SAINT JOSEPH COLLEGE, MAASIN, LEYTE

Maasin City, Southern Leyte

WHAT IS LITERATURE?
o An acquaintance with letters
o from the Latin word “LITTERA” which means letter
o An art of self-expression
o “Performance of words.” --- Robert Frost
o “Life which presents human experience.” --- Arsenia Tan
o An art

IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING LITERATURE

1. To develop a critical appreciation and discrimination of what life is
2. To acquire mental maturity
3. To get out from daily routine in life and be entertained
4. To develop a taste for the true, the good and the beautiful
5. It molds man as a total human being; sympathetic, aware and sensitive.
6. It educates and entertains.
7. When we read, we are informed of the events that beset our environment.
8. It shapes man not only as professionals but also his ideas, personalities and views.

LITERARY TYPES
TWO GENERAL TYPES OF LITERATURE
1. Fiction
o made-up
o comes from the writer’s imagination
o product of one’s imaginative mind
o can be drama, short story, novel, myth, folktales and poetry
o unreal situation
2. Non-fiction
o comes out of one’s personal experiences, true and factual account of varying information
o interesting facts with analysis and illustrations
o real situations
o ex.: autobiography, biography, essay, literary criticism, journal, newspaper, diary, magazine, etc.

LITERARY TYPES AND FORMS

a. Prose Fiction
b. Poetry
c. Drama
d. Non-fiction Prose

A. PROSE FICTION
o it aims to educate, entertain or both
o product of the writer’s imagination
o presented in prose form
o Any written work that follows a basic grammatical structure that is, words and phrases are arranged into
sentences and paragraphs.
FORMS OF PROSE FICTION
1. Myth
o symbolic storytelling that was never based on fact
o invented characters usually deities, demigods, etc.
o rooted on religion or folk beliefs
2. Legend
o unverified stories handed down from earlier times
o presumed to have some basis in historical fact and tends to mention real people or events
o stories are exaggerated to the point that it now includes supernatural or extraordinary events
3. Parable
o simple story illustrating a moral or religious lesson
4. Fable
o animals as characters that can speak and act like human
5. Fairy Tale
o A kind of folktale.
o characters may include witches, queens, giants, elves, princes, dragons, etc.
6. Short Story
o has relative shortness
o can be read in one sitting
o fully developed story organized into a plot
 o deals with a few characters
7. Novel
o has considerable length
o stories are organized into chapters
o has many characters and describes many incidents
8. Novella
o longer than a short story but shorter than a novel
o ex.: Charles Dickens’ A Christmas Carol, Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, Truman Capote’s Breakfast at
Tiffany’s, Albert Camus’ The Stranger, etc.

B. POETRY
o The art of rhythmical composition written or spoken for exciting pleasure by beautiful, imaginative or elevated
thoughts.
FORMS OF POETRY
a. Lyric Poetry
o short poem with songlike qualities that expresses the speaker’s personal emotions and feelings
o non- narrative
1. Song
o A short poem that is meant to be sung.
2. Sonnet
o A poem of fourteen lines using any number of formal rhyme schemes having ten syllables per line.
o came from an Italian word “SONETTO” which means little sound or song
3. Elegy
o serious reflection, typically a lament for the dead
o mournful poem
o A sad poem or song especially remembering someone who has died or something in the past.
4. Ode
o beautiful poem of praise that is dedicated to something beautiful
o poem expressing the writer’s thoughts and feelings about a particular person or subject
o praises people, natural scenes and abstract ideas

b. Narrative Poetry
o uses a range of poetic techniques such as rhyme and meter
o presents a series of events often including action and dialogue
1. Ballad
o poem or song narrating a story in short stanzas
o no authorship, passed on orally
o poem or song that tells a story
2. Metrical Romance
o deals with the story of adventure, love, chivalry and deeds of derring-do
o chivalric poems
o contain an element of mystery and supernatural
o popular during the renaissance especially among royals and upper class
o written in Old French but was later reworked to German and English
3. Epic
o recounting the deeds of a legendary or historical hero

c. Dramatic Poetry
o emotional piece of literature which includes a story that is either recited or sung
o refers to the dramatic genre of poetry
1. Dramatic Monologue (to the audience)
o somewhat talks to an imaginary audience
o vents the speaker’s thoughts
o conversation addressed to a listener that does not respond
2. Soliloquy (to himself)
o talking to oneself
o to reveal the innermost thoughts of a character
o delivered when they are alone or if someone is present but is assumed to have not heard it
o speaking one’s thought aloud
o ex.: “To be or not to be”
o thoughts are spoken aloud for the benefit of the audience

