. Frostbite may occur when the skin (expose) ______________________ to ______________________ in impromptu sign language to name the
extreme cold. It most frequently (affect) ______________________ * the animal, they said, "Kangaroo. " The sailors, of course, believed "kangaroo"
skin of the cheeks, chin, ears, fingers, nose, and toes. was the animal's name. Years later, the truth (discover)
10. In 1877, a network of lines (discover) ______________________ on the ______________________ "Kangaroo" means "What did you say?" But
surface of Mars by an Italian astronomer, Giovanni Schiaparelli. The today the animal (call, still) ______________________ a kangaroo in
astronomer (call) ______________________ these lines "channels, " but English.
when the Italian word (translate) ______________________ into English, it
became "canals. " As a result, some people thought the lines were waterways
that (build) ______________________ by some unknown creatures. We now
know that the lines are not really canals. Canals (exist, not)
______________________
on Mars.
PRACTICE 29: Active and passive. 9. Ali and Mustafa (complain) ______________________ to the landlord many
Directions: Complete the sentences with the given words. Some of the sentences times since they moved into their apartment, but to date nothing (do)
are passive and some are active. Use any appropriate tense. ______________________ about the leak in the roof and the broken window
in the bedroom.
1. The examination papers are scored by machine. The students (tell) 10. Yesterday I told my teenage daughter to clean her room before she (go)
______________________ their results next week. ______________________ to school. After she had left the house, I looked
2. The project got finished early. The committee (complete) in her room. She (pile) ______________________ all her clothes on a chair.
______________________ its work three weeks ahead of schedule. Everything else (shove) ______________________ under her bed.
3. The teacher (assist) ______________________ by two graduate students 11. Sometimes people (intimidate) ______________________ by salespeople.
during the exam yesterday. As a result, sometimes they (buy) ______________________ things they
4. Soon after I (apply) ______________________ for a job with the United don't really want.
Nations two years ago, I (hire) ______________________ 12. Two days ago I (put) ______________________ an ad in the classified
5. The crocodiles at the zoo look like statues. They (lie) section of the newspaper so I could find a buyer for my old car. Yesterday I
______________________ perfectly still for hours at a time. They have no (sell) ______________________ it. It (buy) ______________________ by a
need to move because they don't have to hunt for their food. They (feed) teenager who (look) ______________________ for an old car to fix up
______________________ regularly by the zookeepers. himself. Today a friend of mine told me he wanted to buy my old car, but he
6. This lovely beach won't exist forever. Eventually, it (erode, probably) was too late. By the time he talked to me, the car (sell, already)
______________________ by the sea, and there will be nothing left but ______________________ to the teenager.
bedrock. The geologic forces of nature never stop. 13. The wheel (invent) ______________________ over 5, 000 years ago.
7. Bananas originated in Asia. They (introduce) ______________________ to Throughout history, it (assist) ______________________ people in making
the Americas in 1516. Until the 1860s, bananas (eat) better use of oxen, horses, and other animals in transporting goods.
______________________ principally by people of the tropics. Today, 14. The avalanche (occur) ______________________ around ten in the morning
bananas (export) ______________________ to all parts of the world, and on October seventh. Six skiers (cross) ______________________ a steep
slope when suddenly they (sweep off their feet by cascading snow. Back at
they (enjoy) ______________________ by people who live in all climates.
the ski resort, an avalanche alert was sounded, and a rescue parry (leave)
8. There's going to be a story in the local newspaper about my neighbor, Mrs. ______________________ immediately. After several hours, all six skiers
Morris. Tomorrow she (interview) ______________________ by one of the (find) ______________________ Four of them (injure, seriously)
______________________ but they were all alive. The rescue party (take)
local reporters about her doll collection. Over the years, she (collect)
______________________ the injured skiers down the mountain as quickly
______________________ more than 400 dolls from all over the world. as they could.
THE PASSIVE FORM OF MODALS AND PHRASAL MODALS 11. You shouldn't pronounce the "b" in "lamb."
12. People can wear some watches underwater.
13. A doctor can prescribe medicine.
THE PASSIVE FORM : modal + be + past participle
14. Mr. Hook must sign this report.
a) Tom will be minted to the picnic.
b) The window can’t be opened. 15. Someone may build a new post office on First Street.
c) Children should be taught to respect their elders. 16. People have to place stamps in the upper right-hand corner of an envelope.
d) May I be excused from class? 17. Someone ought to paint that fence.
e) This book had better be returned to the library before Friday.
f) This letter ought to be sent before June 1st. 18. All of the students must do the assignment.
g) Mary has to be told about our change in plans. 19. People should save pandas from extinction.
h) Fred is supposed to be told about the meeting. 20. People must obey all traffic laws.
21. Someone ought to repair this broken window.
THE PAST-PASSIVE FORM: modal + have been + past participle
i) The letter should have been sent last week. 22. Someone should have supplied the hotel guests with clean towels.
j) This house must have been built over 200 years ago. 23. Someone had better take this garbage to the dump soon.
k) Jack ought to have been invited to the party.
24. People can pick tomatoes before they are completely ripe.
25. Someone is supposed to divide the profits among the shareholders.
26. Someone must have hurt Bob's feelings.
27. Someone has to finish this work today.
EXERCISE 30: Passive modals.
28. Someone ought to have reported the accident to the police.
Directions: Complete the sentences by changing the active modals to passive
29. You shouldn't put fresh bananas in the freezer.
modals. Include the by-phrase only if it contains important information.
1. Someone must send this letter immediately.

PRACTICE 31: Passive modals.
2. People should plant tomatoes in the spring.
Directions: Complete the sentences by using the words with the modals in
3. People cannot control the weather.
parentheses. All of the completions are passive.
4. Someone had to fix our car before we left for Chicago.
5. People can reach me at 555-3815.
1. Don't postpone things you need to do. Important work
6. You can find flowers in almost every part of the world.
____________________________ until the last minute. (should not, put off)
7. Someone ought to wash these dirty dishes soon.
2. Your application letter _______________________________ in ink, not
8. People may cook carrots or eat them raw.
pencil. (must, write)
9. If the river floods, water could destroy the village.
3. Dogs _______________________________ to do tricks. (can, teach)
10. You must keep medicine out of the reach of children.
4. Mrs. Ali didn't want her son to go to war because he EXERCISE 33: Passive modals.
_______________________________ (could, kill) Directions: Complete the sentences with the given words, active or passive.
5. My son's class is too big. It _______________________________ into two
classes. (ought to, divide) 1. James (should + tell) ______________________ the news as soon as
6. A: Hey, Tony. These bananas are getting too ripe. They possible.
_______________________________ today. (must, sell) 2. Someone (should + tell) ______________________ James the news
Reduce the price. immediately.
B: Right away, Mr. Rice. 3. James (should + tell) ______________________ the news a long time ago.
7. It takes time to correct an examination that is taken by ten thousand students 4. Meat (must + keep) ______________________ in a refrigerator or it will
nationwide. The test results _______________________________ for at spoil.
least four weeks. (will not, know) 5. You (must + keep) ______________________ meat in a refrigerator or it
8. The big bank building on Main Street was severely damaged in the will spoil.
earthquake. The structure is no longer safe. The building (has to, tear down) 6. We tried, but the window (couldn't + open) ______________________. It
Then a new bank _______________________________ in the same place. was painted shut.
(can, build) 7. I tried, but I (couldn't + open) ______________________ the window.
8. Good news! I (may + offer) ______________________ a job soon. I had an
PRACTICE 32: Passive modals. interview at an engineering firm yesterday.
Directions: Complete the sentences by changing the active modals to passive 9. Chris has good news. The engineering firm where she had an interview
modals. yesterday (may + offer) ______________________ her a job soon.
10. I hope Chris accepts our job offer, but I know she's been having interviews
1. This book (have to return) to the library today. with several companies. She (may + already + offer)
2. That book (should return) tomorrow. ______________________ a job by a competing firm before we made our
3. This letter (must send) today. offer.
4. This package (could send) tomorrow. 11. A competing firm (may + already + offer) ______________________ Chris
5. That package (should send) by express mail. a job before we made our offer.
6. That box (can put away) now. 12. The class for next semester is too large. It (ought to + divide)
7. These boxes (may throw away) soon. ______________________ in half, but there's not enough money in the
8. Those boxes (might pick up) this afternoon. budget to hire another teacher.
9. This room (will clean up) soon. 13. Last semester's class was too large. It (ought to + divide)
______________________ in half.
14. These books (have to + return) ______________________ to the library by 5. You (should carry, not) ______________________ large sums of money
tomorrow. with you.
15. Polly (have to + return) ______________________ these books by next 6. Large sums of money (ought to keep) ______________________ in a bank,
Friday. If she doesn't return them, she (will + have to + pay) don't you think?
______________________ a fine to the library. 7. At our high school, the students' grades (send) ______________________ to
16. A: Andy, your chores (had better + finish) ______________________ by their parents four times each year.
the time I get home, including taking out the garbage. 8. I'm sorry, but the computer job is no longer available. A new computer
B: Don't worry, Mom. I'll do everything you told me to do. programmer (hire, already) ______________________
17. A: Andy, you (had better + finish) ______________________ your chores 9. Household cleaning agents (must use) ______________________ with care.
before Mom gets home. For example, mixing chlorine bleach with ammonium (can produce)
B: I know. I'll do them in a minute. I'm busy right now. ______________________ toxic gases.
18. This application (be supposed to + send) ______________________ to the 10. What products (manufacture) ______________________ in your country?
personnel department soon. 11. Aluminum is a valuable metal that (can use) ______________________
19. Ann's birthday was on the 5th, and today is the 8th. Her birthday card (should again and again. Because this metal (can recycle)
+ send) ______________________ a week ago. Maybe we'd better give her a ______________________, aluminum cans (should throw away, not)
call to wish her a belated happy birthday. ______________________
20. A: Ann didn't expect to see her boss at the labor union meeting. 12. Endangered wildlife (must protect) ______________________ from
B: She (must + surprise) ______________________ when she saw him. extinction.
A: She was. 13. People with the moral courage to fight against injustices (can find)
______________________ in every corner of the world.
PRACTICE 34: Summary: active vs. passive.
Directions: Complete the sentences with the verbs in parentheses; use active or PRACTICE 35: Summary: active vs. passive.
passive. Directions: Complete the sentences with the verbs in parentheses; use active or
passive.
1. I don't have my car today. It's in the garage. It (repair)
______________________ right now.
1. Flowers (love) ______________________ throughout the world. Their
2. Kate didn't have her car last week because it was in the garage. While it
beauty (bring) ______________________ joy to people's lives. Flowers (use,
(repair) ______________________, she took the bus to work.
often) ______________________ to decorate homes or tables in restaurants.
3. The mechanic (repair) ______________________ Tina's car last week.
Public gardens (can find) ______________________ in almost every country
4. Glass (make) ______________________ from sand.
in the world.
2. Around 250, 000 different kinds of flowers (exist) PRACTICE 36: Passive modals.
______________________ in the world. The majority of these species (find) Directions: Complete the sentences with the appropriate forms of the verbs in the
______________________ only in the tropics. Non-tropical areas (have) list. Use each verb only once. Some of the sentences are active and some are
______________________ many fewer kinds of flowering plants than passive.
tropical regions.
3. Flowers may spread from their native region to other similar regions. consider pollute sew whisper cost
Sometimes seeds (carry) ______________________ by birds or animals. The read sign wrap discover repeat
wind also (carry) ______________________ some seeds. In many cases tell forget replace wear
throughout history, flowering plants (introduce) ______________________
into new areas by humans. 1. Jack has a right to know. He ought to
4. Flowers (appreciate) ______________________ mostly for their beauty, but ________________________________the news immediately. If you don't do
they can also be a source of food. For example, honey (make) it, I will.
______________________ from the nectar which (gather) 2. I have no patience with gossips. What I told Bill was a secret. He shouldn't
______________________ from flowers by bees. And some flower buds have ________________________________ it to you.
(eat) ______________________ as food; for example, broccoli and 3. Use this brown paper and tape. A package has to
cauliflower are actually flower buds. ________________________________carefully before it is mailed.
5. Some very expensive perfumes (make) ______________________ from the Otherwise, the post office won't send it.
petals of flowers. Most perfumes today, however, (come, not) 4. I don't know why Jessica wasn't at the meeting. She must have
______________________ from natural fragrances. Instead, they are ________________________________about it. Next time there's a meeting,
synthetic; they (make) ______________________ from chemicals in a I'll be sure to remind her about it.
laboratory. 5. The ancient ruins may have ________________________________ as early
6. Some kinds of flowers (may plant) ______________________ in pots and as 1792. The historical record is difficult to interpret.
(grow) ______________________ indoors. Most flowers, however, (survive) 6. You should ________________________________this button back on right
______________________ best outdoors in their usual environment. away before you lose it.
7. This burnt out light bulb should have ________________________________
days ago. There are some new bulbs in the green cabinet. Could you get one
for me?
8. Did you know that Sylvia bought a new sports car? I don't know how much
she paid for it, and of course it's none of my business, but it must have
________________________________her a lot of money.
9. Shhhh! Let's not talk so loudly. We don't want to awaken the baby. We'd PRACTICE 37: Passive modals.
better ________________________________ Directions: Complete the sentences with the appropriate forms of the verbs in the
10. You'd better not drink that river water. It could list. Use each verb only once. Some of the sentences are active and some are
________________________________ passive.
11. We have no choice in the matter. 1 know Tommy wants to spend the night
outside in a tent with his friends, but he's sick. His well-being must distinguish obtain scrub vaccinate eat
________________________________above all else. We have to tell him he participate stop win establish reply
can't do it. teach kill revise trade
12. While you are working here, you are never to greet the public in your
everyday clothes. When you are on duty, your uniform must 1. A driver's license can ______________________ from the Licensing Bureau
________________________________at all times. at the corner of Pine Street and 5th Avenue.
13. Your passport is supposed to ________________________________ It is 2. Sam Smith was awarded the prize, but it should have
invalid without your signature. ______________________ by Jennifer Watson. Her drawing was much
14. I think everyone should ________________________________this better than his in my opinion.
paperback on the economic crisis. It contains information that everyone 3. Surgeons must ______________________ their hands thoroughly with
should have. disinfectant soap and hot water before they enter the operating room. 4.
4. A parrot can ______________________ to say words. I know a parrot that
can say, "Me want food. " Her grammar isn't very good, but she often
manages to get something to eat.
5. What are you talking about? You can't have ______________________
against the common cold. Small pox, maybe — but not the common cold.
6. When Mr. Brown said "How do you do?" you should have
______________________ by saying "How do you do?" I know that's not an
answer to a question, but that's the way people talk when they greet each
other.
7. I shouldn't have ______________________ by the police. I'm sure I wasn't
speeding, but I got a ticket anyway.
8. Maria's composition was quite good, but it still had to
______________________. Her introduction didn't clearly state her thesis,
and some of the ideas she presented weren't supported by specifics.
9. If you don't want to work tonight, you ought to ______________________ oxen (use) ______________________ for farming. Later, horses also (become)
work shifts with Emily. She can work for you tonight, and you can work for ______________________ farm animals.
her tomorrow night. The boss doesn't mind as long as someone is there to Horses (reintroduce) ______________________ into the Americas by
serve the food. Spaniards early in the fifteenth century. Spanish explorers (come)
10. The games are open to anyone who wants to join in. Everyone can ______________________ in ships to the New World with their horses on board.
______________________ in them. You don't have to sign up first. We When the explorers (return) ______________________ to Spain, they (leave)
welcome all players. ______________________ some of their horses behind. These (develop)
11. A university may ______________________ in outer space before long. ______________________ into wild herds. Native American tribes in the western
Ideas for such a university are presently in the planning stage. plains (begin) ______________________ to use horses around 1600. Wild horses
12. Your body needs lots of vitamins and minerals. You should (capture) ______________________ and (tame) ______________________ for use in
______________________ more salads and less junk food in the future. war and in hunting.
13. A bald eagle can ______________________ from other large birds by its In the 1800s, there were several million wild horses in North America. By the
white head and white tail. 1970s, that number had become less than 20, 000. The wild horses (hunt)
14. Some ranchers still believe that bald eagles must ______________________ ______________________ and (kill) ______________________ principally for use
to protect their livestock. Research has shown, however, that eagles do little as pet food. Today in the United States, wild horses (protect)
if any damage to a rancher's stock. Today eagles are a protected species. The ______________________ by law. They (can kill, not) ______________________
sight of a bald eagle soaring over water and trees fills one with awe and for sport or profit. What is your opinion? (wild horses, should protect)
wonder at the beauty of nature. ______________________ by law?
EXERCISE 38: Active vs. passive.

EXERCISE 39: Passive modals.
Directions: Complete the sentences with any appropriate tense, active or passive,
Directions: Use the verb in parentheses with the modal or phrasal modal that
of the verbs in parentheses.
sounds best to you. All of the sentences are passive.
In prehistoric times, huge herds of horses (live) ______________________ 1. The entire valley (see) ______________________ cap be seen from their
lived throughout the Americas. But then, for some unknown reason, they (disappear) mountain home.
______________________ completely from North and South America. Even though 2. He is wearing a gold band on his fourth finger. He (marry)
the early horses (die) ______________________ out in the Americas, they (survive) ______________________
______________________ in Asia. 3. According to our teacher, all of our compositions (write)
Long ago, horses (domesticate) ______________________ by central Asian ______________________ in ink. He won't accept papers written in pencil.
nomads. At first, horses (use) ______________________ in war and in hunting, and
4. I found this book on my desk when I came to class. It (leave) EXERCISE 40: Using the passive.
______________________ by one of the students in the earlier class. Directions: Use active or passive, in any appropriate tense, for the verbs in
5. Five of the committee members will be unable to attend the next meeting. In parentheses
my opinion, the meeting (postpone) ______________________
6. A child (give, not) ______________________ everything he or she wants. 1. It's noon. The mail should be here soon. It (deliver, usually)
7. Your daughter has a good voice. Her interest in singing (encourage) ______________________ sometime between noon and one o'clock.
______________________ 2. Only five of us (work) ______________________ in the laboratory
8. Try to speak slowly when you give your speech. If you don't, some of your yesterday when the explosion (occur) ______________________. Luckily,
words (misunderstand) ______________________ no one (hurt) ______________________
9. Some UFO sightings (explain, not) ______________________ easily. They 3. I was supposed to take a test yesterday, but I (admit, not)
are inexplicable ______________________ to the testing room because the examination
10. What? You tripped over a chair at the party and dropped your plate of food (begin, already) ______________________
into a woman's lap? You (embarrass) ______________________ 4. Before she graduated last May, Susan (offer, already)
11. She is very lazy. If you want her to do anything, she (push) ______________________ a position with a law firm.
______________________ 5. Right now a student trip to the planetarium (organize)
12. The hospital in that small town is very old and can no longer serve the needs ______________________ by Mrs. Hunt. You can sign up for it at her
of the community. A new hospital (build) ______________________ years office.
ago. 6. He is a man whose name will go down in history. He (forget, never)
13. Blue whales and other endangered species (save) ______________________ ______________________
from extinction. Do you agree? 7. A: Yesterday (be) ______________________ a terrible day.
14. We can't wait any longer! Something (do) ______________________ B: What (happen) ______________________ ?
immediately! In my opinion, Ms. Hansen (elect) ______________________ A: First, I (flunk) ______________________ a test, or at least I think I did.
because she is honest, knowledgeable, and competent Then I (drop) ______________________ my books while I (walk)
______________________ across campus, and they (fall)
______________________ into a mud puddle. And finally, my bicycle
(steal) ______________________
B: You should have stayed in bed.
8. Yesterday we went to look at an apartment. I really liked it, but by the time
we got there, it (rent, already) ______________________
9. During the family celebration, the little boy was crying because he (ignore) 16. The photography competition that is taking place at the art museum today
______________________. He needed some attention, too. (judge) ______________________ by three well-known photographers. I've
10. A: Where (buy, you) ______________________ that beautiful necklace? entered three of my pictures and have my fingers crossed. The results
B: I (buy, not) ______________________ it. It (give) (announce) ______________________ later this afternoon.
______________________ to me for my birthday. (you, like)
______________________ it?
11. The sun is just one of billions of stars in the universe. As it travels through EXERCISE 41: Active vs. passive.
space, it (circle) ______________________ by many other celestial bodies. Directions: All of the sentences in the following passage are active. Some of the
The nine known planets (hold) ______________________ in orbit by the sentences should be passive because it is unknown or unimportant to know
sun's gravitational field. The planets, in turn, (circle) exactly who performs certain actions. Change sentences to the passive as
______________________ by their own satellites, or moons. appropriate. Discuss your reasons for making changes and for not making
12. Early inhabitants of this region (worship*) ______________________ the changes.
sun and the moon. We know this from the jewelry, sculptures, and other
artwork archaeologists have found. (1) Cheese has been a principal food throughout much of the world for thousands
13. Since the beginning of the modern industrial age, many of the natural habitats of years. (2) The first cheese was probably made in Asia around four thousand years
of plants and animals (destroy) ______________________ by industrial ago. (3) Today people eat it in almost all the countries of the world. (4) People can eat
development and pollution. it alone, or they may eat it with bread. (5) People can melt it and add it to noodles or
14. The Olympic Games began more than 2, 000 years ago in Olympia, a small vegetables. (6) People can use it as part of a main course or as a snack. (7) Throughout
town in Greece. At that time, only Greek men (allow) most of the world, cheese adds enjoyment and nutrition to many people's daily diets.
______________________ to compete. People of other nationalities (invite, (8) Cheese is a milk product. (9) Cheesemakers make most cheese from cow's
not) ______________________ to participate, and women (forbid) milk, but they can make it from the milk of goats, camels, yaks, and other animals,
______________________ to set foot in the area where the games (hold) including zebras. (10) Some kinds of cheese, such as cheddar, are common in many
______________________ parts of the world, but you can find other kinds only in small geographical areas.
15. Ever since it (build) ______________________ three centuries ago, the Taj (11) Cheesemakers produce cheese in factories. (12) They have to treat the milk
Mahal in Agra, India, (describe, often) ______________________ as the in special ways. (13) They must heat it several times during the process. (14) At the
most beautiful building in the world. It (design) ______________________ end, they add salt, and they pack it into molds. (15) They age most cheese for weeks
by a Turkish architect, and it (take) ______________________ 20, 000 or months before they package and sell it. (16) They usually sell cheese to stores in
workers 20 years to complete it. large round pieces that they seal in wax.
(17) You can see these big rounds of cheese in food stores like delicatessens. (18)
I like cheese and buy it often. (19) 1 don't know all the names of different kinds of
cheese. (20) Often I can't pronounce the foreign name of the cheese I want. (21) When (5) The next time you use paper, you should think about its origin and how
I go to the delicatessen near my apartment, I simply point to a kind of cheese that people make it. And you should ask yourself this question: What would the world be
looks good to me. (22) I hold my thumb and forefinger wide apart if I want a lot of like without paper? If you can imagine how different today's world would be without
cheese or close together if I want just a little. paper, you will immediately understand how essential paper has been in the
(23) Frank and Anita, who work behind the cheese counter at the deli, always development of civilization.
seem to give me just the right amount. (24) I'm glad cheese is nutritious because it's
one of my favorite kinds of food. EXERCISE 43: Writing: the passive.
Directions: In writing, describe how something is made. Choose one of the
EXERCISE 42: Using the passive. following:
Directions: Change the verbs to the passive as appropriate. Discuss why you decide
that certain verbs should be in the passive but others should remain active. 1. Use a reference book such as an encyclopedia to find out how something is
made, and then summarize this information. It's not necessary to go into
(1) Paper is a common material. People use it everywhere in the world. technical details. Read about the process and then describe it in your own
Throughout history, people have made it from various plants, such as rice and words. Possible subjects: a candle, a pencil, glass, steel, silk thread, bronze,
papyrus, but today wood is the chief source of paper. In the past, people made paper leather, etc.
by hand, but now machines do most of the work. Today people make paper from 2. Write about something you know how to make. Possible subjects: a kite, a
wood pulp by using either a mechanical or a chemical process. ceramic pot, a bookcase, a sweater, a bead necklace, a special kind of food,
(2) In the mechanical process, someone grinds the wood into small chips. During etc.
the grinding, someone sprays it with water to keep it from burning from the friction of
the grinder. Then someone soaks the chips in water.
(3) In the chemical process, first someone washes the wood, and then someone
cuts it into small pieces in a chipping machine. Then someone cooks the chips in
certain chemicals. After someone cooks the wood, someone washes it to get rid of the
chemicals.
(4) The next steps in making paper are the same for both the mechanical and the
chemical processes. Someone drains the pulp to form a thick mass, bleaches it with
chlorine, and then thoroughly washes it again. Next someone puts the pulp through a
large machine that squeezes the water out and forms the pulp into long sheets. After
the pulp sheets go through a drier and a press, someone winds them onto rolls. These
rolls of paper are then ready for use.
STATIVE PASSIVE EXERCISE 44: Stative passive.

