Section - 2 Microscopic World

F.
5 CE Chemistry Section 2 Microscopic World
(time allowed: each MC = 1.2 min. / marks in LQ are for reference only: 1 mark = 1 to 1.2 min.)
1. How many elements does ammonium dichromate consist of?
A. 2 C. 4
B. 3 D. 5
2. Which of the following statements concerning helium is/are correct?

(1) The outermost electron shell of a helium atom has an octet structure.
(2) Helium is used to fill weather balloons.
(3) Helium exists as monatomic molecules.
A. (1) only
B. (2) only
C. (1) and (3) only
D. (2) and (3) only
3. Consider the information concerning particle X and particle Y listed below:

Number of Number of Number of
Particle
protons electrons neutrons
X 16 16 18
Y 16 18 18
Which of the following statements is correct?
A. X and Y are atoms of the same element.
B. X and Y are atoms of different elements.
C. X is a cation of Y.
D. Y is an anion of X.
4. Caesium (Cs) is a Group l element in the Periodic Table and its relative atomic mass is
greater than that of potassium. Which of the following statements concerning caesium is
INCORRECT?
A. Caesium is a weaker reducing agent than potassium.
B. Caesium reacts violently with water.
C. Caesium is a soft metal.
D. Caesium reacts with oxygen to form an oxide with formula Cs 2O.
5. Magnesium and calcium have similar chemical properties because

A. their atoms have the same atomic structure.
B. their atoms have the same number of electron shells.
C. their atoms have the same number of electrons in their outermost shells.
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F.5 CE Chemistry Section 2 Microscopic World
D. their atoms have the same electronic arrangement.

6. Which of the following combinations concerning the isotopes of an element is correct?
No. of protons No. of neutrons No. of electrons
A. same different same
B. same same different
C. different same different
D. same different different
7. Consider the information given in the table below:

Atom Atomic number Mass number No. of neutrons
P 6 14
Q 7 14
R 13 7
S 18 10
T 10 10
Which of the following atoms are isotopes?
A. P and Q C. R and S
B. P and R D. S and T
8. A cation of a certain element has 22 electrons and a mass number of 55. If the charge on
the cation is +3, the number of neutrons in the cations is
A. 19
B. 23
C. 25
D. 30
9. The atomic number and mass number of a sodium atom are 11 and 23 respectively. Its
nucleus contains
A. 11 neutrons and 12 protons.
B. 12 neutrons and 11 protons.
C. 12 neutrons and 23 protons.
D. 23 neutrons and 11 protons.
10. The atomic number of an element X is 18. An atom of X has a mass number of 40. The atom
has
A. 18 protons, 22 neutrons and 18 electrons.
B. 18 protons, 22 neutrons and 22 electrons.

C. 18 protons, 40 neutrons and 18 electrons.

D. 22 protons, 22 neutrons and 18 electrons.
11. Boron consists of two isotopes. The table below lists the relative abundance of these two
isotopes.
Isotope Relative
abundance
B
Com
bin 19.7%
B
Com
bin 80.3%
The relative atomic mass of boron (correct to 1 decimal place) is
A. 10.4. C. 10.8.
B. 10.6. D. 11.0.
12. Which of the following particles is / are present in a hydrogen ion?

(1) proton
(2) neutron
(3) electron
A. (1) only C. (1) and (3) only
B. (2) only D. (2) and (3) only
13. Element X occurs in nature as two isotopes, 63X and 65X. If the relative atomic mass of X is
63.5 what is the relative abundance of the 63X isotope?
A. 25% C. 75%
B. 60% D. 90%
14. The electronic diagram of an atom of element X is shown below:
(Only electrons in the outermost shell are shown.) The atomic number of X is probably
A. 7. C. 17.
B. 15. D. 19.
15. Which of the following groups of ions / atoms has the same number of electrons?
A. K+, Ca2+ C. H+, He
B. Cl-, S D. O2-,Ar
16. Which of the following pairs of atoms / ions has the same number of electrons?
A. Mg2+ and F C. K+ and O2-

B. Cl- and Ne D. Cl- and S2-
17. Which of the following ions have the same number of electrons as a neon atom?
(1) Mg2+
(2) O2-
(3) Cl-
A. (1) and (2) only
B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)
18. The chemical properties of an element depend on

A. its relative atomic mass.
B. the number of isotopes of the element.
C. the number of electron shells in its atoms.
D. the number of outermost shell electrons in its atoms.
19. The atomic number of element X is 12 reacts with element Y to form an ionic compound with
formula XY2. To which group of the Periodic Table does Y belong?
A. Group l
B. Group lV
C. Group Vl
D. Group Vll
20.* Consider the following table:

Element W X Y Z
Atomic number 9 10 14 19
Which of the following elements is likely to be an oxidizing agent?
A. W C. Y
B. X D. Z
* To be answered after studying Section 5
21. The element with atomic number 11 will combine most readily with the element whose atomic
number is
A. 12. C. 17.
B. 13. d. 18.

