Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

Topical Approach to Lifespan Development 8th

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Chapter 06
Cognitive Developmental Approaches

Multiple Choice Questions

1. (p. 191) Infants develop behavioral schemes, whereas children develop _____ schemes.
A. mental
B. adaptive
C. physical
D. active

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Infancy
Topic: Schemes

6-1
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

2. (p. 191) Nine-year-old AJ enjoys participating in organized sports. He is developing an idea

of belonging to a team. AJ's concept of being a team member is an example of a(n)
A. disequilibrium.
B. accommodation.
C. scheme.
D. assimilation.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Schemes

6-2
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

3. (p. 191) The cognitive process of assimilation occurs when individuals

A. adjust old schemes to fit new information.
B. ignore information contradicting previous knowledge.
C. try to balance conflicting information.
D. use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Assimilation and Accommodation
Topic: Infancy

4. (p. 191) Lexi calls every animal she sees a cat. This is an example of
A. disequilibrium.
B. assimilation.
C. accommodation.
D. equilibration.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Assimilation and Accommodation
Topic: Infancy

5. (p. 191) Devin plays in the sand for the first time. Instead of digging in it, he tries to scoop
and throw it, just like he plays with water in his bathtub. This is an example of
A. disequilibrium.
B. assimilation.
C. organization.
D. accommodation.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Assimilation and Accommodation
Topic: Infancy

6-3
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

6. (p. 191) Tim understands that cars are vehicles. Later, he hears others refer to buses, trucks,
or ships as vehicles, and starts to call them vehicles, too. This change is an example of
A. scheme.
B. assimilation.
C. accommodation.
D. disequilibrium.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Assimilation and Accommodation
Topic: Infancy

7. (p. 191-192) The cognitive process of accommodation occurs when individuals

A. adjust old schemes to fit new information.
B. ignore information contradicting previous knowledge.
C. try to balance conflicting information.
D. use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Assimilation and Accommodation
Topic: Infancy

8. (p. 191-192) Eventually children learn not to put everything in their mouths. This is an example
of
A. assimilation.
B. disequilibrium.
C. accommodation.
D. equilibration.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Assimilation and Accommodation
Topic: Infancy

6-4
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

9. (p. 192) When people encounter information that conflicts with the schemes they have
established, they experience ________.
A. disequilibrium
B. equilibrium
C. accommodation
D. organization

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Equilibration

10. (p. 192) Daniel is confused when his mother prompts him to say hello to a person he doesn't
know, because he understands the "don't talk to strangers" rule. Daniel experiences cognitive
_________.
A. accommodation.
B. assimilation.
C. equilibrium.
D. disequilibrium.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Equilibration

6-5
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

11. (p. 192) According to Piaget, what is a child's motivation for change?
A. an internal search for equilibrium
B. an internal search for disequilibrium
C. assimilation and accommodation
D. punishments and rewards from other people

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Equilibration

12. (p. 192) Piaget's cognitive developmental stages

A. signify qualitative differences in cognition.
B. signify quantitative changes in cognition.
C. consist of six major different periods.
D. consist of four major different periods that do not have a particular sequential order.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Equilibration

13. (p. 192) Which of Piaget's stages lasts from birth to about 2 years of age?
A. sensorimotor
B. concrete operational
C. formal operational
D. preoperational

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Infancy
Topic: Sensorimotor Stage

6-6
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

14. (p. 193) Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget's cognitive developmental
stages?
A. preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor
B. concrete operational, sensorimotor, formal operational, concrete operational
C. preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational, sensorimotor
D. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Adolescence
Topic: Concrete Operational Stage
Topic: Early Adulthood
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Emerging Adulthood
Topic: Formal Operational Stage
Topic: Infancy
Topic: Late Adulthood
Topic: Middle Adulthood
Topic: Middle and Late Childhood
Topic: Preoperational Stage
Topic: Sensorimotor Stage

15. (p. 192-193) Rooting and sucking occur during the first sensorimotor substage called
A. first habits and primary circular reactions.
B. simple reflexes.
C. complex reflexes.
D. primary circular reactions.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Infancy
Topic: Sensorimotor Stage

6-7
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

16. (p. 193-194) When the mother puts the nipple into the mouth of 3-week-old Kierra, she starts
sucking. This is an example of which sensorimotor substage?
A. secondary circular reactions
B. simple reflexes
C. coordination of secondary circular reactions
D. first habits and primary circular reaction

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Infancy
Topic: Sensorimotor Stage

17. (p. 193) What is the main difference between a reflex and a habit?
A. Habits are developed through the process of evolution. Reflexes are developed by
repeated actions.
B. A habit is based on a reflex, and it is still dependent on the original eliciting stimulus.
C. A habit is based on a reflex, but it is completely separated from the original eliciting
stimulus.
D. There is no difference. The terms may be used interchangeably.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Infancy
Topic: Sensorimotor Stage