Directions: Complete the sentences with the appropriate form of the verbs in
italics. Include prepositions as necessary. Use the simple present.
BE + ADJECTIVE Be can be followed by an adjective. The
a) The door is old. adjective describes or gives information
b) The door is green. about the subject of the sentence. 1. scare Most children loud noises.
c) The door is locked. 2. interest Jane ecology.
Be can be followed by a past participle 3. disappoint My parents me because of my
BE + PAST PARTICIPLE (the passive form). The past participle is
d) Paul is married. often like an adjective. The past low grades.
e) Paul is tired. participle describes or gives information 4. please My boss my work.
f) Paul is frightened about the subject of the sentence. Past 5. satisfy I my progress in
participles are used as adjectives in many
English.
common, everyday expressions
6. marry Tony Sonia.
g) I locked the door five minutes ago. When the passive form is used to 7. relate Alice Jones Anna Jones. They're
h) The door was locked by me five describe an existing situation or state, as
first cousins.
minutes ago. in (c), (f), and (i), it is called the “stative
i) Now the door is locked. passive.” In the stative passive: 8. do This is the last item in this exercise. We
 no action is taking place; the action this exercise now.
j) Ann broke the window yesterday. happened earlier.
k) The window was broken by Ann.  there is no by-phrase.
PRACTICE 45: Stative passive.
l) Now the window is broken.  the past participle functions as an
adjective. Directions: Complete the sentences with the verbs in the list. Use the simple
PRESENT. Use each verb only once.
m) I am interested in Chinese art. Prepositions other than by can follow
bury cover excite insure
n) He is satisfied with his job. stative passive verbs.
o) Ann is married to Alex. close crack exhaust pollute
confuse dress finish stick
p) I don’t know where I am. I am lost. (m) through (p) are examples of 1. The children ______________________ about going to the circus. They're
q) I can’t find my purse. It is gone. idiomatic usage of the passive form in
r) I am finished with my work. common, everyday English. looking forward to seeing the elephants, the clowns, and the acrobats.
s) I am done with my work. These sentences have no equivalent 2. Three of the children have the measles. Their bodies
active sentences. ______________________ with red spots. They also have fevers.
3. A: What happened to this mirror? It ______________________
B: So it is. Someone must have dropped it.
4. The kids ______________________ from playing soccer all afternoon. They PRACTICE 46: Stative passive.
should rest for a while now. Directions: Complete the sentences with the appropriate form of the verbs in the
5. ______________________ you ______________________ with that novel list. Use the SIMPLE PRESENT. Use each verb only once.
yet? I'd like to borrow it to read over the weekend.
6. A: I heard that a burglar broke into your house and stole all of your jewelry! acquaint equip locate schedule
B: Yes, and I feel terrible about it. Some of it was my grandmother's and cancel forbid make summarize
can't be replaced. But at least all of it ______________________, and I'll clog list overdraw wrinkle
be reimbursed for its value. It's still not the same as having the jewelry,
though. 1. Maria's family lives in New York City, and her husband's family lives in
7. You shouldn't eat any of the fish from that river. The river Philadelphia. They would like to live in a city which
______________________ with chemical wastes from the factory upstream. ______________________ between the two so that they can visit their
8. A: I'm going over to the theater to get tickets for the next concert. relatives frequently.
B: The ticket booth ______________________ until 6:00 P. M. You'll have 2. Robert wrote a very good, well-organized composition. The introduction tells
to go there after six to get the tickets. the reader what the composition is about, and the last paragraph reviews all
9. What's wrong with this drawer? I can't pull it open. It of his main points. His conclusions ______________________ in the last
______________________ paragraph.
10. George ______________________ in his best suit today because he has an 3. I don't know how, but I've lost my brother's new telephone number.
important interview this afternoon. Unfortunately, it ______________________, so I can't look it up in the
11. Douglas gave me one set of directions to their house, and Ann gave me a directory. I'll have to call my mother and get it from her.
different set of directions. Needless to say, I ______________________ very 4. We can't climb over the fence to walk in that field. The sign says:
______________________. I hope we don't get lost on the way. "Trespassing ______________________ Violators will be prosecuted.
12. I know the scissors are somewhere on this desk. I think they 5. "I ______________________ not ______________________ with our new
______________________ somewhere under these piles of papers. neighbors. They just moved in last week, and I haven't had the opportunity to
introduce myself.
6. Your dental appointment ______________________ for 10:00 on Saturday.
Please give us 24-hours’ notice if you need to cancel it.
7. I have to deposit some money in the bank immediately or I'm in big trouble.
I've written too many checks, and there's not enough money to cover them.
My bank account ______________________.
8. Good news! Our meeting ______________________. Now we can go to the 11. My room is very neat right now. The bed (make) ______________________,
beach after work instead of spending the evening at a meeting. the floor (sweep) ______________________, and the dishes (wash)
9. I can't wear this blouse because it ______________________. I'd have to ______________________
iron it, and I don't have time. 12. We are ready to sit down and eat dinner. The table (set)
10. Some new automobiles ______________________ with air bags as well as ______________________, the meat and rice (do)
seat belts. The air bags provide additional protection in case of an accident. ______________________, and the candles (light)
11. That table ______________________ of plastic, not wood. The manufacturer ______________________
certainly did a good job of imitating the look of wood. 13. Where's my wallet? It (go) ______________________ ! Did you take it?
12. It takes a long time for the water to go down the drain in my kitchen sink. I 14. Hmmm. My dress (tear) ______________________ I wonder how that
think the drain ______________________ with grease and food particles. I’d happened.
better call the plumber tormorrow. 15. Don't look in the hall closet. Your birthday present (hide)
______________________ there
EXERCISE 47: Stative passive.
Directions: Supply the stative passive of the given verbs. Use the SIMPLE EXERCISE 48: Stative passive.
PRESENT or the SIMPLE PAST. Directions: Complete the sentences with the expressions in the List. Use the
simple present.
1. Sarah is wearing a blouse. It (make) ______________________ of cotton. be acquainted be broken be composed
2. The door to this room (shut) ______________________ be crowded be disappointed be exhausted
3. The lights in this room (turn) ______________________ on. be located be lost be made
4. This room (crowd, not) ______________________ be qualified be related be satisfied
5. Jim is sitting quietly. His elbows (bend) ______________________, and his be scared be spoiled be worried
hands (fold) ______________________ in front of him.
6. We can leave now because class (finish) ______________________
7. It is hot in this room because the window (close) ______________________ 1. Dennis isn't doing well in school this semester. He
8. Yesterday it was hot in this room because the window (close) ____________________________ about his grades.
______________________ 2. My shirt ____________________________ of cotton.
9. We can't go any farther. The car (stick) ______________________ in the 3. I live in a three-room apartment with six other people. Our apartment
mud. ____________________________
10. We couldn't go any farther. The car (stick) ______________________ in the 4. Vietnam ____________________________ in Southeast Asia.
mud.
5. I'm going to go straight to bed tonight. It's been a hard day. I EXERCISE 49: Stative passive.
____________________________ Directions: Complete the sentences with an appropriate form of the words in the
6. Excuse me, sir, but I ____________________________. Could you please list.
tell me how to get to the bus station from here?
7. My tape recorder doesn't work. It ____________________________ bear (born) exhaust plug in block go
8. Holly and I are sisters. We ____________________________ to each other. qualify confuse insure schedule crowd
9. We leave a light on in our son's bedroom at night because he of the dark. locate spoil divorce lose stick
10. Alice thinks her boss should pay her more money. She do marry turn off
____________________________ not ____________________________
with her present salary. 1. Excuse me, sir. Could you give me some directions? I
11. The children ____________________________. I had promised to take them ____________________________
to the beach today, but now we can't go because it's raining. 2. Let's find another restaurant. This one ____________________________ too
12. ____________________________ you ____________________________ ____________________________ We would have to wait at least an hour
with Mrs. Novinsky? Have you ever met her? for a table.
13. According to the job description, an applicant must have a Master's degree 3. The meeting ____________________________ for tomorrow at nine.
and at least five years of teaching experience. Unfortunately, I 4. That's hard work! I ____________________________. I need, to rest for a
____________________________ not ____________________________ while.
for that job. 5. You told me one thing, and John told me another. I don't know what to think.
14. This milk doesn't taste right. I think it ____________________________. I'm 6. I can't open the window. It _______________________________
not going to drink it. 7. Louise is probably sleeping. The lights in her room
15. Water ____________________________ of hydrogen and oxygen. ____________________________
8. Mrs. Wentworth's jewelry ____________________________
____________________________ for $50, 000.
9. Carolyn and Joe were married to each other for five years, but now they
____________________________
10. I thought I had left my book on this desk, but it isn't here. It
________________________________ I wonder where it is.
11. I'm sorry. You _______________________ not ______________________
for the job. We need someone with a degree in electrical engineering.
12. I love my wife. I ____________________________ to a wonderful woman.
13. We can't eat this fruit. It ____________________________. We'll have to 6. My hands and knees got sore while I was ______________________ the
throw it out. floor with soap and water.
14. We'd better call a plumber. The water won't go down the drain. The drain 7. The old clock wasn't ticking because it hadn't been
15. Vietnam ____________________________ in Southeast Asia. ______________________ Someone forgot to do it.
16. A: How old is Jack? 8. The news of the victory was ______________________ throughout the
B: He ____________________________ in 1980. country over the radio and television. Everyone heard about it almost as soon
17. A: The TV set doesn't work. as it happened.
B: Are you sure? ____________________________ it 9. The bus was extremely crowded. I was ______________________ this way
____________________________? and that by the other passengers every time the bus turned a corner.
18. A: Is dinner ready? 10. Oil exploration costs a lot of money. The explorations in the southern part of
B: Not yet. The potatoes ____________________________ not the country are being ______________________ by the government.
____________________________. They need another ten minutes. 11. Frank was resting. He had been ______________________ back on his chair
for several minutes with his eyes closed when he heard a knock on the door.
PRACTICE 50: The present participle vs. the past participle. 12. Gold is ______________________ in several countries. The nugget that
Directions. Use the present participle or the past participle of the given verbs to Elena is wearing came from Brazil.
complete the sentences. Use each verb only once. 13. We couldn't enter the street. A rope had been ______________________
breed finance scrub thread across the street.
broadcast lean shove wind 14. Arabian horses are ______________________ at the Bar X ranch. They are
drag mine smuggle expose quite expensive.
redecorate stretch
1. The Clarks' living room is being ______________________ in blue and PRACTICE 51: The present participle vs. the past participle.
white. They want it to look nice for their daughter's wedding reception. Directions: Use the present participle or the past participle of the given verbs to
2. Jack pricked his finger while he was ______________________ needle. complete the sentences. Use each verb only once.
3. The police talked to an informant. According to him, the illegal drugs had
been ______________________ into the country in a private airplane. bill erase photograph rub
4. The logging industry in that country still uses animal power. After the trees destroy memorize predict vaccinate
are cut down, the logs are ______________________ to the central camp by equip perform rehearse whisper
elephants.
5. On your trip to Tahiti, you will be ______________________ to many 1. The vocabulary list had been ______________________ by all of the
interesting customs, delicious food, and delightful people. students, and each one scored over 90 percent on the exam.
2. Shhhh! Don't move. Don is ______________________ that deer, and we COMMON STATIVE PASSIVE VERBS + PREPOSITIONS
don't want to scare it off.
3. You'll want to buy this computer. It has been ______________________
a) I am interested in Greek culture. Many stative passive verbs are followed
with all of the latest accessories, including a built-in modem.
b) He’s worried about losing his job. by prepositions other than by
4. The earthquake that struck the village was terrible. About 75 percent of the
buildings were completely ______________________ within two minutes.
COMMON STATIVE PASSIVE VERBS + PREPOSITIONS
5. Little Jackie was ______________________ her eyes because she was
sleepy. be accustomed to be engaged to be opposed to
6. Anna and Susie didn't hear what the teacher said because they were be acquainted with be equipped with
be addicted to be excited about be pleased with
______________________ to each other in the back of the classroom about
be annoyed with, by be exhausted from be prepared for
the new boy in fifth grade. be associated with be exposed to be protected from
7. Paul drew a funny picture of the teacher on the board, but it had been be provided with
be bored with, by be filled with
______________________ before she entered the classroom.
be finished with be qualified for
8. The dance company is having a successful tour of the United States. Their be cluttered with be frightened of by
dances will have been ______________________ more than 500 times be composed of be related to
be concerned about be gone from be remembered for
before they return to Senegal.
be connected to
9. The National Weather Service is ______________________ another heat be coordinated with be interested in be satisfied with
wave in the coming month. I hope they're wrong. be covered with be involved in be scared of/by
10. Robert and Julia had been ______________________ against cholera before be crowded with
be known for be terrified of by be dedicated to
they went abroad. They traveled without worrying about becoming infected. be tired of from
11. When I went to the school auditorium, the children were be devoted to be limited to
______________________ their musical play. The play is going to be be disappointed in, with be located in be worried about
be discriminated against
presented this coming Friday at 7:00 P. M.
be divorced from be made of
12. Carl spent two hours at the dentist's office today having some fillings put in. be done with be married to
He will be ______________________ for the dental work at the end of the be dressed in
month.
EXERCISE 52: Stative passive. 17. I'm starving! Right now I'm interested _________________________ only
Directions: Complete the sentences with appropriate prepositions. one thing: food.
18. The children want some new toys. They're bored
1. I. The day before a holiday, the food stores are usually crowded _________________________ their old ones.
_________________________ last-minute shoppers. 19. Sam is engaged _________________________ his childhood sweetheart.
2. Are you qualified _________________________ that job? 20. Our daughter is scared _________________________ dogs.
3. Mr. Heath loves his family very much. He is devoted 21. You've done a good job. You should be very pleased
_________________________ them. _________________________ yourself.
4. Our dog runs under the bed during storms. He's terrified 22. This apartment comes furnished ______________________ only a stove and
_________________________ thunder. refrigerator.
5. My sister is married _________________________ a law student. 23. My uncle is known ______________________ his generosity.
6. Are you prepared _________________________ the test? 24. Alice is dressed ______________________ her warmest clothes today.
7. I’ll be finished _________________________ my work in another minute or 25. For the holiday meal, the bowls on the table were filled
two. ______________________ specially prepared foods.
8. Jason is excited _________________________ going to Hollywood. 26. People who have been exposed ______________________ heavy doses of
9. Ms. Brown is opposed _________________________ the new tax plan. radiation may be more suspectible to certain diseases.
10. Jane isn't satisfied _________________________ her present apartment. 27. By the end of the long trip, the floor of the car was cluttered
She's looking for a new one. ______________________ junk.
11. Janet doesn't take good care of herself. I'm worried 28. Mr. Bellamy is discriminated ______________________ because of his age.
_________________________ her health. When he applies for a job, he gets turned down as soon as they learn he is 61
12. I'm tired _________________________ this rainy weather. I hope the sun years old.
shines tomorrow. 29. The boss is so convinced ______________________ Jean's ability that he's
13. In terms of evolution, a hippopotamus is related paying her more money than he paid the previous employee.
_________________________ a horse. 30. Victor is blessed ______________________ a good sense of humor, which
14. The students are involved _________________________ many has helped him get out of some very difficult situations.
extracurricular activities. 31. A: Are you disappointed ______________________ the color of this room?
15. Are you acquainted _________________________ this author? I think her We could repaint it.
books are excellent. B: I think I'm satisfied ______________________ it the way it is. What do
16. When will you be done _________________________ your work? you think?
32. George Washington, the first president of the United States, is remembered EXERCISE 53: (STATIVE PASSIVE+ PREOPOSITION)
______________________ his strong leadership during the Revolutionary Directions: Complete the sentences with appropriate prepositions.
War.
33. Zoology is more closely related ______________________ biology than it is 1. Our high school soccer team was very excited
to botany. ____________________________ going to the national finals.
34. I'm annoyed ______________________ my boss. He scheduled a meeting 2. I'm not acquainted ____________________________ that man. Do you
for an hour beginning at ten o'clock, the same time I was planning to see a know him?
client. 3. Mark Twain is known ____________________________ his stories about
35. As soon as you are done ______________________ the dictionary, I'd like to life on the Mississippi.
use it. 4. A person who is addicted ____________________________ drugs needs
36. Last month, little Billy was bitten by a dog. Now he's scared professional medical help.
______________________ every dog he sees. 5. Jack is married ____________________________ Joan.
37. Carol is engaged ______________________ Larry. Their marriage is 6. Could I please have the dictionary when you are finished
planned for May 3. ____________________________ it?
38. A: Why are you so upset ______________________ the children? 7. A: Aren't you ready yet? We have to be at the ferry dock at 7:45.
B: They didn't call me when they missed their school bus, and I got very B: I'll never make it. I'm still dressed ____________________________ my
worried ______________________ them. pajamas.
39. Each speaker was limited ______________________ three minutes. 8. My car is equipped ____________________________ air conditioning and a
40. Olga is exhausted. She's tired ______________________ working 19 straight sun roof.
hours at her computer, but she can't go home until the crisis is over. 9. The school children were exposed ____________________________ the
41. I'm tired ______________________ living in a small apartment. I'd like to measles by a student who had them.
live in a house, or at least a larger apartment. 10. Gandhi was committed ____________________________ nonviolence. He
believed in it all of his life.
11. The large table was covered ____________________________ every kind of
food you could imagine.
12. Barbara turned off the TV because she was tired
____________________________ listening to the news.
13. The choices in that restaurant are limited ____________________________
pizza and sandwiches.
14. A: Are you in favor of a worldwide ban on nuclear weapons, or are you 24. I was very disappointed ____________________________ that movie. The
opposed ____________________________ it? whole first hour was devoted ____________________________ historical
B: I'm in favor of it. I'm terrified ____________________________ the background, with a cast of thousands fighting endless battles. I was bored
possibility of a nuclear war starting by accident. However, my wife is ____________________________ it before the plot took shape.
against disarmament. 25. A: Are you still associated ____________________________ the
15. The department store was filled ____________________________ toys for International Red Cross and Red Crescent?
the holiday sale. B: I was, until this year. Are you interested
16. John's bald head is protected ____________________________ the hot sun ____________________________ working with them?
when he's wearing his hat. A: I think I'd like to. They are dedicated ____________________________
17. The store was crowded ____________________________ last-minute helping people in time of crisis, and I admire the work they have done.
shoppers on the eve of the holiday. Can you get me some information?
18. I think you're involved ____________________________ too many
activities. You don't have enough time to spend with your family. EXERCISE 54: Stative passive.
19. Your leg bone is connected ____________________________ your hip Directions: Complete the sentences with the words in italics. Use the passive
bone. form, simple present, or simple past. Include prepositions where necessary.
20. Their apartment is always messy. It's cluttered
____________________________ newspapers, books, clothes, and dirty 1. close When we got to the post office, it _________________________
dishes. 2. make My earrings _________________________gold.
21. Don't leave those seedlings outside tonight. If they're exposed 3. divorce Sally and Tom used to be married, but now they
____________________________ temperatures below freezing, they will _________________________
die. 4. relate Your name is Tom Hood. _________________________ you
22. An interior decorator makes certain that the color of the walls is coordinated _________________________ Mary Flood?
____________________________ the color of the carpets and window 5. spoil This fruit _________________________ . I think I'd better
coverings. throw it out.
23. We finished packing our sleeping bags, tent, first-aid kit, food, and warm 6. exhaust Last night I _________________________, so I went straight to
clothes. We are finally prepared ____________________________ our bed.
camping trip. 7. involve Last week I _________________________ a three-car accident.
8. locate The University of Washington _________________________
Seattle.
9. drink Ted _________________________. He's making a fool of EXERCISE 55: Stative passive + prepositions.
himself. Directions: Supply the correct form of the verb in parentheses and an
10. interest I _________________________ learning more about that appropriate preposition. Use the SIMPLE PRESENT.
subject.
11. devote Linda loves her job. She _________________________ her 1. (interest) Carol ______________________ ancient history.
work. 2. (compose) Water ______________________ hydrogen and oxygen.
12. lose What's the matter, little boy? _________________________ you 3. (accustom) I ______________________ living here.
_________________________? 4. (terrify) Our son ______________________ dogs.
13. terrify Once when we were swimming at the beach, we saw a shark. All 5. (finish) Pat ______________________ her composition.
of us _________________________ 6. (addict) Ann laughingly calls herself a "chocoholic." She says she
14. acquaint ______________________ you _________________________ chocolate.
Sue's roommate? 7. (cover) It's winter, and the ground ______________________ snow.
15. qualify I didn't get the job. The interviewer said that I 8. (satisfy) I ______________________ the progress I have made.
_______________________ not _______________________ it. 9. (marry) Jack ______________________ Ruth.
16. disappoint My son brought home a report card with all D's and F's. I can't 10. (divorce) Elaine ______________________ Ed.
understand it. I _________________________ him. 11. (acquaint) I ______________________ not ______________________
17. do At last, I _________________________ my homework. Now I that author's work.
can go to bed. 12. (tire) I ______________________ sitting here.
18. crowd There are too many students in our class. The classroom 13. (relate) Your name is Mary Smith. ______________________ you
_________________________ ______________________ John Smith?
19. shut It's starting to rain. _________________________ all of the 14. (dedicate) Mrs. Robinson works in an orphanage. She
windows ______________________ her work.
20. go Where's my wallet? It _________________________I Did you 15. (disappoint) Jim got a bad grade because he didn't study. He
take it? ______________________ himself.
16. (scare) Bobby is not very brave. He ______________________ his
own shadow.
17. (commit) The administration ______________________ improving the
quality of education at our school.
18. (devote) Mr. and Mrs. Miller ______________________ each other.
19. (dress) Walter ______________________ his best suit for his 7. The Atlantic Ocean is _________________________ the Pacific Ocean by
wedding today. the Panama Canal. Ships can go from one ocean to the other without having
20. (do) We ______________________ this exercise. to sail around the southern tip of South America.
8. While I was _________________________ the street, a car came out of
nowhere and almost hit me.
9. Most teenagers are very busy after school. They are
PRACTICE 56: Present vs. past participles.
_________________________ many extracurricular activities, such as sports
Directions: Complete the sentences with the verbs in the list. Use the present
and special interest clubs.
participle or the past participle. Include a PREPOSITION if necessary. Use each
10. An alloy is a metal compound that is _________________________ two or
verb only once.
more metals.
11. Mrs. Hill doesn't have to travel alone. Her daughter is
accompany compose explain limit
_________________________ her to Rome.
annoy concern involve provide
12. We are fortunate people. We are _________________________ a happy
bless connect know satisfy
home and good health. We have many things to be thankful for.
blow cross laugh
13. The enrollment in that class is _________________________ 25 students.
You'd better sign up for it early. Otherwise, you won't be able to get in.
1. I am _________________________ your health. You're not taking good care
14. My neighbors are quite inconsiderate. They make so much noise that I can't
of yourself.
get to sleep at night. I am very _________________________ them.
2. Shhh! The teacher is _________________________ the assignment, and I
15. The weather was awful. It was raining so hard that it was impossible to see
want to hear what he's saying.
across the valley, and the wind was _________________________ so hard
3. Paris is famous for the Eiffel Tower. Bangkok is
that it was difficult to walk.
_________________________ its floating market, which is a favorite tourist
attraction.
4. In elementary school, all of the children are _________________________
textbooks. They don't have to buy their own.
5. Everyone is _________________________ hard because Don is telling a
very funny story.
6. Diane is a perfectionist when it comes to developing her photographs. She's
been in the darkroom for hours and won't come out until she is completely
_________________________ the prints.
PRACTICE 57: Using past participles as adjectives. PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES: -ED vs. -ING
Directions: Each sentence has errors with the adjectives used as past participles.
Correct the errors.
Indian art interests me. The past participle (-ed) and the present
a) I am interested in Indian art. participle (-ing) can be used as adjectives.
1. The little girl is excite in her coming birthday party. INCORRECT: I am interesting In (a): The past participle (interested) describes
2. Mr. and Mrs. Rose devoted each other. in Indian art. how a person feels.
3. Could you please help me? I need directions. I lost. b) Indian art is interesting. In (b): The present participle (interesting)
INCORRECT: Indian art is describes the cause of the feeling. The cause of
4. The students are boring in their chemistry project. interested. the interest is Indian art.
5. The paper bags at this store is composed in recycled products.
6. Your friend needs a doctor. He hurt. The news surprised Kate. In (c): surprised describes how Kate felt.
c) Kate was surprised. The past participle carries a passive meaning:
7. How well are you prepare the driver's license test?
d) The news was surprising. Kate was surprised by the news.
8. Mary has been engaging with Paul for five years. Will they ever get married? In (d): the news was the cause of the surprise.
—The problem confuses the The present participle serves as an adjective