22. If the atomic number of an element X is 13, the formula of its oxide is
A. XO2. C. X2O3.
B. XO3. D. X3O2.
23.* Rubidium (Rb) is a group l element below potassium in the Periodic Table. Which of the
following statements about rubidium is correct?
A. Rubidium forms an acidic oxide.
B. Rubidium is more reactive than potassium.
C. Rubidium can be obtained from its oxide by reduction with carbon.
D. The formula for rubidium chloride is RbCl2.
24.* Which of the following elements in the third period of the Periodic table is the strongest
reducing agent?
A. sodium
B. sulphur
C. chlorine
D. aluminium
25. M is an element in the third period of the Periodic Table. M forms a sulphate which has the
formula of M2(SO4)3. The formula of the nitrate of M is
A. MNO3. C. M(NO3)3.
B. M(NO3)2. D. M2(NO3)3.
26. The table below lists some information about two elements, X and Y:
Element Atomic number Relative atomic mass
X 12 24.0
Y 9 17.0
The compound formed from X and Y has a formula mass of
A. 41.0.
B. 58.0.
C. 65.0.
D. 75.0.
27.* Which of the following statements concerning the elements in the third period of the
Periodic Table is correct?
A. Both sulphur and chlorine can be reduced by aqueous sodium sulphite.

B. Magnesium is a stronger reducing agent than sodium.

C. Phosphorus and chlorine form a covalent compound.
D. Magnesium burns in oxygen to form an acidic oxide.
* To be answered after studying Sections 4 & 5
28. The atomic number of element X is 15. It has only one isotope with a mass number of 31.
Which of the following statements concerning X is correct?
A. X forms an oxide which dissolves in water to give an alkaline solution.
B. In the compound formed from X and sodium, X has an oxidation number of -3.
C. X is a gas at room temperature and pressure.
D. There are 15 neutrons in the nucleus of an atom of X.
* To be answered after studying Sections 4 & 5
29. X, Y and Z are three consecutive elements in the Periodic Table. X forms a stable anion X -,
while Z forms a stable cation Z +. Which of the following statements about X, Y and Z is
correct?
A. X, Y and Z are elements in the same period of the Periodic Table.
B. Both X and Z are electrical conductors under room temperature and pressure.
C. Y reacts with Z readily.
D. X- and Z+ have the same electronic arrangement.
Directions: Ex. 30 and Ex. 31 refer to the following table.
Element W X Y Z
Atomic number 4 8 14 20
30. Which of the following elements are likely to be metals?

A. W and X C. X and Y
B. W and Z D. Y and Z
31. The formula of the compound formed between X and Z is likely to be

A. XZ. C. X2Z.
B. XZ2. D. X2Z3.
32. The atomic number of element X is 16. Which of the following statements concerning X are
correct?
(1) X can react with calcium to form an ionic compound.
(2) The oxide of X dissolves in water to form an acidic solution.

(3) X can conduct electricity in its molten state.

A. (1) and (2) only
B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)
33.* A part of the Periodic Table is shown below.
Group
l ll lll lV V Vl Vll 0
1 a
Period 2 b c d
3 e
A. The outermost electron shell of an atom of a is an octet structure.
B. The metallic character of the Period 2 elements increases from b to d.
C. C forms an ionic compound with d.
D. E is a strong oxidizing agent.
34. An element X exists as molecules. X has an atomic number of 7 and a molecule of X has a
formula X2. Which of the following can represent the electronic structure of X2?
Directions: Ex. 35 and Ex. 36 refer to the following experiment:

The circuit shown below is set up and the solid lead(ll) bromide is heated until it becomes molten.

35. Which of the following statements concerning the experiment is INCORRECT?

A. The bulb lights up.
B. A reddish brown gas is liberated at electrode X.
C. Electrodes X and Y can be made of nichrome.
D. Oxidation occurs at electrode Y.
36. Which of the following can be deduced from the experimental results?
A. Solid lead(ll) bromide contains mobile ions.
B. Molten lead(ll) bromide contains delocalized electrons.
C. Molten lead(ll) bromide can be decomposed by electricity.
D. Solid lead(ll) bromide is a covalent compound but molten lead(ll) bromide is an ionic
compound.
37. The electronic structure of a compound formed between an element X and chlorine is shown
below.
(Only electrons in the outermost shells are shown.)

What would be the formula of the compound formed between X and magnesium?
A. MgX C. Mg2X3
B. MgX2 D. Mg3X2
38. Which of the following statements concerning the Periodic Table is correct?
A. In any group, the atomic size of the elements decreases with increasing atomic number.
B. In any period, the metallic character of the elements increases with increasing atomic
number.
C. Group l elements are oxidizing agents and Group Vll elements are reducing agents.
D. The compounds formed between Group lV elements and other elements are mostly
covalent.

39. The atomic numbers of element X and element Y are 13 and 16 respectively. The formula of
the compound formed between X and Y is likely to be
A. XY2. C. X2Y3.
B. X2Y. D. X3Y2.
40. Which of the following electron diagrams is correct?
41. Which of the following can represent the electronic structure of potassium sulphide?
42. Which of the following electronic structures is / are correct?

B. (1) and (2) only D. (1), (2) and (3)
43. Elements X and Y form a compound having the following electronic structure:
(Only outermost shell electrons are shown.)