18. (p. 193) A scheme based on a reflex that has become completely separate from its eliciting
stimulus is called a
A. primitive symbol.
B. disequilibrium.
C. habit.
D. primary circular reaction.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Infancy
Topic: Sensorimotor Stage

6-8
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

19. (p. 194) Baby Dennis sees a ball on the floor. He picks it up, looks at it carefully, and then
bangs it on the ground. He picks it up again, holds it over his head, and drops it. Then, he
picks it up and throws it. Dennis continues playing for several minutes. Dennis is in which of
Piaget's sensorimotor substages?
A. primary circular reactions
B. secondary circular reactions
C. coordination of secondary circular reactions
D. tertiary circular reactions

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Infancy
Topic: Sensorimotor Stage

20. (p. 194) Gabbi holds a piece of plastic toy, starts to produce the chewing action repeatedly,
and says “I’m eating fish.” Gabbi is in which sensorimotor substage?
A. internalization of schemes
B. secondary circular reactions
C. coordination of secondary circular reactions
D. tertiary circular reactions

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Infancy
Topic: Sensorimotor Stage

6-9
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

21. (p. 194-195) Madeline leaves her 3-month-old son with a childcare provider. Piaget would
argue that Madeline's son does not miss Madeline because he has not developed
A. attachment.
B. object permanence.
C. disequilibrium.
D. equilibrium.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Infancy
Topic: Object Permanence

22. (p. 194-195) Mimi crawls into the hallway to look for her mother after she leaves the room.
According to Piaget, this shows that Mimi
A. is confused by the concept of object permanence.
B. is making an A-not-B error.
C. has not yet developed object permanence.
D. has developed object permanence.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Infancy
Topic: Object Permanence

6-10
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

23. (p. 194-195) Baby Alec continues to fuss for over 5 minutes when his brother takes away a
toy that he enjoys playing with. This can be used as evidence that Alec has developed
A. disequilibrium.
B. equilibrium.
C. adaptation.
D. object permanence.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Infancy
Topic: Object Permanence

24. (p. 194-195) Which of the following would be impossible without the understanding of the
concept of object permanence?
A. rehabituation after being presented with a new and interesting toy
B. starting a habitual action without the stimulus in the original reflex
C. intentional action such as using a stick to bring a toy close
D. thinking of your mother while she is at work

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Infancy
Topic: Object Permanence

6-11
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

25. (p. 195) Trent watches his mother hide a block under one of two cups and lifts the correct
cup to retrieve the block. When his mother hides the block under the other cup, he still lifts
the original cup to search for the block. Trent has demonstrated a(n)
A. A-not-B error.
B. a complete understanding of object permanence.
C. habituation to the first cup.
D. disequilibrium.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: A-not-B Error
Topic: Infancy

26. (p. 196-197) The research of Spelke and research of Baillargeon show that infants as young as
3 or 4 months old understand object permanence, because infants expect them to exist when
the objects are hidden. However, critics question whether an infant's _____ is a valid measure
of object permanence, because it merely demonstrates ______.
A. lack of interest in the objects; cognitive competencies
B. lack of interest in the objects; perceptual competencies
C. longer looking time; perceptual competencies
D. longer looking time; cognitive competencies

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Infancy
Topic: Object Permanence

6-12
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

27. (p. 197) Why does the finding that 4-month-old infants have intermodal perception
challenge Piaget's theory?
A. Piaget argued that young infants develop the ability to coordinate sensory information
from multiple sources at a much later age.
B. Piaget believed that infants have the ability to coordinate sensory information from
multiple sources right after birth.
C. Piaget believed that information from one sensory source is not connected to information
from another sensory Source.
D. Piaget believed that infants only rely on information from actions, not on perception.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Infancy
Topic: Perceptual Development

28. If one adopts Spelke’s Core Knowledge Approach, one would believe that
A. children learn some basic knowledge that is applicable to all different domains during the
first few months after birth.
B. children are born with some innate basic knowledge that is applicable to all different
domains.
C. children learn some basic knowledge that is applicable to specific domains during the first
few months after birth.
D. children are born with some innate basic knowledge that is applicable to specific domains.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Preoperational Stage

6-13
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

29. (p. 198) The preoperational stage lasts from ages

A. 3 to 5.
B. 4 to 7.
C. 2 to 4.
D. 2 to 7.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Preoperational Stage

30. (p. 198) Piaget labeled his second stage preoperational, because children at this stage
A. cannot yet perform operations mentally that they are able to do physically.
B. do not have symbolic thought, and can only deal with sensory information and physical
action.
C. cannot perform physical operations.
D. do not have stable concepts and cannot reason.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Preoperational Stage