students. with an active meaning. The noun it modifies
e) It is a confusing problem. performs an action. In (e): The noun problem
does something; it confuses. Thus, it is
described as a “confusing problem.”
—The students are confused
by the problem. The past participle serves as an adjective with a
f) They are confused students. passive meaning. In (f): The students are
confused by something. Thus, they are
—The story amuses the described as “confused students.”
children.
g) It is an amusing story. In (g): The noun story performs the action.
—The children are amused by

the story. In (h): The noun children receives the action.
h) They are amused children.
PRACTICE 58: -ED vs. -ING. 7. Eighteenth-century art is really interested, interesting.
Directions: Choose the correct adjective. 8. What an exhausted, exhausting day! I am so tired, tiring from picking
strawberries.
1. Don't bother to read that book. It's (boring, bored)
9. Some of the new horror movies are frightened, frightening because they are
2. The students are interesting, interested in learning more about the subject.
so realistic.
3. Ms. Green doesn't explain things well. The students are confusing, confused.
10. Young children shouldn't see them. They would become too frightened,
4. Have you heard the latest news? It's really exciting, excited.
frightening.
5. I don't understand these directions. I'm confusing, confused.
6. I read an interesting, interested article in the newspaper this morning.
7. I heard some surprising, surprised news on the radio.
EXERCISE 60: Participial adjectives.
8. I'm boring, bored. Let's do something. How about going to a movie?
Directions: Complete the sentences with the present or past participle of the
9. Mr. Sawyer bores me. I think he is a boring, bored person.
verbs in italics.
10. Mr. Ball fascinates me. I think he is a fascinating, fascinated person.
11. Most young children are fascinating, fascinated by animals.
1. The class bores the students. It is a _____________________
12. Young children think that animals are fascinating, fascinated.
2. The students are bored by the class. They are ______________________
13. That was an embarrassing, embarrassed experience.
\pared ______________________ students.
14. I read a shocking, shocked report yesterday on the number of children who
3. The game excites the people. It is an ______________________ game.
die from starvation in the world every day. I was really shocking, shocked.
4. The people are excited by the game. They are ______________________
15. The children went to a circus. For them, the circus was exciting, excited. The
people.
exciting, excited children jumped up and down.
5. The news surprised the man. It was ______________________ news.
6. The man was surprised by the news. He was a ______________________
PRACTICE 59: -ED vs. -ING.
man.
Directions: Choose the correct adjective.
7. The child was frightened by the strange noise. The
1. The street signs in our city are confused, confusing.
______________________ child sought comfort from her father.
2. The drivers are frustrated, frustrating.
8. The strange noise frightened the child. It was _________________ a sound.
3. The professor's lecture on anatomy was confused, confusing for the students.
9. The work exhausted the men. It was ______________________ work.
4. The student was very embarrassed, embarrassing by all the attention she
10. The men were exhausted. The ______________________ men sat down to
got for her high-test scores.
rest under the shade of a tree.
5. Sophie said it was embarrassed, embarrassing to have so many people
congratulate her.
6. I am really interested, interesting in eighteenth-century art.
EXERCISE 61: Participial adjectives. 9. Jane's classes bore her.