C. DRAMA
o came from the Greek word “DRAN” which means to act or to do
o A story that is acted out.
GENRES OF DRAMA
1. Tragedy
o about human suffering and corresponding terrible events
a. Tragicomedy
o containing elements of comedy and tragedy
 b. Melodrama
o with songs and orchestral music accompanying action

2. Comedy
o consists of jokes or happy endings
o intended to make the audience laugh
a. Satirical Comedy
o offers political or social commentary using exaggeration, irony, allegory, etc.
o ridicules human folly to expose political, social or moral problems
o writer uses comic elements to expose the realities of the societies or any problem
o ex.: Jonathan Swift’s The Gulliver’s Travel, Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn, George Orwell’s Animal Farm, etc.
b. The Comedy of Manners
o A type of comedy in which the social behavior of a particular group of people is made to appear silly especially
the upper classes.
o makes fun of the follies, vanities, hypocrisy and weakness of people.
o themes are usually greed, lust, materialistic nature, gossip and rumors, hypocritical nature and false pretensions
of people
o ex.: The Remains of the day, The little dog laughed, etc.
c. Romantic Comedy
o light and humorous movie or play which central part is a happy love story
o always have a happy ending
o focused on lighthearted plots
o ex.: Christina Lauren’s In a Holidaze, Ali Hazelwoods’s The Love Hypothesis, Emily Henry’s People We Meet On
Vacation, etc.
d. Black Comedy
o tragic/distressing subject matter is dealt with in a humorous way
o makes light of serious events
o the goal is to create laughter through such dark topics by looking at the brighter side
o ex.: William Boyd’s An Ice-Cream War, William Faulkner’s As I Lay Dying, J.K. Rowling’s The Casual Vacancy, etc.
e. Farce
o the use of buffoonery and horseplay
o aims at entertaining the audience through situations that are highly exaggerated, extravagant and improbable
o physical humor
o A comedy in which everything is absolutely absurd.
o contains ridiculous plots, exaggerated characters and over-the-top situations for comedic effect
o ex.: William Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream and The Taming of the Shrew, Jean Poiret’s La Cage Aux
Folles, etc.

C.NON-FICTIONAL PROSE
o essays which present and provide explanations of ideas or tell about real people, objects, places or events.
FORMS OF NON-FICTIONAL PROSE
1. Autobiography
o An account of someone’s life written by that person.
2. Biography
o An account of someone’s life written by someone else.
3. Character Sketch/Character Analysis
o A description that introduces the reader to a particular character.
o It includes physical descriptions, personality traits, habits, strengths, weaknesses, history, etc.
4. Diary or Journal
o daily record of news and events of a personal nature
5. Editorial
o A newspaper article written by or on behalf of an editor that gives an opinion on a topical issue.
6. Essay
o A short piece of writing on a particular subject.

SEVEN LITERARY STANDARDS OF LITERATURE

1. Artistry
o A literary work should have an aesthetic appeal or should possess a sense of beauty.
2. Intellectual Value
o A literary work should stimulate critical thinking that enriches mental processes of abstract and reasoning.
3. Suggestiveness
o A literary work should unravel man’s emotional power to define symbolism, nuances, implied meanings, images
and messages.
o It is open to interpretation.
o The author does not define what is to be interpreted.
4. Spiritual Value
o A literary work should appeal to our sense of morality by making us undergo self-realization that makes us better
persons.
o It allows the capacity to inspire ordinary people to do things extraordinarily well.
5. Permanence
 o A literary work should be able to endure across time and draw out the time factors: TIMELINESS (occurring at a
particular time and TIMELESSNESS (remaining invariable throughout time).
o It should be able to stand the test of time.
o can be read on several occasions with the feeling that you are reading it the first time for each reading provides
new insights about the world we live in.
6. Universality
o A literary work should appeal to everyone regardless of one’s race, culture, educational attainment, gender,
religious affiliation and social status.
o It deals with elemental feelings, fundamental truths and universal conditions.
7. Style
o artist's ingenuity and originality
o deviates from the usual convention but is able to present his talent beyond mediocrity

