TERM PROJECT REPORT IEECE UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB

Design and Implement Variable DC Link Single

Phase Inverter
FAHEEM ABBAS NIAZI , M.ZUBAIR NASIR

ALI REHAN , M. HASEEB SAFDAR


Abstract — In this term project, we have designed and
implemented the Variable DC link Single phase inverter.
The buck converter is driven with the help of Arduino by
varying the duty cycle. We have provided the output of the
buck converter to the full wave inverter. The switching
operation of MOSFET is easily done with the help of
Arduino. We design and verified this project in the
MATLAB/SIMULINK. After the Simulink verification we did
Hardware implementation on the breadboard by fulfilling
the Simulation parameter.
Index Terms—Buck circuit, Inverter circuit, Gate driver
circuit, MATLAB (2016a)/Simulink, Multisim (V 14.1),
Oscilloscope, Arduino UNO
II. THE TOPICS WE ARE GOING TO DISCUSSED
 First of all, we have to discuss the Mathematical
modeling of the buck converter and the Inverter.
 Next step to describe the observation of Variable DC
link inverter with the help of MATLAB Simulink
observation and its graphs.
 Implementation of Variable DC link inverter on bread
board and get its graphs from Oscilloscope.
 Explanation of the Arduino programming used in
Buck and inverter circuit.
III. MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF BUCK
CONVERTER:

I. Introduction The Buck converter step down the input voltage. The output
The DC input voltage to the inverter is controlled to adjust the voltage relationship is given by equation
output. Such inverters are called Variable DC Link
Inverters. DC link (also called buss link) circuits are used The input voltage is 20 V (fix). The Output voltage is varied
primarily to balance the instantaneous power variations by changing the duty cycle of PWM. The PWM is provided by
between the input source and the output load or a power Arduino.
circuit. The input given to the buck converter is constant DC
voltage.
The variable DC output is provided by the buck converter.
Inverters are also called AC Drives, or VFD (variable
frequency drive). They are electronic devices that can turn DC
(Direct Current) to AC (Alternating Current). It is also
responsible for controlling speed and torque for electric
motors.
Inverters are used for a variety of applications that range from F IGURE 1- SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF BUCK CONVERTER
small car adapters to household or office applications, and The input used for inverter is basically the output of the DC-
large grid systems. DC buck converter. The inverters output is crude AC (square
wave). The circuit diagram of inverter is
 Uninterruptible power supplies
 As standalone inverters
 In solar power systems
 As a building block of a switched mode power
supply
TERM PROJECT REPORT IEECE UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB

F IGURE 2-SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF INVERTER

The Simulink diagram of the inverter circuit is
When Q1 and Q2 conduct

When Q3 and Q4 conduct

FIGURE 3- S IMULINK INVERTER CIRCUIT

The input DC to inverter is given by the Buck converter whose

output is controlled by the duty cycle of PWM. The PWM of
50 Hz is given to MOSFETS of inverter for switching. The
IV. OBSERVATION OF VARIABLE DC LINK
MOSFETS are switched as:
INVERTER USING SIMULINK AND ITS GRAPHS:
S1 and S4 are turned ON by the PWM of 50Hz having 45%
First of all we opened the MATLAB on the laptop. duty cycle. (Switched ON at 0ms and Switched OFF at 9ms)
After that we open the Simulink library. The Simulink Buck
converter circuit diagram is shown below

F IGURE 4-SIMULINK BUCK CONVERTER S2 and S3 are turned ON by the 10ms phase shifted PWM of
First, we apply the PWM of frequency 100k Hz to the gate of 50Hz having same 45% duty cycle. (Switched ON at 10ms
MOSFET. The output is varied by changing the duty cycle of
PWM. The input voltage is 20V. The output is dependent on
duty cycle.

and Switched OFF at 19ms).