Directions: Complete the sentences with the -ed or -ing form of the verbs in a. Jane's classes are ______________________
italics. b. Jane is a ______________________ student.
10. An article in the newspaper surprised Mrs. Perez.
1. Greg's classes interest him. a. It was a very ______________________ article to her.
a. Greg's classes are ______________________ b. Mrs. Perez was very ______________________ when she read it.
b. Greg is an ______________________ student. 11. The loud noise frightened the children.
2. Emily is going to Australia. The idea of going on this trip excites her. a. It was a ______________________ sound.
a. Emily is ______________________ about going on this trip. b. The _________________________ children ran into their house.
b. She thinks it is going to be an ______________________ trip.
3. I like to study sea life. The subject of marine biology fascinates me. EXERCISE 62: Participial adjectives.
a. I'm ______________________ by marine biology. Directions: Complete the sentences with the appropriate -ed or -ing form of the
b. Marine biology is a ______________________ subject words in italics.
4. Mike heard some bad news. The bad news depressed him. Situation: Julie was walking along the edge of the fountain outside her office
a. Mike is very sad. In other words, he is ______________________ building. She was with her co-worker and friend Paul. Suddenly she lost her balance
b. The news made Mike feel sad. The news was _____________________ and accidentally fell in.
5. The exploration of space interests me.
a. I'm ______________________ in the exploration of space. 1. embarrass Julie was really ________________________
b. The exploration of space is ______________________ to me. 2. embarrass Falling into the fountain was really
6. The nation's leader stole money. The scandal shocked the nation. ________________________
a. It was a ______________________ scandal. 3. shock Her friend Paul was ________________________
b. The ______________________ nation soon replaced the leader. 4. shock It was a ________________________ sight.
7. I bought a new camera. I read the directions twice, but I didn't understand 5. surprise The people around the office building were very
them. They confused me. ________________________ when they saw Julie in the
a. I was ____________________ when I tried to understand the directions. fountain.
b. They were ______________________ directions. 6. surprise It was a ________________________ sight.
8. I spilled my drink on the dinner table. This embarrassed me. 7. depress The next day Julie was ________________________ because
a. I was very ______________________ when I spilled my drink. she thought she had made a fool of herself.
b. That was an ______________________ experience. 8. depress When she fell into the fountain, some people laughed at her. It
was a ________________________ experience.
9. interest Her friend Paul told her not to lose her sense of humor. He told EXERCISE 64: Participial adjectives.
her it was just another ________________________ experience Directions: Complete the sentences with the present or past participle of the
in life. verbs in parentheses.
10. interest He said that people would be ________________________ in
1. The (steal) ______________________ jewelry was recovered.
hearing about how she fell into a fountain.
2. Success in one's work is a (satisfy) ______________________ experience.
3. The dragon was a (terrify) ______________________ sight for the villagers.
EXERCISE 63: Participial adjectives.
4. The (terrify) ______________________ villagers ran for their lives.
Directions: Complete the sentences with an -ed or -ing adjective and the boldface
5. I found myself in an (embarrass) ______________________ situation last
noun.
night.
6. A kid accidentally threw a ball at one of the school windows. Someone needs
1. If you spoil children, they become
to repair the (break) ______________________ window.
2. If a door revolves, it is called a
7. I elbowed my way through the (crowd) ______________________ room.
3. If someone steals a car, it is a
8. The thief tried to pry open the (lock) ______________________ cabinet.
4. If people crowd into a room, it is a
9. The (injure) ______________________ woman was put into an ambulance.
5. If costs rise, they are
10. That (annoy) ______________________ buzz is coming from the fluorescent
6. If a danger exists, it is an
light.
7. If you dry fruit, it becomes
11. The teacher gave us a (challenge) ______________________ assignment,
8. If you plan an event, it is called a
but we all enjoyed doing it.
9. If a committee plans something, it is called a
12. The (expect) ______________________ event did not occur.
10. If water is boiling, we call it
13. A (grow) ______________________ child needs a (balance)
11. If a person is missing, we call him or her a
______________________ diet.
12. If you freeze vegetables, they are called
14. No one appreciates a (spoil) ______________________ child.
13. If the weather freezes things, it is called
15. There is an old saying: Let (sleep) ______________________ dog lie.
14. If you break your pencil, you have a
16. We had a (thrill) ______________________ but hair-raising experience on
our backpacking trip into the wilderness.
17. The (abandon) ______________________ car was towed away by a tow
truck.
18. I still have five more (require) ______________________ courses to take.
19. (Pollute) ______________________ water is not safe for drinking.
20. I don't have any furniture of my own. Do you know where I can rent a 7. Bob's grades disappointed his parents. (a) His grades were
(furnish) ______________________ apartment? ______________________ (b) His parents were ______________________
21. The equator is the (divide) ______________________ line between the 8. My father often reassured me. (a) He was a very ______________________
Northern and Southern hemispheres. person. (b) I always felt ______________________ when I was around him.
22. We all expect our (elect) ______________________ officials to be honest. 9. I waited for two hours to see the doctor, and it really frustrated me! (a) Long
23. The invention of the (print) ______________________ press was one of the waits such as that can be very ______________________ (b) I was
most important events in the history of the world. ______________________
24. (Experience) ______________________ travelers pack lightly. They carry 10. Anna has a noise in her car that disturbs her. (a) It is a
little more than necessities. ______________________ noise. (b) She is ______________________
25. The psychologist spoke to us about some of the (amaze) when she hears it.
______________________ coincidences in the lives of twins living apart 11. Jessica's arguments convinced us. (a) She presented
from each other from birth. ______________________ arguments. (b) We were
______________________
PRACTICE 65: Participial adjectives. 12. The tender love story moved the audience. (a) It was a
Directions: Complete the sentences by using an appropriate form (PRESENT or ______________________ story. (b) The audience felt
PAST PARTICIPLE) of the italicized word. ______________________
13. Their behavior shocked us. (a) It was ______________________ behavior.
1. The book interests me. (a) It is an ______________________ book. (b) I am (b) We were ______________________
______________________ in it. 14. The sad movie depressed me. (a) I was ______________________ (b) It was
2. That chemical irritates your skin. (a) The chemical is a ______________________ movie.
______________________ (b) Your skin is ______________________ 15. The unkind teacher's harsh words humiliated the student. (a) The
3. The trip tired everybody. (a) Everyone was ______________________. (b) ______________________ student hung his head in shame. (b) The student
The trip was ______________________ never forgot that ______________________ experience.
4. Ann boiled an egg. (a) She took the egg out of the 16. The newspaper account of the new medical discovery intrigued me. (a) It was
______________________ water. (b) She had a ______________________ an ______________________ account. (b) Other ______________________
egg for breakfast. people wrote the newspaper to get more information.
5. The news upset us. (a) We were ______________________ (b) The news
was ______________________
6. The instructions on the box for assembling the tool confuse me. (a) They are
______________________ (b) I am thoroughly ______________________
PRACTICE 66: Participial adjectives. 14. That country is highly industrialized but has very little arable land. Its
Directions: Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word in economy depends upon the export of various (manufacture)
parentheses. ______________________ goods in exchange for imported agricultural
products.
1. The poor people who live in shacks south of the city don't have (run) 15. When I get home from work, I'm going to take a long, (relax)
______________________ water. ______________________ bath.
2. No one may attend the lecture except (invite) ______________________ 16. The scientist reviewed all of his procedures for the experiment after the
guests. (expect) ______________________ results did not occur.
3. The (suggest) ______________________ remedy for the common cold is to 17. When Brenda heard the news of the (approach) ______________________
rest and to drink plenty of fluids. hurricane, she bought flashlight batteries, candles, and canned food to
4. Because we have a (write) ______________________ agreement, our prepare for the storm.
landlord won't be able to raise our rent for two years. 18. Bright children have (inquire) ______________________ minds.
5. After an (exhaust) ______________________ trip of twelve hours, Jason fell 19. The game was played in our stadium. The (visit) ______________________
asleep at the dinner table. team scored the (win) ______________________ goal in the last seconds of
6. There are many (stimulate) ______________________ activities in a large the soccer game. Nevertheless, the (disappoint) ______________________
city. fans continued to cheer our team.
7. The anthropologist recorded the tribe's (speak) ______________________ 20. I heard some (encourage) ______________________ news.
language with a small tape recorder. 21. Sally spends her vacations in the mountains. The fresh air invigorates her.
8. I like to hear the sound of gently (fall) ______________________ rain. She likes the cool, (invigorate) ______________________ air.
9. (Freeze) ______________________ fish is as nutritious as fresh fish, but it 22. Waste from the factory poured into the river and contaminated it. Some of the
doesn't taste quite as good. villagers got sick from eating (contaminate) ______________________ fish.
10. The (invade) ______________________ army plundered the villages of food
and valuables.
11. Skydiving is a (thrill) ______________________ experience.
12. Ben's tasteless jokes didn't produce the (intend) ______________________
effect. Instead, his guests were offended.
13. The professor dispelled the tense atmosphere in the classroom by beginning
her lecture with some (amuse) ______________________ anecdotes.
THE PASSIVE WITH GET PRACTICE 67: GET + adjective and past participle.
Directions: Complete the sentences using words from the list.
arrested dressed invited lost
GET + ADJECTIVE Get may be followed by certain adjectives.
stolen bored hungry late
i) I’m getting hungry. Let’s eat soon. Get gives the idea of change — the idea of
j) You shouldn’t eat so much. You ’ll becoming, beginning to be, growing to be. rich wet sick dizzy
get fat. In (a): I’m getting hungry = I wasn’t 1. Just a few days before the Jensens were going to leave for a family reunion in
k) I stopped working because I got hungry before, but now I’m beginning to be Hawaii, everyone got ______________________ with the flu. They had to
sleepy. hungry.
cancel their trip.
GET + PAST PARTICIPLE 2. When Jane gave us directions to her house, I got ______________________.
l) I stopped working because I got Get may also be followed by a past So I asked her to explain again how to get there. S
tired. participle. The past participle functions as
3. ome people are afraid of heights. They get ______________________ and
m) They are getting married next an adjective; it describes the subject.
month. The passive with get is common in spoken have trouble keeping their balance.
n) I got worried because he was two English, but is often not appropriate in 4. I didn't like the movie last night. It wasn't interesting. I got
hours late. formal writing.
______________________ and wanted to leave early.
5. When's dinner? I'm getting ______________________
GET + ADJECTIVE GET + PAST PARTICIPLE 6. We should leave for the concert soon. It's getting ______________________.
get angry get dry get quiet get acquainted get drunk get involved We should leave in the next five minutes if we want to be on time.
get bald get fat get rich get arrested get engaged get killed
get big get full get serious get bored get excited get lost 7. I want to make a lot of money. Do you know a good way to get quick?
get busy get hot get sick get confused get finished get married 8. Jake got ______________________ for stealing a car yesterday. He's in jail
get close get hungry get sleepy get crowded get frightened get scared now.
get cold get old get thirsty get divorced get hurt get sunburned
9. I overslept this morning. When I finally woke up, I jumped out of bed, got
get dark get late get well get done get interested get tired
get dirty get nervous get wet get dressed get invited get worried ______________________, picked up my books, and ran to class.
get dizzy get interested 10. Anita got ______________________ when she stood near the pool of
dolphins. They splashed her more than once.
11. Yes, I have an invitation to Joan and Paul's wedding. Don't worry. You'll get
______________________ to the wedding, too.
12. Tarik was afraid his important papers or his wife's jewelry might get
______________________, so he had a wall safe installed in his home.
EXERCISE 68: GET + adjective/past participle. 14. When I turned around and around in a circle, I got _____________________
Directions: Complete the sentences. Use each word in the list only one time. 15. I don't feel very good. I think I'm getting
________________________________ Maybe I should see a doctor.
angry dirty full rich 16. My friends got at the party Saturday night, so I drove them
bald dizzy hot sick ______________________ home in my car. They were in no condition to
busy dressed hurt sleepy drive.
cold drunk lost tired
PRACTICE 69: The passive with get.
Directions: Complete the sentences by using an appropriate form of get and the
1. In winter, the weather gets _____________________
PAST PARTICIPLE of the verbs in the list.
2. In summer, the weather gets _____________________
3. This food is delicious, but I can't eat any more. I'm getting
break hurt start tear bury
_____________________
lose stick worry hire soak
4. I think I'll go to bed. I'm getting _____________________
5. Let's stop working and take a break. I'm getting _____________________
1. I had a terrible day. First the heel of my shoe broke off, then my dress
6. Sam is wearing one brown sock and one blue sock today. He got
______________________ in the elevator door.
_____________________ in a hurry this morning and didn't pay attention to
2. I'm glad the day is over! Oh! Look at that beautiful vase on the floor. How
the color of his socks.
did it ______________________?
7. This work has to be done before we leave. We'd better get
3. A: You're late. What happened?
_____________________ and stop wasting time.
B: We ______________________ We took the wrong exit from the
8. I didn't understand Jane's directions very well, so on the way to her house last
highway, and it took a long time to figure out where we were.
night I got _____________________ . I couldn't find her house.
4. A: I really need a job.
9. It's hard to work in a garage and stay clean. Paul's clothes always get
B: Why don't you apply for a job at the fast-food restaurant? They're
_____________________ from all the grease and oil.
looking for help. I'm sure you'll ______________________
10. Don't waste your money gambling. You won't ever get
5. A: Did Susan ______________________ when she fell down the stairs?
_____________________ that way.
B: Not badly. Just a few bumps and bruises. She'll be fine.
11. Mr. Anderson is losing some of his hair. He's getting
6. A: You're here! I ______________________ about you. What happened to
_____________________
make you so late?
12. Was it a bad accident? Did anyone get ________________________ ?
B: I couldn't start my car. The battery was dead.
13. Calm down! Take it easy! You shouldn't get so _____________________ .
It's not good for your blood pressure.
7. Maureen ______________________ thoroughly ______________________ 5. Let's turn on the air conditioner. It ______________________ in here.
when her canoe tipped over and she fell into the river. She looked like a 6. Every time I have to give a speech, I ______________________
drowned rat. 7. Would you mind turning on the light? It ______________________ in here.
8. In two weeks the school term will be finished. I'd better 8. A: It's a long drive from Denver to here. I'm glad you finally arrived. What
______________________ on my term paper before it's too late. I've been time did you leave this morning?
procrastinating too long. B: At sunrise. We left as soon as it ______________________ outside.
9. It was a real tragedy. The rains were torrential, and the mudslide completely 9. A: Won't you have another helping?
covered everything. Three houses ______________________ in the mud B: This dinner is delicious, but I really can't eat any more. I
when it rolled down the hillside. We could barely see the rooftops. ______________________
10. A: I heard about your embarrassing situation last night. 10. Maria's English is improving. It ______________________
B: It was awful! I put my big toe in the faucet while I was taking a bath, and 11. Shake a leg! We don't have all day to finish this work! Get moving! Let's step
it ______________________ I couldn't pull it out no matter how hard I on it! ______________________ and finish your work. There's no time to
tried. waste.
12. My friend was sick, so I sent him a card. It said, " ______________________
EXERCISE 70: The passive with GET. soon."
Directions: Complete the sentences with any appropriate tense of get and an
adjective from the list. PRACTICE 71: The passive with get.
better hot nervous busy Directions: Complete the sentences by using an appropriate form of get and the
hungry sleepy dark late PAST PARTICIPLE of the verbs in the list.
well full light wet
accept dress embarrass invite
1. What time are we going to eat? I _________________________________. catch elect fire mug
2. A: I ______________________ cheat electrocute hit ruin
B: Why don't you take a nap? A couple of hours of sleep will do you good.
3. A: What time is it? 1. I shouldn't have parked my car near the construction site. It
B: Almost ten. ______________________ by falling rocks. Now it's covered with dents and
A: I'd better leave soon. It ______________________ I have to be at the scratches.
airport by eleven. 2. Tom has applied to three top universities. Since he's an excellent student, I'm
4. I didn't have an umbrella, so I ______________________ while I was sure he'll ______________________ by at least one of them. If he doesn't,
waiting for the bus yesterday. there are other good schools he can attend.
3. Alex thought he had gotten a good deal when he bought a diamond ring from EXERCISE 72: The passive with GET.
some guy on the street, but the "stone" turned out to be glass and was Directions: Complete the sentences with an appropriate form of get and the given
practically worthless. Alex ______________________ verbs.
4. A: I can't believe Paul ______________________ from his job. I thought he
1. (tire) I think I'll stop working. I ______________________
was doing well.
2. (hurt) There was an accident, but nobody ______________________
B: He was, but then he had a major disagreement with his boss, and tempers
3. (lase) We didn't have a map, so we ______________________
were flying. I hope he gets his job back.
4. (dress) We can leave as soon as you ______________________
5. A: Let's take the subway.
5. (marry) When ___________________ you ______________________?
B: Not me! The last time I was on the subway, I ______________________
6. (accustom) How long did it take you to ______________________ to
A man knocked me down and stole my wallet.
living here?
6. A: Did you ______________________ to the Saunders' dinner party
7. (worry) Sam was supposed to be home an hour ago, but he still isn't
tonight?
here. I _________________________________
B: Yes, but I can't go.
8. (upset) Just try to take it easy. Don't ______________________
7. A: You're all out of breath!
9. (confuse) I ______________________ because everybody gave me
B: I was late getting home and had to ______________________ quickly.
different advice.
Then I ran all the way over here.
10. (do) We can leave as soon as I ______________________ with this
A: Well, that explains why your collar is up and your tie is crooked.
work.
8. The animal was running through the woods when it suddenly
11. (depress) Chris ______________________ when she lost her job, so I
______________________ in the hunter's trap.
tried to cheer her up.
9. It was a close election. The new president ______________________ by a
12. (invite) _____________________ you ______________________ to
very small margin.
the party?
10. What are you doing?!! Don't let the cord to your electric hair dryer fall into
13. (bore) I ______________________, so I didn't stay for the end of the
the sink. You'll ______________________!
movie
11. We managed to save some of the furniture, but many of our things
14. (pack) I'll be ready to leave as soon as I _________________________
______________________ when the floodwaters poured into our house.
15. (pay) I ______________________ on Fridays. I'll give you the
12. During the school play, little Annie ______________________ when she
money I owe you next Friday. Okay?
couldn't remember the lines she was supposed to say.
16. (hire) After Ed graduated, he ______________________ by an
engineering firm.
17. (fire) But later he ______________________ because he didn't do his
work.
18. (finish, not) Last night I ______________________ with my homework 7. Let's stop working for a while. I'm ________________________ . I need to
until after midnight. rest.
19. (disgust) I ______________________ and left because the things they 8. Sue has to vacate her apartment next week, and she hasn't found a new place
were saying at the meeting were ridiculous. to live. She's ________________________.
20. (engage) First, they ______________________ 9. Sitara always ________________________ after she eats salty food.
(marry) Then, they ______________________ 10. Toshiro was in a terrible car wreck and almost ________________________.
(divorce) Later, they ______________________ He's lucky to be alive.
(remarry) Finally, they ______________________ 11. The temperature is dropping. Brrr! I'm ________________________ . Can I
Today they are very happy. borrow your sweater?
12. We were in a strange city without a map. It was easy for us to
EXERCISE 73: GET + adjective/past participle. ________________________ We had to ask a shopkeeper how to get back to
Directions: Complete the sentences with appropriate forms of get and the words our hotel.
in the list. 13. Did you ________________________ when your team won the game? Did
cold excite lose thirsty you clap and yell when they won?
crowd hungry marry tired 14. Good restaurants ________________________ around dinner time. It's hard
dark involve sleep well to find a seat because there are so many people.
dry kill sunburn worry 15. When little Annie ________________________ , her father gave her a bottle
and put her to bed.
1. When I stayed out in the sun too long yesterday, I 16. I left when Ellen and Joe began to argue. I never
________________________ ________________________ in other people's quarrels.
2. If you're sick, stay home and take care of yourself. You won't
________________________ if you don't take care of yourself.
3. Jane and Greg are engaged. They are going to ________________________
a year from now.
4. Sarah doesn't eat breakfast, so she always ________________________ by
ten or ten-thirty.
5. In the winter, the sun sets early. It ________________________ outside by
six or even earlier.
6. Put these socks back in the dryer. They didn't ________________________
the first time.
USING BE USED / ACCUSTOMED TO AND GET USED / Complete the sentences with be accustomed to, affirmative or negative.
ACCUSTOMED TO NOTICE: accustomed is spelled with two "c"s and one "in."
5. Spiro recently moved to Canada from Greece. He

a) I am used to hot weather. (a) and (b) have the same meaning: "Living in a
_________________________________________ eating Greek food. He
b) I am accustomed to hot hot (a) climate is usual and normal for me. I'm
weather. familiar with what it is like to live in a hot _________________________________________ eating Canadian food.
c) I am used to living in a hot climate. Hot weather isn't strange or different to 6. I always get up around 6:00 A.M. I
climate. me."
______________________________________ getting up early. I
d) I am accustomed to living in a
hot climate. _________________________________________ sleeping late.
7. Our teacher always gives us a lot of homework. We
_________________________________________ having a lot of homework
e) I just moved from Florida to In (e): I'm getting used to/accustomed to =
Siberia. I have never lived in a something is beginning to seem usual and every day.
cold climate before, but I am normal to me. 8. Young schoolchildren rarely take multiple choice tests. They
getting used to (accustomed _________________________________________
to) the cold weather here.
_________________________________________ taking that kind of test.
EXERCISE 75: BE USED/ACCUSTOMED TO.

EXERCISE 74: BE USED/ACCUSTOMED TO. Directions: Talk about yourself. Use be used/accustomed to.
Directions: Complete the sentences with be used to, affirmative or negative. Example: cold weather
I am (OR I am not) used accustomed to cold weather.
1. Juan is from Mexico. He _________________________________________
hot weather. He _________________________________________ cold
1. hot weather
weather.
2. cold weather
2. Alice was born and raised in Chicago. She
3. living in a warm climate
_________________________________________ living in a big city.
4. living in a cold climate
3. My hometown is New York City, but this year I'm going to school in a town
5. living in a big city
with a population of 10,000. I
6. living in a small town
_________________________________________ living in a small town. I
7. getting up early
_________________________________________ living in a big city.
8. sleeping late
4. We do a lot of exercises in class. We
9. eating a big breakfast
_________________________________________ doing exercises.
10. drinking coffee in the morning EXERCISE 77: GET USED/ACCUSTOMED TO.
11. (a kind of) food Directions: Discuss or write about one or more of the following topics.
12. being on my own*
1. James graduated from high school last month. Three days after graduation, he
PRACTICE 76: BE USED/ACCUSTOMED TO. got married. The next week he starred a job at a paint store. Within two
Directions: Choose the correct completion. More than one completion may be weeks, his life changed a lot. What did he have to get used to?
correct. 2. Jane is going to leave her parents' house next week. She is going to move in
with two of her cousins who work in the city. Jane will be away from her
1. Frank has lived alone for twenty years. He ______________________ alone. home for the first time in her life. What is she going to have to get
A. used to live B. is used to living C. is accustomed to living 1 accustomed to?
2. I ______________________ with my family, but now I live alone. 3. Think of a time you traveled in or lived in a foreign country. What weren't
A. used to live B. am used to living C. am accustomed to living you used to? What did you get used to? What didn't you ever get used to?
3. Rita rides her bike to work every day. She ______________________ her 4. Think of the first day of a job you have had. What weren't you used to? What
bike to work. did you get used to?
A. used to ride B. is used to riding C. is accustomed to riding
4. Tom rode his bike to work for many years, but now he takes the bus. Tom
______________________ his bike to work. USED TO vs. BE USED TO
A. used to ride B. is used to riding C. is accustomed to riding
5. Carl showers every day. He ______________________ a shower every day.
a) I used to live in Chicago, but now I In (a): Used to expresses the habitual
A. used to take B. is used to taking C. is accustomed to taking
live in Tokyo. past. It is followed by the simple form of
6. Carl ______________________ a bath only once a week, but now he INCORRECT: I used to living in a verb.
showers every day. Chicago.
A. used to take B. is used to taking C. is accustomed to taking INCORRECT: I am used to live in a
big city.
7. Ari ______________________ a small breakfast every day because he was
always in a hurry. b) I am used to living in a big city. In (b): be used to is followed by the -ing
form of a verb (a gerund).
A. used to eat B. is used to eating C. is accustomed to eating

NOTE: In both used to (habitual past)
8. Maria ______________________ a large breakfast because she likes to take and be used to the "d" is not pronounced
her time in the morning. in used.
A. used to eat B. is used to eating C. is accustomed to eating
EXERCISE 78: USED TO vs. BE USED TO. 14. Mrs. Hansen ______________________ used to do all of the laundry and
Directions: Add an appropriate form of be if necessary. If no form of be is cooking for her family. Now the children are older and Mrs. Hansen has gone
needed, write ------- in the blank. back to teaching, so the whole family shares these household chores.
15. Before modern dentistry, people ______________________ used to pull
1. I have lived in Malaysia for a long time. I ___________________ used to painful teeth.
warm weather. 16. Cindy swims only in swimming pools. She ______________________ used
2. I ___________________ used to live in Finland, but now I live in France. to swim in lakes and rivers, but now she finds them too cold.
3. I ___________________ used to sitting at this desk. I sit here every day.
4. I ___________________ used to sit in the back of the classroom, but now I EXERCISE 79: USED TO vs. BE USED TO.
prefer to sit in the front row. Directions: Complete the sentences with used to or be used to and the correct
5. When I was a child, I ___________________ used to play games with my form of the verb in parentheses.
friends in a big field near my house after school every day.
6. It's hard for my children to stay inside on a cold, rainy day. They 1. Nick stays up later now than he did when he was in high school. He (go)
___________________ used to playing outside in the big field near our ______________________ to bed at ten, but now he rarely gets to bed before
house. They play there almost every day. midnight.
7. A teacher ___________________ used to answering questions. Students, 2. I got used to going to bed late when I was in college, but now I have a job
especially good students, always have a lot of questions. and I need my sleep. These days I (go) ______________________ to bed
8. People ___________________ used to believe the world was flat. around ten-thirty.
9. Trains ______________________ used to be the main means of cross- 3. I am a vegetarian. I (eat) ______________________ meat, but now I eat only
continental travel. Today, most people take airplanes for long-distance travel. meatless meals.
10. Ms. Stanton's job requires her to travel extensively throughout the world. She 4. Ms. Wu has had a vegetable garden all her life. She (grow)
______________________ used to traveling by plane. ______________________ her own vegetables.
11. You and I are from different cultures. You ______________________ used 5. Oscar has lived in Brazil for ten years. He (eat) ______________________
to having fish for breakfast. I _____________ used to having cheese and Brazilian food. It's his favorite.
bread for breakfast. 6. Georgio moved to Germany to open his own restaurant. He (have)
12. People ______________________ used to throw away or burn their ______________________ a small bakery in Italy.
newspapers after reading them, but now many people recycle them. 7. I have taken the bus to work every day for the past five years. I (take)
13. Jeremy wakes up at 5:00 every morning for work. After a year of doing this, ______________________ the bus.
he ______________________ used to getting up early, even on weekends. 8. Juanita travels by plane on company business. She (go)
______________________ by train, but now the distances she needs to travel
are too great.
9. Kate grew up on a farm. She (get) ______________________ up at dawn USING BE SUPPOSED TO

and go to bed as soon as the sun went down. Now she works in the city at an
advertising agency and has different sleeping hours.
a) Mike is supposed to call me Be supposed to is used to talk about an
10. Hiroki's workweek is seven days long. He (work) ______________________
tomorrow. activity or event that is expected to occur.
on Saturdays and Sundays. (IDEA: I expect Mike to call me
11. Luis spends weekends with his family now. He (attend) tomorrow.) In (a): The idea of is supposed to is that
______________________ soccer games before he was married, but now he b) We are supposed to write a Mike is expected (by me) to call me. I
composition. asked him to call me. He promised to call
enjoys staying home with his young children. (IDEA: The teacher expects us to me. I expect him to call me.
12. Sally went back to school to become a computer programmer. She (work) write a composition.)
______________________ as a typist, but now she has a job that she likes
c) Alice was supposed to be home at In the past form, be supposed to often
better.
ten, but she didn't get in until expresses the idea that an expected event
13. Joan has taught kindergarten for eight years. She (teach) midnight. did not occur, as in (c).
______________________ small children and uses many creative techniques (IDEA: Someone expected Alice to
be home at ten.)
with them.
14. Before I went overseas, I had a very simple, uninteresting diet. After visiting
many different countries, however, I (eat) ______________________ much EXERCISE 80: BE SUPPOSED TO.
spicier, tastier dishes now Directions: Create sentences with a similar meaning by using be supposed to.
1. The teacher expects us to be on time for class.