ELEMENTS OF POETRY
1. Structure of Poetry
a. Stanza
o series of lines that are grouped together and separated from other groups of lines or stanzas by a skipped line
o poetic equivalent of a prose paragraph
o comes in variety of lengths dependent either on the whim of the poet or the conventions of a certain poetic
form

EXAMPLE:
One crow -------- LINE
STANZA Melting snow -------- LINE
Spring’s winning! ------- LINE

VOCABULARY USED TO REFER TO STANZAS OF SPECIFIC LENGTHS:

1. Couplet ------ 2 lines
2. Tercet ------ 3 lines
3. Quatrain ------ 4 lines
4. Cinquain ------ 5 lines
5. Sestet or Sixain ------ 6 lines
6. Septet ------ 7 lines
7. Octave ------ 8 lines

b. Types of poetry and their characteristics

1. Lyric Poetry
o concerns itself with the emotional life of the poet, written in their voice and expresses strong thoughts and
emotions
o only one voice and we see the world from that single perspective
2. Narrative Poetry
o concerned with storytelling
o follows the conventions of plot including elements such as conflict, rising action, climax, resolution, etc.
o most likely be peopled with characters to perform the actions of the tale
3. Descriptive Poetry
o implies lots of rich imagery to describe the world around the poet
o strong emotional content and single voice
o focused on the externalities of the world than the interior of life of the poet

SUBTYPES OF POETRY
1. Sonnet
o concerned with matters of the heart
o theme ---- love
TWO COMMON FORMS
1. Shakespearian
o 3 quatrains and ends with a rhyming couplet which forms a conclusion
o Rhyme Scheme: ABAB, CDCD, EFEF, GG

SONNET 18
Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? A
Thou art more lovely and more temperate. B
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, A
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date. B

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, C

And often is his gold complexion dimmed; D
And every fair from fair sometime declines, C
By chance or nature’s changing course untrimmed. D

But thy eternal summer shall not fade, E

 Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st, F
Nor shall Death brag thou wand’rest in his shade, E
When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st. F

So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, G

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. G
2. Petrarchan
o 2 stanzas: octave & sestet
o first eight lines pose a question, 2nd stanza answers the question posed
o Rhyme Scheme: ABBAABBA, CDECDE or ABBAABBA, CDCDCD or ABBAABBA, ABBAABBA, CDDCDD or
ABBAABBA, CDDECE, or ABBAABBA, CDDCCD or ABBAABBA, CDDCEE or ABBAABBA, CDCDEE

How Do I Love Thee? (Sonnet 43)

Elizabeth Barrett Browning - 1806-1861

How do I love thee? Let me count the ways. A

I love thee to the depth and breadth and height B
My soul can reach, when feeling out of sight B
For the ends of being and ideal grace. A
I love thee to the level of every day's A
Most quiet need, by sun and candle-light. B
I love thee freely, as men strive for right. B
I love thee purely, as they turn from praise. A

I love thee with the passion put to use C

In my old griefs, and with my childhood's faith. D
I love thee with a love I seemed to lose C
With my lost saints. I love thee with the breath, D
Smiles, tears, of all my life; and, if God choose, C
I shall but love thee better after death. D

2. Haiku
o Matsuo Basho (father of Haiku)
o originated in the 17th century Japanese poetry
o usually concerned with nature and natural phenomenon such as seasons, weather, etc.
o meditative in tone
o no rules in theme but has rules in structure
o written in 3-lined stanzas: 1st line --- 5 syllables, 2nd line --- 7 syllables, 3rd line (5 syllables)

I WAS IN THAT FIRE BY ANDREW MANCINELLI

I was in that fire,
The room was dark and somber.
I sleep peacefully.

3. Elegy
o no specific structural elements
o poems of lamentation
o Gk. word (eleqeia) --- to lament
o reflection of death or someone who has died
o comes in 3 parts expressing loss: grief, praise for the deceased and consolation.