The output of full wave inverter is as
TERM PROJECT REPORT IEECE UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB

The output waveform of the Driver circuit

We get crude AC at the output of inverter.to prevent from the
short circuit we have applied a small delay of 1ms between the
switching of the MOSFETS pair (S1, S4) & (S2, S3).
The output waveform follows the input waveform but the only
difference between the two waveforms is that the output
power rating of driver circuit is high.
We use different driver circuit for Buck converter because we
are operating it at higher frequency (of about 31.5k Hz).
The input circuit diagram of buck gate driver is

V. Implementation of Variable DC link inverter on bread

board:
In the hardware implementation, we have a Buck converter for
variable DC. After that we have supplied its output to the full
wave inverter to produce AC.
The maximum output current and Arduino's digital pin can
supply is 40mA (or 20mA continuous current). This current is
not enough to perform the switching operation of MOSFET.
That’s the main reason we use the driving circuit with
MOSFET.The driving circuit is consisting of resistor and the
transistor. The resistor used for this purpose are 4.7k ohm &
10k ohm. The transistor is 3904(NPN).The multisim diagram
of Driver circuit for inverter is

VI. The input & output waveform of the Driver circuit

The input waveform of the driver circuit is

The output waveform is inverted with respect to input

waveform and the output wave carry more power to derive the
MOSFET.
The inverted output aspect needs attention while running Buck
converter.
TERM PROJECT REPORT IEECE UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB

VII. OSCILLOSCOPE GRAPHS:

We have visualize the Arduino signal of buck converter

having the frequency of 31.2k Hz and having the duty cycle of
1% which is shown in below

The graph of gate driver output is

This figure shows the output waveform follows the input
Arduino signal. The frequency is remained same but can
deliver high power. The frequency is about 45 Hz.

The graph of Arduino signal for S2 MOSFET:

The graph of gate driver output is The input of Arduino is

This figure shows the inverted output waveform with respect

to the input Arduino. The frequency is remained same but can The graph of gate driver output is
deliver high power.
This signal having a power to drive the MOSFEF at high
frequency. If this circuit is not present the MOSFET does not
switch at high frequency

The graph of Arduino signal for S1 MOSFET

The input of Arduino is

This figure shows the output waveform follows the input

Arduino signal. The frequency is remained same but can
deliver high power. The frequency is about 45 Hz.
As we can see in the output graph of switching driving circuit
is same as Arduino output with more power. And we can also
use gate driver IC instead of transistor base gate driver.
TERM PROJECT REPORT IEECE UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB

VIII. The graph of Arduino signal for S3 MOSFET: X. The graph of INVERTER OUTPUT:
The input of Arduino is

The graph of gate driver output is

This is output of inverter we designed. the peak voltage of AC

output can be varied by varying duty cycle of buck converter.
The buck converter’s output voltage drops when we drive
inverter circuitry with it.

XI. The THD OF INVERTER’s OUTPUT :

This figure shows the output waveform follows the input

Arduino signal. The frequency is remained same but can
deliver high power. The frequency is about 45 Hz.

IX. The graph of Arduino signal for S4 MOSFET:

we did FFT analysis in Simulink to find the THD of our
The input of Arduino is output. The final output value obtained the
The graph of gate driver output is MATLAB/Simulink is about 32.79%. The diagram of FFT
analysis is shown below.

And next figure explanation is given here and figure place in

next column.

This figure shows the output waveform follows the input

Arduino signal. The frequency is remained same but can
deliver high power. The frequency is about 45 Hz.
This frequency is adjusted by putting delay time function in
coding of Arduino UNO.
TERM PROJECT REPORT IEECE UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB

XII. The ARDUINO Codes :

//all are turned off to prevent short circuit
BUCK CONVERTER: digitalWite(Q1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(Q2,HIGH);
int pwmpin=3; digitalWrite(Q3,LOW);
int pwmvalue=127; digitalWrite(Q4,LOW);

// // // // // // // // // // // delay(delayoff);

void setup ()
{ // for negative portion of wave

// PWM frequency of PWM pin 9 ..... // Q1 and Q4 are off

TCCR1B = TCCR1B & B11111000 | B00000001; digitalWrite(Q1,HIGH);
// 31372.55 Hz digitalWrite(Q4,LOW);
pin Mode (pwmpin, OUTPUT); // Q2 and Q3 are on
} digitalWrite(Q2,LOW);
digitalWrite(Q3,HIGH);

