Microprocessor based

microcomputer
COURSE CODE: CSE 3253-0714
❖ Outline:

➢ The Components of Microcomputer Systems

➢ CPU and System Board

-Memory
- Bus
- I/O Ports
➢ Instruction Execution
➢ I/O Devices
 Microcomputer System
Microcomputer systems are small and inexpensive computers that
are widely used in various applications.
8085 microprocessor is an example of a Microcomputer System.
 Microprocessor
A microprocessor is a computer processor where the data processing logic and
control is included on a single integrated circuit (IC), or a small number of
IC(Integrated Circuits).

Fig: Block diagram of a Microprocessor

❑ Major Components of Microprocessor:

✓ CPU - CPU is built as a very large scale integrated circuit (VLSI).

✓ Bus - Microprocessors have a system of buses, which move data. Buses refer
to classifications of wiring that have specific tasks and functions. Such as,
data Bus that carry data, address bus − that is carrying address of a memory
location or I/O port from CPU to memory or I/O port and control bus − lines
that carry control signals like clock signals, interrupt signal or ready signal.
✓ Memory - Use for store date or program either temporary or “permanent”.
✓ I/O units - Input-output devices are used to transfer data between
microcomputers and external devices.
✓ Cache - Some advanced microprocessors have memory caches, which
retain the last data used by the CPU.
✓ Arithmetic and Logic Unit(ALU)- The performs math computations, such
as subtraction, addition, division and Boolean functions. Boolean
functions are a type of logic used for circuit designs. The ALU also
executes comparisons and logic testing. The processor transmits signals
to the ALU, which interprets the instructions and performs the
calculations.

✓ Control Unit(CUs)- Control units receive signals from the CPU, which
instructs the control unit to move data from microprocessor to
microprocessor. The control unit also directs the arithmetic and logic
unit. Control units consist of multiple components, such as decoder,
clock and control logic circuits. Working together, these devices
transmit signals to certain locations on the microprocessor.
o Register array- Microprocessors have temporary data holding places called
registers. These memory areas maintain data, such as computer instructions,
storage addresses, characters and other data. Some computer instructions
may require the use of certain registers as part of a command. Each register
has a specific function, such as instruction register, program counter,
accumulator and memory address register.
For example, a program register holds the address of instructions taken from
random access memory.
 Working of Microprocessor
To get the output, the first microprocessor fetches the instructions from the
computer memory and then decodes it and executes those instructions as
a result in a binary form. The power of the given microprocessor is measured
in terms of bits.
This processor executes the instruction using the following steps-

o Fetching (IF): It is the first step of the microprocessor which fetches the
instruction from the memory.
o Decoding (ID): It is the second step of the microprocessor used to
decodes the instruction.
o Executing (EX): It is the last step of this processor that executes the
instructions and the output.
❖ Microcomputer Operations- A microcomputer stores information on a
temporary basis within the CPU registers. Information is transferred between
the CPU registers and the memory or input/ output sections by means of one
or more sets of multiple wires; each set is called a bus.

Fig: Operational block diagram of microcomputer

Parameters of Microprocessor Microcomputer
Comparison
Speed Due to their reliance on High processing speed.
communication with external
peripherals, they occasionally operate
more slowly.
Power Small amount of power. Small amount of power.

Cost Less expensive. Reasonably priced.

Architecture Includes a processor and numerous CPU, a Memory Unit, and

other chips that provide the memory Input-Output Units (devices).
serial interface.
Application Implement CPUs into computing. Data and word processing.