31. (p. 198) Five-year-old Marta draws a picture of a boat on the ocean at sunset. Marta is
showing evidence of
A. animism.
B. egocentrism.
C. operations.
D. symbolic function.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Symbolic Function Substage

6-14
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

32. (p. 198) Angie asks her grandmother over the phone, "Do you like the color of my new shirt
that I'm wearing now?" This is an example of
A. egocentrism.
B. animism.
C. operations.
D. symbolic function.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Egocentrism

33. (p. 198-199) Animism and egocentrism represent limitations in the preoperational child's
thinking, because they indicate an inability to
A. think symbolically.
B. center attention on one characteristic.
C. distinguish among different perspectives.
D. to be fanciful and inventive in their drawings.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Symbolic Function Substage

34. (p. 199) Karl covers his stuffed toys before bedtime to make sure they are not cold. This is
an example of
A. egocentricism.
B. animism.
C. conservation.
D. operations.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Symbolic Function Substage

6-15
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

35. (p. 199) Adam cries that the tree root tripped him. This is an example of
A. egocentric thought.
B. conservation.
C. animism.
D. operations.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Symbolic Function Substage

36. (p. 199) During Piaget's intuitive thought substage, a child's reasoning
A. is primitive.
B. is advanced.
C. is complex.
D. includes rationale about how they know what they know.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Intuitive Thought Substage

37. (p. 199) Janie is exhausting her father with a barrage of "why" questions. She is trying to
figure out why things are the way they are. Janie is in Piaget's
A. coordination of secondary circular reactions substage.
B. symbolic function substage.
C. intuitive thought substage.
D. tertiary circular reactions substage.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Intuitive Thought Substage

6-16
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

38. (p. 199) According to Piaget, which of the following is characteristic of a child in the
preoperational stage?
A. animism.
B. egocentrism.
C. centration.
D. All of these answers are correct.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Preoperational Stage

39. (p. 200) The belief in the permanence of certain attributes of objects or situations despite
superficial changes is called
A. animism.
B. egocentrism.
C. centration.
D. conservation.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Conservation
Topic: Early Childhood

40. (p. 200) Nathan and Sara are eating granola bars. Sara breaks her bar in half. Nathan gets
upset because Sara has two granola bars. Nathan has not developed the concept of
A. centration.
B. conservation.
C. intuitive thought.
D. symbolic function.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Conservation
Topic: Early Childhood

6-17
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

41. (p. 200) Focusing attention on one characteristic of an object or concept to the exclusion of
all others is
A. centration.
B. egocentrism.
C. animism.
D. conservation.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Centration
Topic: Early Childhood

42. (p. 200) A child who understands that the amount of clay does not differ when it is stretched
into a long strip or rolled into a large ball has grasped the concept of
A. seriation.
B. animism.
C. conservation.
D. transitivity.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Conservation
Topic: Middle and Late Childhood

43. (p. 200) In explaining the ability to conserve, Piaget focuses on _____.
A. centration
B. animation
C. symbolic thought
D. imagination

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Centration
Topic: Early Childhood

6-18
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

44. (p. 201) What does Gelman (1969) indicate as an important factor in a child's performance
on conservation tasks?
A. attention to some specific aspects
B. intuitive thought
C. animism
D. creativity and imagination

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Conservation
Topic: Early Childhood

45. (p. 201) The concrete operational stage lasts from ages
A. 9 through 16.
B. 5 through 11.
C. 8 through 14.
D. 7 through 11.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Concrete Operational Stage
Topic: Middle and Late Childhood

46. (p. 201) Which of the following characterizes the concrete operational stage?
A. Logical thinking occurs in abstract terms.
B. Reasoning is dominated by intuition.
C. Reasoning is dominated by centration.
D. Logic replaces intuition if it can be applied to a visible example.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Concrete Operational Stage
Topic: Middle and Late Childhood

6-19
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

47. (p. 201-202) A reversible mental action on a real object is a

A. formal operation.
B. concrete operation.
C. preoperation.
D. centration.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Concrete Operational Stage
Topic: Middle and Late Childhood

48. (p. 202) Julio is able to put 5 numbers in the correct order as 2, 4, 6, 8, 10. This shows that
Julie understands the concept of
A. seriation.
B. centration.
C. conservation.
D. transitivity.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Concrete Operational Stage
Topic: Middle and Late Childhood

6-20
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

49. (p. 202) Todd knows that he is taller than the person in front of him and shorter than the
person behind him. Based on that knowledge, he concludes that the person behind him must
be taller than the person in front of him. This is an example showing that Todd understands
________.
A. transitivity
B. seriation
C. conservation
D. centration

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Concrete Operational Stage
Topic: Middle and Late Childhood

