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JFL 34 (1) 2021
JFL 34 (1) 2021
FOOD LEGUMES
An Official Journal of Indian Society of Pulses Research and Development (Registration No. 877)
ISSN: 0970-6380; Online ISSN: 0976-2434
The Indian Society of Pulses Research and Development (ISPRD) was founded in April 1987 with the following
objectives:
• To promote research, development and extension activities in pulses
• To facilitate close association amongst pulse workers nationally and internationally
• To publish “Journal of Food Legumes”, a quality research journal of the Society
Membership: any person interested in pulses research and development is eligible for membership of the Society
by becoming ordinary, life or corporate member by paying respective membership fee as detailed below:
Membership Fee Indian (Rs.) Foreign (US$)
Ordinary (Annual) 500 40
Life member 5000 400
Admission Fee 50 10
Libarary/Institute 5000 400
Corporate Member 7500 –
Contribution to the Journal, except in case of invited articles, is open to the members of the society only. Any
non-member submitting a manuscript will be required to become at least an annual member. Members will be
entitled to receive the Journal and other communications issued by the Society. Renewal of the subscription is due
in January each year. If the subscription is not received by February 15, the membership will stand cancelled and
can be revived by paying readmission fee of Rs. 50/-. The membership fee will be paid through online bank
transfer as per given details:
Account Holder’s name: INDIAN SOCIETY OF PULSES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Name of the Bank: Union Bank of India
Address: Kalyanpur-Kanpur 208024
Account No.: 349502010003620
IFSC Code: UBIN0534951
Communication regarding transfer of membership fee alongwith the transfer receipt should be communicated
to Secretary, ISPRD, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur-208024, India at secretary.isprd@gmail.com.
Contents
CURRENT AFFAIRS
1. Can India sustain high growth of pulses production? 1
Pooran Gaur
RESEARCH PAPERS
2. Genetic diversity and phylogeography of mungbean yellow mosaic
India virus in Central India 4
Rakesh Kumar Singh, Parveen Ghazi Ansari, Shruti Kaushik, Gaurav Raghuwanshi,
Ashok Krishna, Takashi Wada and Hiroaki Noda
3. Potential resistant donors for yellow mosaic disease identified from
endemic wild Vigna species 10
Gita Kumari, Aditya Pratap, Roopa Lavanya, G Mohd. Akram, Revanasidda,
Meenal Rathore, Latha Madhavan, Yogendra Singh and NP Singh
4. Genetic studies for biofortification traits in chickpea 17
Satvinder Singh, Karthick S Babu, Anju Arora, RK Panwar and SK Verma
5. Use of novel chitin amended formulation of Trichoderma asperellum and
Pseudomonas fluorescens to induce systemic induced resistance in
chickpea [Cicer arietinum L.] against biotic stresses 21
P Jaisani and NM Gohel
6. Effect of PSB, FYM with variable levels of P on the yield attributes and
productivity of black gram in Shiwalik hills of Himachal Pradesh 31
Ashish Sharma, Pawan Pathania and Munish Sharma
7. Profitability of legume-maize cropping systems under legume residue
management practices 38
Monika Shukla, AC Sadhu, KD Mevada and Pratik Patel
8. Effect of frontline demonstrations of gram in Sirohi district of
South-Western Rajasthan 44
Dileep Kumar and Lokesh Kumar Jain
9. Enhancement of productivity in chickpea through frontline demonstrations
on farmers’ field 48
Shalu Abraham, Ishwar Singh, Eshu Sahu, Praveen Jamrey and Manish Arya
10. IPA 15-2 (Sharada): A high yielding, wilt and sterility mosaic disease resistant
pigeonpea cultivar for North East Plain Zone 51
Satheesh Naik SJ, Abhishek Bohra, Farindra Singh, Dibendu Datta, IP Singh,
Raj Kumar Mishra, Hriday Narayan Maurya and NP Singh
SHORT COMMUNICATION
11. Yellow mosaic disease status of mungbean genotypes grown in South-Eastern
Rajasthan 57
DL Yadav, SL Yadav, Khajan Singh, Pratap Singh and Manju Meena
12. Effect of pre-storage infestation levels of Callosobruchus analis (F.) on mungbean 60
Rajnish Dwivedi, Sanjay M Bandi, Revanasidda, Prastuti Mishra and Bansa Singh
13. An improved screening method for identification of resistance to
bruchids in pulses 64
Revanasidda, Aditya Pratap, Debjyoti Sen Gupta, AK Parihar, Sanjay M Bandi,
Mohd. Akram, Bansa Singh and NP Singh
COMMENTARY
15. A hidden threat of deteriorating nutritional quality of pulses under
climate change 68
PS Basu
Current Affairs
Can India sustain high growth of pulses production?
POORAN GAUR
India has made remarkable progress in The dedicated efforts of Indian Council of
enhancing production of pulses during the past 15 Agricultural Research (ICAR) through Indian Institute
years. During 2005-06, the total production of pulses of Pulses Research (IIPR) and various All India
in India was 13.38 million MT, which increased to Coordinated Research Projects (AICRPs) on Pulses
25.58 million MT during 2020-21. This shows an and a network of partners have made significant
impressive growth of 91% or a compound annual achievements in development of high yielding cultivars
growth rate (CAGR) of 4.42%. During 2020-21, and their production technologies. Partnership of
chickpea had a lion’s share of 49.3% in the total pulses ICAR with international institutes, particularly
production. Among remaining pulses, pigeonpea ICRISAT in chickpea (desi and kabuli) and pigeonpea;
contributed 16.2%, mungbean 10.3%, urdbean 9.3%, ICARDA in lentil, chickpea (kabuli) and grasspea; and
lentil 4.9% and other pulses 9.9%. During the past 15 World Vegetable Center in mungbean and urdbean,
years, the highest growth in production was observed have been very fruitful. Germplasm and breeding
for mungbean (178%), followed by chickpea (125%), materials supplied by these institutes have contributed
urdbean (90%), pigeonpea (51%) and lentil (34%). to development of several widely grown cultivars. For
This is a big leap by India towards attaining self- example, short-duration chickpea varieties, such as
sufficiency in pulses. This has been possible because JG 11 and JAKI 9218, developed in collaboration with
of the recent mission mode approach adopted by the ICRISAT contributed significantly to expanding
country in boosting pulses production. The chickpea area in southern India. The National Food
contributing factors to this success include (1) Security Mission (NFSM) launched by the Ministry of
availability of high yielding cultivars well adapted to Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India
different environments and growing conditions, (2) in 2007 boosted efforts on outreach activities on pulses.
improved crop production technologies, (3) enhanced One of the greatest success stories for pulses in
uptake of improved cultivars and production India is the spectacular increase in area and
technologies through knowledge empowerment of productivity of chickpea in central and southern India,
farmers and by ensuring supply of quality seed and outperforming rest of the world (all chickpea growing
other inputs (establishing 15 seed hubs, conducting countries excluding India) in chickpea production.
large number of demonstrations on improved cultivars During the past four decades (1979-2019), chickpea
and best production technologies, etc), (4) expansion production in central and southern India increased
of the area of pulses in rice-fallows, spring/summer by 445% (from 1.27 to 6.95 million MT) due to 177%
season and other non-traditional areas, and (5) increase in area (2.42 to 6.71 million ha) and 97%
government policies in favor of pulses. increase in yield (527 to 1036 kg/ha), while in the rest
2 Journal of Food Legumes 34(1), 2021
of the world, chickpea production increased by 133 % stresses and controlling other desired traits for which
(1.85 to 4.31 million MT) due to 49% increase in area genetic variability in the cultivated germplasm is not
(2.80 to 4.17 million ha) and 57% increase in yield adequate.
(659 to 1033 kg/ha). This outstanding achievement Though pulses already have appreciable amount
by India in chickpea production in central and of protein and micronutrients, opportunities exit for
southern India largely remained unnoticed, as bulk of further enhancing protein content by 20 to 30% and
this increased production went in compensating for some of the micronutrients, such as iron (Fe) and zinc
the huge reduction in chickpea production occurred (Zn), by 50 to 100%. The crop improvement programs
in northern India, which was due to replacement of should aim for mainstreaming these traits in
chickpea with wheat and other irrigated crops in about development of breeding materials, so that all future
4 million ha (almost equivalent to the total chickpea varieties have higher contents of protein and
area of the rest of the world). Expansion of wheat area micronutrients, and the consumers can get higher
was crucial for India for ensuring food security and, nutritional benefits even if they consume the same
fortunately, expansion in chickpea area in central and quantity of pulses.
southern India fully compensated for the loss in
chickpea area occurred in Northern India. India still has vast scope of bringing additional
area under pulses cultivations. Concerted efforts need
India has ample opportunities and capabilities to continue on expanding area of pulses in rice-fallows
to sustain this high growth of pulses production. There available in eastern and southern states and promoting
is a need to maintain this momentum and make spring/summer cultivation of mungbean and urdbean
adequate and sustained investments in pulses research in areas with assured irrigation.
and developments and provide favorable policy
support for boosting pulses production. Wide yield gaps still exist between the realized
and potential yields of pulses with varying range
The crop improvement programs are now better across crops and geographies. There is a need to map
equipped to develop varieties in relatively shorter yield gaps for each pulse crop in major growing
period and meeting the existing and evolving geographies, identify the major contributing factors to
requirements of farmers, consumers and the industries. yield gaps, and develop suitable strategies for bridging
The crop improvement scientists now have access to the yield gaps. This will involve targeted development
advanced tools and techniques to realize high genetic of improved varieties and production technologies
gains. These include genomics resources and high and enhancing their adoption by empowering the
throughput phenotyping methods for achieving high farmers with required knowledge and inputs supply.
precision and efficiency in breeding; rapid generation
advancement methods for speed breeding; novel Crop production technologies which are expected
crossing methods, such as multiparent advanced to have high potential impacts on production of pulses
generation intercross (MAGIC) method for enhancing need to be given special attention. These include (1)
genetic recombination; and efficient data management planting methods, such as raised bed and ridge and
systems for making better decisions. The research furrow methods, to avoid water logging in rainy season
programs need to be adequately funded so that these pulses, (2) integrated water management and efficient
can develop/upgrade research facilities and have irrigations systems to ensure need-based supplemental
trained human resources needed to integrate modern irrigations to post rainy season pulses, (3) soil-test
tools and techniques and gain enhanced efficiency. based application of fertilizers to meet the requirements
of both macro and micronutrients, (4) enhanced
Some the areas which need greater attention in mechanization in pulses cultivation, and (5)
development of varieties/hybrids include (1) improved promoting conservation agriculture. It is also
resilience to climate change and adaptability to new important to promote efficient and cost-effective seed/
niches (early maturity, heat tolerance, etc), (2) region- grain storage methods to minimize losses during
specific hybrids of pigeonpea with suitable maturity storage. Development of pulses value chain involving
duration and efficient seed production and genetic farmers among the value chain actors would be
purity assessment system, (3) traits that facilitate important to provide much-needed additional income
mechanization (suitability to machine harvesting, to farmers.
herbicide tolerance), (4) further enhanced nutritional Pulses would continue to be important in India
quality (protein, iron and zinc contents), and (5) traits in the diets of people for nutritional benefits and in
needed by the industries. The crop improvement sustaining agriculture production systems. The
programs should consider exploitation of wild species demand of pulses will continue to escalate because of
for introgression of novel genes conferring resistance/ population growth and increasing awareness of
tolerance to existing and emerging biotic and abiotic consumers about the nutritional benefits of pulses.
Can India sustain high growth of pulses production? 3
There are not many countries exporting pulses that India in pulses production in the recent years and the
are in high consumption in India (desi chickpea, vast opportunities available for increasing both area
pigeonpea, mungbean, and urdbean). Thus, India and productivity of pulses in the country suggest that
should continue concerted efforts towards achieving India is well-positioned to achieve self-sufficiency in
self-sufficiency in pulses. The rapid strides taken by pulses.
Journal of Food Legumes 34(1): 4-9, 2021
ABSTRACT
1
Department of Plant Pathology, Rajmata Vijayaraje Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) is widely prevalent
Scindia Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, (RVSKVV), in Central India and threatens many food legumes, including
College of Agriculture, Indore 452 001, M.P., India; soybean, mungbean and blackgram. Three isolates of MYMIV from
2
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) the state of Madhya Pradesh, India were fully anlayzed on the
Soybean Project, ADR Building Research Campus, basis of their sequences; two genomic components of the virus,
College of Agriculture, Indore 452 001, M.P., India; DNA-A and DNA-B, eoncoded seven and two genes, respectively,
3
National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, and showed general features in the intergenic region. Phylogenetic
Owashi, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan analyses of a number of MYMIV isolates classified them into three
general groups and virus map location illustrated that MYMIV has
*E-mail: rakesh0429@gmail.com been differentiated on the basis of geographical distribution in the
Indian subcontinent.
Received: Feburary 23, 2021,
Accepted: June 05, 2021 Key words: Begomovirus, Central India, Geographical distribution,
Legumes, MYMIV
Handling Editor: Dr. Mohd. Akram,
ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur
Fig 2. Phylogenetic placement of MYMIV DNA-A components based on genome sequences obtained from NCBI. In
total, 2636 unambiguously aligned nucleotide sites underwent analysis for 71 MYMIV DNA-A compornents
including three newly determined sequences (LC271790, LC271792 and LC271794). For outgroup taxa, MYMV DNA-
A components (FM242701 and D14703) were used. Accession numbers in the DNA databases are used for each taxon
label. A maximum likelihood (ML) phylogeny is shown, whereas neighbor-joining (NJ) analysis gave substantially the
same results except the position of AM992618. Statistical support values 60% are shown at the nodes in the order of
ML/NJ. Bar indicates support values <60%. MYMIV groups, I, II and III (Ilyas et al. 2010), are shown on the right
side of the phylogeny. Location (country and city) of virus samples are shown in brackets after the accession
numbers. Underline indicates the state or region. Bar indicate information unavailable. ID, Indonesia; IN, India; NP,
Nepal; PK, Pakistan; TH, Thailand
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Fig 3. Rolling circle amplification product digested with Eco R1
and Bam H1enzymes produced approximately 2.8 kb amplicon This work was supported by Japan International
One clade corresponding to group II was Cooperation Agency (JICA) under a technical
consisted of 13 samples from all over Pakistan, five cooperation program, “Project for Maximisation of
samples from Nepal and five samples from India. The Soybean Production in Madhya Pradesh”. The authors
Indian samples were from Varanasi and Kanpur, are grateful to K. Taniwaki, the project leader, S. S.
which are in the state Uttar Pradesh, close to Nepal. Tomar, the former project manager and H. S. Yadava,
There were minor differences with the results of Ilyas Director of Research Services for their support and
et al. (2010); group II members were not found in Central encouragement for this work. The authors thank M.
and South India, and five Nepal samples were all Ohata, M. Ohnuki, H. Tanaka, K. Watanabe and S.
included in group II in the present analyses. Tomita for their support in this study.
Group I, shown by another large clade containing R. K. Singh received research grants (2012–2016)
30 isolates, included isolates from all over India and from JICA. P. G. Ansari, S. Kaushik and G. Raghuwanshi
from north eastern Pakistan (Narowal, Islamabad and worked as a research fellow supported by JICA. T.
Attock) (Hameed and Robinson 2004; Ilyas et al. 2010). Wada and H. Noda were employed as short-term
At the relatively basal position of group I clade in Fig. experts by JICA for each visit to Madhya Pradesh.
2, most of the taxa are consisted of isolates from
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Journal of Food Legumes 34(1): 10-16, 2021
ABSTRACT
ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Yellow mosaic disease (YMD), caused by at least 3 different
Kalyanpur, Kanpur - 208024, India; Begomoviruses including Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus
1
Sam Higginbottom University of Agricultural (MYMIV), is one of the most destructive diseases of food legumes,
Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj – 211 008, especially the Vigna spp. including mungbean and urdbean. Some
U.P.; 2ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic wild species of Vigna are valuable genetic resources offering number
Resources, Regional Station, Trichur, Kerala of desirable traits including resistance to yellow mosaic disease.
Therefore, the present study aimed at screening wild relatives of
*Email: Aditya.Pratap@icar.gov.in Vigna to identify potential resistant sources against MYMIV. A panel
of 102 endemic wild Vigna accessions along with 2 susceptible checks
was screened during 2017-20 against MYMIV under natural field
Received: April 08, 2021 conditions. The identity of the virus involved in causing YMD was
Accepted: June 06, 2021 ascertained as MYMIV in PCR by using specific primers. Thirty-
five accessions were found resistant to MYMIV with no visible
Handling Editor: Dr Jameel Akhtar, symptoms of the disease on plants. These included 12 accessions of
ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, V. umbellata, 10 of V. trilobata, 7 of V. aconitifolia, 2 each of
New Delhi V. vexillata and V. stipulaceae and 1 accession each of V. silvestris
and V. hainiana. Simultaneously, 47 accessions were categorized as
moderately resistant. The resistant accessions could be valuable
genetic resources in introgression breeding programmes while few
of them, especially of V. umbellata, V. aconitifolia and
V. stipulaceae can be directly used as a cultivar after their agronomic
evaluation in target environments.
are considered as a reservoir of valuable genetic and waxy seed coat, seed scarification was done
resources for biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and following Pratap et al. (2015). In each accession, 20
seed quality traits (Pratap et al. 2020, 2021; Nair et al. seeds were sown in individual pot around the
2019). A plethora of genes conferring resistance/ periphery maintaining an equal distance of 5-7 cm.
tolerance to these stresses have already been between two plants. Care was taken to grow each
transferred cultivated germplasm (Pratap et al. 2018). accession in the same pot every year to avoid mixture
Several accessions including those of V. umbellata, due to natural pod shattering and dispersal of seeds.
V. trilobata, and V. mungo (Nagaraj et al. 1981; Singh The recommended package of practices for growing
et al. 2003; Gautam et al. 2014); V. radiata var. sublobata mungbean and urdbean in the zone was followed to
(Singh and Ahuja 1977; Gautam et al. 2014) and raise healthy plants while no insecticide was sprayed
V. mungo var. silvestris (Reddy and Singh, 1993) have in order to maintain the natural whitefly population
been reported to be highly resistant to YMD. Although, in the experiment. After sowing, all the pots were
the YMD management strategy is mainly based on individually observed on weekly intervals for
limiting white fly population by using insecticides but recording the yellow mosaic disease. The Factorial
it is ineffective, temporary and has negative Analysis of Mixed Data (FAMD), a model suitable to
environmental influence. Contrary to this, deployment measure the latent variables, was deployed (Sebastien
of robust donors in breeding programme for et al. 2008) to determine the distribution of accessions
introgression of disease resistance genes is the most based on the yellow mosaic disease score (1-9) used to
economical and eco-friendly method to overcome categorize the resistance reactions.
susceptibility to biotic stresses in crop plants (Pratap
et al. 2009). Therefore, availability of suitable donors Observation of yellow mosaic disease
with YMD resistance in intense form and their The YMD score was recorded periodically using
deployment in introgression breeding requires a 1-9 scale as described in Table 2 (AICRP, MULLaRP,
reliable screening and identification of wild and 2020). However, only final recording which was done
cultivated germplasm. Therefore, the present study was 45-60 days after sowing has been taken in to
undertaken with an objective to screen the wild genetic consideration for the reaction categorization of the
resources of Vigna to identify resistant sources to YMD genotypes.
caused by MYMIV.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A panel of 102 diverse Vigna accessions
The present study was conducted on a panel of belonging to 19 Vigna species were screened against
104 genetically diverse genotypes of Vigna spp. YMD caused by MYMIV consecutively for four years
including 102 wild accessions belonging to 19 under field condition at Main Research Farm of IIPR,
different species and 2 YMD susceptible checks viz., Kanpur. In the Northern part of India, especially
DGGV 2 (mungbean) and Barabanki Local (urdbean) Kanpur region, where the study was conducted, YMD
(Table 1). The experimental materials including the is reported to be caused by MYMIV as already verified
susceptible checks are available in the gene bank of in earlier studies (Naimuddin and Akram 2010;
ICAR-IIPR, Kanpur and were either initially procured Naimuddin et al., 2011; Naimuddin et al., 2014;) and
from ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic during the period of study using the same protocol on
Resources, Regional Station, Trichur or collected from many accessions every year. The observations on YMD
diversity rich hot-spots of Western Ghats, Himalayan in all these accessions recorded during Kharif 2017-
region, Central Plateau, and North-Eastern regions of 20 are presented in Table 1.
