M Tech –I Year II Sem Regular (R22)

Power system dynamics and stability (Answer key)

1. Draw and explain generator capability curve label the diagram indicating various limitations on
generation of active and reactive power, and stability limits?
A generator capability curve, also known as a generator performance curve, is a graphical
representation of a generator's capability to produce active power (kW) and reactive power
(kVAR) under different operating conditions. It helps to visualize the safe operating limits of a
generator.

Here's how you can describe the generator capability curve and its various aspects:
1. Generator Capability Curve Shape:
The curve is typically an upward-sloping line from the origin, representing the increasing
capability of the generator to produce active power as the output increases. The slope of the
curve depends on the generator's capacity and design.
2. Maximum Active Power (Pmax):
This is the maximum amount of active power the generator can produce while maintaining
stability. Operating beyond this limit could lead to overheating and potential damage to the
generator.
3. Reactive Power Limits:
Leading Power Factor Limit: On the right side of the active power axis, there's a limit to how
much leading reactive power (kVAR) the generator can provide. Leading reactive power can
cause instability in the power system if not controlled properly.
Lagging Power Factor Limit: On the left side of the active power axis, there's a limit to how
much lagging reactive power (kVAR) the generator can provide. Operating beyond this limit
can lead to overloading and decreased generator efficiency.
4. Stability Limits:
 Steady-State Stability Limit: This is the region where the generator can operate stably without
causing frequency or voltage deviations. Operating above this limit could lead to frequency
instability.
Transient Stability Limit: This is the point beyond which the generator might experience
transient instability during sudden load changes or disturbances. The generator should operate
below this point to ensure stable performance.
5. Overexcitation and Under excitation Limits:
Overexcitation Limit: This indicates the maximum field current that can be applied to the
generator before reaching a point where the generator becomes unstable or experiences
excessive heating.
Under excitation Limit: This represents the minimum field current required to maintain stable
generator operation. Operating below this limit could lead to the generator losing
synchronization with the grid.
6. Voltage Limits:
Voltage Upper Limit: Represents the maximum allowable terminal voltage the generator can
produce without causing overvoltage issues in the grid.
Voltage Lower Limit: Represents the minimum allowable terminal voltage the generator can
maintain to avoid voltage collapse and loss of synchronization.
Remember that the specific shape and details of the generator capability curve can vary based
on the generator's design, type, and the characteristics of the power system it's connected to. It's
crucial for power system operators to ensure that generators are operated within safe limits to
maintain grid stability and equipment integrity.
2. Explain dynamic modelling of synchronous motor using d-q axis transformation?
Dynamic modelling of a synchronous motor using the d-q axis transformation is a common
approach in electrical engineering to simplify the analysis and control of these machines. The d-
q axis transformation, also known as the Park's transformation, is used to transform the three-
phase quantities of a synchronous motor into two orthogonal reference frames: the d-axis (direct
axis) and the q-axis (quadrature axis). This simplifies the analysis by decoupling the equations
governing the motor's behaviour.

Here's a step-by-step explanation of how dynamic modelling using the d-q axis transformation
works for a synchronous motor:

Coordinate Transformation: The three-phase quantities (usually currents and voltages) are first
transformed from the abc-coordinate system (where the phases are labelled as a, b, and c) to the
stationary d-q coordinate system. This transformation is achieved using mathematical equations
that rotate the coordinates by the motor's rotor angle.

Decoupling: In the d-q coordinate system, the equations governing the motor's behaviour
become decoupled. The d-axis represents the axis along the rotor's magnetic field, and the q-axis
is perpendicular to it. This means that the effects of the d-axis and q-axis components of current
or voltage don't influence each other.
 Equations of Motion: The transformed equations of motion in the d-q coordinate system are
much simpler than the original three-phase equations. These equations describe the dynamics of
the motor's electromagnetic field, torque production, and mechanical motion. The main
equations include the following:

Voltage Equations: These equations relate the d-q axis voltages to the currents and other
parameters. They consider the resistance, inductance, and back-EMF of the motor.

Current Equations: These equations describe the rate of change of d-q axis currents based on the
applied voltages and the motor parameters.

Torque Equation: The torque produced by the synchronous motor is a function of the d-q axis
currents and the rotor position. This torque is what drives the mechanical motion of the motor.