50. (p. 202) The formal operational stage appears between ages
A. 5 and 8.
B. 7 and 11.
C. 11 and 15.
D. 13 and 17.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Adolescence
Topic: Formal Operational Stage

6-21
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

51. (p. 202) Marni thinks about how the world could be if everyone took more personal
responsibility for the environment. Marni is in which of Piaget's stages?
A. sensorimotor
B. preoperational
C. concrete operational
D. formal operational

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Adolescence
Topic: Formal Operational Stage

52. (p. 202-203) According to Piaget, adolescents capable of formal operational thinking differ
from younger children in preoperational thinking in that younger children cannot
A. solve problems.
B. understand the concept of conservation.
C. deal with operations in concrete situations.
D. systematically and mentally test hypotheses.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Adolescence
Topic: Formal Operational Stage

6-22
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

53. (p. 202) Alene says, “If A is older than B, and B is older than C, then A must be older than
C.” Janis can not understand this. Alene explains, “If your friend John is older than you are,
and you are older than your cousin Mary, then John must be older than Mary.” Janis says, “I
got it.” In this example, Alene shows ______ thought, while Janis shows ______ thought.
A. abstract; hypothetical
B. concrete; abstract
C. deductive; inductive
D. abstract; concrete

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Concrete Operational Stage
Topic: Middle and Late Childhood

54. (p. 203) Piaget’s ideas on formal operational thinking are being challenged, because
A. many children never become concrete operational thinkers across all cultures
B. many adults never become formal operational thinkers in underdeveloped countries
C. many adults never become formal operational thinkers in America
D. many adults never become formal operational thinkers in both America and other cultures

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Adolescence
Topic: Formal Operational Stage

55. (p. 203) Which of the following is true of the formal operational stage?
A. Many children reach this stage before the age of 12.
B. Many adults never become formal operational thinkers.
C. Adolescent egocentrism is limited to a small proportion of adolescents.
D. The concept of a personal fable occurs in a very small percentage of adolescents.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Adolescence
Topic: Formal Operational Stage

6-23
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Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

56. (p. 203) Piaget argues that the initial development of formal operations is largely dominated
by _____.
A. assimilation
B. accommodation
C. perceptual coupling
D. centration

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Adolescence
Topic: Formal Operational Stage

57. (p. 203) While preparing his science project, Carlos systematically tests his best guess on his
subject and draws conclusions from the results. What thinking process is he engaged in?
A. hypothetical-deductive reasoning
B. adolescent egocentrism
C. abstract, idealistic thinking
D. imaginary audience

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Adolescence
Topic: Formal Operational Stage

58. (p. 203) Adolescent egocentrism is characterized by

A. the inability to take different perspectives.
B. a heightened self-consciousness.
C. the assimilation of others' perspectives into a new self-concept.
D. the ability to speculate about ideal circumstances.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Adolescence
Topic: Egocentrism

6-24
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Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

59. (p. 203) Jillian feels like she is the center of attention and acts as though she were "on
stage." This way of thinking is known as
A. psychological invulnerability.
B. hypothetical-deductive reasoning.
C. the imaginary audience.
D. the personal fable.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Adolescence
Topic: Egocentrism

60. (p. 203) Halene is sure that all her classmates are staring at her new haircut. This is an
example of
A. a personal fable.
B. intuitive thought.
C. hypothetical-deductive reasoning.
D. an imaginary audience.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Adolescence
Topic: Egocentrism

61. (p. 203-204) Some adolescents engage in risky behaviors, because they believe they are
invulnerable to the negative consequences of these actions. This is an example of
A. intuitive thought.
B. imaginary audience.
C. hypothetical-deductive reasoning.
D. personal fable.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Adolescence
Topic: Egocentrism

6-25
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Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

62. (p. 203) Sophie feels that her parents can never understand the psychological sufferings she
is experiencing. This could be an example of
A. a personal fable.
B. imagined invincibility.
C. an imaginary audience.
D. hypothetical-deductive reasoning.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Adolescence
Topic: Egocentrism

63. (p. 203) Following the homecoming game, a group of senior high school students drank a lot
of alcohol. After that, they still insisted that they could drive home themselves without any
problem. This behavior is an example of
A. psychological invulnerability.
B. dander invulnerability.
C. an imaginary audience.
D. hypothetical-deductive reasoning.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Adolescence
Topic: Egocentrism

6-26
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Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

64. (p. 203) Jamal is a 17-year-old high school student. Which of the following is a correct
statement about his cognitive development?
A. Jamal must be in the concrete operational stage.
B. Jamal must be in the formal operational stage.
C. Jamal will never reach the formal operational stage.
D. Jamal may still think in concrete operational ways and may never become a formal
operational thinker.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Apply Piaget's theory to education; and evaluate Piaget's theory.
Topic: Adolescence
Topic: Piaget and Education