India (Table 1). All accessions including susceptible
checks were grown in cemented pots of 1 meter It was observed that during all the four crop
diameter consecutively for 4 years (2017-20) during seasons, the YMD score was recorded minimum as
Kharif (monsoon) season in the Vigna wide 1 on a number of accessions. However, the maximum
hybridization garden established at Main Research score varied as it was recorded 6 in 2018, 7 in 2017
Campus, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, and 2019 and 8 in 2020 on the same accessions. This
Kanpur. Each cemented pot has been specially indicated that yellow mosaic disease severity was
designed with its base hollow and drainage holes in higher in the year 2020. The highest YMD score was
the periphery to drain excess water and maintain recorded on both the susceptible checks during all the
optimum moisture condition. Each pot contained a crop growing seasons. It was further observed that the
potting mixture of FYM, sand and fertile soil in 1:1:2 disease severity scores varied even within a sub-
ratios. In order to counter staggered/reduced species and was not limited to a group or the
germination in the wild accessions due to their hard geographical area of collection of different accessions
12 Journal of Food Legumes 34(1), 2021
Table 1. Disease reaction of endemic wild Vigna accessions for yellow mosaic disease during 2017-20
S. No. Identification Name of the species Source/ YMD Score Average Reaction
number Collected from 2017 2018 2019 2020 YMD Category
score
1 IC277021 V. sylvestris Western ghats 1 1 1 1 1 R
2. IC248326 V. vexillata Not known 1 1 1 1 1 R
3 IC248343 V. vexillata Not known 1 1 1 1 1 R
4 LRM/13-43 V. trilobata Not known 1 1 1 1 1 R
5 LRM/13-34 V. trilobata Not known 1 1 1 1 1 R
6 LRM/13-32 V. trilobata Not known 1 1 1 1 1 R
7 IC276983 V. trilobata Madhya Pradesh 1 1 1 1 1 R
8 IC331436 V. trilobata South east region 1 1 1 1 1 R
9 IC331454 V. trilobata Central plateau 1 1 1 1 1 R
10 IC331456 V. trilobata Central plateau 1 1 1 1 1 R
11 Trichy local V. trilobata Western Ghats 1 1 1 1 1 R
12 Kumur local V. trilobata Western Ghats 1 1 1 1 1 R
13 IIPRW17-3 V. trilobata Not known 1 1 1 1 1 R
14 RBL-50 V. umbellata Not known 1 1 1 1 1 R
15 IC251445 V. umbellata Thrissur, Kerala 1 1 1 1 1 R
16 PRR 2007-2 V. umbellata Himalayan region 1 1 1 1 1 R
17 PRR 2008-2 V. umbellata Himalayan region 1 1 1 1 1 R
18 RB-5-1 V. umbellata North-east region 1 1 1 1 1 R
19 IC251439 V. umbellata North-east region 1 1 1 1 1 R
20 IC251442 V. umbellata North-east region 1 1 1 1 1 R
21 IC251446 V. umbellata North-east region 1 1 1 1 1 R
22 IC251447 V. umbellata Thrissur, Kerala 1 1 1 1 1 R
23 IC528878 V. umbellata Not known 1 1 1 1 1 R
24 IC197812 V. umbellata Not known 1 1 1 1 1 R
25 IIPRW 17-1 V. umbellata Not known 1 1 1 1 1 R
26 LRM/13-11 V. aconitifolia Not known 1 1 1 1 1 R
27 LRM/13-33 V. aconitifolia Not known 1 1 1 1 1 R
28 TMV-1 V. aconotifilia Not known 1 1 1 1 1 R
29 LRM/13-26 V. aconitifolia Not known 1 1 1 1 1 R
30 LRM/13-37 V. aconitifolia Not known 1 1 1 1 1 R
31 LRM/13-38 V. aconitifolia Not known 1 1 1 1 1 R
32 LRM/13-36 V. aconitifolia Not known 1 1 1 1 1 R
33 IC331450 V. hainiana South east region 1 1 1 1 1 R
34 Trichy Local-1 V. stipulaceae Western Ghats 1 1 1 1 1 R
35 Trichy Local-2 V. stipulaceae Western Ghats 1 1 1 1 1 R
36 IC251385 V. mungo var. mungo Thrissur, Kerala 1 2 3 3 2.25 MR
37 IC251393 V. mungo var. mungo Thrissur, Kerala 2 2 3 5 3 MR
38 IC251383 V. mungo var. mungo Thrissur, Kerala 3 3 4 6 4 MR
39 IC251386 V. mungo var. mungo Thrissur, Kerala 3 3 4 4 3.5 MR
40 IC251390 V. mungo var. mungo Thrissur, Kerala 2 2 3 4 2.75 MR
41 IC260725 V. radiata Thrissur, Kerala 2 3 4 4 3.25 MR
42 IC571775 V. radiata Not known 3 3 4 4 3.5 MR
43 IC251425 V. radiata var. radiata Thrissur, Kerala 3 3 5 5 4 MR
44 IC251426A V. radiata var. radiata Thrissur, Kerala 3 2 5 5 3.75 MR
45 IC251431 V. radiata var. radiata Thrissur, Kerala 2 2 3 2 2.25 MR
46 IC251423 V. radiata var. setulosa Thrissur, Kerala 2 2 4 5 3.25 MR
47 IC349699 V. radiata var. sublobata Thrissur, Kerala 2 3 4 4 3.25 MR
48 IC256158 V. radiata var. sublobata Thrissur, Kerala 3 2 4 4 3.25 MR
49 IC253924 V. radiata var. sublobata Thrissur, Kerala 2 2 4 5 3.25 MR
50 IC251416 V. radiata var. sublobata Thrissur, Kerala 2 2 4 5 3.25 MR
51 IC253920 V. radiata var. sublobata Himalayan region 2 2 4 6 3.5 MR
52 JAP/10-47 V. trinervia var. bourneae Thrissur, Kerala 1 2 3 3 2.25 MR
53 IC247407 V. trinervia var. bourneae Thrissur, Kerala 3 2 5 6 4 MR
54 IC210563 V. trinervia var. bourneae Thrissur, Kerala 1 2 4 2 2.25 MR
55 IC277036 V. sylvestris Thrissur, Kerala 2 3 4 4 3.25 MR
56 IC277014 V. sylvestris Western ghats 3 3 6 4 4 MR
57 IC203864 V. dalzeliana Thrissur, Kerala 2 2 5 4 3.25 MR
58 IC331615 V. dalzeliana Himalayan region 3 3 4 4 3.5 MR
59 RBL-6 V. umbellata Not known 3 3 5 4 3.75 MR
60 IC251440 V. umbellata Thrissur, Kerala 3 3 4 6 4 MR
61 IC251441 V. umbellata Thrissur, Kerala 2 2 2 4 2.5 MR
62 IC248343 V. vexillata Not known 3 4 5 4 4 MR
Kumari et al.: Yellow mosaic disease resistant endemic Vigna accessions 13
(Table 1) since a variable range of disease severity and Sudha et al. 2013) suggesting the need for their
resistance were observed within the different sub- evaluation in multiple seasons and multiple locations.
species. Similar observations on variable disease Variable disease incidence among the different
incidence in endemic Vigna sub-species have also been accessions in the present study could be further
reported earlier (Singh et al. 2020; Gautam et al. 2014; attributed to their inherent genetic potential as well as
14 Journal of Food Legumes 34(1), 2021
Fig 2. FAMD plot grouping accessions based on yellow mosaic disease score (1-9) disease reactions “resistance (left)
and ‘susceptibility’ (right)
Kumari et al.: Yellow mosaic disease resistant endemic Vigna accessions 15
in any of the years and the plant growth and resources which could be used in Vigna improvement
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Journal of Food Legumes 34(1): 17-20, 2021
ABSTRACT
Department of Genetics and Plant Chickpea, being a valued crop, serves nutrition for an expanding population
Breeding, Govind Ballabh Pant and its importance in terms of nutrition for body health has been highlighted
University of Agriculture and frequently by nutritionists. Keeping in view the importance of Fe and Zn
micronutrients in human diet as their deficiencies cause serious health hazards,
Technology, Pantnagar-263145
the present analysis was carried out to determine the potential of parents (PKG
2, ICC 19, ICC 21, ICC 22 and ICC 24) and their crosses for Zn and Fe
*Email: singhsatvinder519@gmail.com micronutrient content through diallel. Heterosis was also estimated to identify
superior combinations. The gene action for combining ability was found to be
Received: May 14, 2021 non-additive type for Fe and Zn content. The gca effects for Fe content was
Accepted: June 8, 2021 found to be good in parents ICC 19, ICC 21 and PKG 2. While for Zn content,
ICC 22 and ICC 19 was found to be good. The crosses, ICC 19 × ICC 24, PKG 2
Handling Editors: Dr Harsh Dixit, × ICC 19 and ICC 19 × ICC 22 showed significant and higher positive sca
ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi and effects for Fe content while for Zn content the crosses, ICC 19 × ICC 22, ICC 19
Dr. Yogesh Tiwari, × ICC 24 and PKG 2 × ICC 21 may be considered good combiners. Out of 10
ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses crosses, a cross PKG 2 × ICC 19 showcased significant positive heterosis over
Research, Kanpur mid, better and check parents for Fe content and ICC 19 × ICC 24 depicted
superiority over mid and better parents for Zn content and they also showed
significant sca effects in desirable direction. Hence, crosses PKG 2 × ICC 19 and
ICC 19 × ICC 24 could be found beneficial in biofortification programme in
combating nutrient deficiency.
morphological and quantitative characters viz. PKG 2 Table 1. Components of genetic variance for traits under
(Ascochyta blight resistant), ICC 19 (pod borer resistant study in chickpea
and low leaf feeding), ICC 21 (early maturing and high Characters σ²GCA σ²SCA σ² /σ²
Fe content 361.62 1585.80 0.22
yield), ICC 22 (extra-large seeded), ICC 24 (early
Zn content 17.42 64.89 0.26
maturing) and the crosses were made in half diallel
Table 2. General combining ability effects of parents for
scheme for obtaining F1 seeds of 10 crosses. Fifteen
traits under study in chickpea
genotypes (10 F1s and 5 parental lines) were evaluated
Characters PKG 2 ICC 19 ICC 21 ICC 22 ICC 24
in randomized block design with two replications and
Fe content 12.08٭٭ 10.74٭٭ 15.78٭٭ -9.54 ٭٭-29.08٭٭
planted in a single row of 1.5 m with 45 cm row to row
Zn content -3.22٭٭ 0.70٭ -0.66٭ 6.77 ٭٭-3.59٭٭
and 10 cm plant to plant distance at the same location
during rabi 2019-20. *Significant at 5% level, **Significant at 1% level.
Extraction and Estimation of Fe and Zn Content Table 3. Summary table for general combining ability
of parents under study in chickpea
The micronutrients in the chickpea seeds viz. Fe Characters PKG 2 ICC 19 ICC 21 ICC 22 ICC 24
and Zn were analyzed by Atomic Absorption Fe content G G G P P
Spectroscopy (AAS) method and expressed in terms Zn content P G P G P
of mg/100g. The sun dried F2 seeds were ground to
form fine powder weighing 0.5 g and 10 ml of (ó² SCA) and the ratio of ó2 GCA to ó2 SCA showed the
concentrated HNO3 was added and was kept preponderance of non-additive gene action
overnight while covering the mouth of the flask. Then (dominance and epistasis) in controlling the
heated the flask for 30 minutes on hot plate. After expression of Fe as well as Zn content (Table 1).
cooling 10 ml mixture of HNO3:HClO4 (4:1) were Jayalakshmi et al. 2018 also reported non additive gene
added and kept at 40°C till the mixture reduced to half action for Fe content in chickpea. The desirable gca
and became clear (Raghuramulu, 2003). The samples effect may serve as a path in differentiating
were filtered with Whatman 42 (2.5 µm particle outstanding parents with desirable alleles for different
retention) filter paper. Thus, sufficient amount of component traits as furnished in table 2. The high gca
deionized water was added to make the final volume effects for Fe content was found significant and positive
up to 50 ml. The diluted filtrate was used for analysis in three parents viz. ICC 21, PKG 2 and ICC 19 whereas
of Zn and Fe concentration by AAS using suitable the magnitude of gca effects for Zn content was found
hollow cathode lamps. The mineral is estimated using significant and positive in ICC 22 and ICC 19.
the following formula: Regarding biofortification, the parental line ICC 19
exhibited good general combining ability for Fe and
µg miner al/ ml dilution factor
pp m miner al = Zn content while PKG 2 and ICC 21 were good
m l of aliquot g of samp le combiners for only Fe content and ICC 22 for only Zn
content. But the parent ICC 24 was a poor combiner
Biometrical and genetical analysis
for both Fe and Zn content (Table 3). Grewal et al. (2020),
The analysis of combining ability for parental also reported high Zn and Fe content in few genotypes
lines and their crosses were estimated by following of chickpea. Thavarajah and Thavarajah (2012) also
method 2 and model I (fixed effect model) of Griffing found high content of Fe and Zn in few lines of
(1956). Heterosis is expressed as % increase or decrease chickpea.
in the performance of F1 hybrid over the better parent, On the basis of estimates of sca effect the specific
mid parent and standard parent. It was computed as cross combination can also be identified and can be
suggested by Hayes et al. (1955) and Fonseca and further utilized in hybrid development programme.
Paterson (1968). The sca effect represents non additive gene action
which is non-fixable. Significant positive or negative
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
sca effects were identified in F1 generation for
The estimates of general combining ability micronutrient i.e., Fe and Zn content. None of the
variance (ó2 GCA), specific combining ability variance crosses were found having significant sca effects in
Table 4. Estimates of specific combining ability (sca) effects for crosses in chickpea
Characters PKG 2 × PKG 2 × PKG 2 × PKG 2 × ICC 19 × ICC 19 × ICC 19 × ICC 21 × ICC 21 × ICC 22 ×
ICC19 ICC 21 ICC 22 ICC 24 ICC 21 ICC 22 ICC 24 ICC 22 ICC24 ICC 24
Fe content 36.51٭٭ 21.76٭٭ 6.69٭٭ -44.26٭٭ -78.79٭٭ 35.38٭٭ 43.76٭٭ 25.32٭٭ -9.91٭٭ -4.13٭٭
Zn content 2.79٭٭ 4.25٭٭ -12.45٭٭ 1.78٭ 0.12 13.01٭٭ 5.42٭٭ -3.06٭٭ -1.14 -11.19٭٭
*Significant at 5% level, **Significant at 1% level.
Singh et al.: Genetic studies for biofortification traits in chickpea 19
Table 5. Per cent increase or decrease of the F1 over mid parent (relative heterosis), better parent (heterobeltiosis) and
standard parent (economic heterosis) in Fe and Zn content in chickpea genotypes
Crosses Fe content (Heterosis over) Zn content (Heterosis over)
Mid parent Better parent Standard parent Mid parent Better parent Standard parent
PKG 2 × ICC19 ٭٭ 45.43 5.03٭ -6.08 -16.14٭٭ -58.21٭٭
PKG 2 × ICC 21 13.82٭٭ -1.99 -1.99 8.79 7.94 -45.36٭٭
PKG 2 × ICC 22 40.83٭٭ -4.68٭ -31.16٭٭ -55.10٭٭ -66.36٭٭ -66.36٭٭
PKG 2 × ICC 24 -63.28٭٭ -75.18٭٭ -82.07٭٭ -8.95 -14.89٭ -57.59٭٭
ICC 19 × ICC 21 -70.26٭٭ -75.57٭٭ -75.57٭٭ 21.60٭٭ 7.05 -45.81٭٭
ICC 19 × ICC 22 97.28٭٭ 37.84٭٭ -11.41٭٭ 44.73٭٭ 0.23 0.23
ICC 19 × ICC 24 79.57٭٭ 25.30٭٭ -19.47٭٭ 45.59٭٭ 37.48٭٭ -40.43٭٭
ICC 21 × ICC 22 35.73٭٭ -14.74٭٭ -15.03٭٭ -18.97٭٭ -39.30٭٭ -39.30٭٭
ICC 21 × ICC24 -27.40٭٭ -54.44٭٭ -54.59٭٭ -10.77٭ -16.59٭٭ -58.44٭٭
ICC 22 × ICC 24 23.45٭٭ 23.10٭٭ -68.71٭٭ -50.13٭٭ -64.23٭٭ -64.35٭٭
*Significant at 5% level, **Significant at 1% level
desirable direction for the trait (Table 4). The high sca found superior over mid and better parents. Hence
effects for Fe content was found significant in crosses, these promising parent and crosses can be utilized in
ICC 19 × ICC 24, PKG 2 × ICC 19, ICC 19 × ICC 22 and future breeding programs for combating nutrient
ICC 21 × ICC 22. Although the magnitude of high sca deficiency.
effects for Zn content was observed significant and
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International Journal of Chemical Studies. 8(3): 2260-
19 × ICC 21 exhibited significant positive heterosis 2264.
over mid parent and only one cross ICC 19 × ICC 24
exhibited significant positive heterosis over better Grewal SK, Sharma KP, Bharadwaj RD, Hegde V, Tripathi
S, Singh S, Jain PK, Agrawal PK and Mondal B. 2020.
parent (Table 5). Considering biofortification, the cross
Understanding genotypic variation and identification
PKG 2 × ICC 19 exhibited superiority for Fe content of promising genotypes for iron and zinc content in
and showcased significant sca in desired direction and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Journal of Food
also had significant positive heterosis over mid, better Composition and Analysis 88: 103458.
and standard parents. While for Zn content, the cross
Hayes HK, Immer FR and Smith DC. 1955. Methods of
ICC 19 × ICC 24 showed significant positive sca as
plant breeding. Mc Graw Hill Book Co. Inc., New York.
well as heterosis for mid and better parents but found Pp. 432.
inferior to check parent. Hence these could be found
Jorge EM, Wolfgang HP and Peter B. 2008. Biofortified
beneficial in biofortification programme in combating
crops to alleviate micronutrient malnutrition. Current
nutrient deficiency and also could be utilized in future
Opinions in Plant Biology 11: 166–170.
breeding programmes for improvement of respective
traits. Jayalakshmi V, Trivikrama RA and Nagamadhuri KV.
2018. Genetic diversity and variability for protein and
Thus, it is concluded that parent ICC 19 and micro nutrients in advance breeding lines and chickpea
crosses namely PKG 2 × ICC 21, ICC 19 × ICC 22, PKG varieties grown in Andhra Pradesh. Legume Research
2 × ICC 19 and ICC 19 × ICC 24 may be considered An International Journal 42(6): 768-772.
superior for biofortification based on gca and sca Misra G, Saha AJ, Salaskar D and Reddy KS. 2020. Baseline
effects. The cross PKG 2 × ICC 19 also showcased status and effect of genotype, environment and
significant positive heterosis over mid, better and check genotype × environment interactions on iron and zinc
parents for Fe content. However, for both Zn and Fe content in Indian chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.).
content, the cross-combination ICC 19 × ICC 24 was Euphytica 216(9): 137.
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Journal of Food Legumes 34(1): 21-30, 2021
ABSTRACT
Department of Plant Pathology, Genetic diversity of antagonistic P. fluorescens, compatibility testing with
B.A. College of Agriculture, fungicides at various concentrations and inducing higher tolerance in
Anand Agricultural University, bioagents to fungicides, bioefficacy of tolerant bioagents against biotic
Anand-388 110, Gujarat, India stresses in chickpea grown in different soil stress conditions were studied
during doctoral research (2017-18 and 2018-19). The nineteen isolates were
*E-mail: amdavadi_15@rediffmail.com obtained on King’s B medium (KB) designated as Pseudomonas fluorescens
(Pf-1 to Pf-19) from chickpea. All the characteristics were dominant for the
taxonomical classification of P. fluorescens. 16s rRNA specific region of the
Received: January 16, 2021
ribosomal operon was amplified for the precise species-level identification
Accepted: June 8, 2021 of P. fluorescens. ph1D gene was amplified in all nineteen isolates of
P. fluorescens and ech42 region in T. asperellum indicated good diversity of
Handling Editor: Dr. Senthilkumar M, biocontrol activity based on antibiotics genes. The infected plants showed
ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, typical characteristic symptoms of dry root rot and wet root rot and exhibited
Kanpur discoloration of tap roots, longitudinal cracking of the stems, stunting,
wilting, etc. which revealed firm association of M. phaseolina and R. solani.
Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region based sequencing of M. phaseolina
and R. solani proved accurate species-level identification of both pathogens.
P. fluorescens (Pf-5 from kheda) and native T. asperellum showed the highest
inhibition against M. phaseolina and R. solani in vitro. The highest
compatibility of T. asperellum and P. fluorescens was recorded with metalaxyl
followed by thiram, mancozeb and copper oxychloride. Higher ED50 values
for radial growth indicated maximum tolerance of T. asperellum and P.
fluorescens for metalaxyl followed by thiram. T. asperellum and P. fluorescens
grew cent per cent against metalaxyl. The combined application of chitin
amended bioformulation of T. asperellum and P. fluorescens gave highest
seed germination, shoot and root length as well as vigour index and stood
superior as compared to control in promoting growth parameters in chickpea
under paper towel method as well as lowest per cent disease incidence in
chickpea for the management of diseases caused by M. phaseolina and
R. solani during pot studies as compared to control. The combination of
chitin amended T. asperellum + P. fluorescens (talc bioformulation) under
pathogen stress condition exhibited increased PO and PPO activities in the
root tissues of chickpea from 10 to 30 days after sowing and declined
thereafter in all the inoculated treatments. Whereas in the case of pathogen
inoculated control, it gradually declined from 10th days after sowing itself
depecting induced systemic resistance action.
seed infection of Rhizoctonia bataticola (M. phaseolina) growth promoting activity of bioagents were further
ranges from 2.2-15.7% which causes 10.8 per cent increased by combining with other fungal antagonist
losses in grain yield and 12.3 per cent in protein content (Saravanan 2007; Lednev et al. 2008) or amended with
of seed (Kaushik et al. 1987). The infected seeds acted chitin or other materials (Benhamou et al. 1998;
as an important source of primary inoculum for new Radjacommare et al. 2002; Bharathi et al. 2004).
areas (Sandhu and Singh 1998). Rhizoctonia solani Chickpea is grown in Gujarat under varied soil and
(teleomorph: Thanatephorus cucumeris) inciting wet root environmental condition and challenged by
rot disease is a plant pathogenic fungus with a wide M. phaseolina and R. solani as soil-borne pathogens
host range and worldwide distribution. It is seed and from seedling to maturity stages of crops. Stress
soil-borne in nature. It causes various plant diseases tolerant isolate of Trichoderma sp. and Pseudomonas sp.
such as wet root rot, web blight, aerial blight, collar having good biocontrol potential due to their high
rot, root rot, damping-off and wire stem. R. solani hydrolytic enzyme or antibiotic production may be able
attacks its host when they are in their juvenile stages to survive in extreme conditions of biotic stress and
of development such as seeds and seedlings, which can lead to the efficient management of root rot
are typically found in the soil. The disease cycle of diseases. Hence, the present research was undertaken
R. solani is important in regards to management and to explore the genetic diversity of these stress tolerant
control of the pathogen (Dorrance et al. 2003). bioagents having good biocontrol potential in
Increasing awareness on the deleterious effects of chickpea grown in different soil stress conditions in
indiscriminate usage of fungicides on the environment, Gujarat and their potential in withstanding the adverse
human and animal health has led to a search for biotic factors with respect to alleviating the yield losses
alternatives to manage biotic stress. Furthermore, the of the crop.
usage of fungicides against plant pathogens produces
a negative impact on the nodulation of legumes by MATERIAL AND METHODS
nitrogen-fixing beneficial bacteria (Muthumilan and
Jeyarajan, 1996). The use of antagonistic fungi and Collection of Pseudomonas fluorescens and
plant growth-promoting bacterial antagonist offers Pathogens
great potential as alternatives to agrochemicals. A Soil samples were collected from twelve different
number of biocontrol agents (BCAs) such as districts growing chickpea i.e. Anand, Kheda,
Trichoderma spp. (Rettinassababady and Ramadoss Vadodara, Ahmedabad, Dahod, Mehsana, Kutch,
2000) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (Karthikeyan et al. Junagadh, Bhavnagar, Banaskantha, Sabarkantha,
2005; Saravanakumar et al. 2007; Thilagavathi et al. Navsari of Gujarat. The serial dilution plate technique
2007) have been used to manage root rots of pulses. was used for isolation of the P. fluorescens.
Among the fungal bioagents in management of plant Development of bacterial colonies were periodically
diseases, Trichoderma spp. has gained immense observed up to seventh day. The plates were observed
importance as BCAs due to their high reproductive for the appearance of Pseudomonas colonies under the
capacity, ability to withstand stress conditions,
microscope and sub-cultured on Nutrient Agar (NA)
efficiency in the utilization of the nutrients, the capacity
Petri plates. Observations were recorded on
to modify the rhizosphere, strong aggressiveness
morphological characteristics like colony colour, type
against phytopathogenic fungi and efficiency in
and growth of colony after seven days of incubation
promoting plant growth and defense mechanisms
under ultraviolet (UV) light. Pathogens were collected
(Chet et al. 1997). Among the plant growth promoting
by tissue isolation technique from infected chickpea
rhizobacteria (PGPR), fluorescent pseudomonads are
plant which showed typical characteristic symptoms
the most exploited non-pathogenic bacteria for
of dry and wet root rot.
biological control of soil-borne and foliar plant
pathogens which through rhizosphere colonization, Molecular identification and characterization of
antibiosis, iron chelation by siderophore production bioagents and pathogens
and induced systemic resistance (ISR). Fluorescent
pseudomonads are among the most effective Molecular identification of P. fluorescens at species
rhizosphere bacteria because they exert a beneficial level was done based on 16s rRNA gene using specific
effect on plant growth promotion (Dubeikovsky et al. primers as per the standard protocol for bacteria
1993; Raupach and Kloepper 1998). But, the efficacy (Nubel et al., 1996). The sequencing of the PCR product
of bioagents is affected by predisposing ecological was carried out in automated sequencer ABI 3730
factors, particularly biotic as well as abiotic stress. genetic analyzer at Xcelris Genomics Co., Ahmedabad,
Biocontrol agents are very susceptible to fungicides, Gujarat. PCR detection and characterization of
though they have been reported to be effective to the endochitinase gene (ech 42) in T. asperellum and ph1D
tune of 50-60%. The biocontrol efficacy and plant gene in P. fluorescens were executed based on universal
Jaisani and Gohel : Use of novel chitin amended formulation of Trichoderma asperellum 23
specific primer pairs for biocontrol activity analysis, separately in sterilized conical flasks. The liquid
respectively. The pure cultures of pathogens were suspension of T. asperellum and efficient P. fluorescens
identified through the Internal Transcribed Spacer and the bioagents were prepared separately by mixing
(ITS) region based sequencing method as per the 50 g of chitin @ 0.5% and carboxy methyl cellulose
standardized protocols. Sequences were searched (CMC) @ 0.1% amended solid talc based formulation
using BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) with spore load of 2x108 CFU/g was dissolved in 250
program from the Gen Bank data base of NCBI ml of distilled water. Five gram of crab shell chitin
(National Centre for Biotechnology Information), USA was slowly added into 100 ml of 0.25 N HCI with
(Altschul et al. 1997). vigorous stirring and kept overnight at 4°C. The
mixture was filtered through glasswool into 200 ml of
Testing biocontrol efficacy of T. asperellum and ice cold ethanol at 4°C with rapid stirring. The
P. fluorescens isolates in management of seed and resultant chitin suspension was centrifuged at 10,000
soil-borne pathogens rpm for 20 min and the chitin pellets were washed
Different P. fluorescens isolates and T. asperellum repeatedly with distilled water until the pH became
(native AAU isolate with NCBI Accession No. neutral. The concentration of colloidal chitin was
KM875466.1) were screened against test pathogens i.e. adjusted to 10 mg per ml. The seeds were treated with
M. phaseolina (dry root rot) and R. solani (wet root rot) the bioagents suspension for 10 hours at room
in vitro by dual culture method for bioefficacy analysis temperature. After 10 hours of treatment, the seeds were
(Dennis and Webster, 1971) using Nutrient Agar (NA) air-dried. Bioprimed seeds were sown in the soil after
and Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium, respectively. 10 hours of treatment. Seeds were soaked in water
The experiment was carried out for both the pathogens without bioagents for 10 hours served as control. The
separately and per cent growth inhibition was plant growth-promoting activity of the biocontrol
calculated by the following formula suggested by agents was assessed based on the seedling vigour
Vincent (1947). index by the standard paper towel method (ISTA,
1993). Three repetitions were made for each treatment.
Growth inhibition (%) = (DC-DT)/( DC) × 100 The root length and shoot length of individual
Where, C = Mean diameter of mycelial colony in control seedlings were measured and the per cent germination
treatment (mm) and T = Mean diameter of mycelial of the seeds was calculated. The seedling vigour index
colony in treated set (mm). was calculated using the following formula given by
Abdul Baki and Anderson (1973).
Testing sensitivity and induction of higher
tolerance of efficient isolate of T. asperellum and Vigour Index = (Mean root length + Mean shoot
P. fluorescens against fungicides length) x Germination (%)
Tolerance to fungicides in T. asperellum (native The pathogens were multiplied on sand maize
AAU isolate) and efficient P. fluorescens were evaluated meal medium (9:1) for 15 days for mass production
using poisoned food technique with three different individually. The soil was sterilized in an autoclave
concentrations. Observations on radial growth (colony at temperature 121 0C for 5 hours. The pots containing
diameter) were recorded from 24 hours of incubation sterilized soil was inoculated with above sand maize
at 28 ± 1°C temperature till the complete growth of test meal inoculums @ 50 g/kg soil and keep left for 15
antagonist in control plates. Per cent growth inhibition days for establishment of inoculum. The above-
(PGI) over control was calculated as described by bioprimed seeds of chickpea were inoculated with
Vincent (1947). Observations on ED 50 values of pathogens i.e. M. phaseolina and R. solani separately
pesticides against T. asperellum and efficient and sown in pots containing pathogen sick soil in
P. fluorescens were calculated by plotting the chemical polyhouse condition. The disease incidence i.e. dry
concentrations against percent inhibition on a log root rot and wet root rot were recorded. The per cent
probit scale as described by Horsfall (1956) using MS seedling mortality was calculated by using the
Excel. The higher tolerance was induced by exposing following formula given by Pandey et al. (1989)
parent isolate to increasing concentrations of fungicide Mortality (%) = (Number of seeds or seedlings
i.e. metalaxyl 35 WS (1500, 3000, 6500 ppm) to generate rotted) / (Total No.of seeds sown) × 100
series upto fourth level and further stabilized by
The data obtained during the present
maintaining on same concentration.
investigations were subjected to statistical analysis by
Effect of biopriming with efficient and fungicide making use of analysis of variance technique. The
tolerant T. asperellum and P. fluorescens standard methods of analysis of variance for
completely randomized design was used in the
One kilogram seeds of chickpea were taken experiments. The test of significance among the
24 Journal of Food Legumes 34(1), 2021
treatments was worked out by ‘F’ test. The appropriate designated as Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf-1 to Pf-19).
standard error of mean ± S.Em was computed in each The colony colour of all the isolates weres limish cream
case. For the treatments effects, which were found and produced slight pigment. It was observed rod-
significant, the critical difference (CD) at 5 per cent shaped bacterium under 100x objective of a light
level of probability was worked out to compare two microscope. The colonies of the isolates were
treatment means. dominantly irregular, undulate, the convex, smooth,
and slimy, transparent and characteristic smell on KB
Analysis of Peroxidase (PO) and Polyphenol plate. The colony showed fluorescence on King’s B
oxidase (PPO) imparting systemic induced agar medium when observed under UV light (Fig.1 a).
resistance in chickpea against diseases Isolates produced yellow-green diffusible pigment of
The activity of peroxidase (PO), polyphenol variable intensities on King’s B medium.
oxidase (PPO) were estimated from root samples of The diseased plant samples of chickpea were
chickpea collected at 10 days intervals for 40 days after subjected to tissue isolation to obtain the culture of the
inoculation with pathogen and pre-treatment with pathogen inciting dry root rot and wet root rot.
fungicide tolerant T. asperellum and P. fluorescens Molecular identification and characterization of
(Pf-5) following Worthington’s method as described bioagents and pathogens
by Guilbault (1976). The enzyme activity was measured
as Enzyme activity/assay = Change in optical 16s rRNA gene was amplified in all the nineteen
density/min/g of fresh tissue/mg protein. isolates and gave amplicons ranging in size from 900-
1000 bp. Sequences so obtained were subjected for
BLAST analysis for its identity and confirmation, and
subsequently submitted to the National Centre for
Biotechnology Information (NCBI) GenBank. ech42
region in T. asperellum was amplified and gave
amplicon ranging in size from 450-500 bp (Fig. 2, ii),
and ph1D region in all the nineteen isolates of
P. fluorescens was amplified and gave amplicons
ranging in size from 600-700 bp (Fig.2, i).
Characterization of ph1D region in all the nineteen
Fig 1a. Fluorescence observation under UV light and isolates of P. fluorescens amplified regions from 600-
microscopic view of P. fluorescens 700 bp indicating good diversity of biocontrol activity
based on antibiotics genesfor 2,4-diacetyl-
phloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG). ech42 region in
T. asperellum was amplified and gave amplicon
ranging in size from 450-500 bp indicating good
diversity of biocontrol activity based on antibiotics
genes for endochitinase production.
Nineteen isolates were obtained in the serial Significantly minimum mycelial growth of M.
dilution range of 10-2 to 10-5 on King’s B medium (KB) phaseolina i.e.13.18 mm was observed with Pf-5 (Kheda)
Jaisani and Gohel : Use of novel chitin amended formulation of Trichoderma asperellum 25
with maximum growth inhibition of 85.36 per cent, P. fluorescensas used as parent bioagents subjected to
followed by Pf-1 (Anand) with 21.15 mm of mycelial 400 ppm of the fungicide. These bioagents were further
growth and 76.50 per cent growth inhibition (Fig.3, i). subjected to the higher dose of 1500 ppm, wherein 81
There exhibited similar trend with minimum mycelial mm and 78 mm radial growth were obtained,
growth (14.50 mm) of R. solani with isolate Pf-5 with respectively. In successive transfers from second and
maximum growth inhibition of 83.89 per cent, followed third i.e. 3000 and 6500 ppm, it grew cent per cent,
by isolate Pf-6(Kheda) which recorded 21.11 mm of respectively with profuse and dark pigmentation seen
mycelial growth and 76.54 per cent of growth within the cultural radial growth pattern of
inhibition. Similarly, native isolate of T. asperellum T. asperellum, while intense pigmented and profused
significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of growth was observed in P. fluorescens which was
M. phaseolina i.e. 86.21 per cent and R. solani i.e. 86.97 measured from periphery towards radially centered
per cent (Fig. 3, ii). (Fig. 4).
Testing of sensitivity and induction of higher Fig 4. Induced tolerance in T. asperellum and P.
tolerance of efficient isolate of T. asperellum and fluorescens against fungicide Metalaxyl at three different
P. fluorescens against fungicides concentration (ppm)
The effect of fungicides on radial growth of Effect of biopriming
T. asperellum at three different concentrations indicated
very little inhibition of radial growth of 4.63 per cent Combination of chitin amended T. asperellum and
by metalaxyl at a concentration of 200 ppm. The P. fluorescens (talc bioformulation) gave the highest seed
bioagent could grow successively up to 400 ppm. germination of 91.33 per cent. It was at par with the
Among other pesticides tested viz.,thiram, treatment of T. asperellum (talc bioformulation)
thiamethoxam, mancozeb and copper oxychloride (90.00%), P. fluorescens (talc bioformulation) (90.00 %)
showed low inhibition i.e. 14.44, 18.88, 23.33 and 26.29 and the lowest germination of seeds (78.66%) was
per cent to T. asperellum at 100, 150, 2000 and 600 ppm, observed in seeds soaked in water as control.
respectively. Carbendazim showed the highest Combination of chitin amended T. asperellum and
inhibition of radial growth of 97.77 per cent at a P. fluorescens (talc bioformulation) gave significantly
concentration of 400 ppm. ED50 values for radial highest shoot length of 12.60 cm which was at par
growth indicated maximum tolerance of T. asperellum with T. asperellum (talc bioformulation) (12.36 cm). The
for metalaxyl at 4786 ppm. It was followed by thiram significantly highest root length of 6.90 cm was
(4677 ppm) and thiamethoxam (3548 ppm). The similar recorded in the combined application of chitin
trend was recorded with P. fluorescens where Metalaxyl amended T. asperellum and P. fluorescens (talc
showed little inhibition of bioagent with 25.18 per cent bioformulation) which was at par with T. asperellum
radial growth at 400 ppm. Moderate inhibition of (talc bioformulation) (6.70 cm) and P. fluorescens (talc
23.88, 27.77, 31.84 and 35.36 per cent was observed bioformulation) (6.53 cm). The highest vigour index
with thiram (100 ppm), copper oxychloride (600 ppm), i.e.1781 was recorded in the combined application of
imidacloprid (150 ppm) and mancozeb (2000 ppm), chitin amended T. asperellum and P. fluorescens (talc
respectively. Carbendazim showed highest growth bioformulation) followed by T. asperellum (talc
inhibition i.e. 98.69 per cent at 400 ppm. ED50 values bioformulation) (1715) (Fig. 5).
for radial growth indicated maximum tolerance of P.
Disease Incidence
fluorescens for metalaxyl at 5248 ppm. It was followed
by thiram (3467 ppm) and copper oxychloride (2089 The results that chitin amended talcbio
ppm). For inducing higher tolerance, T.asperellum and formulation treatment of T. asperellum +
26 Journal of Food Legumes 34(1), 2021
achieved a diameter of 90 mm in seven days at 27±1°C et al. (2015) reported metalaxyl as safer fungicide and
temperature. Growth and microsclerotial bodies compatible with T. harzianum and T. viride whereas
production studied on PDA indicated that the thiram and mancozeb were moderately compatible.
mycelium was pale white in colour in the initial stages Similar results of compatibility with P. fluorescens are
of the growth but, later turned to dark brown to black in accordance with the findings of Mathew (2003),
as and when microsclerotial bodies started to form. Surendran et al. (2012) where they found the
The mycelial growth was linear and fluffy. The fungus compatibility of P. fluorescens with mancozeb at the
mycelium of R. solani was fast-growing, white in colour recommended doses, except fungicide namely
when young but later turn slightly brown. Sclerotia carbendazim where the growth of bioagent was
were superficial, more or less globose with the flattened completely arrested.
lower surface. These generally appear as white initially Higher tolerance up to 6500 ppm could be
and later gradually change to light brown and then to induced in T. asperellum and P. fluorescens against
dark brown in colour. The mycelium of R. solani was metalaxyl. Hence, it could be deduced that there might
septate, hyaline. In older hyphae, the branching was be the possible role of fungicides in the formation of
at a wider angle. Branching at a right angle was also new fungal biotypes and opined that the fungicides
observed. The cultural and morphological characters may cause gene mutation, chromosome breakage,
of M. phaseolina were closely identical with the mitotic non-disjunction and mitotic recombination
description of M. phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. given by Ash according to Hastie (1981).
(1927) and Goidanich (1947), while the cultural and
morphological characters of R. solani were in Results similar to the present investigation on
accordance with the description of R. solani Kuhn given seed biopriming were reported by El-Mougy and
by Prillieux and Delacroix (1891). Abdel-Kader (2008) and Nayaka et al.(2008) who
evaluated the effect of biopriming of faba bean and
The results of molecular characterization of maize seeds against root rot pathogens (R. solani,
bioagents and pathogens were in accordance with Kim F. solani and S. rolfsii) where they noticed that
et al. (2013) report that the application of a PCR primer bioprimed seeds showed a highly significant effect
sets targeting genes encoding the main identification causing complete reduction of root rot incidence at
of P. fluorescens antibiotic group genes, phlD for 2,4- both pre and post-emergence stages of plant growth
diacetylphloroglucinol (2, 4-DAPG). The sequenced compared with the control treatment and increased
rDNA region of M. phaseolina (accession No. seed germination, vigour index, field emergence, yield
MK329054.1) and R. solani (accession No. and 1000 seed weight in comparison with the control.