4. Limerick
o favorite of children
o most defining characteristics is renowned humor
o 5 lines in total
o has distinct verbal rhythm
o 2 longer lines of usually between 7 to 10 syllables
o 2 shorter lines of usually between 5 to 7 syllables
o 1 closing line containing the punchline
o Rhyme Scheme: AABBA

THERE WAS A YOUNG LADY WHOSE CHIN BY EDWARD LEAR

There was a Young Lady whose chin,
Resembled the point of a pin;
So she had it made sharp,
And purchased a harp,
And played several tunes with her chin.

5. Ballad
o type of narrative poem that has close ties to musical forms
 o can be easily adapted as song lyrics
o no tight formal constrictions but has distinguishable features to identify its form
o tells a story, often uses simple language
o often romantic, adventurous or humorous
o arranged in groups of 4 lines
o often uses alternating 4 and 3 beat lines
o Rhyme Scheme: ABAB or ABCB

6. Ode
o origin is ancient Greece
o usually intended to be sung
o A type of lyrical poem that addresses and often praises a certain person thing or event.
o author addresses a person, thing or event
o usually has a serious, solemn tone
o explores universal elements of the theme
o powerful emotional element often involving catharsis
o classical vein follows a strict metrical pattern and rhyme scheme while modern odes do not

CHILDHOOD BY WILLIAM WORDSWORTH

There was a time when meadow, grove and stream,
The earth, and every common sight,
To me did seem
Appareled in celestial light,
The glory and the freshness of a dream.

7. Epic
o long narrative poems that recount heroic tales, usually focused on a legendary or mythical figure
o employs an objective and omniscient narrator
o written in elevated style
o ex.: The Odyssey, The Cattle Raid of Cooley, Beowulf, etc.

2. Poetic Devices
2 SECTIONS:
1. SOUND DEVICES
a. Alliteration
b. Assonance
c. Consonance
d. Onomatopoeia
e. Rhyme
f. Rhythm

2. FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
a. Metaphor
b. Simile
c. Personification

1. SOUND DEVICES
A. ALLITERATION
o repetition of initial consonant sounds of a series of sounds
EXAMPLES:
1. Can you keep the cat from clawing the couch? It’s creating chaos.
2. Dan’s dog dove deep in the dam, drinking dirty water as he dove.

B. ASSONANCE
o repetition of internal vowel sounds
EXAMPLES:
1. Hear the mellow wedding bells.
2. When he was nearly thirteen.

C. CONSONANCE
o repetition of consonant sounds in the middle or end of words
EXAMPLES:
1. Mike likes his new bike.
2. He stood on the road and cried.

D. ONOMATOPOIEA
The process of creating words that sound like the very thing they refer to.
EXAMPLES: Bang! Woof! Thud! Boom! Meow! etc.

E. RHYME
 o repetition of final sounds in a poem
o *we use letters to denote the rhyme scheme*

NEITHER OUT FAR NOR IN DEEP BY ROBERT FROST

The people along the sand A
All turn and look one way. B
They turn their back on the land. A
They all look at the sea all day. B

F. RHYTHM
The beat and pace of a poem and is created by the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.

FOOT – groupings of stressed and unstressed syllables

METER – stress patterns arranged in groups called feet

TYPES OF RHYTHM
1. IAMB – a metrical foot consisting of one short (or unstressed) syllable followed by one long (or stressed) syllable.
EXAMPLE:
Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

2. TROCHEE - a metrical foot consisting of one stressed followed by an unstressed syllable.

EXAMPLE:
Tyger, tyger, burning bright,
In the forest of the night.

3.SPONDEE – a foot of two stressed syllables

o It comes in combination with other foot.
EXAMPLE:
Cry, cry! Troy burns, or else let Helen go.

4. DACTYL - a metrical foot consisting of one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables.
EXAMPLE:
Half a league, half a league,
Half a league onward,

5. ANAPEST - a metrical foot consisting of two unstressed syllables followed by one stressed syllable.
EXAMPLE:
‘Twas the night before Christmas, when all through the house
Not a creature was stirring, not even a mouse

6. PYRRHIC - a metrical foot consisting of two unstressed syllables.

TYPES OF METER
1. Monometer – a meter of one metrical foot per line
2. Dimeter – a meter of two metrical feet per line
3. Trimeter – a meter of three metrical feet per line
4. Tetrameter - a meter of four metrical feet per line
5. Pentameter - a meter of five metrical feet per line
6. Hexameter - a meter of six metrical feet per line
7. Heptameter - a meter of seven metrical feet per line
8. Octameter - a meter of eight metrical feet per line

EXAMPLES:

1. Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? --- IAMBIC PENTAMETER

2. Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary. --- TROCHAIC OCTAMETER
3. ‘Twas the night before Christmas, when all through the house
Not a creature was stirring, not even a mouse; --- ANAPESTIC TETRAMETER
4. This is the forest primeval, the murmuring pines and the hemlocks. --- DACTYLIC HEXAMETER

2. FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
1. Metaphor
o saying one thing is something else
Examples:
1. My mom is a teddy bear.
2. You are my sunshine.
3. My voice is music to my ears.