65. (p. 205) Which of the following BEST characterizes cognitive development according to
Jean Piaget?
A. Genetics plays an important role in cognitive development.
B. Children learn best when they do things by themselves.
C. Children learn about the world from watching others’ actions and consequences.
D. Children can store an infinite amount of information in their long-term memories.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Apply Piaget's theory to education; and evaluate Piaget's theory.
Topic: Adolescence
Topic: Piaget and Education

6-27
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Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

66. (p. 205-206) Which of the following teaching methods would a Piagetian science teacher
employ?
A. Students would watch a video explaining a scientific concept.
B. The teacher would demonstrate an experiment and explain the conclusions and scientific
concepts.
C. With general instructions, students design and complete their own science projects and
report on findings.
D. Students will be pushed hard to double their efforts so they can accomplish the target task
in half of the expected time.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Apply Piaget's theory to education; and evaluate Piaget's theory.
Topic: Adolescence
Topic: Piaget and Education

67. (p. 205-206) A kindergarten teacher instructs parent volunteers to take a Piagetian approach
when interacting with his students during learning center time. He recommends the
volunteers
A. ask children to imitate what they do until perfection.
B. provide a setting where children can explore and learn by doing things themselves.
C. always reward the correct answers from children and ignore children’s mistakes.
D. use flash cards repeatedly until children learn the target concepts.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Apply Piaget's theory to education; and evaluate Piaget's theory.
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Piaget and Education

6-28
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Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

68. (p. 206) Which of the following is a criticism of Piaget's cognitive development theory?
A. Some cognitive abilities emerge earlier and some later than Piaget thought.
B. Adult cognition is far more advanced than Piaget theorized.
C. An enriched environment and training have less developmental impact than Piaget
thought.
D. Social interaction is less vital to learning than Piaget believed.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Apply Piaget's theory to education; and evaluate Piaget's theory.
Topic: Criticisms of Piaget

69. (p. 207) In assessing the ability to conserve, research findings indicate that this skill
A. is dependent solely on biological maturation.
B. appears at approximately the same age and in the same sequence across cultures.
C. improves with training and practice.
D. is dependent primarily on quality of environment.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Apply Piaget's theory to education; and evaluate Piaget's theory.
Topic: Criticisms of Piaget
Topic: Early Childhood

70. (p. 207) Which of the following do Neo-Piagetians argue should have more emphasis in
cognitive developmental theory?
A. social learning
B. attention, memory, and strategy
C. evolutionary adaptations
D. critical periods

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Apply Piaget's theory to education; and evaluate Piaget's theory.
Topic: Criticisms of Piaget
Topic: Early Childhood

6-29
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Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

71. (p. 207) Like Piaget, Vygotsky believed that children

A. progress through strict age-related stages of cognitive development.
B. learn from watching older, more experienced individuals.
C. actively construct their knowledge and understanding.
D. are biologically predisposed to achieve a certain level of cognitive development.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Evaluating Vygotsky's Theory

72. (p. 207) Piaget's theory of development centered on children’s actions and interaction with
the physical world, while Vygotsky's focused on
A. conservation.
B. memory and attention.
C. social interaction.
D. trial and error.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.
Topic: Evaluating Vygotsky's Theory

73. (p. 207) Vygotsky differs from Piaget in how he stresses the importance of _____ for
cognitive development.
A. children’s own maturation
B. children’s own exploration
C. children’s interactions with other people
D. children’s interactions with the physical environment

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.
Topic: Evaluating Vygotsky's Theory

6-30
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

74. (p. 208) According to Vygotsky, the range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to
master alone, but that can be learned with guidance and assistance, is
A. scaffolding.
B. the zone of proximal development.
C. a cultural tool provided by society.
D. inner speech.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Zone of Proximal Development

75. (p. 208) Breanne is learning to walk. She can take a few steps if she walks by herself, but
she can walk across the room if a parent holds her hands. The parent’s hand holding is an
example of __________.
A. a zone of proximal development
B. dialogue
C. scaffolding
D. inner speech

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.
Topic: Infancy
Topic: Zone of Proximal Development

6-31
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

76. (p. 208) Ms. Whitaker incorporates peer tutoring in her classroom. With whose theory does
this method fit?
A. Freud
B. Piaget
C. The Neo-Piagetians
D. Vygotsky

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Evaluating Vygotsky's Theory

77. (p. 208) Mr. Kaird incorporates peer tutoring in his classroom. This is an example of
A. scaffolding.
B. zone of proximal development.
C. dialogue.
D. inner speech.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Scaffolding

78. (p. 208) Changing the level of support in the zone of proximal development is labeled
A. constructing.
B. training.
C. scaffolding.
D. dialogue.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Scaffolding