Field-Oriented Control (FOC): The dynamic modelling using d-q axis transformation is
particularly useful for implementing field-oriented control (FOC), which is a control strategy
that decouples the torque and flux components of the motor's current. This control technique
enables precise control of the motor's torque and speed independently.

By using the d-q axis transformation and dynamic modelling, engineers can simplify the
analysis and control design of synchronous motors, making it easier to predict their behaviour,
design control algorithms, and optimize their performance for various applications such as
industrial drives, renewable energy systems, and robotics.
3. Describe the term “Dynamic Stability” as applied to power system.
Dynamic stability in a power system refers to the ability of the system to maintain its
equilibrium or operating point after being subjected to disturbances, such as sudden changes in
load demand or faults. It relates to the system's ability to return to a steady and acceptable state
of operation after experiencing transient conditions, ensuring that the voltage and frequency
remain within acceptable limits.
There are two main aspects of dynamic stability in power systems:
Transient Stability: This aspect of dynamic stability focuses on the system's ability to maintain
synchronism among generators and maintain acceptable voltage and frequency levels following
a severe disturbance, such as a fault or a sudden loss of generation. Transient stability studies
analyse the behaviour of the system during the initial few seconds after the disturbance. If the
system can quickly regain equilibrium and the generators can continue to operate in
synchronism, it is considered transiently stable. If, however, the system cannot recover and falls
into an unstable state (where generators go out of synchronism or voltage and frequency go out
of bounds), it's considered transiently unstable.

Small-Signal Stability: This aspect deals with the response of the power system to small
disturbances or variations, such as fluctuations in load demand or minor changes in generation.
Small-signal stability analysis involves linearizing the system equations around an operating
point and examining the eigenvalues of the resulting system matrix. If the eigenvalues have
negative real parts, the system is considered to be small-signal stable. Positive real parts indicate
instability or oscillatory behaviour.

In both cases, the objective of dynamic stability analysis is to ensure that the power system
remains in a stable condition even when subjected to disturbances. Instability or lack of
 dynamic stability can lead to voltage collapse, frequency instability, and even cascading failures
that can result in widespread blackouts.

Power system operators and engineers employ various control strategies, such as load shedding,
generator excitation control, and voltage regulation, to enhance dynamic stability. Additionally,
advanced control schemes, such as wide-area monitoring and control systems, can help detect
disturbances early and trigger corrective actions to maintain stability.

In summary, dynamic stability in a power system is all about ensuring that the system can
effectively absorb and recover from disturbances, maintaining voltage, frequency, and overall
system stability under various operating conditions.
4. Draw the block diagram and explain the small signal stability for SMIB system with RH
criterion
The Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) system is a simplified model used in power system
analysis to study the behaviour of a single synchronous generator connected to an infinite bus
(large power grid). The small-signal stability analysis of the SMIB system is crucial for
understanding how the generator responds to small disturbances and whether it maintains stable
operation or enters into oscillations. The Routh-Hurwitz (RH) criterion is a method used in
control theory to determine the stability of a system based on its characteristic equation. Here's
how small-signal stability analysis with the RH criterion applies to the SMIB system:
SMIB Model: The SMIB system typically consists of a single synchronous generator connected
to an infinite bus through a transmission line. The generator has its own internal voltage
regulator and excitation control system. The rotor angle, rotor speed, and terminal voltage of the
generator are the key variables of interest.

Linearization: To perform small-signal stability analysis, the nonlinear equations of the SMIB
system are linearized around an operating point or equilibrium state. This results in a set of
linear differential equations that describe the behaviour of small deviations from the
equilibrium.

Characteristic Equation: The characteristic equation of the linearized SMIB system relates the
Laplace transform of the deviations (usually in terms of rotor angle, speed, and voltage) to the
Laplace variable 's'. It is obtained by substituting the linearized equations into Laplace domain
and expressing the determinant of the resulting matrix equation.
 RH Criterion: The RH criterion is a stability criterion that relies on the coefficients of the
characteristic equation. It involves constructing the Routh-Hurwitz array, a tabular arrangement
of coefficients, to determine the stability of the system. The key steps are as follows:

a. Write down the characteristic equation.

b. Form the Routh array using the coefficients of the characteristic equation.
c. Analyze the Routh array to check for sign changes in the first column (the "auxiliary
polynomial").
d. If there are no sign changes in the first column, then the system is stable. If there are sign
changes, count the number of sign changes to determine the number of poles with positive real
parts. The system is stable if and only if there are no poles with positive real parts.