Which of the following combinations is correct?
X Y

A. Na S
B. Mg Br
C. Al Cl
D. Si O
44. Which of the following exist as discrete molecules at room temperature and pressure?
(1) graphite
(2) bromine
(3) hydrogen chloride
(4) calcium chloride
A. (1) and (4) only C. (1), (2) and (3) only
B. (2) and (3) only D. (2), (3) and (4) only
45. One mole of calcium bromide contains

A. 1 mole of molecules. C. 2 moles of anions.
B. 2 moles of cations. D. 3 moles of atoms.
46.* Which of the following statements concerning the formation of chloride ions from chlorine
atoms is correct?
A. The number of shells occupied by electrons in a chlorine atom equals that in a chloride
ion.
B. The atomic number of chlorine increases by 1.
C. The mass number of chlorine increases by 1.
D. The change is an oxidation.
47. Element X and element Y belong to the first three periods of the Periodic table. The
compound formed between these two elements has the following electronic structure:
How many electrons are there in the outermost shell of an atom of X and that of Y?
X Y
A. 1 3

B. 1 5
C. 2 8
D. 3 5
48. A compound formed from element X and sulphur has the following electronic structure:

How many electrons are there in the outermost shell of an atom of X?
A. 2
B. 4
C. 6
D. 8
49. Solid lead(ll) bromide is a non-conductor of electricity because
A. it is a covalent compound.
B. it is not soluble in water.
C. the lead and bromide ions are not freely moving.
D. lead conducts electricity but bromine does not.
50. The table below shows the ability of four substances W, X, Y and Z to conduct electricity.
(In the table, and respectively represent ‘can conduct electricity’ and ‘cannot conduct
electricity’.)
Substance Solid State Liquid State Aqueous Solution
W
X
Y
Z (insoluble in water)
Which of the substances is likely to be zinc chloride?
A. W C. Y
B. X D. Z
51. A drop of silver nitrate solution and a drop of sodium iodide solution are placed respectively
at X and Y as shown in the diagram below:

After the circuit has been closed for some time, a coloured patch is formed between X and
Y. The main aim of this experiment is to show that
A. ions exist in silver nitrate and sodium iodide solution.
B. sodium ions can react with nitrate ions.
C. silver ions can react with iodide ions.
D. potassium nitrate is an electrolyte.
52. Which of the following compounds, when dissolved in water, gives a green solution?
A. copper(ll) sulphate C. cobalt(ll) chloride
B. nickel(ll) sulphate D. iron(lll) sulphate
53. With reference to the data given in the table:
Element Atomic no. Mass no.
X 12 24
Y 9 19
The relative formula mass of the compound formed between X and Y is
A. 21 C. 62
B. 43 D. 67
54.
A potential difference is applied between the electrodes as shown in the above set-up.
After some time a yellow colour is observed near the positive electrode. This is because
A. copper(ll) chromate is yellow in colour.
B. copper(ll) ions and chromate ions repel each other under the influence of the electric
field.

C. copper(ll) ions move away from the positive electrode, leaving chromate ions behind.
D. chromate ions move towards the positive electrode.
55. The mass number of atom X is 27. X forms a cation with a charge of +3. If the number of
neutrons in the cation is 14, what is the number of electrons in the cation?
A. 10
B. 13
C. 14
D. 17
56. X and Y are elements. The melting points of their chlorides are given below:
Melting point / oC
chloride of X 772
chloride of Y -68
A. Both X and Y are metals.
B. The chloride of Y is a solid at room temperature.
C. The chloride of X conducts electricity in the solid state.
D. The chloride of Y is a covalent compound.
57. The atomic number of an element X is 12. The atomic number of another element with
chemical properties similar to those of X is
A. 8. C. 20.
B. 16. D. 22.
58. An element X has an atomic number of 16. It combines with hydrogen to give a hydride.
Which of the following statements about the hydride is correct?
A. It is formed by electron transfer.
B. It is a solid at room temperature.
C. It does not conduct electricity.
D. It has a high melting point.
59.* Astatine is a Group Vll element below iodine in the Periodic Table.
Which of the following statements concerning astatine is / are correct?
(1) It is a liquid at room temperature and pressure.
(2) It reacts with sodium to form an ionic compound.
(3) It is a stronger oxidizing agent than iodine.
A. (1) only

B. (2) only
C. (1) and (3) only
D. (2) and (3) only
60. Which of the following diagrams best represents a part of the giant lattice of sodium
chloride crystal?
(In these programs, ● represents Na+ ion and ○ represents Cl- ion)
61. Which of the following correctly describes the structure of quartz?

A. giant covalent structure
B. giant ionic structure
C. giant metallic structure
D. simple molecular structure
62. Consider the information listed below:

SubstanceAttraction between particles in substance
(1) helium van der Waals’ forces
(2) diamondcovalent bond
(3) magnesium oxide ionic bond
Which of the following combinations are correct?
A. (1) and (2) only
B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)
63. Iodine is a solid at room temperature and pressure. Which of the following statements

concerning the structure of iodine is / are correct?

(1) Iodine has a giant covalent structure.
(2) Iodine molecules are held together by van der Waals’ forces.
(3) Iodine atoms are held together in pairs by covalent bonds.
64. Argon exists as a gas at room temperature and pressure because

A. argon molecules are monoatomic.
B. argon is chemically inert.
C. the outermost electron shell of an argon atom has an octet structure.
D. the attractive force between argon atoms is weak.
65. The melting point and boiling point of substance X are 321 oC and 765 oC respectively. In its
molten state, X conducts electricity without decomposition, X probably has
A. an ionic structure.
B. a metallic structure.
C. a simple molecular structure.
D. a covalent network structure.
66. Which of the following substances can conduct electricity in both solid and liquid states?
A. sulphur C. quartz
B. mercury D. lead(ll) bromide
67. Consider the following information about four substances, W, X, Y and Z:

Electrical conductivity at
Substance Melting Point / oC
room temperature
W -23 poor
X 56 poor
Y 232 good
Z 750 poor
Which substance has a molecular structure and is a solid at room temperature?
A. W C. Y
B. X D. Z
68. Which of the following chemical bonds / attractive forces exist(s) in all four substances at
25o C and 1 atm pressure?