6-32
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

79. (p. 208) When working with young children, adults often provide assistance, instruction, and
other support. As children demonstrate they can do more for themselves, Vygotsky
recommends that adults begin to withdraw these supports. This demonstrates the concept of
A. the zone of proximal development.
B. scaffolding.
C. dialogue.
D. inner speech.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Scaffolding

80. (p. 208) Vygotsky believed that private speech is

A. an important tool of thought.
B. a sign of delayed language development.
C. socially paralyzing.
D. a hindrance to problem solving.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Language and Thought

6-33
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

81. (p. 208) Brent talks himself through his math calculation homework, particularly when he
does hard questions. This can be an example of
A. private speech.
B. egocentrism.
C. scaffolding.
D. the zone of proximal development.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Language and Thought

82. (p. 208) What did Vygotsky believe about the development of thought and language?
A. Thought and language emerge simultaneously and later separate.
B. Thought depends on language, so they are tied throughout development.
C. Thought and language develop independently at first and merge later in development.
D. Thought and language remain independent throughout development.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Language and Thought

83. (p. 208-209) Vygotsky's theory states that children use speech not only for social
communication but also for
A. problem solving.
B. self-regulation.
C. planning and guiding one’s own actions.
D. All of these answers are correct.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Language and Thought

6-34
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

84. (p. 208) When self-talk becomes second nature to children and they can act without
verbalizing, they have begun to use
A. private speech.
B. inner speech.
C. dialogue.
D. scaffolding.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Language and Thought

85. (p. 208-209) Mrs. Marsden hears a student arranging story cards. "Hmm, I think this one goes
first and next is that one. No, maybe that one." She is witnessing the student's
A. scaffolding.
B. speech for communication.
C. private speech for problem solving.
D. inner speech for problem solving.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Language and Thought

6-35
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

86. (p. 209) According to Vygotsky, what should a teacher NOT do in the classroom in helping
a student learn new things?
A. Ask the student how the teacher can help.
B. Watch carefully and intervene when the student appears to struggle.
C. Offer encouragement when the student hesitates in problem solving.
D. Leave the student alone to figure things out by himself.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Teaching Strategies

87. (p. 210) Tools of the Mind is an early childhood education curriculum that emphasizes all of
the following EXCEPT
A. life skills, such as cooking and sewing.
B. dramatic play.
C. scaffolding writing.
D. developing self-regulation.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Teaching Strategies

88. (p. 210) Children in Tools of the Mind classrooms exhibit more advanced skills in
__________ than their peers in other early childhood programs.
A. writing complex sentences
B. spelling accurately
C. understanding the concept of a sentence
D. All of these answers are correct.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Teaching Strategies

6-36
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

89. (p. 211) Neither Vygotsky's nor Piaget's theory had much to say about
A. the role of nurture in development.
B. the role of more mature mentors in development.
C. language and thought in development.
D. adult cognitive development.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Describe cognitive changes in adulthood.
Topic: Cognitive Stages
Topic: Middle and Late Adulthood

90. (p. 212) Labouvie-Vief (1986) argued that as young adults face the constraints of reality
A. egocentrism increases.
B. wishful thought increases.
C. idealistic thought decreases.
D. the imaginary audience disappears.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Describe cognitive changes in adulthood.
Topic: Emerging Adulthood
Topic: Realistic and Pragmatic Thinking

91. (p. 212-213) According to Schaie (1977), as young adults begin working, cognitive
development switches from
A. applying to acquiring knowledge.
B. acquiring to applying knowledge.
C. realistic to idealistic thinking.
D. intuitive to logical thought.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Describe cognitive changes in adulthood.
Topic: Emerging Adulthood
Topic: Realistic and Pragmatic Thinking

6-37
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

92. (p. 213) Which statement summarizes what Perry (1970) believes about the cognitive level
of a typical adolescent?
A. "Right is right, and wrong is wrong."
B. "There are three sides to every issue: black, white, and gray."
C. "We have to look for the underlying principle of truth in every situation."
D. "We need to understand and operate from others' perspectives."

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Describe cognitive changes in adulthood.
Topic: Emerging Adulthood
Topic: Reflective and Relativistic Thinking

93. (p. 213) According to William Perry, compared to adolescent thinking, adult thinking is
A. absolutist and dualistic.
B. idealistic and altruistic.
C. reflective and relativistic.
D. intuitive and concrete.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Describe cognitive changes in adulthood.
Topic: Emerging Adulthood
Topic: Reflective and Relativistic Thinking

94. (p. 213) Some theorists have pieced together descriptions of a fifth stage of cognitive
development, labeled
A. reflective thought.
B. superformal thought.
C. postformal thought.
D. provisional thought.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Describe cognitive changes in adulthood.
Topic: Emerging Adulthood
Topic: Postformal Thought

6-38
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

95. (p. 213-214) Which of the following is NOT an element of postformal thought?
A. Solving a problem requires considering many different aspects.
B. Correct answers to a problem may vary from one situation to another.
C. Firm commitment to an absolute truth.
D. The search for truth is a never-ending process.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Describe cognitive changes in adulthood.
Topic: Emerging Adulthood
Topic: Postformal Thought

Short Answer Questions

96. (p. 191-192) Briefly define the concepts of schemes, assimilation, and accommodation.