MK329055.1) covered the partial sequence including Vidhyasekaran and Muthamilan (1995), Yadav et al.
internal transcribed spacer-1, 5.8s, internal transcribed (2013) and Monalisa et al. (2017) reported that
spacer-2 in range of 500-600 bp. A BLAST search for biopriming of seeds with Trichoderma spp. and
the similarity of M. phaseolina and R. solani identity Pseudomonas spp. increased rhizosphere population
showed the percentage similarity ranged from 99 to and competency within soils. Seed treatment with the
100%. The more or less similar results were described antagonist formulation also increases seed
by Babu et al. (2007), who sequenced ITS- 1, 5.8 S rRNA
gene and ITS-2 region of M. phaseolina and other related Colonization of
fungal species revealed three regions that were T. asperellum on
conserved among the isolates. chickpea roots
Table 1. Peroxidase activity in chickpea root tissue due to biopriming with efficient and fungicides tolerant
T. asperellum and P. fluorescens against dry and wet root rot caused by M. Phaseolina and R. solani
Treatments No. Peroxidase activity (ΔOD/ min / g of fresh tissue
M. Phaseolina R. solani
10 DAS 20 DAS 30 DAS 40 DAS 10 DAS 20 DAS 30 DAS 40 DAS
T1 3.146 e 3.701 e 3.758 e 3.175 e 2.373 e 2.545 e 2.863 e 2.444 d
T2 2.596 f 2.691 f 2.714 f 2.518 f 1.516 f 1.791 f 1.980 f 1.690 e
T3 5.651 d 5.814 d 6.037 d 5.326 d 4.432 d 4.615 d 4.878 d 4.598 c
T4 7.342 b 7.964 b 7.965 b 7.555 b 8.309 b 8.768 b 8.852 b 7.758 b
T5 6.633 c 6.852 c 6.933 c 6.535 c 7.759 c 7.892 c 8.016 c 7.896 b
T6 8.793 a 9.342 a 9.381 a 9.046 a 9.254 a 9.508 a 9.848 a 9.037 a
T7 1.892 g 1.872 g 1.388 g 1.259 g 1.147 g 1.253 g 0.801 g 0.775 f
SEm. ± 0.056 0.081 0.058 0.047 0.075 0.057 0.059 0.046
F-Test Sig. Sig. Sig. Sig. Sig. Sig. Sig. Sig.
CV% 1.89 2.58 1.85 1.62 2.62 1.91 1.92 1.63
Treatment means with the letter/letters in common are not significant by DNMRT at 5% level of significance
Table 2. Polyphenol oxidase activity in chickpea root tissue due to biopriming with efficient and fungicides tolerant
T. asperellum and P. fluorescens against dry root rot caused by M. phaseolina
Polyphenol oxidase activity (ΔOD/ min / g of fresh tissue)
M. Phaseolina R. solani
Treatments No.
10 DAS 20 DAS 30 DAS 40 DAS 10 DAS 20 DAS 30 DAS 40 DAS
T1 0.603 e 0.626 e 0.740 e 0.673 d 1.086 f 1.555 e 1.612 d 1.527 d
T2 0.334 f 0.320 f 0.308 f 0.301 e 1.508 e 1.572 e 1.613 d 1.537 cd
T3 0.811 d 0.918 d 0.959 d 0.759 c 1.648 d 1.716 d 1.909 c 1.648 c
T4 1.667 b 1.756 b 1.953 b 1.841 a 2.109 b 2.213 b 2.417 b 2.326 a
T5 1.253 c 1.293 c 1.409 c 1.357 b 1.992 c 2.076 c 2.253 b 1.948 b
T6 1.974 a 1.997 a 2.281 a 1.873 a 2.236 a 2.449 a 2.664 a 2.408 a
T7 0.330 f 0.278 f 0.270 f 0.175 f 0.779 g 0.610 f 0.552 e 0.446 e
SEm. ± 0.014 0.014 0.015 0.016 0.019 0.016 0.028 0.035
f-Test Sig. Sig. Sig. Sig. Sig. Sig. Sig. Sig.
CV% 2.36 2.34 2.40 2.68 1.99 1.60 2.66 3.57
Treatment means with the letter/letters in common are not significant by DNMRT at 5% level of significance
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Journal of Food Legumes 34(1): 31-37, 2021
Effect of PSB, FYM with variable levels of P on the yield attributes and
productivity of black gram in Shiwalik hills of
Himachal Pradesh
ASHISH SHARMA1, PAWAN PATHANIA1 and MUNISH SHARMA2*
ABSTRACT
1
Department of Agronomy, Pulses play an important role in sustainable food production aiming towards
Forages and Grassland Management, food security and nutrition. Phosphorus is a key element involved in various
and 2Department of Soil Science, functions for growth and metabolism of pulses. Therefore, a field experiment
Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal was carried out during Kharif 2016 to evaluate the effect of seed inoculation
Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, and phosphorus levels on yield and quality of blackgram at the Research Farm
Palampur-176062, HP, India of Research Sub Station (Berthin), Bilaspur (H.P). Experimental site was sandy
clay loam in texture, slightly alkaline in reaction and medium in available
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The experiment was laid out in a Factorial
*Email: munishsharma0255@gmail.com
Randomized Block Design (FRBD) with three replications and total sixteen
treatment combinations consisting of two levels of Phosphorus Solubilising
Received: January 25, 2021 Bacteria (PSB) viz., no inoculation and with inoculation and four levels of
Accepted: June 8, 2021 phosphorus viz., control, 20, 30 and 40 kg P2O5/ha and two levels of FYM viz.,
control and 10 t/ha. The experiment revealed significantly higher yield attributes
Handling Editor: Dr. SS Rathore, and productivity as obtained by application of Phosphorus Solubilising Bacteria
ICAR-IARI, New Delhi (PSB) + Phosphorus (40 kg/ha) + FYM (10t/ha) as compared to other treatments.
part of the membrane system of the cell, the chloroplast Before the commencement of the experiment,
and mitochondria. Phosphorus is second most critical composite soil sample from 0-15 cm depth was
plant nutrient but for pulses, it assumes primary collected from the experimental field before the sowing
importance, owing to its important role in root of the crop. The soil sample was then air dried, ground,
proliferation and thereby atmospheric nitrogen passed through 2 mm sieve and analyzed for various
fixation. Majority of phosphorous gets fixed in the soil soil properties as per standard methods. The results
due to various factors. The yield and nutritional of analysis have been presented in Table 1.
quality of pulses is greatly influenced by application
of phosphorus. It plays a key role in various Sixteen treatment combinations [two levels of
physiological processes like root growth and dry phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (no inoculation and
matter production, nodulation and nitrogen fixation with inoculation), four levels of phosphorus (0, 20, 30
and also in metabolic activities especially in protein and 40 kg/ha) andtwo levels of farm yard manure
synthesis. It also helps in establishing seedling quickly (0 and 10 t/ha)] were tested in Factorial Randomized
and also hastens maturity as well as improves the Block Design (FRBD) with three replications.
quality of crop produce (Sharma and Pathania 2019).
Healthy seeds of black gram were inoculated as
MATERIAL AND METHODS
per the treatment with phosphorus solubilizing
The experimental site was located at 31041' N bacteria (Bacillus polymyxa) before two hours of sowing.
latitude, 760 62' E longitude and situated at an A liquid solution of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria
elevation of 661 meters above mean sea level. The site was mixed in 10 per cent jaggery solution. The seeds
falls in the sub-mountain and low hill zone of of black gram were mixed with this solution and dried
Himachal Pradesh. Agro-climatically Berthin falls on a clean cloth in shade for about two hours. The
under the sub-tropical warm sub humid zone of sowing was done in the afternoon.
Himachal Pradesh. The weather data during the
period of experimentation recorded at meteorological Full dose of fertilizers was applied as per the
observatory of Research Farm of Research Sub Station,
treatment manually in previously open furrows before
Berthin. The data reveals that weekly maximum and
sowing the seeds. The nitrogen and potassium were
minimum temperature ranged from 32.2 to 35.2 oC and
supplied through urea and MOP, respectively. FYM
8.9 to 24.1oC, respectively during the growing season.
The total rainfall during the cropping season was was applied as per treatment at the time of seed bed
573.3 mm. preparation.
Table 2. Effect of PSB, FYM with variable levels of P on primary branches per plant, pods per plant, grains per pod and
1000-grain weight
Treatment Primary branches/plant Pods/plant Grains/pod 1000-grain weight
FYM (t/ha)
0 4.2 18.1 7.2 34.1
10 4.5 19.8 7.8 35.8
LSD (P=0.05) 0.2 1.2 0.4 NS
PSB inoculation
No inoculation 4.2 18.3 7.3 33.7
Inoculation 4.5 19.5 7.7 36.1
LSD (P=0.05) 0.2 1.2 NS 1.7
Phosphorus(kg/ha)
0 4.1 17.5 6.8 33.6
20 4.3 18.5 7.4 35.2
30 4.3 19.6 7.9 34.8
40 4.7 20.0 7.9 36.1
LSD (P=0.05) 0.3 1.6 0.5 NS
Sharma et al.: Effect of PSB, FYM with variable levels of P on the yield attributes and productivity 33
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION and Singh (2000), Vikrant et al. (2005), Kumar et al.
(2006), Singh et al. (2006), Mahetele and Kushwaha
Effect of PSB, FYM with variable levels of P on yield
(2011), Nawange et al. (2011)and Tomar et al. (2013).
attributes
Number of Pods/plant
Primary branches/plant
The data in Table 2 indicated that significant Data pertaining to number of pods per plant given
variation in number of branches per plant was found in Table 2 revealed that application of farm yard
with the application of farm yard manure. The number manure remarkably influenced the number of pods
of branches per plant was observed significantly per plant and numerically higher value of number of
higher under FYM applied @ 10t/ha. The number of pods per plant was found with the FYM applied @ 10
primary branches per plant in FYM applied treatments t/ha (19.8) as compared to control (18.1).Data further
were 4.5 as compared to control (4.2) which were 7.14 indicated that application of PSB also significantly
per cent higher. Similar findings were also reported influenced the number of pods per plant. Significantly
by Vikrant et al. (2005) and J at et al. (2012). the highest number of pods per plant with the
Significantly the highest number of branches (4.5) application of PSB (19.5) was recorded as compare to
per plant was recorded due to the application of PSB control (18.3).
inoculation over control (4.2). The significant increase
in number of primary branches per plant with PSB A perusal of data presented in Table 2 revealed
application might be due to the fact the PSB solubilize that the number of pods per plant was significantly
organic phosphorus to available forms which resulted influenced by the phosphorus application. The number
in increasing availability of P for vital functions of of pods per plant was recorded significantly higher
black gram plants. Application of phosphorus 40kg with 40 kg P2O5/ha (20.0), but it was at par with 30 kg
P2O5/ha registered significantly highest number of P2O5/ha (19.6) and 20 kg P2O5/ha (18.5). However, 0
branches per plant (4.7) at harvest as compared to other P2O5/ha (control) produced significantly lower
phosphorus levels. Number of primary branches were number of pods per plant (17.5) as compared to other
found statistically similar in 20kg P2O5/ha (4.3) and treatments except 20 kg P2O5/ha. In general, overall
30 kg P2O5/ha (4.3) treatments and control [0 kg improvement in yield attributing character may be
application of phosphorus (4.1)]. The cell division and because of phosphorus increased the photosynthesis
development due to increasing levels of phosphorus activity of plant and helps to develop a more extensive
probably resulted in more meiotic activities, thus the root system and thus enables the plant to extract more
development of more apical bud primordial took place water and nutrients from soil depth, resulting in better
which produced more number of branches (Yadav and development of plant growth and yield attributes.
Shrivastava 1997). Further due to adequate supply of Positive responses in terms of yield attributes due to
phosphorus which plays important role in conversion application of phosphorus have also been reported by
of solar energy into chemical energy and it has also Thakur and Negi (1985), Sarkar (1992), Vikrant et al.
beneficial effect on root proliferation that increases the (2005), Gupta et al. (2006), Kumar et al. (2006), Sharma
absorption of plant nutrients and moisture from soil. and Rana (2006), Singh et al. (2006), Parmar and
These findings are substantiated with those reported Thanki (2007), Thenua and Kumar (2007), Patil et al.
by Thakur and Negi (1985), Shah et al. (1994), Singh (2011), Bairwa et al. (2012) and Kumawat et al. (2013).
Table 3. Effect of PSB, FYM with variable levels of P on productivity and crude protein content
Treatment Seed yield (kg/ha) Straw yield (kg/ha) Crude protein (%)
FYM (t/ha)
0 730.0 1493.8 20.8
10 915.7 1572.5 22.0
LSD (P=0.05) 7.5 70.9 0.8
PSB inoculation
No inoculation 786.6 1483.3 20.9
Inoculation 859.0 1582.9 21.8
LSD (P=0.05) 7.5 70.9 0.8
Phosphorus (kg/ha)
0 774.1 1367.5 20.7
20 805.8 1506.7 21.0
30 848.8 1614.2 21.6
40 862.7 1644.2 22.3
LSD (P=0.05) 10.6 100.3 1.2
34 Journal of Food Legumes 34(1), 2021
The improvement in yield with increased supply of P farm yard manure @ 10 t/ha (22.0%) was recorded
might be due to profuse nodulation leading to increase significantly the highest protein content than control
nitrogen fixation which in turn had positive effect on (20.8%). The probable reason of increase in protein
photosynthetic organ resulted in higher grain yield content in seed because of favourable effect of FYM on
under the present study, number of pods per plant microbial activity which resulted in higher supply of
and grains per pod increased with the increase in the N throughout the crop growth period resulted in
rates of phosphorus upto 40 kg P2O5/ha that might be higher protein.These results are in agreement with
dependent upon these yield attributing characters. those of Raju et al. (1991), Vikrant et al. (2005), Shete
These results are in conformity with the finding of Shah et al. (2010), Chesti et al. (2012), Jat et al. (2012). The
et al. (1994), Mourya (2000), Tanwar et al. (2003), Patel results furnished in Table 3 indicated that the crude
et al. (2004), Vikrant et al. (2005), Gupta et al. (2006), protein content was significantly higher with PSB
Singh et al. (2006), Parmar and Thanki (2007), Thenua inoculation (21.8%) as compared to no inoculation
and Kumar (2007), Kanojia and Sharma (2008), Verma (20.9%).
and Singh (2008), Ghanshyam et al. (2010), Mahetele The effect of phosphorus on protein content was
and Kushwaha (2011), Nawange et al. (2011), Patil found to be significant. However, maximum crude
et al. (2011), Bairwa et al. (2012), Kumawat et al. (2013) protein content of black gram seed was obtained with
and Tomar et al. (2013). the application of phosphorus @ 40 kg P 2O5/ha
(22.3%). Increase in protein content with phosphorus
Straw yield (kg/ha)
application might be attributed to balanced nutrition
The data presented in Table 3 clearly indicates and increased availability of nutrients. Similar type of
that straw yield of blackgram was remarkably results was also found by Vikrant et al. (2005) and
influenced by farm yard manure. Significantly the Meena et al. (2006).
highest straw yield was recorded with the application
of FYM @ 10 t/ha recorded over control.The increase CONCLUSION
in straw yield was to the extent of 5.27 per cent with Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) a leguminous crop,
FYM application over control. The control plot was is the one of the most important and extensively grown
considered inferior in this regard. Improvement in soil crop. It builds up the soil fertility by fixing large
physicochemical properties through incorporation of amounts of atmospheric nitrogen through the root
FYM resulted in increasing the availability and uptake nodules and also by leaf fall on the ground at maturity.
of nutrients. Similar results were also reported by Through, the fertilizers have played a prominent role
Kumar and Puri (2002), Sharma and Abraham (2010), in increasing the productivity of crops in the country.
Shete et al. (2011). But continuous and imbalanced use of fertilizers
The straw yield was markedly influenced due to caused deterioration of soil health. The advantage of
PSB inoculation and was produced significantly combining organic and inorganic sources of nutrients
higher straw yield as compared to control. There was in integrated nutrient management has been superior
an increase of 99.6 kg straw yield due to application of to the use of each component separately.
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Journal of Food Legumes 34(1): 38-43, 2021
ABSTRACT
1 Maize (Zea mays L.) is very important crop in the world. To study
ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute,
RRS, Bharuch, Gujarat; 2RRS, AAU, Anand, profitability of various legume-maize cropping systems with residue
Gujarat; Dept. of Agronomy, B. A. College of management, a field experiment was conducted at College of
Agriculture, AAU, Anand, Gujarat Agronomy Farm, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural
University, Anand, Gujarat during summer-kharif seasons of two
consecutive years, 2017 and 2018.Three legume crops viz., green gram,
*Email: agri.monika@gmail.com
groundnut and cluster bean has been grown in summer season and
two residue management treatments after legume harvest viz., residue
Received: February 25, 2021 removal and residue incorporation; was followed before sowing of
Accepted: May 308, 2021 kharif maize. Three treatment viz., 100%, 75% and 50% recommended
dose of nitrogen levels were also given to kharif maize. Results of 2
year experiment revealed that cluster bean-maize sequence provided
Handling Editor: Dr. S S Rathore, the highest grain and straw yield of maize. Highest net realization and
ICAR-IARI, New Delhi benefit cost ratio for maize crop was achieved with cluster bean-maize
sequence with legume residue incorporation and 100% RDN followed
by groundnut-maize sequence with similar nutrient management
practices. For summer legume-kharif maize cropping system, the
highest net realization and benefit cost ratio was obtained with the
cluster bean-maize system with residue incorporation and 100% RDN.
System productivity in terms of the highest total maize equivalent
yields was observed under groundnut-maize cropping system with
residue incorporation and 100% RDN. Positive response of inclusion
of legumes on the profitability of the system find out under this study.
MATERIALS AND METHODS removed from the plots by uprooting the plants or
incorporated after finely chopping into pieces as per
The field experiment was conducted at College
treatments during both the years. After incorporation
Agronomy Farm, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand
one irrigation was given for proper decomposition of
Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India during
the residue. The biomass was allowed to decompose
summer-kharif seasons of years 2017 and 2018. Anand
for about 20 days in the field.
is situated at 220 35’ N latitude, 720 55’ E longitude
with an elevation of 45.1 m above the mean sea level. Data recording and calculations
This region is having semi-arid and sub-tropical The pods of each legume from the net plot area
climate with an average annual rainfall of 864.5 mm, were threshed separately, cleaned and the seed yield
which is realized entirely from the South-West was recorded in kg per net plot and then computed on
monsoon currents. The soil of the experimental field hectare basis. Haulm yield was obtained by subtracting
was loamy sand in texture and at 0-15 cm depth low the grain yield of each net plot from their respective
in organic carbon (0.34%) and available N (141.1 kg total dry biomass (above ground) and computed in
ha-1), medium in available P2O5(36.2 kg ha-1) and K2O terms of kg per net plot and then on hectare basis for
(226.8 kg ha-1) and slightly alkaline in reaction (pH- all the three crops. Grain and straw yield of maize
8.24, EC-0.18). recorded from the net plot. The statistical analysis of
Experiment details the data of the kharif maize were performed in Strip-
Split Plot Design as per the procedure described by
The experiment was laid in strip-split plot design
Cochran and Cox (1957). Cropping systems, residue
with four replications.Three legume crops viz., green
management and nitrogen management data were
gram (C1), groundnut (C2) and cluster bean (C3) was
subjected to an ANOVA and means were compared
grown in summer season and designated as vertical
using t-test, with = 0.05 level.
strips. Each legume crop strip was sub-divided into
two horizontal strips, for residue management Cost of cultivation of the maize crop for individual
treatments viz., residue removal (R0) and residue treatment was worked out taking into consideration
incorporation (R1); which further split into three the cost of all the cultural operations starting from
intersectional sub plots designated with three nitrogen preparatory tillage to harvesting of the crop including
levels in succeeding kharif maize viz., 100% RDN (N1), the cost of all the inputs. The gross realization (Rs. ha-
1
75% RDN (N2) and 50% RDN (N3). Green gram var. ) was worked out on the basis of grain and straw
GAM 5, groundnut var. GJG 31 and cluster bean var. yields of maize for each treatment combination,
GG 2 were grown in summer season of both the years. considering the minimum support price prevailing in
All legumes in summer season received equal nutrients the market during the year 2018.The net realization
i. e., 20 kg N and 40 kg P2O5 per ha as basal dose. was worked out by deducting the total expenditure
Sowing of legumes were done in summer season on from gross realization from each of the treatments
22nd February in 2017 and 14th February in 2018 with combination and recorded accordingly. The benefit:
row spacing of 30 cm. Harvesting of green gram cost ratio (BCR) was worked out by dividing net
wasdone in first fortnight of May and cluster bean realization from the cost of cultivaion. Same
and groundnut were harvested in first week of calculation was followed for calculation of gross, net
June.Maize var. GAWMH 2 was sown as main kharif realization and BC ratio of the whole legume-maize
crop with spacing of 60 cm and all the treatments were system. The benefit: cost ratio was calculated on the
conferred upon it during both the years. The basis of formula given below.
recommended dose of fertilizer for maize crop was N et real i zati on (Rs. ha-1)
150:65:00 NPK, kg ha-1 which given as per treatment BCR =
as basal and two N top dressing. Source of application Cost of cul ti vati on (Rs. ha-1)
of nutrient was urea and DAP during both seasons.