(1) van der Waals’ forces

(2) ionic bond
(3) covalent bond
A. (1) only
B. (2) only
C. (1) and (3) only
D. (2) and (3) only
69. The electronic diagram of a compound formed between element X and element Y is shown
below:

Which of the following combinations concerning X and Y is correct?
X Y
A. carbon oxygen
B. silicon oxygen
C. oxygen sodium
D. oxygen chlorine
70. Which of the following statements about the Periodic Table is correct?
A. The elements are arranged in order of increasing relative atomic mass.
B. The reactivity of the elements in Group II decreases down the group.
C. The boiling point of the elements in Group VII decreases down the group.
D. All elements in Group 0 exist in gaseous state at room temperature and pressure.
71. Which of the following combinations concerning the change of physical state of a substance
is INCORRECT?
Change of physical state Process

A. liquid to gas evaporation
B. liquid to solid precipitation
C. solid to gas sublimation
D. gas to liquid condensation
72. \s\up 8(56 )Fe is an isotope of iron. Which of the following correctly describes the number
of subatomic particles in an Fe3+ ion formed from this isotope?

No. of electrons No. of neutrons

A. 23 26
B. 23 30
C. 24 26
D. 26 30
73. Which of the following substances exist(s) in liquid state at room temperature and
pressure?
Substance Melting point / oC Boiling point / oC
W -92 7
X 7 81
Y 56 197
Z -95 69
A. W only
B. X only
C. X and Z only
D. Y and Z only
39 41
74. Element X has two isotopes, X and X. The table below lists the percentage abundance of
the two isotopes:
Isotope Percentage abundance

39
X 93.2
41
X 6.8
What is the relative atomic mass of X?
A. 39.0
B. 39.1
C. 40.0
D. 40.9
75. In which of the following atoms or ions is the outermost shell an octet?
(1) Li+ (2) Ne (3) S2-
76. Which of the following substances has a sharp boiling point?

A. petrol C. molten wax

B. red wine D. liquid ammonia
77. X is an element in the Periodic Table and X + ion has an electronic arrangement of 2,8,8.
Which of the following statements concerning X is correct?
A. X is a halogen.
B. X is a transition element.
C. X is a group 0 element.
D. X is a period 4 element.
78. Which of the following pairs of elements would from a covalent compound?
A. mercury and neon
B. neon and nitrogen
C. mercury and fluorine
D. fluorine and nitrogen
79. M is an element in the Periodic Table. M 2- ion possesses 45 neutrons and 36 electrons.
What is M?
A. Se
B. Kr
C. Sr
D. Rh
80. Consider the information below:

Solid Melting point Electrical conductivity Solubility in water
W high good insoluble
X high non-conducting soluble
Y low non-conducting soluble
Z very high non-conducting insoluble
Which of the following solids is likely to be an ionic compound?
A. W C. Y
B. X D. Z
Directions:Question 81 and 82 refer to the element astatine (At),which has an atomic number of
85.
81. Which of the following diagrams best represents the arrangement of particles in a sample
of astatine at room temperature and pressure?

82. Which of the following statements concerning astatine is correct?

A. Astatine is soluble in heptane.
B. Astatine is a stronger oxidizing agent than chlorine.
C. Astatine is an element in period 5 of the Periodic Table.
D. The formula of the compound formed between astatine and potassium is K2At.
83. Which of the following bonds or attractive forces exist in ammonium nitrate?
(1) ionic bond
(2) covalent bond
(3) van der Waals’ forces
A. (1) and (2) only
B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)
Directions: Each question below consists of two separate statements. Decide whether each of
the two statements is true or false; if both are true, then decide whether or not the second
statement is a correct explanation of the first statement. Then select one option form A to D
according to the following table:
A. Both statements are true and the 2nd statement is a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
B. Both statements are true but the 2nd statement is NOT a correct explanation of the 1st
statement.
C. The 1st statement is false but the 2nd statement is true.
D. Both statements are false.
1st statement 2nd statement

84. The melting point of hydrogen chloride is Hydrogen chloride is a covalent compound
lower than that of potassium chloride. whereas potassium chloride is an ionic
compound.
85. If a student accidentally spills some
hydrochloric acid on his hand, he should Sodium hydroxide solution can neutralize
immediately wash his hand with sodium hydrochloric acid.
hydroxide solution.
86. Hydrogen chloride has a lower melting point

than sodium chloride. In each molecule of hydrogen chloride, a
hydrogen atom and a chlorine atom are joined
together by a covalent bond.
87. Sodium chloride conducts electricity at
room temperature. Sodium chloride is an ionic compound.
88. A solution of dry hydrogen chloride in

methylbenzene turns litmus paper red. Gaseous hydrogen chloride contains hydrogen
ions.
89. Element X (atomic number 11) reacts with
element Y (atomic number 16) to form an Each atom of X loses one electron and each
ionic compound. atom of Y accepts two electrons to form a
compound with formula X2Y.
90. Sulphur is classified as a nonmetal.
Sulphur does not react with dilute acids.
91. Carbon dioxide and silicon dioxide have
similar physical properties. The atoms of carbon and silicon have the same
92. When iodine sublimes, it absorbs energy. number of electrons in their outermost shells.
Energy is required to overcome the attractive
force between iodine molecules.
93. Combustion of diamond gives carbon dioxide.
Diamond is a crystalline form of carbon.
94. Molten sulphur is a good conductor of
electricity. Sulphur molecules are mobile in molten sulphur.
95. Isotopes of an element have the same

mass. Isotopes of an element have the same number
of protons.