Interpretation: If the RH criterion indicates that all poles have negative real parts (or no poles
have positive real parts), then the SMIB system is considered small-signal stable. This means
that small deviations from the equilibrium will decay over time, and the system will not enter
into unstable oscillations. If the criterion suggests that there are poles with positive real parts,
then the system may be prone to instability and oscillations.

In summary, the small-signal stability analysis with the Routh-Hurwitz criterion for the SMIB
system helps to determine whether the system can tolerate small disturbances without entering
into unstable oscillations. It is a valuable tool in power system analysis to ensure the reliability
and stability of the grid.
5. What are the different solution techniques for transient stability and explain the modified Euler
method for the determination of transient stability
Transient stability analysis is essential for studying the behaviour of power systems during and
after major disturbances, such as faults. It aims to determine whether the system can recover and
stabilize to a new steady state or if it becomes unstable and experiences cascading failures.
There are various solution techniques used for transient stability analysis, and one of them is the
Modified Euler method.
Solution Techniques for Transient Stability Analysis:

Direct Integration Methods: These methods involve directly integrating the differential
equations that describe the dynamic behavior of the power system. Examples include the Euler
method, Modified Euler method, Runge-Kutta methods, and Implicit methods.

Time Domain Simulation Tools: Commercial software packages like PSS/E, PSCAD, and
EMTP-RV are widely used for transient stability analysis. These tools employ numerical
integration techniques and provide user-friendly interfaces for system modeling and analysis.

Eigenvalue-based Methods: These methods analyze the eigenvalues of the linearized system
equations to assess stability. Examples include the Equal-Area Criterion and the use of
eigenvalue analysis tools like MATLAB.

Frequency Domain Analysis: This approach uses frequency domain techniques to analyze how
different frequency components in the system response evolve over time. The Fast Fourier
Transform (FFT) is commonly used in this context.

Modified Euler Method for Transient Stability Analysis:

The Modified Euler method, also known as Heun's method or the Improved Euler method, is a
numerical integration technique used to solve ordinary differential equations. It's particularly
useful for transient stability analysis when applied to the differential equations that describe the
dynamics of power system components.

Here's how the Modified Euler method works for transient stability analysis:

Differential Equations: The dynamic behavior of a power system during transient stability
analysis is described by a set of differential equations that involve the rates of change of various
state variables, such as generator rotor angles and speeds.

Time Discretization: The time domain is discretized into small time steps. Let's denote the
current time as 't' and the time step as 'Δt'.

Prediction Step: In the prediction step, the derivatives of the state variables are estimated at the
current time 't' using the current values of the state variables. This is similar to the forward Euler
method.

Correction Step: Using the estimated derivatives from the prediction step, the state variables are
updated over the time step 'Δt' to a new estimated value at 't + Δt'.

Iteration: The above prediction and correction steps are iterated over the simulation time to
compute the trajectory of state variables.

The Modified Euler method provides a more accurate approximation compared to the basic
Euler method. It helps reduce the error associated with time integration, which is important
when simulating complex systems like power grids during transient events.

While the Modified Euler method is relatively simple to implement, it still has limitations, such
as sensitivity to the step size and potential for numerical instability. In practice, more advanced
integration methods like the Runge-Kutta methods or commercial simulation tools are often
used for accurate transient stability analysis.

Euler‟s method is one of the easiest methods to program for solution of differential equations
using a digital computer. It uses the Taylor‟s series expansion, discarding all second–order and
higher–order terms. Modified Euler‟s algorithm uses the derivatives at the beginning of a time
step, to predict the values of the dependent variables at the end of the step (t1 = t0 +∆t). Using
the predicted values, the derivatives at the end of the interval are computed. The average of the
two derivatives is used in updating the variables.
Consider two simultaneous differential equations:

Starting from initial values x0, y0, t0 at the beginning of a time step and a step size h wesolve
asfollows:
Letx1and y1areused inthe nextiteration.To
solvetheswingequationbyModifiedEuler’smethod,itiswrittenastwofirstorderdifferentialequations
:

Startingfroman initialvalue_o,_oat thebeginningofanytimestep,and choosingastepsize_t

s,theequationstobesolvedin modified Euler‟sareasfollows:
6. Explain significance of first swing stability of generators. Draw power -angle curve and explain
Equal Area Criterion?
First swing stability of generators, also known as transient stability, is a critical aspect of power
system operation. It refers to the ability of a synchronous generator to maintain synchronism
and recover from disturbances during the initial few seconds following a fault or disturbance.
Ensuring first swing stability is crucial for preventing cascading failures, maintaining power
system reliability, and avoiding widespread blackouts.
Significance of First Swing Stability:

Preventing Cascading Failures: If a generator loses synchronism during the first swing, it can
lead to a chain reaction of instability as other generators try to compensate for the lost power.
This can result in widespread system instability and cascading failures.