Schemes: actions or mental representations that organize knowledge.

Assimilation: occurs when children process new information in terms of their existing
scheme.
Accommodation: occurs when children adjust their schemes to fit new information and
experiences.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Assimilation and Accommodation
Topic: Infancy
Topic: Schemes

6-39
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Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

97. (p. 192) Explain the concepts of disequilibrium, equilibration, and equilibrium.

Disequilibrium: occurs when a child experiences a cognitive conflict in trying to understand

the world.
Equilibration: the process that aids a child in resolving cognitive conflict.
Equilibrium: achieved when a cognitive conflict has been resolved and a balance of thought is
reached.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 4.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Equilibration
Topic: Organization

98. (p. 193) List Piaget's four stages of cognitive development in order.

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Adolescence
Topic: Concrete Operational Stage
Topic: Early Adulthood
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Emerging Adulthood
Topic: Formal Operational Stage
Topic: Infancy
Topic: Late Adulthood
Topic: Middle Adulthood
Topic: Middle and Late Childhood
Topic: Preoperational Stage
Topic: Sensorimotor Stage

6-40
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Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

99. (p. 193) Identify and briefly describe the thinking processes associated with Piaget's four
stages of cognitive development.

1. Sensorimotor: coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions.

2. Preoperational: representing the world with words, images, and drawings.
3. Concrete operational: operations are performed; logical thinking is applied to concrete or
physical examples.
4. Formal operations: abstract thinking.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 4.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Adolescence
Topic: Concrete Operational Stage
Topic: Early Adulthood
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Emerging Adulthood
Topic: Formal Operational Stage
Topic: Infancy
Topic: Late Adulthood
Topic: Middle Adulthood
Topic: Middle and Late Childhood
Topic: Preoperational Stage
Topic: Sensorimotor Stage

100. (p. 193) What is the main difference between a habit and a reflex?

A reflex occurs automatically in response to an eliciting stimulus. A habit is a scheme based

on a reflex that has become completely separate from its eliciting stimulus.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Infancy
Topic: Sensorimotor Stage

6-41
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

101. (p. 194) Describe object permanence.

Object permanence is the idea that objects and events continue to exist even when they
cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 4.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Infancy
Topic: Object Permanence

102. (p. 199) Define animism.

Animism is the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Preoperational Stage

103. (p. 198-199) Define childhood egocentrism.

Childhood egocentrism is the inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and
someone else's perspective.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Egocentrism

6-42
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

104. (p. 198-199) Discuss the two stages of preoperational thought, and identify the ages at which
they occur.

1. Symbolic function, 2 to 4 years of age: child gains the ability to mentally represent an
object that is not present.
2. Intuitive thought, 4 to 7 years of age: children begin to use primitive reasoning and want to
know answers to questions. Children become sure of their knowledge but are unaware of how
they know what they know.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 4.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Preoperational Stage

105. (p. 200) Define centration.

Centration is focusing attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Centration

106. (p. 200-201) Give an example of a way to assess whether or not a child has grasped the
concept of conservation.

(Any answer that gives an example of a child being presented with an amount or volume of a
substance. The shape of the substance is somehow changed and the child is asked which
amount or volume is greater.)

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
APA Outcome: 4.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Centration
Topic: Early Childhood

6-43
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Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

107. (p. 200) Define mental operations.

Operations: internalized sets of actions that allow the child to do mentally what was only
done physically before this stage.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Preoperational Stage

108. (p. 200-201) List three mental abilities the child in Piaget's concrete operations stage can
perform.

1. seriation
2. conservation
3. transitivity

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Concrete Operational Stage
Topic: Middle and Late Childhood

6-44
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

109. (p. 202-203) Identify three ways in which formal operational thought differs from concrete
operational thought.

Formal operational thought is more:

1. abstract—not limited to actual concrete experience.

2. idealistic—focusing on ideal characteristics and standards for comparison with others.
3. logical—systematic thinking in problem solving.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 4.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Adolescence
Topic: Concrete Operational Stage
Topic: Early Adulthood
Topic: Emerging Adulthood
Topic: Formal Operational Stage
Topic: Late Adulthood
Topic: Middle Adulthood
Topic: Middle and Late Childhood

110. (p. 203-204) Define two types of adolescent egocentrism.