Suggested Solution
Multiple Choices
1. C 11. C 21. C 31. A 41. B 51. A 61. A 71. B 81. A 91. C
2. D 12. A 22. C 32. A 42. B 52. B 62. D 72. B 82. A 92. A
3. D 13. C 23. B 33. D 43. B 53. C 63. D 73. C 83. A 93. A
4. A 14. C 24. A 34. D 44. B 54. D 64. D 74. B 84. B 94. C
5. C 15. A 25. C 35. B 45. C 55. A 65. B 75. D 85. C 95. C
6. A 16. D 26. B 36. C 46. A 56. D 66. B 76. D 86. B
7. B 17. A 27. C 37. D 47. B 57. C 67. B 77. D 87. C

8. D 18. D 28. B 38. D 48. B 58. C 68. A 78. D 88. D

9. B 19. D 29. D 39. C 49. C 59. B 69. D 79. A 89. A
10. A 20. A 30. B 40. C 50. A 60. B 70. D 80. B 90. B
96. Lithium is a Group l element in the Periodic Table. It occurs naturally in two isotopic forms.
The relative abundance of each of these isotopes is shown in the table below:
6 7
Isotope Li Li
Relative abundance (%) 7.4 92.6
(a) What is the meaning of the term ‘isotope’?
(b) Calculate the relative atomic mass of lithium.
(c) A piece of freshly cut lithium metal is placed in air.
(1) What would be observed on the surface of the metal after some time? Write
the relevant chemical equation.

(2) Draw the electronic diagram of the product in (1), showing electrons in the
outermost shells only. [6 marks, 6 min.]
97. Magnesium occurs naturally in three isotopic forms. The relative abundance of each isotope
is shown in the table below:
24 25 26
Isotope Mg Mg Mg
Relative abundance (%) 78.6 10.1 11.3
(a) State the meaning of the term ‘isotopes of an element’.

(b) Calculate the relative atomic mass of magnesium.
(c) Is it possible to separate the isotopes of magnesium by chemical means? Explain your
answer. [4 marks, 4 min.]
98. Neon, a monatomic gas, occurs naturally as a mixture of three isotopes. The relative
abundance of these isotopes is tabulated below:
Isotope Com
bin Ne
Com
bin Ne Com
bin Ne
Abundance (%) 90.52 0.31 9.17
(a) State the number of electrons in the outermost shell of a neon atom.
(b) Explain why neon gas is monatomic.
(c) What is meant by the term ‘isotope’?
(d) Calculate
(1) the relative atomic mass of neon.
*(2) the density (in g dm-3) of neon gas at room temperature and pressure.
(Molar volume of gas at room temperature and pressure = 24.0 dm 3) [7 marks, 8
min.]
* To be answered using information in Section 6
99. Rubidium (Rb) and potassium belong to the same group in the Periodic Table. The relative
atomic mass of rubidium is larger than that of potassium.
(a) Explain whether rubidium is more reactive than potassium.
(b) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between rubidium and water. (State
symbols should be given.)
(c) Suggest how rubidium can be stored safely in the laboratory.
(d) Suggest ONE safety precaution for handling rubidium in the laboratory.
[5 marks, 5 min.]

100. The following table gives some information about W, X, Y and Z which represent particles of
some elements. These particles are either atoms or ions.
mass atomic number of number of number of
number number protons electrons neutrons
W 12 12 12
X 12 10 12 (a) In which
Y 35 17 17 group of the
Z 17 17 20 Periodic Table
should W be placed? Explain your answer.
(b) (1) What is the relationship between W and X?
(2) Suggest a chemical reaction which can change W into X.
(c) Molecules of Y and Z are both diatomic.
(1) Draw the electronic structure of a molecule of Y, showing electrons in the
outermost shells only.
(2) Do molecules of Y and Z have the same chemical properties? Explain your
answer.
(d) W can form a compound with Z. Calculate the formula mass of the compound formed.
[7 marks, 8 min.]
101. A, B, C, D and E are 5 different elements with the following electronic arrangements.
A B C D E
electronic arrangement 1 2, 7 2, 8, 2 2, 8, 7 p, q, 18, r
(a) B, D, E belong to the same group in the Periodic Table.

