UNIT 1: BLOOD

Nurse: Okay, Ms. Ana, we’re almost done taking your blood. Hold still for a little
longer.
Donor: Sure. So, where will my blood go?
Nurse: Our facility provides blood to local hospitals and surgical centers for
transfusions to needy recipients.
Donor: I see. So what is my blood? Might anyone receive my blood?
Nurse: Not quite. Your blood is Type AB, which means that it’s only compatible
with other people who have Type AB. We can’t give your blood to someone with
Type O, A, or B.
Donor: Really? What happens if someone gets a transfusion with the wrong type?
Nurse: During the transfusion, if blood is not compatible, then hemolysis occurs.
That can be very dangerous, or even fatal.
Donor: Wow. It’s like “A miss is as good as a mile”. So, you have to be pretty
careful about labeling to make sure that the transfused blood will be compatible
with the recipient’s blood type, don’t you?
Nurse: That’s right. We keep very careful records here to make sure no one gets
the wrong blood type.
Donor: Ok. Thanks for the information.
Nurse: You’re welcome.

UNIT 2: BONES
Doctor: So, Ana, tell me what you see in this x−ray.
Student: Hmm, let’s see. Well, there appears to be a fracture of the left humorous.
Doctor: That’s right. Can you identify the type of fracture?
Student: It doesn't look too serious. The bone is typically cracked rather than
broken all the way through. I would say that's a pretty standard stress fracture.
Doctor: Are you sure? Maybe you should take a closer look.
Student: Is that wrong? It’s not comminuted, is it? The bone is not split into several
pieces.
Doctor: No, it’s not comminuted. You’re right about that.
Student: I don’t know. What am I missing?
Doctor: Can you see how the broken pieces are crushed together?
Student: Where? Oh, I see that now. Of course!
Doctor: Damaged bones must be treated carefully to avoid improper healing. So
what do we have to do before the bone starts healing?
Student: We’ll need to realign the bone so that the two parts connect in the right
place.

UNIT 3: SKIN
Doctor: So James, it looks like you’ve developed acne. Have you heard of it
before?
Patient: Yeah, but I don’t know much about it. I just know that it’s common in
teenagers. Is it bad?
Doctor: It’s not too bad.
Patient: What causes it?
Doctor: Oils that become trapped in the skin’s pores cause it. Bacteria then grows.
This results in raised red bumps called pimples or other imperfections of the skin.
Patient: I am so worried about that. I have lost my confidence. Can we make it go
away?
Doctor: The best thing for you to do is to wash your face twice a day. Can you do
that?
Patient: Yeah. Should I use special soap?
Doctor: Yes. I’ll give you some to take home.
Patient: Is that all? How about medicines?
Doctor: Well, we can start with some topical medicine. If that doesn’t work I’ll
give you a prescription for some pills.
Patient: Do I have to change my diet?
Doctor: Sure. Don’t eat too much fast food, snacks, or chocolate. You should drink
lots of water, and eat more vegetables and fruit.
Patient: Ok. Thank you, doctor.