// // // // // // // // // // // delay(Q14On);

void loop () //all are turned off to prevent short circuit

{
analog Write(pwmpin,pwmvalue); digitalWrite(Q1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(Q2,HIGH);
} digitalWrite(Q3,LOW);
digitalWrite(Q4,LOW);
delay(delayoff);
INVERTER’s CODE :
}
int Q14On=9;
int delayoff=2;
int Q23On=9; XIII. The SIMULINK FILE :
int Q1=1;
int Q2=2;
int Q3=3; TermProject.slx
int Q4=4;

void setup() {

pinMode(Q1,OUTPUT);
pinMode(Q2,OUTPUT);
pinMode(Q3,OUTPUT);
pinMode(Q4,OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {
// for positive portion of wave
// Q1 and Q4 are on
digitalWrite(Q1,LOW);
digitalWrite(Q4,HIGH);
// Q2 and Q3 are off
digitalWrite(Q2,HIGH);
digitalWrite(Q3,LOW);

delay(Q14On);
TERM PROJECT REPORT IEECE UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB

XIV. The HARDWARE PICTURES :

TERM PROJECT REPORT
FAHEEM ABBAS KHAN NIAZI
(SESSION 2019-2023) he is the
student of IEECE (Institute of
Electrical, Electronic and
Computer Engineering) Punjab
University Lahore. Currently he is
studying in 5th semester with
reasonable CGPA. I have done
DAE (Electrical Technology) from
GCT MIANWALI. He has done
matric from GOVT HIGH SCOOL
HIT TEXILA CANTT. And his area of interest is POWER
AND EMBEDDED SYESTEM and Control system. He
has done the project in DAE third year is power supply
and switching circuit by using transistor and LDR. And
he also has skills about (MS office, Excel, power point,
Proteous, MATLAB, Multisim, AutoCAD, visual studio
code with CPP, assembly)
MUHAMMAD HASEEB
SAFDAR (session 2019-
2023). I am a student of
IEECE at university of the
Punjab-Lahore. I passed my
matriculation from FG Public
School and F.sc(pre-
engineering) from Garrison
College for Boys Lahore. I am
currently studding at 6th
semester. I have done so
many electronic projects like
electronic tester, audio amplifier, clap switch, automatic
street light switch, water level indicator. I also have skills
like MS-office (word, PowerPoint, excel), software like
Arduino, MATLAB, MathWorks, Dig silent power factory,
multisim, proteus, Logisim, AutoCAD and programming
languages (C++, Assembly, C).
IEECE UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB
ALI REHAN (SESSION 2019-
2023)
I am a Student of IEECE
(institute of electrical,
electronic and computer
engineering) Punjab University
Lahore.
Currently I am studying in 5th
semester with very good
CGPA. I have done matric
from GOVT HIGH SCOOL
JALLO MORE LAHORE
CANTT. I have done my
intermediate from LAHORE
COLLEGE. I am highly
interested in POWER
SYESTEM. I have skills in
union council as making birth, Death and marriage
certificates also have good command in Microsoft (word,
Excel), MATLAB, Multisim, AutoCAD and ETAP.
MUHAMMAD ZUBAIR
NASIR -Session (2019- 2023).
I am a student of IEECE
Punjab University Lahore. I
am now studying in the 6th
semester. I did my
Intermediate from
Government Collage
University, LAHORE. I did my
Matric in Government. Higher
Secondary School. I worked
on a team project for the 3rd
semester which was WATER
LEVEL INDICATOR using TRANSISTOR (BC547) on
PCB. I have skills on, with MS Office, Arduino base
projects, MATLAB, Simulink, multisim, proteus, Logisim,
ETAP, AutoCAD, Microcontrollers (805x family), IDE and
in programming languages (Assembly, C and C ++).