Maintaining Grid Reliability: Power system stability is essential for delivering a reliable and
consistent supply of electricity to consumers. First swing stability helps prevent major
disruptions and outages, thereby maintaining grid reliability.

Avoiding Blackouts: Failure to maintain first swing stability can lead to severe voltage and
frequency instability, which may cause parts of the power system to shut down to protect
equipment. This can ultimately result in blackouts affecting large areas.

Protecting Equipment: Unstable operation can subject equipment to mechanical and thermal
stresses, potentially damaging generators and transmission components. Maintaining stability
helps protect the integrity of these critical assets.
 Power-Angle Curve:

The power-angle curve, also known as the torque-angle curve, is a graphical representation of
the relationship between the mechanical torque applied to a generator and the rotor angle
(angular displacement) of the generator. This curve depicts the power output of the generator as
a function of its rotor angle.

In the context of transient stability, the power-angle curve is significant because it determines
the amount of torque a generator can provide before losing synchronism during a disturbance.
When a generator experiences a fault, the mechanical torque applied to it may exceed its
capability to provide power. If the torque exceeds the generator's capability, it will lose
synchronism and experience a transient instability.

Equal Area Criterion:

The Equal Area Criterion is a method used to assess transient stability based on the power-angle
curve. It is a graphical technique that involves comparing the area under the power-angle curve
before and after a disturbance. Here's how it works:

Initial Condition: Consider a generator operating at a steady state with a specific rotor angle and
power output before a disturbance (fault).

Fault Occurrence: When a fault occurs, the mechanical torque applied to the generator changes.
This can cause the generator's rotor angle to deviate from its original position.

Power-Angle Curve: The power-angle curve represents the relationship between torque and
rotor angle. The area under the power-angle curve between the original and final rotor angles
represents the energy supplied to the generator during the transient period.

Criterion: The Equal Area Criterion states that for stable operation, the area under the power-
angle curve before and after the disturbance should be approximately equal. In other words, the
energy supplied by the generator after the disturbance should match the energy supplied before
the disturbance.

If the areas are not equal, it indicates that the generator has lost synchronism, and the system is
potentially unstable. This criterion helps power system operators assess whether a generator can
maintain stability during transient events.
In summary, first swing stability is crucial for maintaining the stability, reliability, and overall
integrity of power systems. The power-angle curve and the Equal Area Criterion provide tools
to analyze and assess the ability of generators to maintain synchronism during disturbances,
helping prevent cascading failures and blackouts.
7. Define and explain voltage stability of power system with the help of P-V curve.
Voltage stability is a critical aspect of power system operation that pertains to the ability of a
power system to maintain acceptable voltage levels at all points in the network under various
operating conditions. It ensures that the voltage magnitudes remain within acceptable limits to
avoid voltage collapse, which can lead to equipment damage, power outages, and cascading
failures. Voltage instability can occur due to factors such as heavy loads, generator and
transmission line outages, and reactive power limitations.
One of the tools commonly used to analyze voltage stability is the P-V curve, also known as the
voltage-loadability curve. The P-V curve illustrates the relationship between the bus voltage
magnitude (V) and the active power (P) injected into or withdrawn from the system at a specific
bus.

Here's how the P-V curve works and how it helps explain voltage stability:

Load and Voltage Relationship: At a given bus in a power system, as the load increases (active
power demand increases), the voltage magnitude at that bus may start to decrease. This
relationship between load and voltage is crucial for understanding voltage stability.

P-V Curve Construction: To create a P-V curve, the active power at the specific bus is gradually
increased while monitoring the corresponding changes in voltage magnitude. This process is
repeated for multiple operating points to form the curve.

Stable Region: The left side of the P-V curve represents the stable region. In this region,
increasing the load has little impact on voltage, and the system is voltage-stable. The system can
handle higher loads without significant voltage drops.