ANS: We are supposed to be on time for class.
2. People expect the weather to be cold tomorrow.
3. People expect the plane to arrive at 6:00.
4. My boss expects me to work late tonight.
5. I expected the mail to arrive an hour ago, but it didn't.
6. Someone expected me to return this book to the library yesterday, but I
didn't.
7. Our professor expects us to read Chapter 9 before class tomorrow.
8. Someone expected me to go to a party last night, but I stayed home.
9. The teacher expects us to do Exercise 10 for homework.
10. The weather bureau has predicted rain for tomorrow. According to the EXERCISE 82: BE SUPPOSED TO.
weather bureau, it . . Directions: Correct the mistakes.
11. The directions on the pill bottle say, "Take one pill every six hours."
According to the directions on the bottle, I . . . . 1. I'm supposed call my parents tonight.
12. My mother expects me to dust the furniture and (to) vacuum the carpet. 2. We're not suppose to tell anyone about the surprise.
3. You don't supposed to talk to Alan about the surprise.
PRACTICE 81: BE SUPPOSED TO. 4. My friend was supposing to call me last night, but he didn't.
Directions: Complete the sentences with be supposed to and any appropriate 5. Children supposed to respect their parents.
verb from the list. 6. Didn't you supposed be at the meeting last night?
take off register sweep give
be clean cook send EXERCISE 83: BE SUPPOSED TO.
Directions: Think of things the following people are or were supposed to do. Use
1. A: What are you doing home? You ___________________ at work. be supposed to.
B: I called in sick. Example: a good friend of yours
2. A: The floor is still dirty. You ______________________ it this morning My friend Ji Ming is supposed to help me paint my apartment this
before you left for school, weren't you? weekend. Benito was supposed to go to dinner with me last
B: I know. I forgot. Wednesday, but he forgot. Nadia is supposed to call me tonight.
3. Sarah's late paying her taxes. She
______________________ her check to the government last month. 1. a good friend of yours
4. When you eat in a restaurant, you ______________________ your order to 2. your roommate or spouse*
the waitress or waiter. 3. children
5. I know you'd rather be playing tennis, but you ______________________ the 4. a student in your English class
house today. The house is dirty, and it's your turn. 5. your English teacher
6. A: Where ______________________ I ______________________ for my 6. the leader of your country
English class? I'm new here. 7. one or both of your parents
B: Down the hall to your right. 8. one of your siblings or cousins
7. Jack ______________________ dinner tonight, but he didn't get home until 9. yourself
9:00 P. M.
8. A: You're tracking mud all over the house.
B: Sorry. We ______________________ our shoes at the door, aren't we?
PRACTICE 84: Verb form review: active and passive. 11. I (fool, not) ______________________ when Linda told us she'd won a
Directions: Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses million dollars at the racetrack. I knew she was only kidding.
12. There are certain (establish) ______________________ procedures that must
1. Only coffee and dessert (serve) ______________________ at the reception (follow) ______________________ in conducting a scientific experiment.
yesterday. 13. Due to his abrasive, (irritate) ______________________ manner, Mr.
2. Kim wants very badly to make the Olympic team next year. She (train) Morrow has difficulty getting along with his co-workers. He (replace)
______________________ hard for the last two years. ______________________ by Mr. Han next month as the coordinator of the
3. I've looked in my purse, on the dresser, in my coat pocket, and on all of the production plans.
tables in the house, but I can't find my keys anywhere. They (lose) 14. When Jake put a coin in the (vend) ______________________ machine for a
______________________ can of soda pop, nothing came out. So in a fit of temper, he (kick)
4. Some people in my country don't take politics seriously. In a recent ______________________ it hard. Suddenly, it (fall)
parliamentary election, a cartoon character named Donald Duck (receive) ______________________ over, right on top of Jake, who (injure, seriously)
______________________ 291 votes. ______________________ Jake (end) ______________________ up in the
5. According to present company policy, bonuses for the most sales (give) hospital for three weeks, and today he (wear, still)
______________________ to the staff at the end of July every year. ______________________ a cast on his arm. I bet that's the last time he ever
6. According to our Constitution, everyone is equal. But in truth, some kicks a (vend) ______________________ machine.
minorities (discriminate) ______________________ against in our country. 15. I have a serious problem with my (propose) ______________________ class
In the last 20 years, new laws (enact) ______________________ to help schedule this semester. The chemistry class that I need for my science
ensure equality in housing and job opportunities. requirement (offer, not) ______________________ this semester. I don't
7. Mark is a genius. By the time he graduated, he (offer) know what to do. I need that class in order to graduate in June.
______________________ jobs by a dozen computer companies. 16. A: Arthur (jog) ______________________ for a full hour. He must be tired.
8. When I (finish) ______________________ my work, I'm going to take a B: Why is he jogging so much these days?
walk. A: He (plan) ______________________ to run in the 10k race in Chicago
9. After the test papers (return) ______________________ to the students in next month, and he wants to be ready for it.
class tomorrow, the students (give) ______________________ their next
assignment.
10. The Olympic Games began in 776 B. C. in Olympia, a small town in Greece.
At that time, only Greeks (allow) ______________________ to compete in
them.
17. A census is a survey of the population of a country. In the United States, a 9. When I went downtown, I get lost.
population census (conduct) ______________________ by the government 10. Last night I very tire.
every ten years. Questionnaires (send) ______________________ to every 11. The bus was arrived ten minutes late.
household in the country. People (ask) ______________________ about 12. I am disagreed with that statement.
such things as their employment, education, housing, and family size. After 13. Our class is compose from immigrants.
the information (collect) ______________________, it (publish) 14. I am not acustomed to cold weather.
______________________ by the Census Bureau. Many government 15. We're not suppose to have pets in our apartment.
agencies (use) ______________________ this information to make plans for
the future about housing, agriculture, urban development, public EXERCISE 87: Error analysis: the passive.
transportation, and schools. Directions: Correct the errors in these sentences.
1. The moving boxes packed by Pierre.

EXERCISE 85: Written. 2. My uncle was died in the war.
Directions: In writing, describe how a particular holiday is celebrated in your 3. Miami located in Florida.
country. What is done in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening? What are some 4. I was very worried about my son.
of the things that people typically do on this holiday? 5. Mr. Rivera interested in finding a new career.
NOTE: Many of your sentences will be active, but some of them should be passive. 6. Did you tell everyone the shocked news?
7. After ten years, I finally used to this wet and rainy climate.
EXERCISE 86: Error analysis. 8. The newspaper suppose to come every morning before eight.
Directions: Correct the errors. 9. The Millers have been marry with each other for 60 years.
Example: I am agree with him. 10. I am use to drink coffee with cream, but now I drink it black.
I agree with him. 11. What was happen at the party last night?
1. An accident was happened at the corner yesterday. 12. Several people almost get kill when the fireworks exploded over them.
2. This pen is belong to me. 13. A new parking garage being build for our office.
3. I am very surprise by the news. 14. I have been living in England for several years, so I accustom driving on the
4. I'm interesting in that subject. left side of the road.
5. He is marry with my cousin. 15. I am interesting in his ideas.
6. Thailand is locate in Southeast Asia. 16. Two people got hurted in the accident and were took to the hospital by an
7. Mary's dog was died last week. ambulance.
8. Were you surprise when you saw him? 17. The movie was so bored that we fell asleep after an hour.
18. The students helped by the clear explanation that the teacher gave. PRACTICE 88: TEST: The passive.
19. That alloy is composing by iron and tin. Directions: Choose the correct answer.
20. The winner of the race hasn't been announcing yet.
Example: Ms. Haugen D at the Ajax Company.
21. If you are interesting in modern art, you should see the new exhibit at the
A. is employing B. employed C. employing D. is employed
museum. It is fascinated.
22. Progress is been made every day.
1. I still can't believe it! My bicycle ______________________ last night.
23. When and where has the automobile invented?
A. was stolen B. was stealing C. stolen D. stole
24. My brother and I have always been interesting in learning more about our
2. The current constitutional problem is ______________________ by the top
family tree.
legal minds in the country.
25. I am not agree with you, and I don't think you'll ever to convince me.
A. studying C. being studied
26. Each assembly kit is accompany by detailed instructions.
B. being studying D. been studied
27. Arthur was giving an award by the city for all of his efforts in crime
3. Something funny ______________________ in class yesterday.
prevention.
A. happened B. was happened C. happens D. is happened
28. It was late, and I was getting very worry about my mother.
4. The child's arm was swollen because he ______________________ by a bee.
29. The problem was very puzzled. I couldn't figure it out.
A. stung C. had been stung
30. Many strange things were happened last night.
B. had stung D. had being stung
31. How many peoples have you been invited to the party?
5. Today, many serious childhood diseases ______________________ by early
32. When I returned home, everything is quite. I walk to my room, get undress,
immunization.
and going to bed.
A. are preventing C. prevent
33. I didn't go to dinner with them because I had already been eaten.
B. can prevent D. can be prevented
34. In class yesterday, I was confusing. I didn't understand the lesson.
6. I ______________________ with you on that subject.
35. I couldn't move. I was very frighten.
A. am agree B. am agreed C. agreeing D. agree
36. When we were children, we are very afraid of caterpillars. Whenever we saw
7. Many U. S. automobiles ______________________ in Detroit, Michigan.
one of these monsters, we run to our house before the caterpillars could
A. manufacture C. are manufactured
attack us. I am still scare when I saw a caterpillar close to me.
B. have manufactured D. are manufacturing
37. One day, while the old man was cutting down a big tree near the stream, his
8. Let's go ahead and do it now. Nothing ______________________ by
axe was fallen into the river. He sat down and begin to cry because he does
waiting.
not have enough money to buy another axe.
A. accomplishes C. has accomplished
B. accomplished D. will be accomplished
9. "When ______________________?” 17. Ed was new on the job, but he quickly fit himself into the
"In 1928. " ______________________ routine of the office.
A. penicillin was discovered C. was penicillin discovered A. established B. establishing C. establishes D. establish
B. did penicillin discovered D. did penicillin discover 18. The Mayan Indians ______________________ an accurate and sophisticated
10. In recent years, the government has imposed pollution controls on calendar more than seven centuries ago.
automobile manufacturers. Both domestic and imported automobiles must A. were developed B. developed
______________________ anti-pollution devices. C. are developed D. have been developed
A. equip with C. equip by 19. George is ______________________ Lisa.
B. be equipped with D. be equipped by A. marry with B. marry to C. married with D. married to
11. A shortage of water is a problem in many parts of the world. In some areas, 20. The rescuers ______________________ for their bravery and fortitude in
water from the ground faster than nature can replenish the supply. locating the lost mountain climbers.
A. is being taken B. has been taking C. is taking D. has taken A. were praised B. praised C. were praising D. praising
12. Vitamin C ______________________ by the human body. It gets into the 21. "Can't we do something about the situation?"
blood stream quickly. "Something ______________________ right now. "
A. absorbs easily C. is easily absorbed A. is doing B. is done C. is being done D. has been
B. is easily absorbing D. absorbed easily doing
13. "When can I have my car back?" "I think it'll ______________________ late 22. "Are you interested in scuba diving?"
this afternoon. " "Very. Undersea life is ______________________
A. finish B. be finished C. have finished D. be finish A. fascinated B. fascinating C. being fascinating D. being fascinated
14. 1 didn't think my interview went very well, but I guess it must have. Despite 23. The university ______________________ by private funds as well as by
all my anxiety, I ______________________ for the job I wanted. I'm really tuition income and grants.
going to work hard to justify their confidence. A. is supported B. supports C. is supporting D. has supported
A. was hiring B. hired C. got hiring D. got hired 24. My car made strange noises, sputtered to a stop, and then wouldn't start
15. My country ______________________ the pursuit of world peace. again. Fortunately, the mechanic at my garage ______________________
A. is dedicating to C. is dedicating by the source of the problem.
B. is dedicated to D. is dedicated by A. was discover C. was discovered
16. About 15, 000 years ago, northern Wisconsin ______________________ B. discovered D. has been discovered
under ice a milt deep. 25. "Ms. Jones, please type those letters before noon."
A. buried B. was burying C. was buried D. had buried "They've already ______________________, sir. They're on your desk. "
A. typed B. been typed C. being typed D. been being typed
26. "Has the committee made its decision yet?'' 33. " ______________________ about the eight o'clock flight to Chicago?"
"Not yet. They are still ______________________ the proposal. " "Not yet. "
A. considering C. being considered A. Has been an announcement made C. Has an announcement been made
B. been considered D. considered B. Has an announcement made D. Has been made an announcement
27. In some rural areas of the United States, health care 34. Last night a tornado swept through Rockville. It ______________________
______________________ by only a small number of doctors, nurses, and everything in its path.
other health professionals. It's often more than they can handle. A. destroyed C. was being destroyed
A. is providing C. provides B. was destroyed D. had been destroyed
B. is being provided D. provided 35. Be sure to wash these vegetables thoroughly. A lot of pesticide residue
28. “How did that window ______________ ?” ______________________ on unwashed produce.
“I don’t know” A. can find B. can found C. can be found D. can be finding
A. get broken B. broke C. got broken D. broken 36. The building of the bridge had been delayed for three years because of
29. Renoir is one of the most popular French impressionist painters. His political problems on both sides of the river. Finally, it
paintings masterpieces all over the world. ______________________ because the public demanded action, and now
A. had considered C. are considered many hours of driving have been saved for daily commuters.
B. are considering D. consider A. was constructed C. constructed
30. As the fairy tale goes, the prince ______________________ into a frog by an B. gets constructed D. has constructed
evil magician, and only a kiss from a beautiful princess could restore him to 37. On Friday afternoon before a three-day holiday weekend, the highways
his original state. ______________________ people on their way out of the city.
A. turned C. was turned A. are crowding by C. are crowded with
B. was turning D. had been turning B. are being crowd with D. crowd by
31. When I woke up and looked outside, the landscape had changed. The ground 38. Fortunately, the hospital's new air-conditioning system
had been lightly ______________________ with a dusting of snow during ______________________ when the first heat wave of the summer arrived.
the night. A. had installed C. had been installed
A. covering B. cover C. covers D. covered B. installed D. had been installing
32. We can't even walk in this storm. Let's wait in the hallway where we'll be 39. It's hard to believe that my application for a scholarship
______________________ the strong winds until things quiet down. ______________________ I was sure I'd get it. I don't know now if I'll go to
A. protected from B. protected by C. protecting from D. protecting by school next year.
A. was denied B. denied C. was denying D. has denied
CHAPTER 08: THE PASSIVE
40. The man died because medical help was not summoned. A doctor should
______________________ immediately.
A. have called B. been called C. called D. have been called
OUTLINE
1. OVERVIEW OF BASIC VERB FORMS USED IN

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
2. TRUE IN THE PRESENT OR FUTURE
3. UNTRUE (CONTRARY TO FACT) IN THE PRESENT OR
FUTURE
4. UNTRUE (CONTRARY TO FACT) IN THE PAST
5. USING PROGRESSIVE VERB FORMS IN CONDITIONAL
SENTENCES
6. USING "MIXED TIME" IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
7. OMITTING IF
8. IMPLIED CONDITIONS
9. USING AS IF/AS THOUGH
10. VERB FORMS FOLLOWING WISH
11. USING WOULD TO MAKE WISHES ABOUT THE FUTURE
CHAPTER 09: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES AND WISHES CHAPTER 09: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES AND WISHES
OVERVIEW OF BASIC VERB FORMS USED IN 3. Ann would have made it to class on time this morning if the bus hadn't been
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES late.
a. Did Ann try to make it to class on time? __________
a) If it rains, the streets get wet. A conditional sentence typically consists b. Did Ann make it to class on time? __________
of an if-clause (which presents a c. Was the bus late? _____________
condition) and a result clause. 4. If the hotel had been built to withstand an earthquake, it would not have
collapsed.
True in the present/future
a. Was the hotel built to withstand an earthquake? _________
b) If I have enough time, I watch TV If Clause = simple present
every evening. Result Clause = simple present / future b. Did the hotel collapse? _____________
c) If I have enough time, I will watch will + simple form 5. If I were a carpenter, I would build my own house.
TV later on tonight.
a. Do I want to build my own house? ___________
Untrue in the present/future b. Am I going to build my own house? ____________

d) If I had enough time, I would watch If Clause = simple past c. Am I a carpenter? __________
TV now or later on. Result Clause = would + simple form
6. If I didn't have any friends, I would be lonely.
Untrue in the past a. Am I lonely? __________

a) If I had had enough time, I would If Clause = past pefect b. Do I have friends? __________
have watched TV yesterday. Result Clause = would have + past 7. If Bob had asked me to keep the news a secret, I wouldn't have told anybody.
participle (VED)
a. Did I tell anybody the news? __________
b. Did Bob ask me to keep it a secret? _____________
8. If Ann and Jan, who are twins, dressed alike and had the same hairstyle, I
EXERCISE 1. Preview: conditional sentences.
wouldn't be able to tell them apart.
Directions: Answer the questions with "yes" or "no."
a. Do Ann and Jan dress alike? ____________
b. Do they have the same hairstyle? __________
1. If the weather had been good yesterday, our picnic would not have been
c. Can I tell them apart? _______
canceled.
a. Was the picnic canceled? yes
b. Was the weather good no
2. If I had an envelope and a stamp, I would mail this letter right now.
a. Do I have an envelope and a stamp right now? _________
b. Do I want to mail this letter right now? _____________
c. Am I going to mail this letter right now? ____________
EXERCISE 2. Basic verb forms in conditional sentences. TRUE IN THE PRESENT OR FUTURE
Directions: Complete the sentences with the verbs in parentheses.
e) If I don't eat breakfast, I always get In conditional sentences that express true,
1. SITUATION: I usually write my parents a letter every week. That is a true hungry during class. factual ideas in the present/future, the
fact. In other words: simple present (not the simple future) is
If I (have)_________enough time, I (write) _______my parents a letter every f) Water freezes OR will freeze if the used in the if-clause.
temperature reaches 32°F/0°C. The result clause has various possible
week. verb forms. A result clause verb can be:
2. SITUATION: I may have enough time to write my parents a letter later g) If I don't eat breakfast tomorrow  the simple present, to express a
tonight. I want to write them a letter tonight. Both of those things are true. In morning, I will get hungry during habitual activity or situation, as in (a).
class.  either the simple present or the simple
other words:
future, to express an established,
If I (have) _______enough time, I(write) ________my parents a letter later h) If it rains, we should stay home. predictable fact or general truth, as in
tonight. If it rains, I might decide to stay (b).
3. SITUATION: I don't have enough time right now, so I won't write my
home.  the simple future, to express a
If it rains, we can't go. particular activity or situation in the
parents a letter. I'll try to do it later. I want to write them, but the truth is that I If it rains, we're going to stay home. future, as in (c).
just don't have enough time right now. In other words:  modals and phrasal modals such as
If I (have)_______ enough time right now, I (write) ________my parents a should, might, can, be going to, as in
(d).
letter. i) If anyone calls, please take a  an imperative verb, as in (e).
4. SITUATION: I won't have enough time tonight, so I won't write my parents a message.
letter. I'll try to do it tomorrow. I want to write them, but the truth is that I Sometimes should is used in an if-clause.
j) If anyone should call, please take a It indicates a little more uncertainty than
just won't have enough time. In other words:
message. the use of the simple present, but
If I (have)_______ enough time later tonight, I (write) _______my parents a basically the meaning of examples (e)
letter. and (f) is the same.
5. SITUATION: I wanted to write my parents a letter last night, but I didn't
have enough time. In other words:
If I (have)___________ enough time, I (write) ________my parents a letter
last night.
EXERCISE 3. True in the present or future. UNTRUE (CONTRARY TO FACT) IN THE PRESENT OR
Directions: Answer the questions. Pay special attention to the verb forms in the FUTURE
result clauses. Work in pairs, in groups, or as a class.
a) If I taught this class, I wouldn't give In (a): In truth, I don't teach this class.
1. If it rains, what always happens?
tests. In (b): In truth, he is not here right now.
2. If it rains tomorrow, what will happen? b) If he were here right now, he would In (c): In truth, I am not you.
3. If it should rain tomorrow, what will you do or not do? help us. Note: Were is used for both singular and
c) If I were you, I would accept their plural subjects. Was (with I, he, she, it) is
4. If it's cold tomorrow, what are you going to wear to class?
invitation. sometimes used in informal speech: If I
5. Fish can't live out of water. If you take a fish out of water, what will happen? was you, I'd accept their invitation.
/ If you take a fish out of water, what happens?
6. If I want to learn English faster, what should I do? COMPARE In (d): The speaker wants a car, but
d) If I had enough money, I would buy doesn't have enough money. Would
7. If you run up a hill, what does/will your heart do? a car. expresses desired or predictable results.
8. Tell me what to do, where to go, and what to expect if I visit your hometown e) If I had enough money, I could buy a In (e): The speaker is expressing one
as a tourist. car. possible result. Could = would be able to.
Could expresses possible options.
EXERCISE 4. Present or future conditional sentences.