Imaginary audience: involves attention-getting behavior and the phenomenon that

adolescents feel they are "on stage."
Personal fable: involves a sense of personal uniqueness and invincibility.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 4.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.
Topic: Adolescence
Topic: Egocentrism

6-45
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Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

111. (p. 205-206) Describe three ways to apply Piaget's theory to education.

1. Take a constructivist approach. Children learn best when they are active and find solutions
for themselves. Students learn best by making discoveries, reflecting on them, and discussing
them, rather than blindly imitating the teacher or doing things by rote.
2. Facilitate rather than direct learning. Children learn best by doing. Teachers should listen,
watch, and question students.
3. Consider the child's knowledge and level of thinking. Children have concepts of space,
time, quantity, and causality. Teachers should interpret what a student is saying and respond
in ways not too far from the student's level. Examine children's mistakes in thinking, as well
as what they get right.
4. Promote the student's intellectual health. Children should not be pushed and pressured into
achieving too much too early in their development.
5. Turn the classroom into a setting of exploration and discovery. Classrooms should be less
structured. Workbooks and predetermined assignments are not used. Students' interests and
natural participation in activities determine what the course of learning will be.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
APA Outcome: 4.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Learning Objective: Apply Piaget's theory to education; and evaluate Piaget's theory.
Topic: Piaget and Education

112. (p. 206-207) List three criticisms of Piaget's theory. Evaluate Piaget's theory in your own
words.

1. underestimates the onset of children's competence at different developmental levels

2. overestimates synchrony in the emergence of various aspects of a stage
3. overestimates the stage-like nature in children's cognitive development, and
underestimates the task-specific nature of development
4. underestimates the effects of training on cognitive development

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 4.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluation
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Learning Objective: Apply Piaget's theory to education; and evaluate Piaget's theory.
Topic: Criticisms of Piaget

6-46
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

113. (p. 208) What is the zone of proximal development, and what is the process used to
facilitate learning within this zone?

The zone of proximal development is the range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to
master alone but that can be learned with the guidance and assistance of adults or more skilled
children. Scaffolding means changing the limits of support that are provided by a more skilled
person when the student is learning a new task.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 4.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Learning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Zone of Proximal Development

114. (p. 208-209) How did Vygotsky and Piaget differ on the concept of private speech?

Piaget believed that private speech showed egocentrism and immaturity. Vygotsky believed
private speech is valuable for self-regulation, planning, and task solving.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 4.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Learning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Language and Thought

6-47
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

115. (p. 209) Describe three ways to apply Vygotsky's theory to education.

1. Use the child's zone of proximal development. Teach toward the upper limit of the zone of
proximal development. Offer just enough assistance. Offer encouragement when a child
hesitates.
2. Use more-skilled peers as teachers. Adults are not the only ones who can aide a child's
learning.
3. Monitor and encourage a child's use of private speech. Listen to student-initiated self-talk
and correct strategies if necessary. Teach students how to talk through tasks requiring
systematic solutions. Encourage older children to develop inner speech.
4. Place instruction in a meaningful context. Apply lessons to real-world situations and
conditions when possible.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
APA Outcome: 4.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Learning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Evaluating Vygotsky's Theory

116. (p. 210) Describe two ways that the Tools of the Mind early childhood curriculum is
grounded in Vygotsky's theory (1962).

1. Teachers scaffold children in creating dramatic play scenarios that increase children's self-
regulation and quality of play.
2. Attention is given to social interactions and developing self-regulation skills.
3. Teachers scaffold children's writing.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 4.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Learning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Teaching Strategies

6-48
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 06 - Cognitive Developmental Approaches

117. (p. 211) List three criticisms of Vygotsky's theory of development. Evaluate Vygotsky's
theory in your own words.

1. Vygotsky was not specific enough about age-related changes.

2. Vygotsky did not adequately describe how changes in socioemotional capabilities
contribute to cognitive development.
3. Vygotsky overemphasized the role of language in thinking.
4. Vygotsky placed too much emphasis on collaboration and guidance. For example, some
facilitators may be too helpful in some cases. In other cases, children might become lazy and
expect help when they might have completed a task on their own.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 4.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluation
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Learning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.
Topic: Evaluating Vygotsky's Theory

118. (p. 212-213) Describe two ways that adults think in qualitatively different ways from
adolescents.

1. As young adults face the constraints of reality, the idealist thinking of adolescence
decreases.
2. Young adults switch from acquiring knowledge to applying knowledge.
3. Polar, absolutist thinking in adolescence gives way to relativistic thinking in adulthood.
4. Reflective thinking increases and deepens in young adulthood.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 4.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Learning Objective: Describe cognitive changes in adulthood.
Topic: Cognitive Stages
Topic: Middle Adulthood

6-49
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McGraw-Hill Education.