System Productivity
Residue management System productivity in terms of total maize
Residue yield was obtained by subtracting the equivalent yield (TMEY) was calculated by adding the
grain yield of legumes ofeach net plot from their treatment wise maize yield in the maize equivalent
respective total dry biomass (above ground) and yields of seed and haulm yield of different legumes
computed in terms of kg per net plot and then on and stover yield of maize crop. Maize equivalent yield
hectare basis. The weight of pod residue after threshing (MEY) was calculated for each legume by making use
(pods) was also recorded and converted on hectare of the following formula as stated by Munda et al.
basis. After harvesting, the entire biomass was (2008).
40 Journal of Food Legumes 34(1), 2021
System productivity (Kg/ha) = [(Seed and haulm yield Table 2. Grain and straw yield (kg ha -1) of maize as
of green gram/groundnut/cluster bean/ stovar yield influenced by different treatments (Pooled over
of maize (kg/ha) x Price/kg)/Price of maize/kg)] 2 years)
Minimum support price was considered for Treatment Grain yield Straw yield
(kg/ha) (kg/ha)
seeds, grains and local market price was considered Cropping systems
for legume haulm and maize stover. C1 : Green gram - Maize 2934 5051
C2 : Groundnut- Maize 3114 5294
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION C3 : Cluster bean - Maize 3253 5525
SEm+ 38.83 63.99
CD at 5 % 120 197
Seed and Residue Yield of Summer Legumes
CV % 8.68 8.38
During summer,cluster bean produced the Residue management (R)
R0: Residue removal 2899 5018
highest seed yield and total residue (haulm + pod
R1 : Residue incorporation 3301 5562
residue) followed by groundnut and green gram (Table. SEm+ 27 47
1). It was due to short growing period of green gram as CD at 5 % 94 161
compared to groundnut and cluster bean, which CV % 7.41 7.46
restrict dry matter accumulation in the plant, which Nitrogen management in
Maize (N)
resulted into lower production of seed and residues. N1: 100% RDN 3693 6138
Table 1. Seed, haulmand pod residueyield (kg ha-1) of N2: 75% RDN 3038 5265
summer legumes (Average data of two years) N3: 50% RDN 2570 4467
SEm+ 27 50
Green gram Groundnut Cluster bean CD at 5 % 77 141
Seed Yield 1102 1675 1753 CV % 5.54 6.15
Haulm 2424 3297 3619
Pod residue 234 536 803 with pulse systems might be due to, the N-rich leaf
Total Residue 2658 3833 4422 litter fall and roots decomposition over the post-harvest
period, which provides N benefits to the succeeding
Grain and Straw Yield of Maize crop. Decomposition and mineralization of applied
During kharif season, highest grain yield of maize residues might have coincided with the nutrient
(3253 kg ha-1) observed with cluster bean-maize (C3) demanding growth stages of succeeding maize which
followed by groundnut-maize (C2) cropsequence. resulted in better growth of crop and yield gains. The
Cluster bean-maize (C3) sequence increased 10.87 per present findings are in corroboration with the results
cent grain yield of maize over green gram-maize (C1) reported by Shah et al. (2014) and Ali et al. (2015).
sequence. Similar as positive effect of preceding Study of interaction effect on grain yield revealed
legume crops their residue incorporation also proved that the interaction of all three factors (cropping
beneficial in increasing maize yield. Significantly systems, residue management and nitrogen
higher grain yield was achieved with residue management in maize) came significant in the last year
incorporation (R1) (3301 kg ha-1) as compare to removal (2018). Cluster bean-maize with residue incorporation
(R0) and the magnitude of yield increase was 13.86 per and 100% RDN (C3R1N1) recorded significantly higher
cent over residue removal (R0). With every rise in grain yield of maize (4492kg ha -1), followed by
nitrogen doses from 50% RDN-00% RDN, there combination of groundnut-maize system with similar
seemed a linear and significant response for grain yield residue and nitrogen treatments (C2R1N1) (Table 3).
of maize.Application of 100% RDN (N1) appreciably Higher benefit by taking cluster bean and groundnut
increased the grain yield of maize(3693 kg ha -1),
followed by 75% RDN(N2) and 50% RDN(N3). Full
dose of nitrogen provided 50.72 per cent increased
yield over 50% RDN (N3)(Table 2).
Results were similar for straw yield and highest
straw yield of maize (5525 kg ha-1) was recorded with
cluster bean-maize (C3) followed by groundnut-maize
(C2) cropping sequence. Residue incorporation (R1) of
the summer legumes gave significantly higherstraw
yield (5562 kg ha-1) over removal (R0). The highest straw
yield was recorded underapplication of 100% RDN
(N1) (6138 kg ha-1), followed by 75% RDN(N2) (Table Fig 1. Grain yield (kg ha -1) of maize as influenced by
2). Improvement in the grain and straw yield of maize interaction of various factors (2018)
Shukla et al.: Profitability of legume-maize cropping systems 41
as preceding crops could be attributed in to higher of other treatments (Table 4). This indicated the yield
biomass production, more carryover effect and high benefit of maize crop when legume residue application
N, P and K content of their residues as compare to was done. Similar findings reported by Ammaji (2014)
green gram. Similar findings reported by Ammaji and Rekha (2014).
(2014), and Ali et al. (2015)
Economics of Summer lugume-kharif maize
Economics of kharif maize
Gross and Net realization
Gross and Net realization
Effect of different treatments on gross and net
Average annual gross income from the maize realization was also notably visible in different
crop was higher (Rs. 79625 ha-1) in cluster bean-maize summer legume-kharif maize cropping systems (Table
cropping system with residue incorporation and 100% 5). The highest net realization of the system (average
RDN (C3R1N1) followed by groundnut-maize with of two years, Rs. 99506 ha-1)was obtained with cluster
residue incorporation and 100% RDN (Rs. 75305 ha- bean-maize cropping system with residue
1
). Similar combinations also gave higher net incorporation and 100% RDN (C3R1N1); followed by
realization C3R1N1; Rs. 46673ha-1 followed by C2R1N1; groundnut-maize cropping system with similar
Rs. 42353 ha-1(Table 4). It indicated that inclusion of treatments (C2R1N1;Rs. 97220 ha-1). Higher yield of both
preceding legumes as cluster bean and groundnut gave summer and kharif crop with better remuneration from
more profit from the maize crop as compare to green the legumes resulted into more profit from the above
gram crop. It was due to more yield benefit in the maize mentioned systems.
crop by residual nitrogen as well as residue Benefit:Cost Ratio
incorporation of these crops.
Treatment wise calculation of cost and income of
Benefit:Cost Ratio
both summer and kharif crops was also done for the
Among various treatment combinations the whole system. Results revealed that cluster bean-maize
highest BCR,1.42 for maize crop was obtained with cropping system + residue incorporation +100%
cluster bean-maize cropping system with residue RDN(C3R1N1) gavethe highest BCR of 1.95 followed
incorporation and 100% RDN followed by groundnut- by BCR of 1.88 under similar cropping system and N
maize with similar treatments (1.29). Study of management but with residue removal C3R0N1 (Table
economics of maize crop with different residue 5). Although the groundnut maize cropping system
management treatments revealed that residue with similar combinations gave good net returns from
incorporation treatments gave higher benefit cost ratio the system but due to higher cost of cultivation of
as compare to residue removal treatments irrespective groundnut as compare to cluster bean, the system
Table 3. Economics of kharif maize influenced by comprising groundnut gave lower benefit cost ratio.
different treatment (Average of two years) Similar results were reported by Mulik et al. (1989)
Gross realization Cost of
Ghosh and Singh (1996) and Franke et al. (2004)
Net
(Rs. ha-1) cultivation realization BCR
Treatment Grain Straw Total (Rs. ha )
-1
(Rs. ha-1) System productivity
C1R0N1 55934 5617 61551 31118 30433 0.98
C1R0N2 46313 4760 51073 30604 20469 0.67
System productivity in terms of highest total
C1R0N3 39631 4137 43768 30091 13677 0.45 maize equivalent yields was 9,249 kg ha-1, which was
C1R1N1 64235 6247 70482 32952 37530 1.14 obtained with treatment combination groundnut-
C1R1N2 50476 5155 55631 32438 23193 0.71 maize cropping system with residue incorporation and
C1R1N3 42663 4394 47056 31925 15132 0.47 100% RDN (N1) (Table 6). This was due to higher price
C2R0N1 57072 5770 62841 31118 31724 1.02
of groundnut produce as compare to others. These
C2R0N2 49004 5031 54034 30604 23430 0.77
C2R0N3 41647 4253 45900 30091 15810 0.53
results are in corroboration with Ammaji (2014).
C2R1N1 68762 6543 75305 32952 42353 1.29
C2R1N2 54642 5487 60130 32438 27691 0.85 CONCLUSION
C2R1N3 46476 4681 51157 31925 19232 0.60
C3R0N1 57851 5816 63667 31118 32549 1.05
From the present study, it was that under middle
C3R0N2 50984 5209 56193 30604 25589 0.84 Gujarat, during summer season cluster bean gave
C3R0N3 45140 4570 49710 30091 19620 0.65 highest seed and residue yield. The crop was also
C3R1N1 72787 6837 79625 32952 46673 1.42 found beneficial for improving maize grain and stovar
C3R1N2 58509 5947 64456 32438 32018 0.99 yield with its residue incorporation and full dose of
C3R1N3 46537 4770 51307 31925 19382 0.61
nitrogen in maize which further resulted into higher
C1 :Greengram, C 2 :Groundnut,C 3 :Cluster bean; R 0 :Residue gross and net realization and B:C ratio of maize crop.
removal R1:Residue incorporation; N1:100% RDN, N2:75% RDN,
N3 :50% RDN
Among the cropping systems cluster bean-maize
42
Table 4. Economics of summer legumes-kharif maize systems influenced by different treatment (Average of two years)
Maize Yield Legume yield Total cost of Income from Income from Gross Net
(kg ha-1) (kg ha-1) Cultivation (' ha-1) Maize(' ha-1) Legumes (' ha-1) realization realization
of System of System BCR
Trea tment Grain Straw Seed Hanlm Maize Legumes Tota l Grain Straw Total Seed Hanlm Tota l
(~ ha-1) (~ ha-1)
C1RoN1 3290 5617 1102 2424 31118 21276 52394 55934 5617 61551 76881 4848 81729 143279 90886 1.73
C1RoN2 2724 4760 1102 2424 30604 21276 51880 46313 4760 51073 76881 4848 81729 132802 80922 1.56
C1RoN, 2331 4137 1102 2424 30091 21276 51367 39631 4137 43768 76881 4848 81729 125497 74130 1.44
C1R1N1 3779 6247 1102 2424 32952 21276 54228 64235 6247 70482 76881 0 7688 1 147363 93135 1.72
C1R1N2 2969 5155 1102 2424 32438 21276 53714 50476 5155 55631 76881 0 7688 1 132512 78798 1.47
C1R1N, 2510 4394 1102 2424 31925 21276 53201 42663 4394 47056 76881 0 7688 1 123937 70737 1.33
CiRoN1 3357 5770 1675 3298 3111 8 27057 58175 57072 5770 62841 81924 6595 88519 151360 93185 1.60
C,RoN, 2883 5031 1675 3298 30604 27057 57661 49004 5031 54034 81924 6595 88519 142553 84892 1.47
Table 5. System productivity in terms of total maize Ammaji P 2014. Productivity of maize as affected by crop
equivalent yield (kg ha-1) of the legume-maize residue incorporation and nitrogen levels in legume–
sequence cereal sequence. (Doctoral Thesis, Acharya N.G. Ranga
MEY* for legume MEY for Maize Total Maize Agricultural University, Hyderabad, India).
(kg ha-1) Stover (kg ha-1) equivalent
Anonymous 2017a. Food and agriculture organization
yield
Treatment Seed Haulm (FAOSTAT). Website: http.//www.fao.org/faostat/
(kg ha-1)
C1R0N1 4523 285 331 8428 data.
C1R0N2 4523 285 280 7812
Anonymous 2017b. Ministry of Agriculture, Directorate
C1R0N3 4523 285 244 7383
of economics and statistics. Website: http.//
C1R1N1 4523 0 368 8669
C1R1N2 4523 0 303 7795
www.agricoop.nic.in &https://www.statista.com
C1R1N3 4523 0 259 7291 Anonymous 2017c. Directorate of Agriculture
C2R0N1 4819 388 340 8904
(Department of Agriculture, farmers welfare and
C2R0N2 4819 388 296 8386
corporation) Gujarat. Website: https://
C2R0N3 4819 388 250 7907
C2R1N1 4819 0 385 9249
dag.gujarat.gov.in/
C2R1N2 4819 0 323 8356 Cochran WG & Cox, GM 1957. Experimental designs.
C2R1N3 4819 0 275 7828 Wiley New York, USA.
C3R0N1 4176 426 342 8347
C3R0N2 4176 426 307 7907 Franke AC, Schulz S, Oyewole BD and Bako S 2004.
C3R0N3 4176 426 269 7526 Incorporating short season legumes and green manure
C3R1N1 4176 0 402 8860 crops into maize-based systems in the moist Guinea
C3R1N2 4176 0 350 7968 of the Savannah of West Africa. Experimental
C3R1N3 4176 0 281 7194
Agriculture, 40, 463-479.
*MEY- Maize equivalent yield
Ghosh PK and Singh NP 1996. Production potential of
cropping system with residue and full N to maize was summer legumes-maize (Zea mays) sequence under
found more remunerative followed by groundnut- varying levels of nitrogen. Indian Journal of
maize cropping system. However highest system Agronomy, 41(4), 525-528.
productivity in terms oftotal maize equivalent
Mandal KG, Misra AK, Hati KM, Bandyopadhyay KK,
yieldswas found groundnut-maize cropping system Ghosh PK and Mohanty M 2004. Rice residue
with residue incorporation and 100% RDN. On the management options and effects on soil properties and
basis of these findings it can be concluded that crop productivity. Food Agriculture & Environment,
profitability of maize based cropping system can be 2 (1), 224-231.
improved with inclusion of legumes in summer season
Mulik SP, More SM, Deshpande, SS and Patel, JD 1989.
and incorporation of their residues further add in the Studies onnitrogen, yield, nutrient uptake and
profitability and productivity of the system. moisture utilization by winter sorghum. Journal of
Indian Society of Soil Science. 35: 417-420.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Rekha MS 2014. Nitrogen management of summer maize
We acknowledge the support from Anand (Zea mays L.) as influenced by rabi legumes (Doctoral
Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat and Indian thesis, Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University,
council of agricultural research (ICAR)-Central Soil Hyderabad, India)
Salinity Research Institute, Karnal during the period Shah F, Jan MT, Shah T, Wu W, Khan ZH, Iqbal A, Islam B,
of experimentations. Ahmad, A and Jamal Y 2014. Impact of crop residue,
fertilizer and their placement technique on yield and
REFERENCES related traits of maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of
Agricultural and Biological Science, 9(7): 233-239.
Ali W, Jan A, Hassan A, Abbas A, Hussain A, Ali M, Zuhair,
SA and Hussain A 2015. Residual effect of preceding Zoumane K, Franzluebbers K, Juo ASR and Hossner LR
legumes and nitrogen levels on subsequent maize. 2000. Tillage, crop residue, legume rotation and green
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Journal of Food Legumes 34(1): 44-47, 2021
ABSTRACT
1 Front line demonstrations on gram were carried out at farmers’ field in
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Keshwana, Jalore;
2 Sirohi district of Rajasthan to evaluate the performance of recent
College of Agriculture, Sumerpur (Pali)
Rajasthan-306 902 varieties recommended for the zone from Rabi 2011-12 to Rabi 2014-15.
The increase in grain yield with the adoption of improved technology
was in the range of 9.7per cent in Rabi 2011-12 to 35.7 percent in Rabi
*Email: jailokesh74@gmail.com
2013-14 in different years. Similarly, technology index ranged from 7.5
per cent in Rabi 2011-12 to 46.5 percent in Rabi 2013-14 as influenced by
Received: January 05, 2021 locality variations in different years. Economics revealed a seven times
Accepted: June 03, 2021 higher benefit with the adoption of improved packages over traditional
cultivation. Demonstration of proven technologies in gram, their
scientific management and monitoring helped Include in before income
Handling Editor: Dr. Uma Sah, ICAR-Indian level of the farming community.
Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur
Key words: Demonstration, Economics, Grain yields, Gram, Yield gap
analysis.
in 2011-12, 156 demonstrations of RSG 888 variety in conducted from rabi 2011-12 to 2014-15 in 103.86 ha
2012-13, 63 demonstrations of RSG 888 variety in 2013- at farmer’s field in Sirohi district presented in Table 2
14 and 62 demonstration of GNG 1581 variety were and 3. Results indicated that use of high yielding
conducted in 2014-15 during rabi season in arid region variety, balanced application of fertilizers and
of south western Rajasthan.The package of improved micronutrients and control of insect and disease at
technologies like line sowing, nutrient management, economic threshold level gave average significant
seed treatment and whole package were used in the higher yield of gram as compared to farmer practices.
demonstrations. In general, soils of the area under
study were sandy loam and medium to low in fertility Grain yield
status. During this period extension activity like field The increase in grain yield under demonstration
day, farmers training, literature, short message services, over the farmer’s local practices was in the range of
diagnostic visits etc. were undertaken to benefit the 9.7 to 35.7 per cent. On the average basis 23.3 per cent
farmers. Critical inputs supplied by KVK for the present yield advantage was recorded under FLD
study with respect to FLD and farmers practices have demonstrations as compared to farmers practices (FP)
been given in Table 1. The farmers were selected from of gram cultivation.
active participation in group meeting regarding
different aspects of cultivation practices. Whole The productivity of gram under improved
package approach demonstrated to the farmers production technology ranged between 963-1480 kg/
through FLD trials included critical inputs such as ha with mean yields of 1265 kg/ha as against a yield
variety, recommended seed rate, seed treatment range between 782 to 1189 kg/ha under farmers’
practices, weed management, fertilizers and plant practice during study period.In comparison to farmer’s
protection measures. practice, there were 24.5, 35.7, 23.2and 9.7% increase
in production of gram under improved technologies
The thinning and weeding was done invariably in 2011-12, 2012-13, 2013-14 and 2014-2015,
35-40 days after sowing. Seed sowing was done in respectively. The increased grain yield with improved
the first week of November with a seed rate of 80 technologies was mainly because of adoption of
kg/ha. Under strict supervision of KVK scientists recommended package of practices in the zone (Jain
study was conducted from sowing to harvesting. Data 2016). Joshi et al. (2004) have also observed that
with respect to grain yield from FLD plots and improved package of practices along with water
from fieldscultivated following local practices management have shown positive effect on yield
adopted by thefarmers of the area were collected potentials of different crops. Similar findings have also
and evaluated. Different parameters as suggested by been supported by Narolia et al. (2013) and Naroliaet
Yadav et al. (2004) and Verma et al. (2014) were used al. (2015). Overall, the yield of demonstration plots
for calculating gap analysis, costs and returns. The exceeds that of farmer’s plots in all FLD.
analytical tool used for assessing the performance of
the FLD on gram is as follows: Gap analysis
Technology gap (kg/ha): Potential yield – Extension gap is a parameter to know the yield
Demonstration yield differences between the demonstrated technology and
farmers’ practice while technology gap is the difference
Extension gap (kg/ha): Demonstration yield –
between potential yield and yield obtained under
Farmers yield
improved technology demonstration. Technology gap
Technology index (%): (Technology gap/ is of greater significance than other parameters as it
Potential yield) X 100 indicates the constraints in implementation and
drawbacks in our package of practices, these could be
Additional return (Rs/ha) = Demonstration
environmental or varietal.An extension gap ranging
return - Farmers’ practice return
from 105-375kg per ha was found between FLD and
Effective gain (Rs) = Additional return - farmers practices during the different time line and on
Additional cost average basis the extension gap was observed to be
238 kg per hectare (Table 2). The extension gap was
Incremental B: C ratio = Additional return /
lowest (105 kg/ha) in rabi 2014-15 and was highest
Additional cost
(375 kg/ ha) in year 2012-14. Such gap might be
attributed to adoption of improved technology in
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
demonstrations which resulted in higher grain yield
India has led to replacement of chickpea with than that in the farmers’ practices. Wide technology
wheat and mustard in larger areas as the irrigation gap were observed during these years and this was
facility was improved. Results of 331 demonstrations lowest (120 kg/ha) during 2011-12 and was highest
46 Journal of Food Legumes 34(1), 2021
Table 1. Comparison between demonstration package (IP) and existing farmers practice (FP) under gram FLDs
Sl. No. Items Farmers practice Recommended practice
1 Use of seed variety Local seed (Dahod yellow) Seed of improved variety
GNG 469
RSG 888
GNG 1581
2 Seed rate Higher seed rate (100 kg) 80 kg/ha
3 Seed treatment - Seed treatment with Bavistin followed by Rhizobium and
PSB
4 Fertilizer No or Lower doses N- 20 kg/ha
(10 kg N and 25 kg P2O5) P2O5- 40 kg/ha
5 Sowing Broadcasting Mix cropping Line sowing
6 Plant protection measures Rarely used Spray of Aciphate 75 SP @ 700 g/ha
disease insect
Table 2. Performance of gram in crop technology demonstrations (Rabi 2011-12 to Rabi 2014-15)
Year Variety No. of Area Yield (Kg/ha) % increase Potential Technology Technology Extension
demonstration Improved Farmers over (FP) yield Index Gap (q/ha) Gap (q/ha)
package of practice (kg/ha)
practice (IP) (FP)
2011-12 GNG-469 50 20 1480 1189 24.47 1600 7.5 120 291
2012-13 RSG-888 156 40 1425 1050 35.71 1800 20.8 375 375
2013-14 RSG-888 63 19.06 963 782 23.15 1800 46.5 837 181
2014-15 GNG- 1581 62 24.8 1190 1085 9.68 1800 33.9 610 105
Average - - 1264.5 1026.5 23.2525 1750 27.175 485.5 238
Table 3. Economic analysis in front line demonstrations of gram on farmers field gram (Rabi 2011-12 to Rabi 2014-15)
Year Cost of cash input (₹/ha) Additional cost of Sale price of Total Return Additional return in Effective Incrementa
IP FP demonstration (₹/ha) grain (₹/q) IP FP demonstration (₹/ha) grain l B:C ratio
(₹/ha)
2011-12 14250 13210 1040 2800 41440 33292 8148 7108 6.83
2012-13 14950 13550 1400 3000 42750 31500 11250 9850 7.04
2013-14 15150 13890 1260 3100 29853 24242 5611 4351 3.45
2014-15 16200 14800 1400 3175 37783 34449 3334 1934 1.38
Average 15137.5 13862.5 1275 3019 37957 30871 7086 5811 4.68
(837 kg/ha) during 2013-14. The difference in cultivation and scientific monitoring. The lowest and
technology gap during different years could be due to highest incremental benefit cost ratio (IBCR) were 1.38
differential feasibility of recommended technologies and 7.04 in 2014-15 and 2012-13, respectively (Table
during different years. Similarly, the technology index 3) depends on produced grain yield and MSP sale rates.
for all the demonstrations during different years were It is observed that an additional investment of ¹
in accordance with technology gap. Higher technology 1275/- per ha was made under 331 demonstrations.
index emphasized the need to educate (insufficient Economic returns was observed to be a function of
extension services in transfer of technology) the grain yield and Minimum Support Price (MSP) or sale
farmer’s through various means for the adoption of price which varied along different years. Maximum
improved / recommended production technology to additional returns of ¹11250/-per hectare
decrease the gaps (Jain 2018). wereobtained due to higher grain yield during the year
2012-13.It was attributed due to improved technology,
Economic analysis
nonmonetary factors, and timely operations of crop
Different variables like seed, fertilizers, bio- cultivation, location specify and scientific monitoring.
fertilizers and pesticides were considered as cash input The lowest and highest incremental benefit: cost ratio
for the demonstrations as well as farmers’ practice and (IBCR) were 1.38&7.04 in 2014-15 and 2012-13,
additional investment was given in Table 3 under respectively (Table 3) which depends on grain yield
demonstrations. Economic returns as a function of and MSP. The front line demonstration on gram
grain yield and minimum support price (MSP) sale revealed 23.25 per cent increase in yield over local
price varied during different years. The higher check. This increase was with an extra expenditure of
additional returns and effective gain obtained under 1275/- per ha which is very less and even small and
demonstrations could be due to improved technology, marginal farmers could also afford. Thus it is ‘not the
non-monetary factors, timely operations of crop cost that deters the farmers from adoption of latest
Kumar & Jain : Effect of Frontline demonstrations of gram in Sirohi district of South-Western Rajasthan 47
ABSTRACT
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, The frontline demonstrations of chickpea were conducted during the rabi
Gariyaband 493889, season of 2016-17 to 2019-20 in 48 farmers field to determine the production
Chhattisgarh, India potential and economic benefit under improved package and practices. The
improved practices consisted of improved variety JAKI 9218, Integrated
Nutrient Management (20:60:20 NPK kg/ha + Soil application of Trichoderma
*Email: shaluabraham5@gmail.com
enriched FYM + Seed treatment with Rhizobium + PSB 5g/kg seed) at
Gariyaband district of Chhattisgarh State. The improved technologies
Received: March 05, 2021 recorded mean yield of 9.62 q/ha which was 69.05 percent higher than that
Accepted: June 08, 2021 obtained with farmers practice of 5.68 q/ha. Improved technologies gave
higher net return of 26718 Rs/ha with a benefit cost ratio of 2.85 as compared
Handling Editor: Dr. Meenal Rathore, to farmers practice (Rs 14485.25 /ha, benefit cost ratio 2.48). The extension
ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, gap ranged between 3.18 to 4.25 q/ha. Data on technology index reduced
Kanpur from 57.2% to 49.25% exhibiting the feasibility of technology demonstration
in this region.
farmers practice like use of local seeds delayed sowing farmers practice with regard to variety, sowing
upto 3rd week of December, with higher seed rate 100 method, seed inoculation, fertilizer and weed control
kg/ha, no seed treatment, no bio fertilizer and whereas partial gap was noted for irrigation.
imbalance use of fertilizer were adopted. In
demonstration plots, use of quality seeds of improved Seed Yield
variety JAKI-9218, seed treatment with bio fertilizers Yields obtained under improved technology as
(Rhizobium & PSB), soil application of Trichoderma, well as local check are presented in Table 2. Results of
use of balanced fertilizers (20:60:20 kg NPK/ha) line the frontline demonstrations indicated that adoption
sowing and timely weeding, and applied irrigations of recommended production technologies produced
(2 no) on critical growth stages of irrigation as on an average 69.05% more yield of chickpea as
suggested by Chattopadhyay et al. (2003) were used compared to farmers practice. The productivity of
as technical interventions.The yield data was collected chickpea ranged from 8.56 to 10.15 q/ha with mean
from the selected FLD farmers by random crop cutting yield of 9.62 q/haunder improved technology on
method.The data output were collected from both FLD farmers field as against a yield ranging from 5.38 to
plots as well as farmer’s practice plot and finally the 5.90 q/ha with a mean of 5.68 q/ha recorded under
extension gap, technology gap, technology index along farmers practice.The higher yield of chickpea under
with the benefit cost ratio were worked out (Samui et recommended practices was due to the use of
al., 2000) as given below: improved high yielding variety, integrated nutrients
Technology gap = Potential yield-Demonstration yield management. Similar results have also been reported
by Tomar et al. (1999).
Technology (Potential Yield - Demonstration Yield)
x 100 Economics
index = Potential Yield
The input and output prices of different
commodities which prevailed during each year were
Extension gap= Demonstration yield-Farmer’s taken into consideration for calculating cost of
practice yield cultivation, gross returns, net returns and benefit cost
ratio. The net returns obtained from the recommended
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
practices ranged between 16010 to 31943 Rs/ha while
The difference between the technological from the farmers practice net returns of 9355 to 17358
interventions and existing farmer practices under Rs/ha were obtained.The average benefit cost ratio of
chickpea FLD is depicted in Table 1. A complete gap improved technologies was 2.85 ranging from 2.15 to
was observed in adoption of recommended over 3.14 and that of local check was 2.48 varying from
Table 1. Differences between recommended practices and existing farmer practices under FLD on chickpea
Table 2. Productivity, extension gap, technology gap and technology index of chickpea as grown under FLD and
existing package of practices
Year Area No.of Potential Yield Yield (q/ha) % increase Extension gap Technology gap Technology
(ha) demo (q/ha) over FP (q/ha) (q/ha) Index (%)
RP FP
2016-17 4 10 20 8.56 5.38 59.11 3.18 11.44 57.2
2017-18 4.8 12 20 9.80 5.80 68.97 4.00 10.20 51.0
2018-19 4 10 20 9.95 5.65 76.11 4.30 10.05 50.25
2019-20 4 10 20 10.15 5.90 72.03 4.25 9.85 49.25
Mean - - - 9.62 5.68 69.05 3.93 10.39 51.93
50 Journal of Food Legumes 34(1), 2021
1.99 to 2.48. This may be due to higher yield obtained Chattopadhyay C, Meena PD, Sastri RKand Meena RL.
under improved technologies compared to local check 2003. Relationship among photological and agronomic
(Farmer’s practice). Thus it was clearly evident that attributes for soil borne diseases of three oilseed crops.
demonstration of chickpea with full package was Indian J. Plant Protection 31: 127-128.
better than farmers practice. Similar findings have also Choudhary BN. 1999. Krishivigyan Kendra-A guide for
been reported by Tomar 2010 and Dubey et al 2017. KVK mangers. Publication, Division of Agricultural
Extension, ICAR; 73-78.
Extension Gap
Dubey S, Raghav RS and Singh P. 2017. Enhancement of
The extension gap showed an increasing trend. productivity for chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) through
The extension gap ranging between 3.18 to 4.25 q/ha front line demonstration in farmer’s fields. Legume
during the period of trial emphasizes the need to Research 40(2): 335-337.
educate the farmers through various means for the GOI Agriculture, Statistics. 2019. Directorate of Economics
adoption of improved agriculture production to and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of
reverse the trend of wide extension gap. India. 2020
The trends of technology gap (ranging from 11.44 Krishna Kant, Kanaujia KR and Kanaujia S. 2007. Role of
plant density and abiotic factors on population
to 9.85 q/ha) reflects the cooperation from farmers side
dynamic of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in chickpea.
in carrying out these demonstrations achieving
Annual Plant Protection Sciences. 15: 303-306.
positive results in subsequent years. The technology
gap observed may be attributed to dissimilarity in soil Lathwal OP. 2010. Evaluation of crop demonstration on
fertility conditions and variable weather conditions. black gram in irrigated agro ecosystem. Annals of
Agriculture Research 31: 24-27.
The technology index shows the feasibility of the
evolved technology at the farmer’s field. The lower the Sagar RL and Ganesh Chandra 2004. Frontline
value of technology index more is the feasibility of the demonstration on sesame in West Begal. Agricultural
technology demonstrated. (Sagar and Chandra, 2004) Extension Review 16: 7-10.
As such reduction in technology index from 57.2 % Samui SK, Mitra S, Roy DK, Mandal AK and Saha D.
during 2016-17 to 49.25 % during 2019-20 exhibited 2000.Evaluation of front line demonstration on
the feasibility of the demonstrated technology in this groundnut. J. Indian Soc. Coastal Agriculture Research
region. These results confirm the findings of crop 18(2): 180-183.
technology demonstration on oilseed and pulses crops Tomar RKS, Sharma P and Yadav LN. 1999. Comparison
by Yadav et al (2004) and Lathwal (2010). of Yield and economic of integrated chickpea under
improved and local management practices. Int.
From the above findings it can be concluded that Chickpea Pigeonpea News Letter 6: 22-23.
use of scientific method of chickpea cultivation can
reduce the technology gap to a considerable extent this Tomar RKS. 2010. Maximization of productivity for
chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) through improved
leading to increase productivity of chickpea in the
technologies in farmer’s field. Indian Journal of Natural
district. Moreover extension agencies in the district Products and Resources 1: 515-517.
need to provide proper technical support to the farmers
through different educational and extension methods Venkattakumar R, Ramana Rao SV, Padmaiah M and
Madhuri, P. 2010. Production constraints and
to reduce the extension gap for betterpulse production
information needs of growers in Andhra Pradesh.
in the district. Agric. Extn. Review (April-June): 21-24.
REFERENCES Yadav D B, Kamboj B K and Garg R B.2004.Increasing the
productivity and profitability of Sunflower through
Agriculture Department. 2020. Office of Deputy Director front line demonstration in irrigated agro ecosystem
Agriculture, District Gariyab and. 2020 Haryana Haryana Journal of Agronomy 20: 33-35.
Journal of Food Legumes 34(1): 51-56, 2021
IPA 15-2 (Sharada): A high yielding, wilt and sterility mosaic disease
resistant pigeonpea cultivar for North East Plain Zone
SATHEESH NAIK SJ*, ABHISHEK BOHRA, FARINDRA SINGH, DIBENDU DATTA,
IP SINGH, RAJ KUMAR MISHRA, HRIDAY NARAYAN MAURYA and NP SINGH
ABSTRACT
ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research (IIPR), Development of improved cultivars with enhanced resistance/tolerance
Kanpur 208024, UP, India is an indispensable process to improve the productivity in pigeonpea.
Newly released long duration pigeonpea variety IPA 15-2 (Sharada)
was developed by crossing diverse parents’ viz., NDA 1 and MAL 13.
*Email: satheeshnaikagri@gmail.com
The generation advancement was monitored through pedigree breeding
method. The female parent NDA 1 is compact in growth habit with
Received: March 02,2021 resistant reaction to sterility mosaic disease (SMD). While, the male
Accepted: June 06, 2021 parent MAL 13 is spreading and resistant to wilt disease. The variety
IPA 15-2 (Sharada) was subjected to three years rigorous testing for
yield stability and disease resistance under All India Coordinated
Handling Editor: Dr. Meenal Rathore, Research Project on pigeonpea during 2017-18 to 2019-20. The results
ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research revealed that the weighted mean of three years grain yield over six test
Kanpur location was 2266 kg/ha. However, the centre Varanasi recorded highest
yield of 2998 kg/ha. The variety IPA 15-2 (Sharada) offers 23.47% higher
yield superiority over the national check variety Bahar and 24.38%
over zonal check IPA 203 (Prakash). It is resistant to wilt (15.11%) and
sterility mosaic disease (15.62%). Keeping this in view the committee
on Release of Crop Variety to Central Sub-Committee on Crop
Standards Notification and Release of Varieties has recommended IPA
15-2 (Sharada) for cultivation in North East Plain Zone comprising the
states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal.
Key words: High yield, North East Plain Zone, Sterility mosaic disease
resistance, Pigeonpea, Variety
The rich fertile soil of Indo gangetic plains and semi spreading branches suitable for sole cropping; it
hot-humid climatic conditions of North East Plain produces yellow flowers with sparse red streaks on
Zone (Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, and the dorsal side of the standard petal, green pod and
Jharkhand) are favorable for the cultivation of long tolerant to wilt and SMD. Whereas, the female parent
duration pigeonpea varieties. The sowing season MAL 13 [Pedigree: MA 2/MA 166 // Bahar] is
begins in July first fortnight and the crop gets spreading, indeterminate in growth habit, yellow
prolonged vegetative phase for acquiring sufficient flowers with sparse red streak and green purple
biomass. The extreme cold spell months of December streaked pods. MAL 13 is tolerant to wilt, pod borer
and January freezes the crop reproduction. As the and sterility mosaic disease (Fig 1).
day/night temperature raises from the second fortnight The new variety IPA 15-2 (Sharada) was
of February the crop switch to its full bloom and developed through pedigree breeding method to track
complete podding by the first fortnight of April. North the historical data on line development as given in the
East Plain Zone contributes about 12.2% of total Figure 2. From F2 to F6 generations the line was
pigeonpea area and 15.26% of production in the maintained through single seed descent method and
country. Owing to its long duration, pigeonpea after F6 plant to progeny row was adopted for
cultivation NEPZ is also considered as the high generation advancement. The variety IPA 15-2 was
yielding zone (18-25 q/ha) (AICRP on pigeonpea subjected to preliminary yield trial, station trial and
annual report, 2019-20). disease resistance screening at ICAR-IIPR, Kanpur.
Genetic enhancement is a ray of hope for Identified for release in NEPZ by Central Variety
manipulating pigeonpea crop to perform better under Release Committee (CVRC) on 1st October, 2020 and
limited resources and stressful environment. Positive
genetic improvement increases the productivity per Pigeonpea Variety ‘IPA 15-2 (Sharada)’
unit resources consumed and decreases the gap of
demand and supply. Keeping this in view the present
varietal development programme was initiated to Parent 1(NDA 1) × Parent 2(MAL 13)
develop high yielding, wilt and sterility mosaic disease
resistance variety in pigeonpea for cultivation in NEPZ. F1
MATERIAL AND METHODS
2 and 6 in foot materials handled through
The pigeonpea variety ‘IPA 15-2’ was developed
pedigree methods
at ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur
by crossing NDA 1/MAL 13 parents. The female parent
NDA 1 was the selection of Faizabad local landrace. Preliminary yield trials (PYT)
NDA 1is compact with indeterminate growth habit,
Tested in Station trial
Nominated in IVT (Late), AICRP on pigeonpea
(2017-18)
Tested for three year under ICAR-AICRP on
pigeonpea (2017-18 to 2019-20)
Based on three years AICRP performance showed
23.47% and 24.38% superiority in grain yield over
the national check (Bahar) and zonal check (IPA
203) respectively
Identification proposal invited after concluding
AICRP on pigeonpea annual group meet (2020)
Fig 1. Morphological features of male (NDA 1) and
Fig 2. Flow chart details of development of variety
female (MAL 13) parents of IPA 15-2 (Sharada) variety
IPA 15-2 (Sharada)
Naik et al.: IPA 15-2 (Sharada): A high yielding pigeonpea cultivar 53
subsequently notified in 85th meeting of the Central performance of IPA 15-2 in PYT and ST led to
Sub-Committee on Crop Standards, Notification and nomination for Initial Varietal Trial (IVT) under All
Release of Varieties for Agricultural Crops held on 9th India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on
November, 2020 Pigeonpea in 2017-18. The variety IPA 15-2 (Sharada)
The progressive performance of the entry at was tested for three years (2017 to 2019) across seven
station level led to further nomination for testing under locations of North East Plain Zone (NEPZ) namely
ICAR-All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) Varanasi, Dholi, IARI Pusa (Bihar), CSAUA & T,
on pigeonpea varietal adoptive trials. IPA 15-2 was Kanpur, Ranchi, Chianki and Arual for yield stability
rigorously screened for yield stability, wilt and Sterility to reveal that the weighted mean grain yield of IPA
Mosaic Disease (SMD) resistance, pod borer, pod bugs 15-2 was 2266 kg/ha for the maturity duration of 250-
and pod fly tolerance under ICAR-AICRP on 255 days. IPA 15-2 recorded 23.47% yield superiority
pigeonpea varietal adoptive testing trials from 2017- over the national check Bahar and 24.38% over the
18 to 2019-20. The IPA 15-2 variety has recorded recently released zonal check variety IPA 203
distinct genetic gain over its both the parents (NDA 1 (Prakash). Of the total sixteen test locations, IPA 15-2
and MAL 13) and National (Bahar) and zonal, IPA was superior in performance at ten locations (Table 1).