Critical Point: As the load continues to increase, there comes a point where a significant
decrease in voltage occurs. This point is known as the critical point or voltage collapse point.
Beyond this point, the voltage magnitude drops rapidly, indicating that the system is entering an
unstable region.

Voltage Collapse and Instability: If the system operates beyond the critical point, voltage
collapse can occur. In voltage collapse, voltage magnitudes deteriorate rapidly, leading to
cascading failures, equipment damage, and blackouts. The system becomes voltage-unstable.

Preventing Voltage Collapse: To ensure voltage stability, power system operators must operate
within the stable region of the P-V curve. This can be achieved by properly managing reactive
power sources, utilizing voltage control devices (like voltage regulators and capacitors), and
implementing proper load shedding strategies.

Voltage Control and Stability Enhancement: Voltage stability can be improved by applying
appropriate control strategies to regulate reactive power flows, manage voltage profiles, and
ensure proper coordination between generators and voltage control devices.
 In summary, voltage stability is crucial for maintaining the reliable operation of power systems.
The P-V curve provides a graphical representation of the relationship between load and voltage,
helping power system operators and engineers understand the limits of the system's voltage
stability and make informed decisions to prevent voltage collapse and associated instability.
8. Discuss the effect of Excitation system on stability of the system. Hence develop a complete
state space model for power system including excitation system.

The excitation system plays a significant role in maintaining voltage stability and dynamic
performance of a power system. It controls the field current of synchronous generators,
influencing their terminal voltage, reactive power capability, and transient response. The
excitation system's impact on stability can be categorized into two main aspects: voltage
stability and transient stability.

Voltage Stability:

Voltage Regulation: The excitation system controls the generator's terminal voltage, ensuring it
remains within acceptable limits. Without proper voltage regulation, voltage instability can
occur, leading to voltage collapse or excessive voltage magnitudes.
Reactive Power Control: Excitation systems control the generator's reactive power output,
which affects the system's voltage profile. Proper reactive power control helps maintain voltage
stability by providing or absorbing reactive power as needed.
Transient Stability:

Transient Response: The excitation system's response to sudden changes in load or faults
influences the transient stability of the generator. A well-tuned excitation system can provide
fast and accurate voltage support during transient events, helping the generator recover without
significant voltage deviations.
Developing a State-Space Model for Power System Including Excitation System:
A state-space model describes the dynamic behavior of a system in terms of state variables and
their derivatives. In the context of a power system with an excitation system, the state-space
model can include the generator's electrical and mechanical dynamics along with the excitation
system's behavior.

Let's consider a simple model with a single generator and its excitation system:

State Variables:

Rotor Angle: θ (mechanical)

Rotor Speed: ω (mechanical)
Voltage Magnitude: V (electrical)
Exciter Voltage: E (excitation system)
State Equations:

˙
Mechanical Equations: ω_dot = (Pm - Pe) / M❑
Electrical Equations :V −RD
( )∗V +
( Xd− Xdp )
˙
¿= ¿
Xd Xd∗E

E xcitation System Equation: E

¿˙ = ( ) ( )
−Ke
Te
∗E +
Ke
Te
∗V ref ¿

Here ,
 Pm is the mechanical power input to the generator.
Pe is the electrical power output of the generator.
M is the inertia constant of the generator.
RD is the damping coefficient.
Xd is the synchronous reactance.
Xdp is the transient reactance.
Ke is the excitation system gain.
Te is the excitation system time constant.
V_ref is the reference voltage setpoint for the excitation system.
This set of equations represents the dynamic behavior of the generator's mechanical and
electrical responses along with the excitation system's influence on the generator's voltage.

In matrix form, the state-space model can be represented as:

ẋ = Ax + Bu
y = Cx + Du
where x is the vector of state variables, u is the vector of control inputs, y is the vector of
outputs, A, B, C, and D, are matrices representing the system dynamics.