(1) Name the group of elements to which they belong.
(2) What will be the numerical values for p,q and r in the electronic arrangement of
E?
(3) Point out which of these three elements would have the highest boiling point and
explain your answer.
(b) Draw the electron diagrams (showing only the outermost shells) of the compounds
formed between
(1) A and D (2) B and C
(c) Predict and explain which of the compounds in (b) has a higher boiling point.
[8 marks, 10 min.]
102. Consider the following Periodic Table:

O

l ll lll lV V Vl Vll He (first period)

Li Be B C N O F Ne (second period)
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar (third period)
K Ca Br Kr (fourth period)
(a) Name
two elements that can be extracted from the sea.
(b) Name two solid elements that exist as free states on Earth.
(c) Name three elements that are most abundant in Earth’s crust.
(d) Which element is a semi-conductor?
(e) State the similarity in the electronic arrangements for
(1) elements in the same Group.
(2) elements in the same Period.
(f) Write the electron diagram of calcium fluoride, showing electrons in the outermost
shells only.
(g) Explain why group 0 elements do not form compounds.
(h) Predict whether carbon has a higher boiling point than sulphur. Explain your answer.
(i) Name the compound of the following electron diagram.
(j) Name two gaseous elements that are used for industrial processes and obtainable
from air. State one use for each of them.
(k) Name the most reactive metal and the most reactive nonmetal. [15 marks, 19 min.]
103. The following diagram is a part of the Periodic Table:
l ll lll lV V Vl Vll
B C O (second period)
Mg P S Cl (third period)
K Cr Mn Br (fourth period)
l
Referring to the elements indicated in the above diagram only, answer the following
questions.
(a) Which non-metal is expected to have the lowest melting point? Explain your choice.
(b) Name a metal which can form a coloured anion. Give the formula and colour of this
anion. State the oxidation number of the metal in this anion.
(c) Both potassium and boron can combine with bromine. Which of the two resulting

compounds has the highest melting point? Draw the electron diagram of this
compound, showing the electrons in the outermost shells only.
(d) Briefly describe and explain how carbon can be used to obtain copper from copper(ll)
oxide. Write an equation for the reaction involved.
(e) Name an element that should be stored under water in the laboratory and explain why
it is necessary to do so. [10 marks, 12 min.]
104. Physical properties of substances depend mainly on the types of binding force between
their constituent particles.
(a) The melting points of diamond and tetrachloromethane are 3750 oC and -23oC
respectively. Explain the difference in their melting points.
(b) In their solid states, sodium conducts electricity but sodium chloride does not.
Explain.
(c) Explain why tetrachloromethane does not conduct electricity in liquid state.
[5 marks, 6 min.]
105. The boxes below show some information about two atoms, hydrogen (H) and deuterium (D)
Mass number→ 1 Mass number→ 2
H D
Atomic number→ 1 Atomic number→ 1
(a) Suggest a term to indicate the relationship between a hydrogen atom and a
deuterium atom.
(b) State the number of neutrons in a deuterium atom.
(c) Deuterium reacts with oxygen in the same way as hydrogen.
2D2(g) + O2(g) → 2D2O ΔH is negative
The product of the reaction is known as ‘heavy water’.
(1) Explain why deuterium reacts with oxygen in the same way as hydrogen.
(2) Draw the electronic structure of ‘heavy water’ showing electrons in the outermost
shells ONLY.
(3) What is meant by ‘ΔH is negative’
(4) What is the formula mass of ‘heavy water’?
*(5) 100cm3 of deuterium and 100cm3 of oxygen, both measured at room temperature and
pressure, are allowed to react. Calculate the mass of ‘heavy water’ produced.
(Relative atomic mass: O = 16.0; Molar volume of gas at room temperature and pressure =
24.0 dm3)
*( to be answered using information in Section 6) [9 marks, 9 min.]

106. P, Q, R and S represent four elements of atomic numbers 10, 14, 17 and 19 respectively.
(a) Which TWO of these elements would form
(1) an ionic compound?
(2) a covalent compound?
(b) For the compounds in (a) above,
(1) draw their electronic structures, snowing electrons in the outermost shell only,
and
(2) explain which compound is more volatile in terms of the forces between particles.
[5 marks, 6 min.]
107. The following is a part of the Periodic Table:
l ll lll lV V
Vll Vl Vlll
second period a b
third period c d e f g
Referring to the letters indicated in the above table, answer the following questions:
(a)
Referring to the letters indicated in the above table, answer the following questions:
(a) (1) What is the name for the family of elements of which b and f are members?
(2) In what way are the electronic arrangements of the atoms of elements b and f
(l) similar to each other?
(ll) different from each other?
(b) Element d has a higher melting point than element C. Explain.
(c) Element e can form compounds with elements a and c separately.
(1) Draw the electron diagrams of these two compounds, showing the outermost
electrons ONLY.
(2) Which of these two compounds has a higher melting point? Explain your answer.
[8 marks, 10 min.]
108. A student used the following experimental set-up to study the migration or ions.

The student placed a drop of potassium dichromate solution at A and a drop of a deep blue
solution at C. It is known that the two solutions do not react and the deep blue colour of
the solution at C is due to the cation present.
(a) Write the formula of the ion responsible for the orange colour of potassium
dichromate.
(b) Why was the filter paper moistened with sodium sulphate solution?
(c) An electric current was passed through the circuit for some time.
(1) What would be the colour change at A?
(2) What would be the colour change at B? Explain your answer.
(d) Using the same apparatus and materials, suggest how you could show that the colour
changes in (c) are NOT due to diffusion. [8 marks, 8 min.]
109. The table below lists some physical properties of lead, bromine and lead(ll) bromide.
Lead Bromine Lead(ll) bromide