203 (Prakash) check varieties. As inferred from the Table 3, the location wise
Based on its unbeatable performance in AICRP yield data analysis for the new variety IPA 15-2
on pigeonpea testing trials, Sharada was identified (Sharada) showed that the testing centre Varanasi
for release by Central Variety Release Committee (Uttar Pradesh) recorded the highest grain yield of 2998
(CVRC), on 1st October, 2020 and subsequently notified kg/ha followed by Chianki (Jharkhand), CSAUA & T,
in 85th meeting of the Central Sub-Committee on Crop Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh) and Sabour (Bihar) with mean
Standards, Notification and Release of Varieties for grain yield of 2667, 2577 and 2558 kg/ha, respectively.
Agricultural Crops held on 9th November, 2020 for Stability in yield performance of IPA 15-2 at diverse
commercial cultivation under rainfed/irrigated, timely locations, situated in three different states, namely,
sown conditions of NEPZ comprising Uttar Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Jharkhand indicated the
Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal states. wider adaptability of the variety IPA 15-2 (Sharada).
Examination of the detail pedigree lineageof the new
DNA profiling of the variety IPA 15-2 (Sharada)
variety IPA 15-2 (Sharada) unveiled that it
was performed using six pigeonpea specific SSR
accumulated the alleles from five different genotypes
markers (Table 1). Modified Kjeldhal, (1883) technique
viz., Faizabad landrace, NDA 1, MA 2, MA 166 and
was used for the estimation of whole grain crude
Bahar at different levels during the course of its
protein content, dry seed samples of IPA 15-2 was
development. Presence of the landrace and most
taken for protein analysis (Satheesh et al., 2016).
popular variety Bahar as one of the parents may
possibly be a reason for wider resilience of the new
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
variety IPA 15-2 over temporal and spatial screenings
(Satheesh et al., 2020)
Yield superiority and adaptability
The variety IPA 15-2 (Sharada) was initially tested Morphological characteristics
in preliminary yield trial (PYT)and simultaneously for The new variety has compact growth habit with
wilt and sterility mosaic (SMD) disease resistance at green stem and no pubescence on leaves. Its higher
sick fields of ICAR-IIPR during 2015-16. Based on the yield is manifested due to high number of primary
yield superiority over checks and stable resistance branches (20-24 numbers) and number of pods per
reaction to wilt and SMD it was evaluated in 2016-17 plant (295-354). It grows up to 240-270 cm in height
station trial (ST) at ICAR-IIPR, Kanpur. The superior and bears 50% flowering in the range of 150-158 days
Table 1. Details of the primers used in DNA profiling of IPA 15-2 (Sharada)
S. No. Marker Genomic Forward primer Reverse primer Tm Product size Reference
Name Location (5'-3') (5'-3') (°C) (bp)
1. CcGM 17845 scaffold_LG01 CAATGAATATTGTCTTGAACAAATGA CCCAACCCGATCAAAATCTA 59.8 210 Bohra et al. 2017
2. CcGM 23176 scaffold_LG11 CACGTGGCATCATCCTTATG ATGTGTGCATGGTTGCATCT 60.0 267 Bohra et al. 2017
3. CcGM17946 scaffold_LG10 AAAAATGATTTGTGTACGAGTTTT AAATTCGACTTGCTGAAATCAA 58.9 156 Bohra et al. 2017
4. CcGM19653 scaffold_LG10 GTGATGCTGAGATATTCTTGTCC CATTTGAGCTATTCACTTCTTTC 59.0 235 Bohra et al. 2017
AA
5. CcGM08701 scaffold_LG06 GCATTATTGATTCATCATTTTCG AAACTATGAGGTGTGATGTGAT 58.5 227 Bohra et al. 2017
GA
6. CcGM12371 scaffold_LG06 AAGGTTAAAGGTGAATGGGGA TGGCTTGACATGCAAAGAAT 59.3 298 Bohra et al. 2017
54 Journal of Food Legumes 34(1), 2021
Table 2. Weighted mean grain yield, percent superiority and frequency data of IPA 15-2 (Sharada) in Coordinated
Varietal Trials (2017-2019)
Particulars Year of No. of IPA 15-2 Bahar NDA-1 MA 6 IPA 203
testing locations (New variety) (National (Zonal (Local check) (Zonal
Check) Check) Check)
Mean yield (kg/ha) 2017 (IVT) 4 2153 2012 1968 1945 0
a) Zonal: NWPZ 2018 (AVT 1) 5 2322 1804 1919 1674 1888
2019 (AVT 2) 7 2324 1726 1825 2027 1848
Weighted mean yield (kg/ha) 16 2266 1847 1904 1882 1868
Percentage increase or 2017 (IVT) 4 - (+)7.03 (+)9.40 (+)10.72 -
decrease over the checks 2018 (AVT 1) 5 - (+)28.73 (+)20.99 (+)38.71 (+)23.00
& qualifying varieties 2019 (AVT 2) 7 - (+)34.65 (+)27.34 (+)14.65 (+)25.76
Weighted mean percent superiority 16 - (+)23.47 (+)19.24 (+)21.36 (+)24.38
Frequency in the top 2017 (IVT) 4 2/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 -
three group over the 2018 (AVT 1) 5 3/5 0/5 0/5 0/5 1/5
years 2019 (AVT 2) 7 5/7 1/7 0/7 3/7 2/7
Weighted mean for frequency 16 10/16 1/16 0/16 3/16 3/12
Table 3. Centre and year wise grain yield (kg/ha) of pigeonpea variety IPA 15-2 and checks
Year Name of the No. of locations New variety Check varieties General CV (%)
trial IPA 15-2 Bahar NDA-1 MA 6 IPA 203 mean of
location
2017 IVT Dholi 1923 2135 1619 1737 - 1854 12.17
(Late) IARI Pusa (Bihar) 2255 1768 2124 1887 - 2009 11.01
CSAUA&T, Kanpur 1877 2451 2398 2009 - 2184 13.00
Sabour 2558 1693 1732 2146 - 2032 19.98
Zonal mean 2153 2012 1968 1945 - 2020 4.62
% increase or decrease - (+)7.03 (+)9.40 (+)10.72 - (+)6.62
2018 AVT 1 Banda 2313 2096 2231 1840 1948 2086 8.37
(Late) Varanasi 2998 2132 2754 2621 2472 2595 11.14
IARI Pusa (Bihar) 2260 1758 1642 1761 1858 1856 11.50
Chianki 2054 1996 1796 1337 1546 1746 15.52
Ranchi 1984 1036 1172 810 1614 1323 31.88
Zonal mean 2322 1804 1919 1674 1888 1921 11.32
% increase or decrease - (+)28.73 (+)20.99 (+)38.71 (+)23.00 (+)20.85
2019 AVT 2 Varanasi 2077 1458 1673 2102 1501 1762 15.71
(Late) Dholi 2358 1948 1734 2010 1911 1992 10.27
IARI Pusa (Bihar) 2296 1315 1256 1817 2099 1757 23.57
CSAUA&T, Kanpur 2577 2259 2535 2344 1964 2336 9.42
Ranchi 1852 1505 1447 1551 1655 1602 8.89
Chianki 2667 1460 1863 2198 1899 2017 19.87
Arual 2442 2135 2265 2167 1910 2184 7.95
Zonal mean 2324 1726 1825 2027 1848 1950 10.81
% increase or decrease (+)34.65 (+)27.34 (+)14.65 (+)25.76 (+)19.18
and requires 240-255 days to attain the maturity. The across the country. Fusarium wilt is an important soil
base flower colour of ‘IPA 15-2’ is yellow however the borne killer disease, which causes up to 100 percent
outer layer of the standard petal is red (Fig 3). The 100 yield loss at favorable disease development condition.
seed weight is about 10-12 grams and possesses yellow Being soil borne, wilt disease is difficult to manage
coty led on and creamy brown colored seed coat with through agro-chemicals. In this context, the variety
smooth surface (Fig 4). Presences of distinct ‘IPA 15-2’ has enhanced level of resistance to wilt
morphological traits serve as markers for easy (15.11%) compared to the susceptible check variety ICP
identification of the variety in context. Thus, it will 2376 wherein 77.24% population died due to wilt
help in maintaining its genetic purity and admixture (Table 4). The high level of wilt resistance offers more
from other varieties during large scale seed production. durability and ensure optimum crop stand in field.
Thus in turn manifests in higher yield per unit area
Resistance to major diseases and insect pests (Satheesh et al., 2012).
Fusarium wilt and sterility mosaic disease are As inferred from the Table 5, the sterility mosaic
important yield reducing biotic stresses in pigeonpea disease caused by Emaravirus, which is transmitted
Naik et al.: IPA 15-2 (Sharada): A high yielding pigeonpea cultivar 55
Table 6. Reaction of pigeonpea variety IPA 15-2 (Sharada) to Insect Pests incidence
Parameters New variety Check entries SEm± CD 5%
IPA 15-2 Bahar IPA 203 NDA 1 MA 6 MAL 45
(NC) (ZC) (PC-1) (PC-2) (PC-3)
Flowering 143 147 141 144 143 150 -- --
Pod damageby H. 6 6.73 7.25 4.44 6.25 8.97 0.92 2.76
armigera
Pod damageby M. obtusa 28.31 43.56 36.44 18.25 22.38 38.25 1.76 5.28
Total pod damage (%) 34.31 50.29 43.69 22.69 28.63 47.22 -- --
Pod damage by Pod fly 51.00 36.00 31.67 47.33 33.67 37.00 1.954 5.85
(%) (45.55) (36.84) (34.19) (43.44) (35.44) (37.44)
Grain damage by Pod fly 29.21 13.92 15.33 23.46 21.31 21.30 1.349 4.04
(%) (32.65) (21.86) (22.94) (28.90) (27.48) (27.45)
PRR 4 6 6 3 4 -- -- --
through Eriophyid mite (Aceria cajani pests. In this regard the new variety has recorded 6%
Channabasavanna) is another major reproductive pod damage by H. armigera and 28.31% damage by
constraint in pigeonpea. The new variety IPA 15-2 has Maruca obtuse whereas, the Bahar (National check)
only 15.62% mortality as compared to susceptible recorded 6.73% and 43.56% pod borer damage, IPA
check ICP 8863, which recorded 66.00% mortality. 203 (Zonal check) reported 7.25% and 36.44% pod
The long duration pigeonpea varieties need to borer damage and MA 6 (Local check) reported 6.25%
with stand in the field for about 240-260 days. and 22.38% pod damage by H. armigera and M. obtuse,
Therefore, they get exposed to various kinds’ of insect respectively (Table 6).
56 Journal of Food Legumes 34(1), 2021
DNA fingerprinting Food and Agricultural Organization. 2018. Land and water
resource planning. http://www.fao.org/land-water/
Six pigeonpea specific polymorphic SSR markers overview/en/
(Table 7) were used for DNA fingerprinting of the new
variety IPA 15-2 (Sharada) to distinguish it from other Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Department
of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare,
varieties and parents. An amplicons of 280bp for the
Directorate of Economics and Statistics, First Advance
SSR marker CcGM 23176 was specific to the variety Estimates of Production of Foodgrains for 2020-21.
IPA 15-2 as given in the figure 5. Along with the distinct http://agricoop.gov.in
morphological features, the SSR marker based
differentiation would certainly be additional Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. Department
of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare,
advantage to distinguish IPA 15-2 from other varieties
Crops Division. Krishi Bhavan. Pulses Revolution from
during the course of seed production and maintenance Food to Nutritional Security. https://farmer.gov.in/
of genetic purity. Sucess Report 2018-19.pdf
Short Communication
ABSTRACT
Agriculture University, Mungbean yellow mosaic virus is one of the begomoviruses causing yellow
Kota-324001(Rajasthan) mosaic diseasein mungbean and limiting the production and productivity
in India. Fifty three mungbean genotypes were screened for identifying
*Email: dlaau21@gmail.com resistance against Mungbean yellow mosaic virus in natural conditionduring
summer 2020. Out of fifty three genotypes, forty genotypesviz., HUM 16,
IPM 101-102, IPM 139, IPM 1604-1, IPM 205-7, IPM 2-14, IPM 2-3, IPM 410-
Received: January 14, 2021
3, IPM 604-16, IPM 610-2, IPM 99-125, IPMD 604-1-7, LGG 460, LGG 600,
Accepted: June 06, 2021 MH 1762, MH 1703, MH 1871, MH 421, MML 2560, MML 2575, OBGG 107,
OBGG 108, PANT M-5, PM 1520, PM 1601, PUSA 19111, PUSA 1971, PUSA
Handing Editor: Dr. Mohd. Akram, 9531, PUSA BM 3, PUSA VISHAL, SML 1932, SML 1933, SML 668, SML 832,
ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, TCADM 19-1, VGG 15-013, VGG 17-002, VGG 17-019, VGG 17-043 and
Kanpur VGG 18-002 were found resistant. However, HUM 1, PANT M-2, PM 1602,
PUSA BM 9, VGG 16-047, VGG 17-049 and VGG 17-40 were identified as
moderately resistant. ADT 3, COGG 8, SKNM 1801 and HUM 12 were
identified as susceptible and DGGV 91 and SML 1082 as highlysusceptible.
respectively. Disease scoring was done on the basis of Table 1. Disease reaction, incidence of Mungbean yellow
the visual symptoms. Plants were randomly selected mosaic virus on genotypes of mungbean under
and their leaves showing clear symptoms (veinal natural epiphytotic condition of South-Eastern
yellowing and scattered bright yellow spots) and total Rajasthan during summer 2020
leaves were counted and percent disease indexwas Sr. No. Genotypes Disease % disease Reaction
grade severity
calculated by using the formula given by Modified
1 ADT 3 7 42.5 S
MULLaRP scale (0-9). Scoring was done after 80% of 2 COGG 8 7 53.5 S
the plant showed incidence based on 1-9 modified 3 DGGV 91 9 96.5 HS
scale All India Coordinated Research Project on 4 HUM 1 3 6.5 MR
MULLaRP by Alice and Nadarajan, (2007). 5 HUM 16 1 2.8 R
6 IPM 101-102 1 2.9 R
Percent Disease Severity Rating Reaction 7 PDM 139 1 1.5 R
0.1-5 1 to 2 Resistant 8 IPM 1604-1 1 1.6 R
5.1-15 2.1 to 4 Moderately Resistant 9 IPM 205-7 1 1.2 R
15.1-30 4.1 to 5 Moderately Susceptible 10 IPM 2-14 1 1.4 R
30.1-75 5.1 to 7 Susceptible 11 IPM 2-3 1 0.4 R
75.1- 100 7.1 to 9 Highly Susceptible 12 IPM 410-3 1 1.7 R
Percentage disease index was calculated by using the 13 IPM 604-16 1 1.4 R
14 IPM 610-2 1 1.6 R
formula given by Wheeler (1969)
15 IPM 99-125 1 1.5 R
Sum of all the numerical ratings 16 IPMD 604-1-7 1 1.6 R
17 LGG 460 1 0.5 R
Percent Disease Index = [(Sum of plants in each rating
18 LGG 600 1 2.5 R
x 100)/ (Total number of observations × Maximum 19 MH 1762 1 2.5 R
disease rating)] 20 MH 1703 1 1.5 R
21 MH 1871 1 0.9 R
The results (Table 1 & 2) showed significant 22 MH 421 1 0.8 R
difference among the genotypes for the level of 23 MML 2560 1 0.3 R
resistance against the disease. Out of fifty three 24 MML 2575 1 0.4 R
genotypes, forty genotype viz., HUM 16, IPM 101-102, 25 OBGG 107 1 1.5 R
26 OBGG 108 1 1.5 R
IPM 139, IPM 1604-1, IPM 205-7, IPM 2-14, IPM 2-3, 27 PANT M-2 3 5.5 MR
IPM 410-3, IPM 604-16, IPM 610-2, IPM 99-125, IPMD 28 PANT M-5 1 1.6 R
604-1-7, LGG 460, LGG 600, MH 1762, MH 1703, MH 29 PM 1520 1 1.5 R
1871, MH 421, MML 2560, MML 2575, OBGG 107, 30 PM 1601 1 1.9 R
OBGG 108, PANT M-5, PM 1520, PM 1601, PUSA 31 PM 1602 3 5.5 MR
32 PUSA 19111 1 1.8 R
19111, PUSA 1971, PUSA 9531, PUSA BM 3, PUSA 33 PUSA 1971 1 1.9 R
VISHAL, SML 1932, SML 1933, SML 668, SML 832, 34 PUSA 9531 1 1.6 R
TCADM 19-1, VGG 15-013, VGG 17-002, VGG 17-019, 35 PUSA BM 9 3 5.5 MR
VGG 17-043 and VGG 18-002 were found resistant. 36 PUSA BM 3 1 0.2 R
37 PUSA VISHAL 1 1.5 R
However, HUM 1, PANT M-2, PM 1602, PUSA BM 9,
38 SKNM 1801 7 33.5 S
VGG 16-047, VGG 17-049 and VGG 17-40 exhibited 39 SML 1082 9 94.5 HS
moderately resistant, Whereas, ADT 3, COGG 8, SKNM 40 SML 1932 1 2.5 R
1801 and HUM 12 as susceptible and DGGV 91 & 41 SML 1933 1 1.5 R
SML 1082 were found highly susceptible. Resistant 42 SML 668 1 2.1 R
43 SML 832 1 2.5 R
44 TCADM 19-1 1 3.5 R
45 VGG 15-013 1 2.5 R
46 VGG 16-047 3 6.5 MR
47 VGG 17-002 1 2.5 R
48 VGG 17-019 1 2.5 R
49 VGG 17-043 1 0.4 R
50 VGG 17-049 3 6.5 MR
51 VGG 17-40 3 6.8 MR
52 VGG 18-002 1 1.7 R
53 HUM 12 7 42.5 S
Table 2. Grouping of mungbean genotypes based on their response to MYMV during summer 2020
S.No. Disease % infection Categories Reaction group Total No. of Genotypes
severity genotypes
1 0 No infection Immune I 0 None
2 1 1% or less plant Resistant R 40 HUM 16, IPM 101-102, IPM 139, IPM 1604-
1, IPM 205-7, IPM 2-14, IPM 2-3, IPM 410-
3, IPM 604-16, IPM 610-2, IPM 99-125,
IPMD 604-1-7, LGG 460, LGG 600, MH
1762, MH 1703, MH 1871, MH 421, MML
2560, MML 2575, OBGG 107, OBGG 108,
PANT M-5, PM 1520, PM 1601, PUSA
19111, PUSA 1971, PUSA 9531, PUSA BM
3, PUSA VISHAL, SML 1932, SML 1933,
SML 668, SML 832, TCADM 19-1, VGG 15-
013, VGG 17-002, VGG 17-019, VGG 17-
043 and VGG 18-002
3 3 1-10% Moderately MR 7 HUM 1, PANT M-2, PM 1602, PUSA BM 9,
resistant VGG 16-047, VGG 17-049 and VGG 17-40
4 5 11-20% Moderately MS 0 None
susceptible
5 7 21-50% Susceptible S 4 ADT 3, COGG 8, SKNM 1801 and HUM 12
6 9 More than 51% Highly susceptible HS 6 DGGV 91 and SML 1082
Short communication
ABSTRACT
1
Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, UP.; The bruchids are major post-harvest pests of several legumes throughout
2
ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Bruchid infestation
Kanpur commences from mature pods and seeds in the field which persists and
increases rapidly during storage causing nearly total loss of stored pulses
*E-mail: sanjaysmb@gmail.com depending on the duration of storage. A study was conducted to determine
the population build-up and seed damage following 48 h exposure of
Received: March 11, 2021 mungbean to varied initial infestation levels, viz. one, two, three, four and
Accepted: May 178, 2021 five pairs of Callosobruchus analis (F.). A significant positive correlation
was observed for infestation levels (r =0.98) and F1 population (r= 0.97)
Handling Editor: Dr. Gaurav Kumar with seed damage. The regression studies indicated 99% variability in the
Taggar, PAU, Ludhiana seed damage due to initial infestation, egg density and population build
up after F1 generation. Although the population build-up (F= 20.57,
df= (4,15), P < 0.05) and associated seed damage (F= 22.56, df= (4,15),
P < 0.05) were considerably higher when mungbean seeds carried initial
infestation of five pairs of beetles. The egg-to-adult developmental period
of F1 generation based on Howe’s parameter was found to be 29 days in
mungbean. The results indicated that a small initial infestation of C. Analis
could multiply rapidly and cause considerable damage to mungbean during
storage.