2. Simile
o something is similar to something
 o uses “as” or “like”
Examples:
1. She is as strong as an ox.
2. She sings like a nightingale.

3. Personification
o the idea or thing is given human attributes/feelings or is spoken as if it were human
Examples:
1. My alarm yelled at me this morning.
2. I like onions but they don’t like me.

ELEMENTS OF A SHORT STORY

1. Setting – time and location in which a story takes place
2. Weather conditions
Ex.: rainy/sunny …
3. Social conditions
• What is the daily life of the characters like?
• Does the story contain local colour?
4. Mood or Atmosphere
• What feeling is created at the beginning of the story?
5. Plot – the sequence of events in a story

ESSENTIAL PARTS OF A PLOT

1. Introduction – beginning of the story where the characters and setting are revealed
2. Rising Action – event of the story becomes complicated and conflict is revealed
3. Climax – highest point of interest and turning point of the story
4. Falling Action – the events and complication begin to resolve
5. Denouement – end of a story; everything is explained / end result of a situation

6. Conflict – the problem the main character faces in the story

KINDS OF CONFLICT
1. Man vs. Man
2. Man vs. Circumstances
3. Man vs. Society
4. Man vs. Self

TYPES OF CONFLICT
1. Internal conflict – struggle with oneself
2. External conflict – struggle with forces outside oneself

7. Character – *protagonist and antagonist*

CHARACTERS ARE:
1. Individual – round / many sided / has complex personalities / has layers of personalities / undergo transformation
Example: GRU in Despicable Me

2. Developing – dynamic / changes for the better or worse at the end of the story
Examples: Ebenezer Scrooge in The Christmas Carol, Beast in the Beauty and the Beast

3. Static – have one or two characteristics that never change and are emphasized
Example: Sherlock Holmes

8. Point of View – angle from which the story is told; perspectives

DIFFERENT POINTS OF VIEW

1. Innocent Eye – told through the eyes of the child (judgement is different from that of an adult; naïve and uneducated)
Examples: Scout in To Kill a Mockingbird, Enzo the dog in The Art of racing in the Rain, etc.

2. Stream of Consciousness – told as if we are inside the head of one character and therefore knows his thoughts and
reactions
Examples: Ulysses (1922) by James Joyce, The Waves by Virginia Woolf, etc.

3. First person – tells from the perspective of the author or narrator (I, we, me)
Examples: The Gulliver’s Travel, The Great Gatsby, Jane Eyre, etc.

4. Omniscient – the narrator has free access to thoughts, feelings and motivations; moves from character to character and
event to event; all knowing and all seeing
Examples: Leo Tolstoy’s war and Peace, Nathaniel Hawthorne’s the Scarlet Letter, Little Women by Louisa May Alcott
 a. Omniscient Limited – the narrator’s perspective is limited; we are told only with what the author wants us to know
and see
Example: Harry Potter

b. Omniscient Objective – the narrator can only tell us those that can be experienced by the senses; we are like
spectators; no interpretations offered

9. Theme – story’s central idea; can be a definitive message or abstract ideas

Examples: Greed is the greatest force in human culture, love, loss, betrayal, etc.