1. If I have enough apples, I (bake) _________ an apple pie this afternoon.

2. If I had enough apples, I (bake) ____________an apple pie this afternoon.
3. I will fix your bicycle if I (have) _________ a screwdriver of the proper size.
4. I would fix your bicycle if I (have) ____________ a screwdriver of the
proper size.
5. Sally always answers the phone if she (be) _________in her office.
6. Sally would answer the phone if she (be) _________ in her office right now.
7. I (be, not) ____________________ a student in this class if English (be)
_____________________ my native language.
8. Most people know that oil floats on water. If you pour oil on water, it (float)
_________
9. If there (be) __________ no oxygen on earth, life as we know it (exist, not) EXERCISE 6. Activity: present conditionals.
_____________________ Directions: Use the statistics in PART I to answer the question in PART II. Work
10. My evening newspaper has been late every day this week. If the paper in pairs, in groups, or as a class.
(arrive, not) __________ on time today, I'm going to cancel my subscription.
11. If I (be) ________a bird, I (want, not) _________ to live my whole life in a PART I. POPULATION STATISTICS
cage. 1. 51% of the world's population is female.
12. How old (human beings, live) _____________ to be if all diseases in the 2. 57% of the people in the world are from Asia, the Middle East, and the South
world (be) _________ completely eradicated? Pacific.
13. If you boil water, it (disappear) _________into the atmosphere as vapor. 3. 21% are Europeans.
14. If people (have) _________ paws instead of hands with fingers and 4. 14% are from the Western Hemisphere.
opposable thumbs, the machines we use in everyday life (have to) 5. 8% are from Africa.
___________be constructed very differently. We (be, not) __________ able 6. 50% of the world's population suffers from malnutrition.
to turn knobs, push small buttons, or hold tools and utensils securely. 7. 30% of the world's population is illiterate. 60% of the people who are
illiterate are women.
EXERCISE 5. Activity: present or future untrue conditions. 8. 1% of the world's population has a college education.
Directions: In small groups or as a class, discuss the questions. 9. 6% of the people in the world own half of the world's wealth.
10. One person in three is below 15 years of age. One person in ten is over 65
1. Under what conditions, if any, would you... years old.
2. 1 exceed the speed limit while driving? PART II. QUESTION
3. lie to your best friend? If there were only one village on earth and it had exactly 100 people, who would it
4. disobey an order from your boss? consist of? Assuming that the village would reflect global population statistics,
5. steal food? describe the people in this imaginary village. Use the illustration to point out the
6. carry a friend on your back for a long distance? number of people who fit each description you make.
7. not pay your rent?
8. (Make up other conditions for your classmates to discuss.) If there were only one village on earth and it had exactly 100
people, 51 of them would be women and 49 of them would be
men. More than half of the people in the village (57 of them)
would... (continue describing the village).
PRACTICE 7. Conditional sentences: present/future. UNTRUE (CONTRARY TO FACT) IN THE PRESENT OR

Directions: Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in FUTURE
parentheses. Some of the sentences are contrary to fact, and some are not.
a) If you had told me about the In (a): In truth, you did not tell me about it.
1. I am not an astronaut. If I (be) _____________________ an astronaut, I problem, I would have helped In (b): In truth, they did not study. Therefore,
(take)__________ my camera with me on the rocket ship next month. you. they failed the exam.
b) If they had studied, they would In (c): In truth, I slipped on the stairs. I broke
2. That sounds like a good job offer. I (accept) _________ it if I (be)
have passed the exam. my arm.
__________________________ you. c) If I hadn't slipped on the stairs, Note: The auxiliary verbs are almost always
3. Don't throw aerosol cans into a fire. An aerosol can (explode)_______ if you I wouldn't have broken my contracted in speech. "If you'd told me, I
arm. would've helped you (OR I'd’ve helped you)."
(throw__________ it into a fire.
4. It is expensive to call across the ocean. However, if transoceanic telephone COMPARE In (d): would expresses a desired or
calls(be)_______ cheap, I (call)________ my family every day and d) If I had had enough money, I predictable result.
would have bought a car. In (e): could expresses a possible option;
(talk)____________for hours.
e) If I had had enough money, I could have bought = would have been able to
5. The teacher was absent today, so class was canceled. If she (be)_________ could have bought a car. buy.
absent again tomorrow, class (cancel) _________________ tomorrow, too.
6. Sea water is salty. If the oceans (consist)_______. of fresh water, there f) If you would've told me about In casual, informal speech, some native
the problem, I would've helped speakers sometimes use would have in an if-
(be)________ plenty of water to irrigate all of the deserts in the world to you. clause: This verb form usage is generally
provide an abundant food supply for the entire population of the earth. considered not to be grammatically correct
standard English, but it occurs fairly
commonly.
EXERCISE 8. Conditional sentences.

1. If I (have) _________ enough money, I will go with you.

2. If I (have)________enough money, I would go with you.
3. If I (have) ________enough money, I would have gone with you.
4. If the weather is nice tomorrow, we (go)_____________________ to the zoo.
5. If the weather were nice today, we (go) ______________________to the zoo.
6. If the weather had been nice yesterday, we (go)_______________ to the zoo.
7. If Sally (be) ___________at home tomorrow, I am going to visit her.
8. Jim isn't home right now If he (be)_____________ at home right now, I EXERCISE 9. Untrue in the past. (Chart 20-4)
(visit) _______________________________ him. Directions: Work in pairs.
9. Linda wasn't at home yesterday. If she (be) ___________at home yesterday, I Speaker A: Your book is open. Give the cue.
(visit) _________her. Speaker B: Your book is closed. Begin your response with "But if I had known...."
10. A: Shh! Your father is taking a nap. Uh-oh. You woke him up. Example:
B: Gee, I'm sorry, Mom. If I (realize)_________ he was sleeping, I (make, SPEAKER A (book open): There was a test yesterday. You didn't know
not)_________ so much noise when I came in. But that, so you didn't study.
how was I supposed to know? SPEAKER B (book closed): But if I had known (that there was a test
11. Last night Alex ruined his sweater when he washed it. If he (read) yesterday), I would have studied.
__________ the label, he (wash, not) _________ it in hot water.
12. A: Ever since I broke my foot, I haven't been able to get down to the 1. Your friend was in the hospital. You didn't know that, so you didn't visit her.
basement to wash my clothes. 2. I've never met your friend. You didn't know that, so you didn't introduce me.
B: Why didn't you say something? I (come)________over and 3. There was a meeting last night. You didn't know that, so you didn't go.
(wash)_________ them for you if you (tell)_________ me. 4. Your friend's parents are in town. You didn't know that, so you didn't invite
A: I know you (come)___________ right away if I (call) ________you. I them to dinner.
guess I didn't want to bother you. 5. Switch roles.
B: Nonsense! What are good neighbors for? 6. I wanted to go to the soccer game. You didn't know that, so you didn't buy a
ticket for me.
7. I was at home last night. You didn't know that, so you didn't visit me.
8. Your sister wanted a gold necklace for her birthday. You didn't know that, so
you didn't buy her one.
9. I had a problem. You didn't know that, so you didn't offer to help.
EXERCISE 9. Untrue conditionals. (Charts 20-3 and 20-4)

Directions: Change the statements into conditional sentences.
1. Rober to came, so I wasn't disappointed. But....
ANS: But if he hadn't come, I would have been disappointed
2. There are so many bugs in the room because there isn’t a screen on the
window. But …………..
3. I didn’t buy a bicycle because I didn’t have enough money. But ……..
4. I won't buy a bicycle because I don't have enough money. But.... EXERCISE 11. Review: conditional sentences.
5. You got into so much trouble because you didn't listen to me. But.... Directions: Complete the sentences with the verbs in parentheses.
6. The woman didn't die because she received immediate medical attention. 1. You should tell your father exactly what happened. If I (be) ________ you, I
But.... (tell) _____him the truth as soon as possible.
7. Nadia didn't pass the entrance examination, so she wasn't admitted to the 2. If I (have) _______ my camera with me yesterday, I (take) a picture of Alex
university. But.... standing on his head.
8. We ran out of gas because we didn't stop at the service station. But... 3. I'm almost ready to plant my garden. I have a lot of seeds. Maybe I have
more than I need. If I (have) ________ more seeds than I need, I (give)
_________ some to my neighbor.
EXERCISE 10. Untrue conditional sentences.
4. George has only two pairs of socks. If he (have) _______ more than two
Directions: Make an if-clause from the given information and then supply a
pairs of socks, he (have to, not) ________________________ wash his socks
result clause using your own words.
so often.
Examples: I wasn't late to work yesterday.
5. The cowboy pulled his gun to shoot at the rattlesnake, but he was
__If I had been late to work yesterday, I would have missed
6. too late. If he (be) _______quicker to pull the trigger, the snake (bite, not)
the regular morning meeting.
__________ him on the foot. It's a good thing he was wearing heavy leather
Tom asked my permission before he took my bicycle.
boots.
__ If Tom hadn't asked my permission before he took my
7. What (we, use) _________to look at ourselves when we comb our hair if we
bicycle, I would have been angry.
(have, not) _________mirrors?
1. I wasn't absent from class yesterday.
8. It's been a long drought. It hasn't rained for over a month. If it (rain, not)
2. I don't have enough energy today.
______
3. Ocean water is salty.
9. soon, a lot of crops (die) _________________. If the crops (die) _______,
4. Our teacher likes his/her job.
many people (go) ________hungry this coming winter.
5. People don't have wings.
10. According to one scientific theory, an asteroid collided with the earth
6. You didn't ask for my opinion.
millions of years ago, causing great changes in the earth's climate. Some
7. Water is heavier than air.
scientists believe that if this asteroid (collide, not) _________ with the earth,
8. Most nations support world trade agreements.
the dinosaurs
11. (become, not) ________ extinct. Can you imagine what the world (be)
_______like today if dinosaurs (exist, still) __________?
12. Do you think it (be) _____possible for dinosaurs and human beings to coexist
on the same planet?
PRACTICE 12. Conditional sentences: past time. EXERCISE 13. Untrue conditionals.
Directions: Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses. All of the Directions: Make a true statement about the given topic. Then make a contrary-
sentences to complete are contrary to fact. to-fact conditional sentence about that statement. Work in pairs, in groups, or as
a class.
1. I'm sorry you had to take a cab to the airport. I didn't know you needed a ride. Examples:
If you (tell) ____________________ old me, I (give) (1) yourself
___________________________ you a ride gladly. I am twenty years old. If I were seventy years old, I would
2. I got wet because I didn't take my umbrella. However, I (get, not) _________ already have lived most of my life.
wet if I (remember) _________ to take my umbrella with me yesterday. (2) ice
3. Many people were not satisfied with the leader after he took office. If they Ice doesn't sink. If the polar ice caps sank, the level of the
(know) __________ more about his planned economic program, they (vote, oceans would rise and flood coastal cities.
not) __________for him. Topics:
4. You made a lot of unnecessary mistakes in your composition. You (get) 1. yourself
________________ better grade if you (use) _________________ either a 2. fire
dictionary or the spell checker on your computer to check your spelling. 3. space travel
5. A: Oh, no! I've lost it! 4. vegetables
B: Lost what? 5. peace
A: The address for my job interview this afternoon. I wrote it on a match 6. your activities right now
book. 7. air
B: A match book! If you (write) __________ the address in your 8. a member of this class
appointment book where it belongs, you (lose, not) 9. a famous person
________________it. When are you going to get organized? 10. your activities last night
6. A: Ann, (you, take) __________________ that job if you (know) 11. dinosaurs
_____________ that you had to work nights? 12. a member of your family
B: No way. I had no idea I'd have to work the late night hours they've had
me working.
EXERCISE 14. Conditional sentences. PRACTICE 15. Conditional sentences: present/future and past time.
Directions: Complete each sentence with an appropriate auxiliary verb. Directions: Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses.
1. I don't have a pen, but if I ______________, I would lend it to you. 1. If I (have) wings, I (have to, not) _________________________ take an
2. He is busy right now, but if he __________, he would help us. airplane to fly home.
3. I didn't vote in the last election, but if I _________, I would have voted for 2. (people, be) __________________________ able to fly if they (have)
Senator Anderson. __________________________ feathers instead of hair?
4. I don't have enough money, but if I_____________, I would buy that book. 3. This box has got to be in Chicago tomorrow. I'm going to send it by express
5. The weather is cold today, but if it_____________, I would go swimming. mail. I'm sure if I (send) _____________________________________ it
6. She didn't come, but if she______________, she would have met my brother. today by overnight express, it (arrive) ____________________________ in
7. I'm not a good cook, but if I_____________, I would make all of my own time.
meals. 4. I didn't know the Newtons were going to bring two other people to dinner last
8. I have to go to class this afternoon, but if I___________, I would go night. If anyone else (bring) __________________ an extra guest, we (have,
downtown not) _______________________enough seats at the table.
with you. 5. A: I don't understand anything in this class. It's boring. And I'm getting a
9. He didn't go to a doctor, but if he__________, the cut on his hand wouldn't failing grade.
have B: If I (feel) ___________________________the way you do about it, I
gotten infected. (drop) ________________________________ the class as soon as
10. I always pay my bills. If I_________, I would get in a lot of trouble. possible.
11. Helium is lighter than air. If it _____________, a helium-filled balloon 6. I've never understood why people build houses on flood plains. If we (have)
wouldn't float upward. _____________________heavy rains in the spring, the river through my
12. I called my husband to tell him I would be late. If I _______________, he hometown (rise, always) ____________________________ above its banks
would have gotten worried about me. and (flood) _________________________________ the low-lying areas of
the town. Some houses have been flooded a half-dozen times in the last 20
years.
7. A: I'm exhausted, and we're no closer to a solution to this problem after nine
hours of work.
B: Why don't you go home and get some sleep, and I'll keep working. If I
(discover) _____________________________ a solution before
morning, I (call) _______________ you immediately. I promise.
8. A: I can't believe that you haven't finished that report. What will I use in the 15. Are you hungry?
committee meeting at noon today? 16. Do you live in (a different city)?
B: I'm really sorry. If I (know) ______________ you needed it today, I 17. Did we eat dinner together last night?
(stay) _____________________ up all night last night and (finish) 18. Did you forget to bring your grammar book to class today?
_______________ it.
PRACTICE 17. Conditional sentences.

EXERCISE 16. Conditional sentences.
Directions: Using the given information, create conditional sentences. Use if
Directions: Work in pairs.
Speaker A: Your book is open. Ask the questions.
1. I was sick yesterday, so I didn't go to class.
Speaker B: Your book is closed. Begin your answers with "No,
ANS: If I hadn't been sick yesterday, I would have gone to class.
but.
2. Because Alan never eats breakfast, he always overeats at lunch.
Example:
ANS: If Alan ate breakfast, he wouldn't overeat at lunch.
SPEAKER A (book open): Do you have a dollar?
3. Kostas was late to his own wedding because his watch was slow.
SPEAKER B (book closed): No, but if I did (No, but if I had a
4. I don't ride the bus to work every morning because it's always so crowded.
dollar), I would lend it to you.
5. Sara didn't know that highway 57 was closed, so she didn't take an alternative
route.
1. Are you rich?
6. Camille couldn't finish unloading the truck because no one was there to help
2. Do you have a car?
her.
3. Are you a bird?
4. Are you in (student's country/ hometown)?
5. Do you live in a hotel?
6. Are you the teacher of this class?
7. Do you have your own airplane?
8. Did you watch TV last night?
9. Did you grow up in (another country)?
10. Are you tired?
11. Are you at home right now?
12. Are you married/single?
13. Do you speak (another language)?
14. Is the weather hot/cold today?
USING PROGRESSIVE VERB FORMS IN CONDITIONAL USING “MIXED TIME” IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
SENTENCES
Frequently the time in the if-clause and the time in the result clause are different: one
Notice the use of progressive verb forms in these examples. Even in conditional clause may be in the present and the other in the past. Notice that past and present
sentences, progressive verb forms are used in progressive situations. times are mixed in these sentences.
a) TRUE: It is raining right now, so I will not go for a walk. PAST PRESENT
CONDITIONAL: If it were not raining right now, I would go for a walk. a) TRUE: I did not eat breakfast several so I am hungry now.
hours ago,
b) TRUE: I am not living in Chile. I am not working at a bank. b) CONDITIONAL: If I had eaten breakfast several I would not be hungry
CONDITIONAL: If I were living in Chile, I would be working at a bank. hours ago, now.
PRESENT PAST
TRUE: It was raining yesterday afternoon, so I did not go for a walk. c) TRUE: He is not a good student. He did not study for the
CONDITIONAL: If it had not been raining, I would have gone for a walk. test yesterday.
d) CONDITIONAL: If he were a good student, he would have studied for
c) TRUE: I was not living in Chile last year. I was not working at a the test yesterday.
bank.
CONDITIONAL: If I had been living in Chile last year, I would have been
working at a bank. EXERCISE 19. Using "mixed time" in conditional sentences.
Directions: Change the statements into conditional sentences.
1. I'm hungry now because I didn't eat dinner. But...
EXERCISE 18. Using progressive verb forms in conditional sentences. 2. But if I'd eaten dinner, I wouldn't be hungry now.
Directions: Change the statements into conditional sentences. 3. The room is full of flies because you left the door open. But....
7. It is snowing, so I won't go with you. But.. 4. You are tired this morning because you didn't go to bed at a reasonable hour
ANS: But if it weren't snowing, I would go with you. last night. But.
8. The child is crying because his mother isn't here. But.. 5. I didn't finish my report yesterday, so I can't begin a new project today. But..
9. You weren't listening, so you didn't understand the directions. But.. 6. Anita is sick because she didn't follow the doctor's orders. But....
10. Joe got a ticket because he was driving too fast. But.... 7. I'm not you, so I didn't tell him the truth. But....
11. I was listening to the radio, so I heard the news bulletin. But.... 8. I don't know anything about plumbing, so I didn't fix the leak in the sink
12. Grandpa is not wearing his hearing aid because it's broken. But... myself. But
13. You were sleeping, so I didn't tell you the news as soon as I heard it. But... 9. I received a good job offer from the oil company, so I won't seriously
14. I'm enjoying myself, so I won't leave. But.... consider taking the job with the electronics firm. But....
PRACTICE 20. Using progressive forms and "mixed time" in conditional 9. The music was playing loudly at the restaurant, so I didn't hear everything
sentences. Mr. Lee said during dinner.
Directions: Using the given information, complete the conditional sentences. If the music_________________________ so loudly, I
_________________________everything Mr. Lee said during dinner.
1. It is raining, so we won't finish the game. 10. The library is closing now, so Abdul will have to leave before finishing his
ANS: if it weren’t raining, we would finish the game. research.
2. I didn't eat lunch, and now I’m hungry. If the library ____________________________now, Abdul
If I ___________________ lunch, I ___________________ hungry now. ______________________________ before finishing his research.
3. Bob left his wallet at home this morning, and now he doesn't have any money
for lunch. PRACTICE 21. Using progressive forms and "mixed time" in conditional
If Bob ____________________________ his wallet at home this morning, he sentences.
__________________ some money for lunch now. Directions: Using the given information, make conditional sentences. Use if
4. Carol didn't answer the phone because she was studying. 1. The wind is blowing hard, so I won't take the boat out for a ride.
Carol __________________ the phone if she______________________ ANS: If the wind weren't blowing hard, I would take the boat out for a ride.
5. The sun was shining, so we went to the beach yesterday. 2. I feel better now because you talked to me about my problems last night.
If the sun__________________________, we ___________________ to the ANS: I wouldn't feel better now if you hadn't talked to me about my problems
beach yesterday. last night.
6. Every muscle in my body aches today because I played basketball for three 3. Ann carried heavy furniture when she helped her friend move. Her back hurts
hours last night. now.
Every muscle in my body ____________________________today if I 4. Paulo is working on two jobs right now, so he doesn't have time to help you
____________________________ basketball for three hours last night. with your remodeling.
7. Barry stops to shake everyone's hand because he's running for political office. 5. I wasn't working at the restaurant last night. I didn't wait on your table.
Barry ______________________________ to shake everyone's hand if 6. Because Diane asked questions every time she didn't understand a problem,
he________________________________ for political office. she has a good understanding of geometry now.
8. We didn't eat all of the turkey at dinner last night, so we have to have turkey 7. A fallen tree was blocking the road, so we didn't arrive on time.
again tonight. 8. Rita is exhausted today because she didn't get any sleep last night.
If we_______________________________ all of the turkey at dinner last 9. Olga and Ivan weren't paying attention, so they didn't see the sign marking
night, we________________________________ turkey again tonight. their exit from the highway.
10. The doctor doesn't really care about his patients. He didn't explain the
medical procedure to me before surgery.
OMITTING IF EXERCISE 23. Omitting IF

Directions: Create sentences with the same meaning by omitting if.
1. If you should need more money, go to the bank before six o'clock.
a) Were I you, I wouldn't do that. With were, had (past perfect), and should,
b) Had I known, I would have sometimes if is ANS: Should you need more money, go to the bank before six o'clock.
told you. omitted and the subject and verb are inverted. 2. If I were you, I wouldn't do that.
c) Should anyone call, please take In (a): Were I you = if I were you. 3. If they had realized the danger, they would have done it differently.
a message. In (b): Had I known = if I had known.
In (c): Should anyone call = if anyone should 4. If I were your teacher, I would insist you do better work.
call. 5. If you should change your mind, please let me know immediately.
6. She would have gotten the job if she had been better prepared.
7. Your boss sounds like a real tyrant. If I were you, I would look for another
PRACTICE 22. Omitting if.
job.
Directions: Make sentences with the same meaning by omitting if.
8. I'll be out of the country until June 12. If you should need to reach me, I'll be
1. If you should need my help, please call.
at the Hilton Hotel in Seoul.
Should you need my help, please call.
9. The artists and creative thinkers throughout the history of the world have
2. If I were you, I wouldn't go there.
changed all of our lives. If they had not dared to be different, the history of
______________________you, I wouldn't go there.
civilization would have to be rewritten.
3. If I had been offered a job at the law office, I would have gladly accepted.
10. If there should be a global nuclear war, life on earth as we know it would end
_________________ a job at the law office, I would have gladly accepted.
forever.
4. If anyone should call, would you please take a message?
11. If I were your age, I'd do things differently.
_______________________would you please take a message?
12. If Bob should show up while I'm away, please give him my message.
5. If I were your doctor, I'd insist that you stop smoking.
13. If my uncle had stood up to sing, I'd have been embarrassed.
__________________________ your doctor, I'd insist you stop smoking.
14. If she were ever in trouble, I'd do anything I could to help her.
6. They wouldn't have visited her house if they had known about her illness.
15. If the manager should question these figures, have her talk to the bookkeeper.
They wouldn't have visited her house ___________________________ about
16. I wouldn't have known about your new job if I hadn't talked to your mother.
her illness.
7. I would start giving my sister driving lessons if she were just a little older.
I would start giving my sister driving lessons
_____________________________ just a little older.
8. If I had not opened the door when I did, I wouldn't have seen you walk by.
_________________________the door when I did, I wouldn't have seen you
walk by.
IMPLIED CONDITIONS EXERCISE 25. Implied conditions.