Melting point 328oC -7oC 370oC
Electrical conductivity in
Conducting Non-conducting Non-conducting
the solid state
Electrical conductivity in ____
Conducting Non-conducting
the liquid state
(a) Explain the difference in melting points between bromine and lead(ll) bromide.
(b) Explain the difference in electrical conductivity between lead and lead(ll) bromide in
the solid state.
(c) Will lead(ll) bromide conduct electricity in the liquid state? Explain your answer.
[5 marks, 5 min.]
110. Both carbon and silicon are Group lV elements in the Periodic Table. The diagrams below

show the structures of dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) and quartz (a form of silicon dioxide):
(a) With reference to the structures of the two substances, explain why quartz is a solid
which melts at a high temperature, while carbon dioxide is a gas at room temperature.
(b) With the help of a labelled diagram, suggest how to show experimentally that dry ice
sublimes to give gaseous carbon dioxide.
(c) Sand (an impure form of quartz) and limestone are raw materials used for making
glass.
(1) Name the main chemical constituent of limestone.
(2) Suggest ONE reason why glass had been used by mankind for a long time.
(3) Suggest ONE reason why glass bottles are preferred to plastic bottles for the
storage of champagne. [9 marks, 9 min.]
111. Both carbon and silicon are Group lV elements in the Periodic Table.
(a) Draw the electronic diagram of a carbon dioxide molecule, showing electrons in the
outermost shells only.
(b) Explain why carbon dioxide can be used in fire fighting.
(c) Explain why carbon dioxide is a gas, whereas silicon dioxide is a solid at room
temperature and pressure.
(d) Silicon can be obtained by heating silicon dioxide with carbon strongly.
(1) Write a chemical equation for the reaction involved.
(2) Suggest ONE use of silicon. [8 marks, 8 min.]
112. A part of Periodic Table is shown below:
l ll lll lV V Vl Vll 0
2 Li Be B C N O F Ne
Period 3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
4 K Ca Br Kr
5 Xe

(a) Across a period, the elements demonstrate a gradual change in some of their physical
properties. State ONE such property.
(b) For each of the following pairs of elements, suggest ONE reaction in which both
elements behave similarly. In each case, write a chemical equation for the reaction
involving either one of the elements.
(1) magnesium and calcium (2) chlorine and bromine
(c) Lithium metal is used in making dry cells. State, with explanation, whether lithium
acts as the anode or cathode in these cells.
(d) Xenon (Xe) is a Group 0 element. State with explanation, what will happen if a balloon
filled with xenon is released from the top of a tower.
(Relative atomic masses: N = 14.0, O = 16.0, Xe = 131.3) [9 marks, 9
min.]
113. (a) The atomic numbers of sulphur and chlorine are 16 and 17 respectively. Draw the
electronic diagrams of the following atoms:
(i) sulphur atom (ii) chlorine atom
(b) Chlorine reacts with sulphur to form a compound with relative molecular mass of 135.2.
The compound contains 52.5% of chlorine by mass.
(i)Deduce the molecular formula of the compound.
(ii)Draw the electronic diagram of the compound, showing electrons in the outermost
shells only. [6 marks, 6 min.]
(Relative atomic masses: S = 32.1, Cl = 35.5)
For Ex. 2-87 & 2-89, you are required to give paragraph-length answers. 3 out of the marks
for the question will be awarded for the effective communication of knowledge in
Chemistry.
114. “When atoms combine, they tend to attain noble gas electronic structures.”
Discuss how atoms can attain the noble gas electronic structures. In your answer, you
should give suitable examples and the electronic structures of the products formed.
[8 marks, 8 min.]
115. With the help of electronic diagrams, describe the formation of magnesium chloride and
tetrachloromethane from atoms of relevant elements. State, with explanation, which of the
two compounds has a higher melting point. [9 marks, 9 min.]
116. Na2O, MgO2, SiO2 and SO2 are oxides of Period 3 elements in the Periodic Table. Discuss
how the melting points of these oxides are related to their bonding and structure.

[9 marks, 9 min.]
117. (a) The set-up shown below is used to study the dehydration of hydrated copper(II)
sulphate crystals.
(i) Write the chemical equation for the dehydration and state the expected observation.
(ii) Suggest why the test tube should be held in a slanting position as shown.
118. ‘Elements in Group VII of the Periodic Table exhibit similar chemical properties. However,
their reactivity decreases down the group’
Elaborate the first statement above using two reactions of halogens. Also outline an
experiment to illustrate the second statement.
(You are suggested to use chlorine and bromine as examples of halogens in answering this
question.) [9 marks]
119. A is a compound formed from oxygen and magnesium, while B is a compound formed from
oxygen and fluorine.
(a) Draw the electronic diagram of A, showing electrons in the outermost shells only. [1M]
(b) Draw the electronic diagram of B, showing electrons in the outermost shells only. [1M]
(c) Compare the melting points of A and B. Explain your answer. [2M]