ELEMENTS OF DRAMA
Categorized into three:
1. Literary Elements
2. Technical Elements
3. Performance Elements

ARISTOTLE’S SIX ELEMENTS OF DRAMA

LITERARY ELEMENTS
1. Plot
2. Theme
3. Characters
4. Dialogue
5. Music/Rhythm – rhythm of the actors’ voice when they speak
6. Spectacle – eye-catching dramatic public displays; visual effects of a production (costumes, make-up, scenery and special
effects)

SIX STAGES IN A PLOT STRUCTURE

1. Initial Incident – event that gets the story going; first event that sets up the main conflict or problem
2. Preliminary Event – whatever takes place before the action of the play that is related to the play
3. Rising Action
4. Climax
5. Falling Action
6. Denouement

2. Theme refers to the meaning of the play. The main idea or lesson to be learned from the play. In some cases, the theme
of a play is obvious; other times it is quite subtle.
Some General Themes

• Conflict between two individuals

• Conflict between man and a supernatural power
• Conflict between the man and himself

3. Characters – the people (sometimes animals or ideas) portrayed by the actors in the play. It is the characters who move
the action or plot.

Characterization is the way an author presents a character.

TYPES OF CHARACTERS
1. Protagonist
2. Antagonist
3. Flat
4. Round
5. Foil
6. Stock Character
7. Stereotype
8. Archetype
1. Dynamic or Developing Character

Someone who changes throughout the story. This may be a good change or a bad one, but their motivations, desires, or even
their personality changes due to something in the story. This is usually a permanent change and shows how the character has
learned and developed over time in the story.

2. Flat or Static Character

The opposite of a dynamic character. A flat character doesn’t change much or at all throughout the story. Their personality and/or
background isn’t revealed well and we only know a handful of traits about them.
3. Foil Character

Someone who is the opposite of another character. They reflect the opposite traits, hence a foil character. Your main character
can be sweet and caring and the foil character will bring out that side by being nasty. It contrasts two characters.

4. Round Character

A round character is similar to a dynamic character. They change throughout the story gaining new traits, some traits opposite to
who they used to be.

5. Stock Character

Is a stock photos you can get off the internet. They are not a big deal to the story, they don’t change at all, they’re pretty much
cliché characters such as the “dumb jock” or
“popular cheerleader.”

6. Protagonist or Main Character

Main characters are the root of the story. They will develop over time and will ultimately be part of the driving force of the plot.
This is the character your readers will care most about.

7. Antagonist

The opposite of your protagonist. They will oppose your main character. They will, along with the main character, be the driving
force behind the plot.
8. Stereotype

Familiar type of character whose label identifies a particular group or segment of society

9. Archetype- Mentor, daddy

4. Dialogue-This refers to the words written by the playwright and spoken by the characters in the play. The dialogue helps
move the action of the play along.

Various Forms of Dialogue

- An exchange between two or more characters.

1. Soliloquy

A character that is typically alone on stage delivers a long speech which is called a soliloquy. Emotions and innermost thoughts of
the character are revealed in a soliloquy.

2. Aside

This is spoken by a character to another character or to the audience but is not heard by the other characters on stage. Asides
reveal what a character is thinking or feeling.

5. Music/Rhythm- While music is often featured in drama. in this case Aristotle was referring to the rhythm of the actors'
voices as they speak.

6. Spectacle

This refers to the visual elements of a play: sets, costumes, special effects, etc. Spectacle is everything that the ¡ audience sees as
they watch the play.

Elements of Drama in The Modern Theater

1. Characters
2. Plot
3. Theme
4. Dialogue
5. Convention
6. Genre
7. Audience

Convention- These are the techniques and methods used by the playwright and director to create the desired stylistic effect.

Genre- Refers to the type of play. Some examples of different genres include comedy. Tragedy, mystery and historical play.

Audience- This is the group of people who watch the play. Many playwrights and actors consider the audience to be the most
important element of drama, as all of the effort put in to writing and producing a; play is for the enjoyment of the audience.

2. TECHNICAL ELEMENTS
1. Scenery(set)
2. Costumes
 3. Properties
4. Lights
5. Sound
6. Makeup

Scenery (set)- The theatrical equipment, such as curtains, flats, backdrops, or platforms, used in a dramatic production to
communicate environment.

Costumes- Clothing and accessories are worn by actors to portray character and period.

Properties- Properties are any article, except costume or scenery, used as part of a dramatic production; any moveable object
that appears on stage during a performance, from a telephone to a train.

Lights- Light elements means that every placement, intensity, and color ¡ lights have to be set as needed to help communicate
environment, mood, or feeling.

Sound- The effects an audience hears during performance to communicate character, context, or environment.

Makeup- Includes costumes, wigs, and body paint used to transform an actor into a character.

Prepared by:

REMEDIOS ABIERA BIANES, LPT