Directions: Identify the implied conditions by creating sentences using if-clauses.
1. I would have visited you, but I didn't know that you were at home.
a) I would have gone with you, Often the if-clause is implied, not stated.
but I had to study. Conditional verbs are still used in the result 2. I would have visited you if I had known you were at home.
b) I never would have succeeded clause. 3. It wouldn't have been a good meeting without Rosa.
without your help. In (a): the implied condition = if I hadn't had 4. It wouldn't have been a good meeting if Rosa hadn't been there.
to study.
In (b): the implied condition = if you hadn't 5. I would have answered the phone, but I didn't hear it ring.
helped me. 6. I couldn't have finished the work without your help.
c) She ran; otherwise, she would Conditional verbs are frequently used 7. I like to travel. I would have gone to Nepal last summer, but I didn't have
have missed her bus. following otherwise.
enough money.
In (c), the implied if-clause = if she had not
run. 8. I stepped on the brakes. Otherwise, I would have hit the child on the bicycle.
9. Olga turned down the volume on the tape player. Otherwise, the neighbors
probably would have called to complain about the noise.
PRACTICE 24. Implied conditions.
10. Tarek would have finished his education, but he had to quit school and find a
Directions: Notice the conditional verbs in the sentences. Then, using the given
job in order to support his family.
information, complete the implied if-clauses.
1. Sara's dad would have picked her up, but I forgot to tell him that she needed a
EXERCISE 26. Implied conditions.
ride.
Directions: Complete the sentences with your own words.
Sara's dad would have picked her up if I I hadn’t forgotten to tell him that she
needed a ride.
1. I would have..., but I didn't have enough time.
2. 1 couldn't have made it without your help.
2. I couldn't have... without my parents' help.
I couldn't have made it if_____________________________
3. I would..., but I don't have enough money.
3. 1 opened the door slowly. Otherwise, I could have hit someone.
4. I ran out of time. Otherwise, I would have....
If _______________________________________________, I could have hit
5. I could..., but I don't want to.
someone.
6. I would have..., but I didn't know about it.
4. Doug would have gone with me, but he couldn't get time off from work.
7. Without water, all life on earth would....
Doug would have gone with me if______________________________
8. I set my alarm for six every day. Otherwise, I would.
5. Carol: Why didn't Oscar tell his boss about the problem?
9. I set my alarm for six this morning. Otherwise, I would have.
Alice: He would have gotten into a lot of trouble.
10. I would have..., but I didn't....
Oscar would have gotten into a lot of trouble if
_________________________________________________.
PRACTICE 27. Review: conditional sentences. 8. The lecturer last night didn't know what he was talking about, but if Dr.
Directions: Choose the correct completion. Mason ___________________, I would have listened carefully.
A. lectured C. was lecturing
1. If I could speak Spanish, I ____________ next year studying in Mexico. B. had been lecturing D. would lecture
A. will spend C. had spent 9. If you _____________________________________________ to my advice
B. would have spent D. would spend in the first place, you wouldn't be in this mess right now.
2. It would have been a much more serious accident __________________ fast A. listen B. will listen C. had listened D. listened
at the time. 10. ____________________________ interested in that subject, I would try to
A. was she driving C. she had driven learn more about it.
B. had she been driving D. if she drove A. If I am B. Should I C. I was D. Were I
3. "Can I borrow your car for this evening?" 11. If I _________________________________ the same problems you had as a
"Sure, but Nora's using it right now. If she ______________________ it back child, I might not have succeeded in life as well as you have.
in time, you're welcome to borrow it. " A. have B. would have C. had had D. should have
A. brought C. will bring 12. I _____________ you sooner had someone told me you were in the hospital.
B. would bring D. brings A. would have visited C. had visit visited
4. I didn't get home until well after midnight last night. Otherwise, I B. visited D. visit
_____________ your call. 13. _______________ more help, I could call my neighbor.
A. returned C. would return A. Needed B. Should I need C. I have needed D. I should need
B. had returned D. would have returned 14. __________________ then what I know today, I would have saved myself a
5. If energy __________________ inexpensive and unlimited, many things in lot of time and trouble over the years.
the world would be different. A. If I know B. If I would know C. Did I know D. Had I known
A. is B. will be C. were D. would be 15. Do you think there would be less conflict in the world if all people
6. We __________ the game if we'd had a few more minutes. ______________ the same language?
A. could have won C. had won A. speak B. will speak C. spoke D. had spoken
B. won D. will win 16. If you can give me one good reason for your acting like this,
7. I __________________________William with me if I had known you and he _______________________ this incident again.
didn't get along with each other. A. I don't mention C. I never mention
A. hadn't brought C. wouldn't have brought B. I will never mention D. will I never mention
B. didn't bring D. won't bring
17. I didn't know you were asleep. Otherwise, I _______________ so much noise 7. My grandfather is no longer alive, but if he (be) ______________________,
when I came in. I'm sure he (be) ______________________ proud of me.
A. didn't make C. won't make 8. If you (sleep, not) ______________________ last night when we arrived, I
B. wouldn't have made D. don't make would have asked you to go with us, but I didn't want to wake you up.
18. Unless you ______________ all of my questions, I can't do anything to help 9. Bill has such a bad memory that he (forget) ______________________ his
you. head if it (be, not) ______________________ attached to his body.
A. answered B. answer C. would answer D. are answering 10. According to one report, the average hen lays 247 eggs a year, and the
19. Had you told me that this was going to happen, I _______________ it. average person eats 255 eggs a year. If hens (outnumber, not)
A. would never have believed C. hadn't believed ______________________ people, the average person (eat, not)
B. don't believe D. can't believe ______________________ 255 eggs a year.
20. If Jake _________________ to go on the trip, would you have gone? 11. A: What would you be doing right now if you (be, not)
A. doesn't agree B. didn't agree C. hadn't agreed D. wouldn't agree ______________________ in class?
B: I (sleep) ______________________
EXERCISE 28. Review: conditional sentences. 12. A: Boy, is it ever hot today!
Directions: Complete the sentences with the verbs in parentheses. Some of the B: You said it! If there (be) ______________________ only a breeze, it
verbs are passive. (be, not) ______________________ quite so unbearable.
13. A: Why isn't Peggy Anderson in class today?
1. If I could speak Japanese, I (spend) ______________________ next year B: I don't know, but I'm sure she (be, not) ______________________ she
studying in Japan. (have) ______________________ a good reason.
2. Had I known Mr. Jung was in the hospital, I (send) 14. A: Hi. Sorry I'm late.
______________________ him a note and some flowers. B: That's okay.
3. We will move into our new house next month if it (complete) A: I (be) ______________________ here sooner, but I had car trouble.
______________________ by then. 15. A: Want to ride on the roller coaster?
4. It's too bad that it's snowing. If it (snow, not) ______________________, we B: No way! I (ride, not) ______________________ on the roller coaster
could go for a drive. even if you paid me a million dollars!
5. I was very tired. Otherwise, I (go) ______________________ to the party 16. A: Hi, Pat. Come on in.
with you last night. B: Oh, I didn't know you had company. I (come, not)
6. I'm glad I have so many friends and such a wonderful family. Life without ______________________ if (I, know) ______________________
friends or family (be) ______________________ lonely for me. someone was here.
A: That's okay. Come in and let me introduce you to my friends. 17.
17. A: Are you coming to the party? 26. Tom's hobby is collecting stamps from all over the world. If he (travel)
B: I don't think so, but if I change my mind, I (tell) ______________________to a new country, he (spend, always)
______________________ you. ________________________ time looking for new stamps. That's how he
18. I'm broke, but I (have) ______________________ plenty of money now if I has acquired such a large collection of valuable stamps.
(spend, not) ______________________ so much yesterday.
19. That child had a narrow escape. She (hit) ______________________ by a car EXERCISE 29. Review: conditional sentences.
if her mother (pull, not) ______________________ her out of the street. Directions: Complete the sentences. Add commas where necessary.
20. A: Why were you late for the meeting?
B: Well, I(be) ______________________ there on time, but I had a flat tire 1. If it hadn't rained....
on the way. 2. If it weren't raining...
21. A: Did you know that Bob got 100% on the test? 3. You would have passed the test had...
B: Really? That surprises me. If I didn't know better, I (think) 4. It's a good thing we took a map with us. Otherwise....
______________________ he cheated. 5. Without electricity modern life..
22. A: How did you do on the test? 6. If you hadn't reminded me about the meeting tonight..
B: Not so well. I (do) __________________________ much better, but I 7. Should you need any help....
misread the directions for the last section. 8. If I could choose any profession I wanted.
23. A: Do you really mean it? 9. If I were at home right now....
B: Of course! I (say, not) ______________________ it unless I (mean) 10. Without your help yesterday.
________________________ it. 11. Were I you..
24. A: When did Mark graduate? 12. What would you do if...
B: He didn't. 13. If I had the chance to live my childhood over again.
A: Oh? 14. Had I known....
B: He had to quit school because of some trouble at home. Otherwise, he 15. Can you imagine what life would be like if..
(graduate) ______________________________last June.
25. A: I hear Dorothy had an accident. Was it serious?
B: No. Luckily, she wasn't driving fast at the time of the accident. If she
(drive) ___________________________________ fast, I'm sure it (be)
______________________ a more serious accident.
EXERCISE 30. Activity: conditional sentences. 10. John was driving over the speed limit. A police car began to chase him, with
Directions: Explain what you would do in these situations. Work in pairs, in lights flashing. John stepped on the accelerator and tried to escape the police
groups, or as a class. car. Put yourself in his position.
11. Suppose you are walking down the street at night all by yourself. A man
Example: suddenly appears in front of you. He has a gun. He says, "Give me your
SPEAKER A (book open): Suppose the student sitting next to you money!" Would you try to take his gun away?
drops her pen. What would you do? 12. Suppose you go to (Chicago) to visit a friend. You have never been there
SPEAKER B (book closed): I would pick it up for her. before. Your friend said he would meet you at the airport, but he's not there.
You wait a long time, but he never shows up. You try to call him, but nobody
1. Suppose (pretend) there is a fire in this building right now. What would you answers the phone. Now what?
do?
2. Suppose there is a fire in your room or apartment or house. You have time to EXERCISE 31. Activity: conditional sentences.
save only one thing. What would you save? Directions: Discuss the situations. Use the given information to make conditional
3. Suppose you go to the bank to cash a check for (twenty dollars). The bank sentences.
teller cashes your check and you leave, but when you count the money, you Example:
find she gave you (thirty dollars) instead of (twenty). What would you do? Jan is working for a law firm, but she has been trying to find a
4. Same situation, but she gave you only (fifteen dollars) instead of (twenty). different job for a long time. She doesn't like her job at the law
5. John was cheating during an examination. Suppose you were the teacher and firm. Recently she was offered a job with a computer company
you saw him. What would you have done? closer to her home. She wanted to accept it, but the salary was
6. You are at a party. A man starts talking to you, but he is speaking so fast that too low.
you can't catch what he is saying. What would you do?  If Jan liked her job at the law firm, she wouldn't be trying to
7. Late at night you're driving your car down a deserted street. You're all alone. find a different job.
In an attempt to avoid a dog in the road, you swerve and hit a parked car.  Jan would have accepted the job at the computer company if
You know that no one saw you. What would you do? the salary hadn't been too low. Etc.
8. (...) goes to a friend's house for dinner. Her/His friend serves a dish that (.)
can't stand, doesn't like at all. What if you were (...)? 1. Jim: Why don't we go to the ball game after work tonight?
9. My friend borrowed (ten dollars) from me and told me he would repay it in a Ron: I'd like to, but I can't.
couple of days, but it's been three weeks. I think he has forgotten about it. I Jim: Why not?
really need the money, but I don't want to ask him for it. Give me some Ron: I have a dinner meeting with a client.
advice. Jim: Well, maybe some other time.
2. Tommy had a pet mouse. He took it to school. His friend Jimmy put the USING AS IF/AS THOUGH
mouse in the teacher's desk drawer. When the teacher found the mouse, she
jumped in surprise and tried to kill it with a book. Tommy ran to the front of
a) It looks like rain. Notice in (a): like is followed by a noun object.
the room and saved his pet mouse. Tommy and Jimmy got into a lot of b) It looks as if it is going to Notice in (b) and (c): as if and as though are
trouble with their teacher. rain. followed by a clause.
3. Ivan's axe was broken, and he wanted to borrow his neighbor Dan's axe so c) It looks as though it is going Notice in (d): like is followed by a clause. This
to rain. use of like is common in informal English, but is
that he could chop some wood. Then Ivan remembered that he had already d) It looks like it is going to not generally considered appropriate in formal
borrowed Dan's saw and had never returned it. He has since lost the saw, and rain. (informal) English; as if or as though is preferred. (a), (b),
he's too embarrassed to tell Dan. Because of that, Ivan decided not to ask Dan (c), and (d) all have the same meaning.
for his axe. Usually the idea following as if/as though is "untrue." In this case, verb usage is
similar to that in conditional sentences.
"TRUE" STATEMENT (FACT) VERB FORM AFTER AS IF/AS THOUGH
EXERCISE 32. Activity: conditional sentences.
Directions: Discuss and/or write about one or more of the topics. e) He is not a child. She talked to him as if he were a child.
1. If, beginning tomorrow, you had a two-week holiday and unlimited funds,
what would you do? Why? f) She did not take a shower When she came in from the rainstorm, she looked
with her clothes on. as if she had taken a shower with her clothes on.
2. If you had to teach your language to a person who knew nothing at all about
your language, how would you begin? What would you do so that this person g) He has met her. He acted as though he had never met her.
could learn your language as quickly and easily as possible?
h) She will be here. She spoke as if she wouldn't be here.
3. If you were Philosopher-King of the world, how would you govern? What
would you do? What changes would you make? (A "Philosopher-King" may
be defined as a person who has ideal wisdom and unlimited power to shape EXERCISE 33. Using AS IF/AS THOUGH.
the world as s/he wishes.) Directions: Using the given idea, complete each sentence with as if/as though.
4. Suppose you had only one year to live. What would you do?
5. Describe your activities if you were in some other place (in this country or in 1. I wasn't run over by a ten-ton truck.
the world) at present. Describe your probable activities today, yesterday, and ANS: I feel terrible. I feel as if (as though) I had been run over by a tent-ton
tomorrow. Include the activities of other people you would be with if you truck.
were in that place. 2. English is not her native tongue.
She speaks English ____________________
3. You didn't see a ghost.
What's the matter? You look_____________
4. His animals aren't people. PRACTICE 34. As if/as though.

I know a farmer who talks to his animals Directions: Using the information in parentheses, complete the sentences.
____________________________________________________________
5. His father is not a general in the army. 1. Tim acts as if he ___________ the boss. (Truth: Tim isn't the boss.)
Sometimes his father gives orders _____________ 2. This hole in my shirt looks as if it ________________________'made by a
6. I didn't climb Mt. Everest. bullet. (Truth: The hole wasn't made by a bullet.)
When I reached the fourth floor, I was winded. I felt 3. Barbara looked at me as though she ________________________ never
_________________________ instead of just three flights of stairs. _______________________________me before. (Truth: She has met me
7. He does have a brain in his head. many times before.)
Sometimes he acts _____________ 4. They treat their dog as if it ______________________a child. (Truth: The
8. We haven't known each other all of our lives. dog isn't a child.)
We became good friends almost immediately. After talking to each other for 5. She went right on talking as though she____________________________ a
only a short time, we felt _____________________________________ word I'd said. (Truth: She heard everything I said.)
9. A giant bulldozer didn't drive down Main Street. 6. You look so depressed. You look as if you________________________ a
After the tornado, the town looked_______________ friend in the world. (Truth: You have many friends.)
10. I don't have wings and can't fly. 7. He looked right through me as if I _____________________________.
I was so happy that I felt ____________ (Truth: I exist.)
11. The child won't burst. 8. Craig bumped the other car and then continued as though nothing
The child was so excited that he looked _____________ __________________________ (Truth: Something happened.)
12. NOTE: The following sentiments were expressed by Helen Keller, a woman 9. A: Have Joe and Diane ever met?
who was both blind and deaf but who learned to speak and to read (Braille*). B: I don't think so. Why?
Complete these sentences. A: He came in and started talking to her as if they
Use your eyes as if tomorrow you__________ become blind. Hear the music _______________________old friends. (Truth: They aren't old friends.)
of voices, the song of a bird, as if you____________ become deaf tomorrow. 10. I can hear his voice so clearly that it's as if he ______________________
Touch each object as if tomorrow you___________ never be able to feel here in this room. (Truth: He isn't here in this room; he's next door.)
anything again. Smell the perfume of the flowers and taste with true 11. It was so quiet that it seemed as if the earth________________________
enjoyment each bite of food as if tomorrow you __________never be able to (Truth: The earth didn't stop.)
smell and taste again. 12. I turned, and there she was. It was as though she_____________________
out of nowhere. (Truth: She didn't appear out of nowhere.)
VERB FORMS FOLLOWING WISH 6. It's cold today. I'm not wearing a coat. I wish I _________ a coat.
7. I don't have enough money to buy that book. I wish I ____________ enough
Wish is used when the speaker wants reality to be different, to be exactly the opposite. money.
8. Elena is tired because she went to bed late last night. She wishes she
"TRUE" STATEMENT VERB FORM FOLLOWING WISH
__________
A wish about the future 9. to bed earlier last night.

