Lesson 1: The

Phases of Matter,
Kinetic Molecular
Theory, and
Intermolecular
Forces
 Objectives:
1. State the assumptions of the Kinetic Molecular
Theory.
2. Describe and differentiate the types of
intermolecular forces.
3. Predict the intermolecular forces possible for
molecules.
01
Kinetic Molecular
Theory
02 Phases of Matter

03
Intermolecular
Forces
Kinetic Molecular
Theory

> is based on the assumption that

all states of matter have component
molecules that possess kinetic
energy.
Phases of Matter

LIQUID
SOLID GAS
Assumptions of the KMT explain
the shape and volume of matter in
the three states as follows:

Matter in the gas state Matter in the solid

01 does not have definite 03 state has definite
shape and volume. shape and definite
volume.
Matter in the liquid state
02 does not have definite
shape but it has definite
volume.
Intermolecular
Forces
> also known as van der Waals
forces, named after a Dutch chemist
Johannes van der Waals.
> are attractions between
molecules that hold them close
together in liquids and solids.
 Types of
Intermolecular Forces

01 London Dispersion Forces 03 Ion – Dipole Forces

02 Dipole – Dipole Forces 04 Hydrogen Bonding

 London Dispersion
Forces

> the weakest of the intermolecular

forces and exist between all types of
molecule, whether ionic or
covalent-polar or non polar.
The more electrons a molecules has,
the stronger the London dispersion
forces are.
For example, bromine, Br2, has more electrons than chlorine, Cl2,
so bromine will have stronger London dispersion forces than
chlorine, resulting in a higher boiling point for bromine, 59
degree Celsius, compared to chlorine, -35 degree Celsius.
 Dipole – Dipole
Forces

> Attractive forces between the

positive end of one polar molecule
and the negative end of another
polar molecule.
 Ion – Dipole
Forces

> An attractive force that results

from the electrostatic attraction
between an ion and a neutral
molecule that has a dipole.
Anion – positive pole is attracted to a negative ion.
Cation – negative pole is attracted to a positive ion.
Most commonly found in solutions.

A positive ion (cation) attracts the partially

negative end of a neutral polar molecule.
 Hydrogen
Bonding

> It is a special kind of dipole –

dipole interaction that occurs
specifically between a hydrogen atom
bonded to either an oxygen,
nitrogen, or fluorine atom.
 Hydrogen just
wanna have FON.

The partially positive

end of hydrogen is
attracted to the partially
negative end of the
fluorine, oxygen, or
nitrogen of another
molecule.
Hydrogen bonding is a relatively strong force of attraction between
molecules, and considerable energy is required to break hydrogen
bonds.