This is a simplified example, and real power system models can be more complex, involving
multiple generators, transmission lines, and interconnected dynamics. Advanced models
consider detailed excitation systems, governor dynamics, and control interactions to provide
accurate representations of power system behavior for stability analysis and control design.
9. Describe the types of excitation systems in detail.
Excitation systems play a crucial role in controlling the field current and hence the terminal
voltage of synchronous generators in a power system. There are several types of excitation
systems, each designed to fulfill specific requirements related to voltage regulation, stability,
and dynamic performance. Here are the main types of excitation systems:

DC Excitation System:
Description: DC excitation systems were among the earliest forms of excitation systems used in
power plants. They consist of a DC generator connected to the generator shaft, which produces
a DC voltage used to feed the generator field winding.
Advantages: Simplicity and reliability in design.
Disadvantages: Limited dynamic response and difficulty in controlling the voltage accurately
under various operating conditions.
Analog AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator):

Description: Analog AVR systems use analog electronics to regulate the generator's terminal
voltage. They measure the terminal voltage and compare it to a reference voltage to generate a
control signal that adjusts the exciter's field current.
Advantages: Relatively simple implementation and reliability.
Disadvantages: Limited flexibility and precision compared to digital systems.
Digital AVR:

Description: Digital AVR systems employ microprocessors or digital controllers to regulate the
generator's terminal voltage. They offer more advanced control algorithms, better accuracy, and
more flexibility for adapting to different operating conditions.
 Advantages: Greater control flexibility, adaptability, and accuracy. Can implement advanced
control strategies.
Disadvantages: More complex to design and maintain compared to analog systems.
Brushless Excitation System:

Description: Brushless excitation systems eliminate the need for slip rings and brushes by using
power electronics to control the exciter's field current. They are typically combined with digital
AVR systems.
Advantages: Reduced maintenance requirements, improved reliability, and faster response.
Disadvantages: Initial cost and complexity compared to traditional systems.
Static Excitation System (SES):

Description: SES systems use solid-state devices such as thyristors and power electronic
components to regulate the generator's field current. They provide precise control, fast response,
and advanced control features.
Advantages: High accuracy, fast transient response, and advanced control capabilities.
Disadvantages: High initial cost and complexity.
Brushless Exciter System:

Description: Brushless exciter systems consist of a separate small generator, often driven by the
main generator shaft, to produce the excitation power for the main generator field winding.
These systems are commonly used in larger generators and power plants.
Advantages: Improved reliability and stability due to separate excitation source.
Disadvantages: Higher initial cost and complexity.
Superconducting Excitation System:

Description: Superconducting excitation systems use superconducting materials to generate

extremely strong magnetic fields, resulting in highly efficient and powerful excitation systems.
They are still in the experimental stage and offer the potential for highly efficient power
generation.
Advantages: Very high efficiency, compact design, and potential for grid stability enhancement.
Disadvantages: Extremely complex technology, high cost, and limited practical implementation
as of now.
The choice of excitation system depends on the specific requirements of the power system,
including the desired level of control, reliability, response time, and economic considerations.
Advanced excitation systems are critical for maintaining voltage stability, improving transient
response, and ensuring the overall stability and reliable operation of power systems.
10. Explain static excitation scheme with functional block diagram.
A static excitation system (SES) is an advanced and modern method of controlling the field
current and voltage of synchronous generators using power electronics. It offers precise control,
fast response, and advanced features for maintaining stable and efficient generator operation.
Here's an explanation of the static excitation scheme along with a functional block diagram:

Static Excitation Scheme Explanation:

The static excitation system employs power electronic devices like thyristors, rectifiers, and
digital controllers to regulate the exciter's field current and the terminal voltage of the
synchronous generator. It replaces the conventional mechanical and analog systems, providing
higher accuracy and faster response.
 Functional Block Diagram of a Static Excitation System:
Below is a simplified functional block diagram of a static excitation system:

Voltage
reference
Voltage Field current Generator
Regulator limiter terminal
(voltage set voltage
point

Voltage
/current
controller

Exiter (power
electronics)

Generator
field windings
Reference Voltage Regulator: This block sets the desired terminal voltage of the generator based
on system requirements or operator commands. It takes the voltage setpoint as input.
Voltage/Current Controller: The controller receives the reference voltage and compares it to the
actual terminal voltage. It generates control signals to adjust the field current and maintain the
desired voltage setpoint. The controller also handles current limiting to prevent excessive field
current.
Exciter (Power Electronics): The exciter block uses power electronic devices like thyristors to
control the field current flowing into the generator's field windings. It converts the control signals
from the controller into appropriate gating signals for the thyristors.
Generator Field Windings: The field windings of the synchronous generator receive the controlled
current from the exciter. The field current generates the magnetic field required for voltage
generation.
The static excitation system offers precise control over the generator's terminal voltage, allowing
for fast response to load changes and disturbances. It can incorporate various control algorithms to
improve the generator's transient stability and voltage regulation, enhancing the overall
performance and reliability of the power system.