Grain legumes or pulse crops are the mainstay of months of storage and causing up to 100% loss of
Indian agriculture and principle source of dietary stored seeds (Singh et al. 1978; Caswell 1961).Post-
protein especially among the vegetarian population harvest losses caused by bruchids vary according to
of the country. India is the leading producer (22.08 crop species, type of cultivar and bruchid species. The
MT) and consumer of pulses in the world contributing losses due to C. maculatus were up to 90% in blackgram
around 25-28% of the global pulse production (DAC (Soundararajan et al. 2012), 10–78% in pigeonpea
& FW 2020). Pulses in the tropical and subtropical (Jadhav et al. 2012) and 4–90% in cowpea (Maina et al.
countries are prone to infestation by bruchids in the 2012; Amusa et al. 2013). Both C. maculatus and
field as well as during post-harvest storage. However, C. chinensis caused 7–73% losses in mungbean (Somta
the major losses are inflicted during storage where the et al. 2008) during storage (as reviewed by Mishra et al.
pest multiplies rapidly and spreads to the uninfested 2018). The C. maculatus is capable of causing up to
seed lots. Bruchids are reported to breed successfully 100% seeddamage and 60% weight loss within
on a number of legume seeds in store-houses. The 4 months of cowpea storage (Tanzubil, 1987). Singal
mature adult emerging from the seeds neither need et al. (1989) reported complete damage of chickpea
water nor food resources to reproduce (Credland 1987). grains when the initial infestation was between 2 to 5
The larval stages are internal feeders on the seeds, thus pairs of C. maculatus after the second generation.
rendering them unfit for human consumption, Studies on varied levels of pre-storage infestation levels
reducing seed viability, seed weight and commercial of C. Analis on mungbean storage are lacking hence,
value of the seeds (Olubayo and Port 1997). Bruchids the effect of initial infestation levels of C. analis was
are cosmopolitan pests infesting pods and seeds of assessed for one generationin mungbean.
legume crops. The pre-harvest infestation by some
bruchid species seldom reaches 1-2% at field level The pulse beetles were reared on sterilized
(Southgate 1979) however, this population multiplies healthy seeds of mungbean following the procedure
dramatically reaching to a level of 80% in about 6-8 of Strong et al. (1968). About 100 g seeds of mungbean
Dwivedi et al.: Effect of pre-storage infestation levels of Callosobruchus analis (F.) on mungbean 61
Fig 3. Relationship between (a) seed damage(Y) and infestation levels (X) of C. analis (P<0.05); (b) Seed damage (Y)
and egg density (X) (P<0.05); (c) Seed damage (Y) and F1 population (X) (P<0.05)
by bruchids which was accounted by three factors, The seed damage and population build-up of
viz. infestation level, eggs load and F1 adult C. analis in mungbean was found to be proportional
population. In the present study, the egg density was with increase in initial level of infestation from 1 to 5
considerably higher at infestation level of 5 pairs pairs of beetles. However, seed damage and F1
whereas egg density in rest of the infestation levels (1 population noticeably higher at 5 pair infestation after
to 4 pairs) was comparable. Adesina and Idoko (2014) the end of one generation. Thus it is evident that the
found no significant difference in egg load between drastic population build up and associated seed
infestation levels of 1 and 3 pairs or 5, 8 and 10 pairs damage could happen at a meagre initial infestation
of C. maculatus in cowpea. The F1 population and level of 5 sexual pairs of beetles for a short period (48
associated seed damage was higher when seeds were h) of time in mungbean. The further studies are needed
infested by 5 pairs of beetles however effect of other to quantify the losses for every generation of bruchids
infestation levels, viz. 1, 2, 3 and 4 pairs, were at varied levels of initial infestation.
statistically comparable. The seed damage was
proportional to the population build-up in F1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
generation. Present results are in line with those of
Patro et al. (2007) on C. chinensis infestation in The authors are thankful to the Director, ICAR-
mungbean and urdbean. Adesina and Idoko (2014) IIPR, Kanpur (India) for providing necessary facilities
reported that F1 progeny and concomitant seed for carrying out the study at Storage Entomology
damage in cowpea did not vary considerably when Laboratory, ICAR - IIPR Kanpur.
seeds carried initial infestation of 3, 5, 8 and 10 pairs
of C. maculatus however seed damage was significantly REFERENCES
lesser when infested with 1 pair of beetles.The Adesina JM and Idoko J. 2014. Effects of initial infestation
coefficient of determination in the present study levels on damage to resistant and susceptible cowpea
revealed 99 % variability in seed damage was caused by Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabr.). Archives of
by independent variables. Singal et al. (1989) reported Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 47(14): 1726–
the correlation between grain damage and C. chinensis 1736.
adult emergence in chickpea, and 97% variability in Amusa OD, Adebayo L, Ogunkanmi AL, Bolarinwa K and
grain weight loss after F1 generation was due to initial Ojobo O. 2013. Evaluation of four cowpea lines for
infestation, beetle emergence and seed damage. The bruchid (Callosobruchus maculatus) tolerance. Journal
egg-to-adult developmental period of C. analis based of Natural Science Research, 3: 46–52.
on Howe’s (1971) parameter was found to be 29 days Caswell GH. 1961. The infestation of cowpeas in western
in mungbean. Swella and Mushobozy (2009) found Region of Nigeria. Tropical Sci., 3: 154-158.
mean developmental period of 31 days for
Credland PF. 1987. Effects of host change on the fecundity
C. maculatus in mungbean.
and development of an unusual strains of
Table 1. Pearson’s correlation betweeninfestation Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae).
levels, egg density, F1 population build-up and J. Stored Prod. Res., 23(2): 91-98.
seed damage by bruchids for one generation
Levels of Eggs laid F1 % DAC & FW. 2020. First advance estimates of production of
infestation emergence damage food-grains for 2020-21. Directorate of Economics and
Levels of 1 0.974** 0.976** 0.981** Statistics. Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare,
Government of India.p. 02.http://agricoop.gov.in.
infestation
Accessed on 19.11.2020.
Eggs laid 0.974** 1 0.999** 0.999**
F1 emergence 0.976** 0.999** 1 1.000** Howe RW. 1971. A parameter for expressing the suitability
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**Correlation is significant at 0.01 level Prod. Res., 7(1): 63–65.
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Jadhav DR, Mallikarjuna N and Rao GVR. 2012. Singal SK, Singh Z and Jaglan RS. 1989. Effect of different
Callosobruchus maculatus resistance in some wild levels of bruchids, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.)
relatives and interspecific derivatives of pigeonpea. infestation on chickpea, Cicer arietinum L. in India.
Indian J. Plant Prot., 40: 40–44. Tropical Pest Management, 35(2): 187-189.
Halstead DGH. 1963. External sex differences in stored- Singh RR, Luse RA, Leuschuner K and Nangju D. 1978.
products Coleoptera. Bull. Entomol. Res., 54(1): 119- Groundnut oil treatment for the control of
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Khattak SU, Jan KY, Hussain N and Khalil K. 1995.
Somta C, Somta P, Tomooka N, Ooi PAC, Vaughan DA
Resistance of chickpea cultivars to pulse beetle,
and Srinivas P. 2008. Characterization of new sources of
Callosobruchus maculatus. Scientific Khyber 8: 1-8.
mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.)Wilczek) resistance to
Maina YT, Mbaya AM and Mailafiya DM. 2012. bruchids, Callosobruchus spp. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae).
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Developing Countries, 4: 31-37.
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present status and use of modern breeding tools for product insects forlaboratory studies, bean and cowpea
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Journal of Food Legumes 34(1): 64-67, 2021
Short communication
ABSTRACT
1
Division of crop protection, The screening method involving key modifications in the existing ‘Free-
ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, choice’ and ‘No-choice’ tests was developed at ICAR-IIPR, Kanpur for
Kanpur, 2Division of crop improvement, the identification of sources of resistance in three pulse crops to bruchids.
ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, The methodology challenged the genotypes to intense oviposition by
Kanpur, 3Division of Biotechnology, the bruchids in both the tests and incubated infested seeds for F1 adult
emergence after providing a sufficient time for insect development under
ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research,
controlled conditions. The genotypes exhibiting resistant reactions in
Kanpur
the free-choice test were further validated by challenging them to bruchid
infestation in a single chamber. In no-choice test, the genotypes were
*Email: Revanasidda@icar.gov.in; challenged in individual plastic vials. The infestation parameters were
rshlb1114@gmail.com recorded and the seed parameters were correlated to the bruchid
preference for different germplasm. Modifications in square shaped
Received: January 24, 2021 free-choice chamber used for free-choice, exposing seeds to intense
Accepted: April 07, 2021 oviposition for 3–7 days, and F1 emergence/seed damage count on daily
basis from the first day of emergence till 20th-day post-emergence were
Handling Editor: Dr. Gaurav Kumar Taggar, the key modifications adopted in the methodology. Using this
methodology, 104 mungbean, 50 urdbean and 25 cowpea germplasm
PAU, Ludhiana
were screened against three bruchid species. This methodology may
serve as an essential tool to identify potential resistance sources in legume
crops against bruchids and can provide a way to further elucidate the
physical, biochemical, and molecular basis of resistance.
Host Plant Resistance (HPR), one of the cultivars or landraces was one of the age-old practices
traditional yet most effective methods, is being adopted and still, it is considered to be worthwhile, inexpensive
for decades to identify the traits in the host plants that and compatible in the longer term since the resistant
offer resistance against the insect-pests. Bruchids sources are reliable, if identified through proper
(Callosobruchus spp.) are known to be one of the most screening or bioassay methods.
devastating pests attacking pulses, both at field and
storage level. The considerable damage and economic Screening of primary legumes for bruchid
losses by bruchids are realized mostlyduring storage resistance isa reliable method to identify the resistance
of pulses where bruchids complete a major part of their sources.The results would be unambiguous since this
life cycle. To date, nearly 1700 species of bruchid method identifies the effect of host seeds on the
species have been described worldwide (Romero and biological fitness of the insect which supports the fact
Johnson 2004), and among them, 20 species were that ‘the essence of any control measure of insects is to
identified to be severe pests of pulses (Southgate 1979). reduce its biological fitness (Began et al. 1990)’as it
Several traditional, conventional and biotechnological takes into account the performance of bruchid
approaches have been employed to manage the (fecundity, mortality and survival)or suitability of host
bruchids, but they could not completely eradicate the legume (preference, oviposition and damage). Hence,
bruchid menace across space and time (Mishra et al. a systematic screening of genotypes for bruchid
2017). Perhaps, numerous methods adopted resistance was one of the long term requirements to
worldwide were found cost-ineffective, impractical explore the potential resistant sources available in the
and proven non-sustainable making bruchid controla large germplasm bank with ICAR-IIPR, Kanpur
difficult matter over the years (Credland 1994). against the three bruchid species,viz. Callosobruchus
However, identifying bruchid resistance in traditional maculatus (L.), C. chinensis (F.) and C. analis (F.) which
Revanasidda et al.: Improved screening method for identification of resistance to bruchids 65
Commentary
Pulses, an inevitable part of our daily diet, are this quantum jump. The next target is to sustain the
the nutrient-dense food items on which a large section enhanced pulse production and reach a target of 32
of people in the world depends upon heavily for plant- million ton by the end of this decade.
based proteins. Pulses play a major role towards What are the new unforeseen challenges ahead
eradicating malnutrition of world’s poorer section. which we cannot predict at the present time? Could
Though animal proteins are considered superior over we have any innovative ideas or make any tangible
vegetable proteins, yet, consumption of pulse proteins breakthrough to address those issues. The major
has many added advantages of supplementing iron, challenges which have been projected are increasing
zinc, antioxidants, dietary fibers, vitamins, and CO2 and a concomitant increase in temperature and
phenols and some prebiotic RFOs that lack in animal- associated changes in water scarcity.
derived protein diet. In fact, pulses provide a unique
blend of complete nutrition that cannot be substituted Whether high CO2 is beneficial for increasing
by any other single crop, and therefore there is a pulse productivity? Ambient CO2 concentration has
growing global awareness of pulses as an essential already reached to about 425 ppm from 280 ppm (from
diet supplement that not only provides important last century) and is expected to increase further to be
>500 ppm by the end of present century. Experimental
nutrients to support human health but also acts as a
evidences indicate towards increasing productivity in
strong immunity booster to fight against diseases. The
pulses with CO2 enrichment provided there is no
demand and promotion of pulses has therefore
limitation of water and nitrogen fertilizers. Legume
increased gradually in the present century.
and vegetable yields increased with elevated CO2
Needless to describe the various constraints concentration of 250 ppm above ambient by 22%. CO2
limiting pulse productivity, various biotic and abiotic fertilization apparently seems to be beneficial for
stresses and confined cultivation areas (in rainfed agro enhancing productivity, but will it be affordable for
ecosystems) have remained major hurdles in their pulses to apply additional amount of nitrogen
vertical and horizontal expansion. Incessant efforts fertilizer, perhaps we do not have the mind set yet to
over the past several decades to increase the stagnating comprise fertilizer application in pulses.
pulse productivity gave results beyond 2014 to reach Large changes in physiological and biochemical
a new height of production to 23-25 mt. The strong processes due to high CO2 have been observed in grain
technological back-up, seed availability and expansion legumes and perhaps dealing with all those altered
of pulse cultivation to new niches and policy support responses may not be the real scope to elaborate in the
have been the most influential factors responsible for present context. The main focus of present discussion
Basu : A hidden threat of deteriorating nutritional quality of pulses under climate change 69
is the nutritive value of pulses for human health? are related to reduced nitrogen concentration possibly
Whether the unique nutritional values of pulses will caused by nitrogen uptake not keeping up with
remain intact with rising atmospheric CO2? Because biomass growth, an effect called ‘carbohydrate
elevated eCO2 increases biomass, more N is required dilution’ or ‘growth dilution’, and by inhibition of
by the crop. Thus, to take advantage of eCO2, more photorespiration which can provide much of the
fertilizer inputs may be required. This demand for N energy used for assimilating nitrate into proteins.
may be tempered, however, by rising temperatures that Together, the impact on protein availability may take
will tend to depress yields. Eventually, temperature as many as 150 million people into protein deficiency
variations can also affect seed N concentration, one of by 2050. Increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO2
the main criteria determining quality of grain legume. lowers the content of zinc and other nutrients in
Legume plants have the ability to fix atmospheric important food crops. Dietary deficiencies of zinc and
N2 through symbiosis with soil bacteria (Rhizobia) iron are major public health concerns globally. An
hosted in specific root organs called “nodules”. estimated two billion people suffer from their
Indeed, symbiotic N2 fixation is highly sensitive to deficiencies, causing a loss of 63 million life-years
environmental stresses. As such, climate change may annually. Most of these people depend on C3 grain
affect symbiotic fixation either directly by impairing legumes as their primary dietary source of zinc and
Rhizobia survival, its competitiveness, nodule iron. Zinc deficiency is currently responsible for large
formation, growth, or activity, or indirectly by burdens of diseases globally, and the populations who
modifying carbon supply to nodules. are at highest risk of zinc deficiency receive most of
their dietary zinc from crops. The people likely to be
With regard to nutrient quality, a meta-analysis most affected live in Africa and South Asia, with nearly
indicated that pulse grains had 10% lower zinc, 5% 48 million residing in India alone. Differences between
lower iron and 6% lower protein. It was observed that cultivars of a single crop suggest that breeding for
protein declines by an average of 10% under elevated decreased sensitivity to atmospheric CO2 concentration
CO 2, and iron and zinc decline by 8% and 5% could partly address these new challenges to global
respectively. Furthermore, a range of vitamins show health. In summary, while increased CO2 is projected
large declines. As pulses underpin the diets of many to be beneficial for crop productivity but, it is also
of the world’s poorest people in low-income countries, projected to lower nutritional quality. Therefore, while
especially in Asia, these changes under high CO2 may we aim to enhance productivity of pulses, it is equally
affect the nutrient status of about 600 million people. important to target at least sustaining, if not increasing,
Decrease in protein concentration with elevated CO2 the nutritional quality of pulses.
70 Journal of Food Legumes 34(1), 2021
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be typed on one side of the paper only, double spaced, Tandon HLS. 1993. Methods of Analysis of Soils, Plants,
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Satyanarayan Y. 1953. Photosociological studies on
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calcarious plants of Bombay. Ph.D. Thesis, Bombay
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8. Effect of frontline demonstrations of gram in Sirohi district of
South-Western Rajasthan 44
Dileep Kumar and Lokesh Kumar Jain
9. Enhancement of productivity in chickpea through frontline demonstrations on
farmers’ field 48
Shalu Abraham, Ishwar Singh, Eshu Sahu, Praveen Jamrey and Manish Arya
10. IPA 15-2 (Sharada): A high yielding, wilt and sterility mosaic disease resistant
pigeonpea cultivar for North East Plain Zone 51
Satheesh Naik SJ, Abhishek Bohra, Farindra Singh, Dibendu Datta, IP Singh,
Raj Kumar Mishra, Hriday Narayan Maurya and NP Singh
SHORT COMMUNICATION
11. Yellow mosaic disease status of mungbean genotypes grown in
South-Eastern Rajasthan 57
DL Yadav, SL Yadav, Khajan Singh, Pratap Singh and Manju Meena
12. Effect of pre-storage infestation levels of Callosobruchus analis (F.) on mungbean 60
Rajnish Dwivedi, Sanjay M Bandi, Revanasidda, Prastuti Mishra and Bansa Singh
13. An improved screening method for identification of resistance to bruchids in pulses 64
Revanasidda, Aditya Pratap, Debjyoti Sen Gupta, AK Parihar,
Sanjay M Bandi, Mohd. Akram, Bansa Singh and NP Singh
COMMENTARY
15. A hidden threat of deteriorating nutritional quality of pulses under climate change 68
PS Basu
Contents
CURRENT AFFAIRS
1. Can India sustain high growth of pulses production? 1
Pooran Gaur
RESEARCH PAPERS
2. Genetic diversity and phylogeography of mungbean yellow mosaic India virus in
Central India 4
Rakesh Kumar Singh, Parveen Ghazi Ansari, Shruti Kaushik, Gaurav Raghuwanshi,
Ashok Krishna, Takashi Wada and Hiroaki Noda
3. Potential resistant donors for yellow mosaic disease identified from endemic
wild Vigna species 10
Gita Kumari, Aditya Pratap, Roopa Lavanya, G Mohd. Akram, Revanasidda,
Meenal Rathore, Latha Madhavan, Yogendra Singh and NP Singh
4. Genetic studies for biofortification traits in chickpea 17
Satvinder Singh, Karthick S Babu, Anju Arora, RK Panwar and SK Verma
5. Use of novel chitin amended formulation of Trichoderma asperellum and
Pseudomonas fluorescens to induce systemic induced resistance in chickpea
[Cicer arietinum L.] against biotic tresses 21
P Jaisani and NM Gohel
6. Effect of PSB, FYM with variable levels of P on the yield attributes and
productivity of black gram in Shiwalik hills of Himachal Pradesh 31
Ashish Sharma, Pawan Pathania and Munish Sharma
7. Profitability of legume-maize cropping systems under legume residue
management practices 38
Monika Shukla, AC Sadhu, KD Mevada and Pratik Patel