a) She will not tell me. I wish (that) she would tell me. 10. I can't go with you tomorrow, but I wish I__________
b) He isn't going to be here. I wish he were going to be here.
11. My friend won't ever lend me his car. I wish he me______________ his car
c) She can't come tomorrow. I wish she could come tomorrow.
for my date tomorrow night.
A wish about the present 12. The teacher is going to give an exam tomorrow. I wish he _________ us an
d) I don't know French. I wish I knew French.
exam tomorrow.
e) It is raining right now. I wish it weren't raining right now.
f) I can't speak Japanese. I wish I could speak Japanese. 13. You can't meet my parents. I wish you __________ them.
14. Khalid didn't come to the meeting. I wish he ___________ to the meeting.
A wish about the past
15. I am not lying on a beach in Hawaii. I wish I _____________ on a beach in
g) John didn't come. I wish John had come.
h) Mary couldn't come. I wish Mary could have come. Hawaii.
Wish is followed by a noun clause. Past verb forms, similar to those in conditional
EXERCISE 36. Activity: verb forms following WISH.
sentences, are used in the noun clause. For example, in (a) : would, the past form of
will, is used to make a wish about the future. In (d) : the simple past (knew) is used to Directions: Discuss the questions.
make a wish about the present. In (g) : the past perfect (had come) is used to make a
wish about the past.
Sometimes in very informal speaking: I wish John would have come. 1. What is something you can't do, but you wish you could do?
2. What do you wish you were doing right now?
3. What is something you don't have but wish you had?
EXERCISE 35. Verb forms following WISH.
4. What is something that didn't happen yesterday, but that you wish had
Directions: Complete the sentences with an appropriate verb form.
happened?
5. What is something that has never happened in your life, but that you wish
1. Our classroom doesn't have any windows. I wish our classroom_______
would happen?
windows.
6. What is something that happened in your life, but that you wish had not
2. The sun isn't shining. I wish the sun____________ right now.
happened?
3. I didn't go shopping. I wish I _________ shopping.
7. What is something you have to do but wish you didn't have to do?
4. I don't know how to dance. I wish I _____________ how to dance.
5. You didn't tell them about it. I wish you ____________ them about it.
8. What is something that will not happen tomorrow, but that you wish would USING WOULD TO MAKE WISHES ABOUT THE FUTURE
happen?
9. What is something you don't know but wish you knew?
a) It is raining. I wish it would stop. (I Would is usually used to indicate that the
10. What is something you were unable to do yesterday, but you wish you could want it to stop raining.) speaker wants something to happen or
have done? b) I'm expecting a call. I wish the phone someone other than the speaker to do
would ring. (I want the phone to something in the future. The wish may or
ring.) may not come true (be realized).
EXERCISE 37. Verb forms following WISH.
Directions: Complete the sentences with an appropriate auxiliary verb. c) It's going to be a good party. I wish In (c) and (d): I wish you would... is
you would come. often used to make a request.
d) We're going to be late. I wish you
1. I'm not at home, but I wish I _______
would hurry.
2. I don't know her, but I wish I______
3. I can't sing well, but I wish I_______ EXERCISE 38. Using WOULD to make wishes.
4. I didn't go, but I wish I __________ Directions: Use the given information to answer the questions.
5. He won't talk about it, but I wish he________ Example:
6. I didn't read that book, but I wish I ________ TOM: Why are you watching the telephone?
7. I want to go, but I can't. I wish I __________ SUE: I'm waiting to hear from Sam. I want him to call me. I need
8. I don't have a bicycle, but I wish I_______ to talk to him right now. We had an argument. I need to make
9. He didn't buy a ticket to the game, but he wishes he _________ sure everything's okay.
10. She can't speak English, but she wishes she _________ TOM: Watching the phone won't make it ring, you know.
11. It probably won't happen, but I wish it ___________ (a) What does Sue want to happen in the near future? (Use wish
12. He isn't old enough to drive a car, but he wishes he ____________ + would.)
13. They didn't go to the movie, but they wish they_________  She wishes the phone would ring.
14. I don't have a driver's license, but I wish I________ (b) What else does Sue wish?
15. I'm not living in an apartment, but I wish I __________  She wishes Sam would call her. She wishes she could talk to
Sam right now.
 She probably wishes she and Sam hadn't had an argument.
1. Rita: It's raining. I want to go for a walk, but not in the rain.
YOKO: I want the rain to stop, too.
a. What does Rita want to happen in the near future? (Use wish + PRACTICE 39. Using wish.
would.) Directions: Using the information in parentheses, complete the sentences.
b. What does Yoko wish?
2. ANNA: Can't you come to the concert? Please change your mind. I'd really 1. (The sun isn't shining.) I wish the sun______________ right now.
like you to come. 2. (I wanted you to go.) I wish you lead, _______________ with us to the
YOKO: No, I can't. I have to work. concert last night.
a. What does Anna want Yoko to do? (Use wish + would.) 3. (Spiro didn't drive.) I wish Spiro ________________________to work. I'd
b. What else does Anna wish? ask him for a ride home.
3. BOB'S MOTHER: Do you really like how you look with a beard? 4. (I can't swim.) I wish I ___________________________so I would feel safe
BOB: Yes. in a boat.
BOB'S MOTHER: Don't you want to shave it oft? 5. (I want you to stop fighting.) I wish you__________________________
BOB: Nope. fighting and try to work things out.
a. What does Bob's mother want Bob to do? (Use wish + would.) 6. (I wanted to win.) I wish we ____________________________the game last
b. What does Bob probably wish? night.
4. Helen is a neat and orderly person. Judy, her roommate, is messy. Judy never 7. (Bill didn't get the promotion.) I wish Bill ______________________the
picks up after herself. She leaves dirty dishes in the sink. She drops her promotion. He feels bad.
clothes all over the apartment. She clutters the apartment with her stuff 8. (I quit my job.) I wish I ___________________________my job until I'd
everywhere. She never makes her bed. Helen nags Judy to pick up after found another one.
herself 9. (It isn't winter.) I wish it______________________________ winter so that I
a. What does Helen want Judy to do? (Use wish + would.) could go skiing.
b. What does Judy probably wish? 10. (I want Al to sing.) I wish Al __________________________a couple of
songs. He has a good voice.
11. (Natasha can't bring her children.) I wish Natasha ________________ her
children with her tomorrow. They would be good company for mine.
12. (No one offered to help.) I wish someone__________________________ to
help us find our way when we got lost in the middle of the city.
EXERCISE 40. Using WISH. 11. A: I know that something's bothering you. I wish you (tell)
Directions: Complete the sentences with an appropriate form of the verbs in ______________________ me what it is. Maybe I can help.
parentheses. B: I appreciate it, but I can't discuss it now. 12.
12. A: My feet are killing me! I wish I (wear) ______________________ more
1. We need some help. I wish Alfred (be) _______ here now. If he (be) comfortable shoes.
__________ we could finish this work very quickly. B: Yeah, me too. I wish I (know) ______________________ that we were
2. We had a good time in Houston over vacation. I wish you (come) going to have to walk this much.
_________with us. If you (come) __________ with us, you (have)
_________a good time.
3. I wish it (be, not) _________ so cold today. If it (be, not) _______so cold, I PRACTICE 41. Using wish.
(go) __________ swimming. Directions: Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses.
4. I missed part of the lecture because I was daydreaming, and now my notes
are incomplete. I wish I (pay) ___________ more attention to the lecturer. 1. Pedro's in trouble with the teacher. Now he wishes he (miss, not)
5. A: Did you study for that test? ______________ class three times this week.
B: No, but now I wish I (have) ______________________ because I 2. A: It's raining. I wish it (stop) ______________________
flunked it. B: Me too. I wish the sun (shine) ____________________________ so that
6. A: Is the noise from the TV in the next apartment bothering you? we could go swimming.
B: Yes. I'm trying to study. I wish he (turn) ______________________ it 3. Heinrich doesn't like his job as a house painter. He wishes he (go)
down. ______________________ to art school when he was younger. He wishes he
7. A: What a beautiful day! I wish I (lie) ______________________ in the sun (can paint) _______________________canvasses instead of houses for a
by a swimming pool instead of sitting in a classroom. living.
B: I wish I (be) ______________________ anywhere but here! 4. I wish I (move, not) ___________________________to this town. I can't
8. A: I wish we (have, not) ______________________ to go to work today. seem to make any friends, and everything is so congested. I wish I (take)
B: So do I. I wish it (be) ______________________ a holiday. __________________ the job was offered in the small town near here.
9. A: He couldn't have said that! That's impossible. You must have 5. I know I should quit smoking. I wish you (stop) ___________________
misunderstood him. nagging me about it.
B: I only wish I (have) ______________________, but I'm sure I heard 6. A: Did you get your car back from the garage?
him correctly. B: Yes, and it still isn't fixed. I wish I (pay, not) ___________________
10. Alice doesn't like her job as a nurse. She wishes she (go, not) them in full when I picked up the car. I should have waited to be sure
______________________ to nursing school. that everything was all right.
7. A: I wish you (hurry) ___________________________________! We're 13. A: I can't go to the game with you this afternoon.
going to be late. B: Really? That's too bad. But I wish you (tell) ____________________ me
B: I wish you (relax) _____________________________. We've got plenty sooner so that I could have found someone else to go with.
of time. 14. A: How long have you been sick?
8. I wish my husband (invite, not) _______________________________ the B: For over a week.
neighbors over for dinner when he talked to them this afternoon. I don't feel A: I wish you (go) ______________________________________to see a
like cooking a big dinner. doctor today. You should find out what's wrong with you.
9. A: How do you like the new president of our association? B: Maybe I'll go tomorrow.
B: Not much. I wish she (elect, not) _____________________________ In
ever should have voted for her. EXERCISE 42. Using WISH.
A: Oh, really? Then you probably wish I (vote, not) ________________ for Directions: Answer the questions. Use wish. Work in pairs, in groups, or as a
her. If you recall, she won by only one vote. You and I could have class.
changed the outcome of the election if we'd known then what we know
now. 1. Where do you wish you were right now? What do you wish you were doing?
10. A: I wish we (buy) _________________________________ everything we 2. Are you pleased with the weather today, or do you wish it were different?
wanted all the time. 3. Look around this room. What do you wish were different?
B: In that case, you probably wish money (grow) __________________ on 4. Is there anything you wish were different about the place you are living?
trees. We'd plant some in the back yard, and just go out and pick a little 5. What do you wish were different about this city/town?
from the branches every morning. 6. What do you wish were different about this country?
11. A: My thirteen-year-old daughter wishes she (be, not) ______________ so 7. What do you wish were different about a student's life? about a worker's life?
tall and that her hair (be) ________________ black and straight. 8. Where do you wish you could go on your next vacation?
B: Really? My daughter wishes she (be) __________________________ 9. Your friend gave you his phone number, but you didn't write it down because
taller and that her hair (be) _________________ blond and curly. you thought you would remember it. Now you have forgotten the number.
12. A: I wish most world leaders (meet) _______________________ in the What do you wish?
near future and reach some agreement on environmental issues. I'm 10. (..) kept all of his money in his wallet instead of putting it in the bank. Then
worried the earth is running out of time. he lost his wallet. What does he probably wish?
B: I wish I (disagree) _____________with you and (prove) 11. You didn't eat breakfast/lunch/dinner before you came to class. Now you are
_________________your fears groundless, but I'm afraid you might be hungry. What do you wish?
right. 12. (…..) stayed up very late last night. Today she is tired and sleepy. What does
she probably wish?
EXERCISE 43. Using WISH. PRACTICE 44. Conditionals.

Directions: Using the given ideas, create sentences with wish. Add something that Directions: Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses.
explains why you are making that wish.
Examples: be different TOM: What's wrong, Bob? You look awful! You look as if you (run)
I wish my name were different. I've never liked having "Daffodil" ______________________ over by a truck!
as my first name. BOB: Well, you (look) ______________________ this bad today, too, if you
go to the moon (have) ______________________ a day like mine yesterday. My car slid
I wish I could go to the moon for a vacation. It would be fun to into a tree because the roads were icy.
be able to leap long distances in the moon's lighter gravity. TOM: Oh? I was driving on the icy roads yesterday, and I didn't slide into a tree.
What happened?
1. be different BOB: Well, I suppose if I (drive, not) ______________________ so fast, I (S.
2. know several world leaders personally slide, not) ______________________ into the tree.
3. speak every language in the world TOM: Icy roads and speed don't mix. If drivers (step) ______________________
4. be more patient and understanding on the gas on ice, they're likely to spin their car in a circle.
5. interview some great people in history BOB: I know! And not only is my car a mess now, but I didn't have my driver's
6. travel by instant teleportation license with me, so now I'll have to pay an extra fine when I go to court next
7. remember everything I read month.
8. be a big movie star TOM: Why were you driving without your license?
9. read people's minds BOB: Well, I lost my wallet a few days ago. It slipped out of my pocket while I
10. be born in the last century was riding the bus to work.
TOM: What a tale of woe! If you (take not) ______________________ that bus,
you (lose, not) ______________________ your wallet. If you (lose, not)
______________________ your wallet, you (have)
______________________ your driver's license with you when you hit a
tree. If you (have) ______________________ your license with you, you
(have to pay, not) ______________________ a big fine when you go to
court next week. And of course, if you (drive, not)
______________________ too fast, you (run into, not)
______________________ a tree, and you (be, not)
______________________ in this mess now. If I (be)
______________________ you, I (take) ______________________ it easy EXERCISE 45. Activity: conditionals and wishes.
for a while and just (stay) ______________________ home where you're Directions: Answer the questions. Work in pairs, in groups, or as a class.
safe and sound.
BOB: Enough about me! How about you 1. If you could have free service for the rest of your life from a chauffeur, cook,
TOM: Well, things are really looking up for me. I'm planning to take off for housekeeper, or gardener, which would you choose? Why?
Florida as soon as finish my finals. I'm sick of all this cold, rainy weather 2. If you had to leave your country and build a new life elsewhere, where would
we've been having. I (stay) ______________________ here for vacation if you go? Why?
the weather (be, not) ______________________ so bad. But I need some 3. If you had control of all medical research in the world and, by concentrating
sun! funds and efforts, could find the cure for only one disease in the next 25
BOB: I wish I (go) ______________________ with you. How are you planning on years, which disease would you select? Why?
getting there? 4. If you could stay one particular age for a span of 50 years, what age would
TOM: If I have enough money, I (fly) ______________________. Otherwise, I you choose? Why? (At the end of the 50 years, you would suddenly turn 50
(take) ______________________ the bus. I wish I (drive) years older.)
______________________ my own car there because it (be) 5. You have promised to spend an evening with your best friend. Then you
______________________ nice to have it to drive around in once I get discover you have the chance to spend the evening with (supply the name of
there, but it's such a long trip. I've been looking for a friend to go with me a famous person). Your friend is not invited. What would you do? Why?
and share the driving. 6. Assume that you have a good job. If your boss told you to do something that
BOB: Hey, I have a super idea! Why don't I go with you? I can share the driving. you think is wrong, would you do it? Why or why not? (You understand that
I'm a great driver! if you don't do it, you will lose your job.)
TOM: Didn't you just get through telling me that you'd wrapped your car around a 7. If you had to choose among perfect health, a loving family, and wealth (and
tree? you could have only one of the three during the rest of your life), which
would you choose? Why?
8. Just for fun, what do you wish were or could be different in the world? What
about animals being able to speak? people being able to fly? there being only
one language in the world? being able to take a vacation on the moon? speed
of transportation?
9. Is there anything in your past life that you would change? What do you wish
you had or had not done? Why?
10. Suppose you were offered the opportunity to be a crew member on a 7. If I weren't working for an accounting firm, I ______________________ in a
spaceship that would travel to far points in the universe. There would be no bank.
guarantee that you would ever return to earth. Would you go? Why or why A. work B. will work C. have worked D. would be working
not? 8. Ed invested a lot of money with a dishonest advisor, and lost nearly all of it.
Now he is having serious financial problems. He ______________________
PRACTICE 46. TEST: Conditional sentences. in this position if he'd listened to some of his friends.
Directions: Choose the correct answer. A. will be B. wouldn't be C. will be D. hadn't been
9. The world ______________________ a better place if we had known a
Example: If I C , I would get some rest before the game tomorrow. hundred years ago what we know today about the earth's environment.
A. am B. could be C. were D. had been A. will be B. was C. should be D. might be
1. When I stopped talking, Sam finished my sentence for me as though he 10. The medicine made me feel dizzy. I felt as though the room
______________________ my mind. ______________________ around and around.
A. would read B. had read C. reads D. can read A. were spinning C. spins
2. If you ______________________, I would have brought my friends over to B. will spin D. would be spinning
your house this evening to watch TV, but I didn't want to bother you. 11. "I'm really sorry about what happened during the meeting. I felt I had no
A. had studied C. hadn't been studying choice."
B. studied D. didn't study "It's okay. I'm sure you wouldn't have done it if you
3. I wish I ______________________ you some money for your rent, but I'm ______________________”
broke myself. A. should have B. had to C. hadn't had to D. have to
A. can lend B. would lend C. could lend D. will lend 12. ______________________ you, I'd think twice about that decision. It could
4. If someone ____________________into the store, smile and say, "May I be a bad move.
help you?" A. If I had been B. Were I C. Should I be D. If I am
A. comes B. came C. would come D. could come 13. "Was Pam seriously injured in the automobile accident?"
5. "Are we lost?" "She broke her arm. It ______________________ much worse if she hadn't
"I think so. I wish we ______________________ a map with us today." been wearing her seat belt."
A. were bringing B. brought C. had brought D. would bring A. will be B. would have been C. was D. were
6. "Here's my phone number." 14. If my candidate had won the election, I ______________________ happy
"Thanks. I'll give you a call if I ______________________ some help now.
tomorrow." A. am B. would be C. was D. can be
A. will need B. need C. would need D. needed
15. I wish Janet ______________________ to the meeting this afternoon. 22. Gloria never seems to get tired. I sure wish I ______________________ her
A. came B. will come C. can come D. could come energy.
16. I ______________________ you to the woman I was speaking with, but I A. would have B. have C. have had D. had
couldn't think of her name. 23. "Why didn't Bill get the promotion he was expecting?"
A. will introduce C. would have introduced "He may not be qualified. If he were, he ______________________ that
B. would introduce D. couldn't have introduced promotion last year."
17. "What ______________________ today if you hadn't come here this A. would have been given C. would be given
weekend?" B. was given D. had been given
"I guess I'd be putting in extra hours at my office." 24. If I could find Rob's phone number, I ______________________ somebody
A. are you doing C. will you be doing else will call him. him about the change in plans. Maybe
B. can you do D. would you be doing A. called B. had called C. could call D. will call
18. Page 12 of the manual that came with the appliance says," 25. "How do you like your new apartment?"
______________________ any problem with the merchandise, contact your "The apartment itself is great, but I wish I ______________________ used to
local dealer." the constant noise from the street below."
A. Do you have C. Had you A. got B. could get C. had gotten D. am
B. Should you have D. You have 26. I was very engrossed in that presentation on Australia. The videotapes were
19. Marge walked away from the discussion. Otherwise, she so realistic that it was as though we ______________________ there, driving
______________________ something she would regret later. through the outback.
A. will say B. said C. might say D. might have said A. were B. have been C. are D. will be
20. I would never have encouraged you to go into this field 27. If I ______________________ following that other car too closely, I would
______________________ it would be so stressful for you. I'm sorry it's have been able to stop in time instead of running into it.
been so difficult for you. A. wasn't B. would have been C. was D. hadn't been
A. had I known C. should I know 28. "Why aren't you going mountain climbing with the rest of us next weekend?"
B. and I have known D. but I knew "To be honest with you, I'm lazy. If I weren't, I ______________________
with you."
21. Please keep your voice down in this section of the library. If you A. would have gone C. go
______________________ to talk loudly, I will have to ask you to leave. B. would go D. will go
A. continued B. could continue C. will continue D. continue
CHAPTER 09: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES AND WISHES
29. "Will you see Tom at lunch today? I'd like you to give him a message for
me."
"I'm not going to lunch, but if I ______________________ him later,
______________________ give him your message."
A. should see B. will see C. would see D. could see
30. I'm really sleepy today. I wish I ______________________ Bob to the
airport late last night.
A. didn't have to take B. weren't taking C. hadn't had to take D. didn't take
31. Hurry! We've got to leave the house immediately. Otherwise,
______________________ the opening ceremony.
A. we'd miss C. we miss
B. we'd have missed D. we’re going to miss
APPLIED ENGLISH GRAMMAR
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APPLIED ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Structure Name Usage

Exercise 02: (Written + Oral) Contractions with BE

5. My pen ___________ heavy. It ___________ light. There + BE

This / That / These / Those + BE There + BE (How many question)

EXERCISE 09: Make questions from the following. Using HAVE

Do + I/We/You/They + V1 Does + He/She/It + V1

EXERCISE 13: Circle the correct option.

1. My mother and father eat / eats breakfast at 7 o’clock every day.

EXERCISE 14: Complete the sentences. EXERCISE 16: Simple present.

Other Frequency Expressions EXERCISE 19: Frequency adverbs.

EXERCISE 27: Make questions and give short answers.

1. The teacher is helping the 6. She is not working in her garden.

my classes. 1. A: Tom is on the phone.

AM / IS / ARE BEING + ADJECTIVE EXERCISE 35: AM / IS / ARE BEING + adjective.

8. A: Does the earth turn around and around?

(play) _________________ pool with her friend.

7. A: A penny for your thoughts. EXERCISE 41: Correct the errors.

Usage of IT Usage of NEED, WANT, WOULD LIKE and LIKE

Usage of it Explanation Usage Explanation

In a question, would comes before the

In the corner of the living room, a mouse (eat) ________________ a piece of

Ellen (study) ________________ her chemistry text. She (like)

We / You / They / Plural Subject = Were / Weren’t

Past Time Words: yesterday, last, ago

1. Every day I walk. Yesterday I ………………

1. I walked downtown yesterday. 1. A: Why are you out of breath?

EXERCISE 12: Correct the errors. Past Progressive

hide look read sing sit talk watch ACTIVITY IN

"Surprise!" meet his future

1. Before I ate the banana, I peeled it

1. I gave Alan his allowance. He finished his chores. (after)

to feel a little dizzy, so I (take) __________________ a break. While I (take)

PART II: PAST TIME EXERCISE 29: Correct the errors.

1. Alex used to living in Cairo.

Notice in (i): so far is frequently used

j) I have written my parents a letter

a) Jim has already eaten lunch. The PRESENT PERFECT expresses an

FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT EXERCISE 02: The present perfect.

d) I've/You've/We've/They've eaten lunch. CONTRACTION

EXERCISE 03: The present perfect. EXERCISE 04: Present perfect.

SIMPLE PAST 1. Ms. Parker has been in tokyo many times.

1. A: Have you ever been in Europe?

Exercise 15: SINCE vs. FOR 3. I've been in this city

12. A: I'm going to have another sandwich. ANN: Where?

BEN: I (need) ______________________ to find a job. Where (be)

EXERCISE 38: Error analysis.

At the end of the spring semester last June, my grades (be)

THE PAST PERFECT

Situation: The PAST PERFECT is used when the

c) He'd left. I'd left. They'd left. etc.

If either before or after is used in the

1. By the time Jason arrived to help, we (already) ______________________

EXERCISE 50: Present perfect vs. past perfect.

1. A: Oh no! We're too late. The train (leave, already)

3. A: Go back to sleep. It's only six o'clock in the morning.

EXERCISE 62: Using verb tenses in writing.

B: sure. That sounds like fun. EXERCISE 10: WILL PROBABLY.

To express a WILLINGNESS: Use Will (but not be going to) is used to

5. My pen _ heavy. It _ light. There + BE