Suggested Solutions
96. (a) Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers /
atoms with the same no. of protons but different no. of neutrons [1M]
(Accept any correct definition of isotope.)
(b) Relative atomic mass = 6 x 0.074 + 7 x 0.926 [1M]*
= 6.93 [1M]
(Also accept 6.9 and 6.926) *step mark
(c) (1) The metal surface will tarnish / turn dull
[1M] 4Li + O2 → 2Li2O
[1M] (2)
[1M]
97. (a) Isotopes are atoms with the same atomic number but different mass number / the same
number of protons but different number of neutrons. [1M]
(b) relative atomic mass
= (24)(0.786) + (25)(0.101) + (26)(0.113) [1M] = 24.3
(accept 24.33) [NO MARK if unit is shown] [1M]
(c) no, because isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties [1M]
[DO NOT accept ‘similar’ chemical properties or same electronic arrangement]
98. (a) eight [1M] (b) A neon atom has

a complete outermost shell / 8 electrons (octet structure) in its
outermost shell, therefore, it is stable. [1M]
【Do not accept “it has a stable structure.”】
(c) Atoms of an element having the same atomic number but different mass number. [1M]
(d) (1) The relative atomic mass of neon
= (20 x 90.52 + 21 x 0.31 + 22 x 9.17) / 100 [1M]
= 20.19 (20.187 or 20.1865) 【-1M if a unit is given】 [1M]
(2) The density of neon gas
= 20.19 / 24 [1M]
-3
= 0.84 g dm (0.841 or 0.8411) 【-1M if wrong unit】 [1M]
【Remarks: the molar volume is the volume of 1 mole of gas at a specified condition. Since the molar

mass of Ne is equal to the relative atomic mass in g = 20.19 g, the density is given by mass over
volume = 20.19 g / 24 dm3】
99. (a) Rb is more reactive than K because Rb can give away / donate / release its
(outermost)electron more easily / readily. [1M]
or, Rb can form positive ion more easily / readily. (1M)
or, The strength of metallic bond between Rb atoms is weaker than that between K
atoms / Rb can atomize more readily than K.
(1M)
(DO NOT accept Rb has one more electron shell than K / Rb atom is larger than K atom
/ Rb is below K in the Periodic Table.)
(b) 2Rb(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2RbOH (aq) + H2 (g) [1M + 1M]
+ -
or 2Rb(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2Rb (aq) + 2OH (aq) + H2(g) (1M + 1M)
(Formulae of reactants and products must be correct; award 1 mark for a balanced
equation and 1 mark for correct state symbols.)
(c) Store under oil / paraffin oil / kerosene 【1M】
(d) Wear gloves / do not touch directly / use a pair of forces (clips) / wear safety
spectacles (goggles) / use a safety screen / use small pieces 【1M】
(First answer only, NO mark for fume cupboard)
100. (a) Group II 【1M】

Because W has 2 electrons in its outermost shell 【1M】
/ W is magnesium (Mg)
(b) (1) X is the cation of W / an ion of W/ W and X are atom and ion respectively of the
same element / X is W2+ 【1M】
(2) By oxidation of W, any ONE of the following or its equation 【1M】
【state symbols NOT required】
reacting W with dilute acid:
W(s) + 2H+(aq) → W2+(aq) + H2(g)
reacting W with steam: W(s) + H2O(g) → WO(s) + H2 (g)
reacting W with chlorine: W(s) + Cl2(g) → WCl2 (s)
burning W in air: 2W(s) + O2(g) → 2WO(s)
(c) (1) 【1M】
(2) Yes, because

Y and Z have the same electronic structure /
Y and Z are the same element /

Y and Z have the same atomic number /

Y and Z are isotopes /
Y and Z have the same no. of electrons 【1M】
【DO NOT accept because “Y and Z have the same no. of electrons in the outermost shell”
∵ atoms with the same no. of outermost e- may be different elements in the same
group】
(d) The formula of the compound is WZ2
∴ relative formula mass = 24 + 2(37) = 98 (no unit!) 【1M】
【NO MARK if the answer is 98 g】
101. (a) (1) halogen (correct spelling!) 【1M】

(2) p = 2, q = 8, r = 7 【1M】
(3) E(Br2) would have the highest boiling point 【1M】
because it has the largest molecular size / mass 【1M】
OR because it has the strongest van der Waals’ /
intermolecular forces
(b)
(c) The compound formed between B and C has a higher boiling point because it is bonded by
strong ionic bond 【1M】
while the molecules of the compound formed between A and D are attracted by weak
intermolecular / van der Waaals’ forces 【1M】
102. (a) sodium / chlorine / magnesium / potassium 【1M】

(any 2: DO NOT accept formula)
(b) carbon, sulphur 【1M】
(c) Oxygen (47%), silicon (28%) & aluminium (8%) 【1M】
【% NOT required】
(d) silicon 【1M】
(e) (1) they have the same no. of outermost electrons 【1M】
(2) they have the same no. of filled electron shells 【1M】
(f)

【1M】
(g) they have fully filled outermost shell / 8 outermost electrons 【1M】
(h) carbon has a higher boiling point than sulphur 【1M】
because carbon forms a giant covalent structure / network while sulphur exists as a simple
molecular solid / the molecules in sulphur solid (S 8) are attracted by weak intermolecular
/ van der Waals’ forces 【1M】
【DO NOT accept: the covalent bond in carbon is stronger than that in sulphur】
(i) aluminium nitride 【1M】
(j) any 2 of the following:
nitrogen: for the manufacture of ammonia / fertilizer / nitric acid 【1M】
oxygen: medical uses
helium/neon/argon/krypton; for making neon light
(k) most reactive metal : potassium 【1M】
most reactive nonmetal : fluorine 【1M】
103. (a) oxygen / O2 【1M】

because it exists as (diatomic) molecules attracted together
by weak intermolecular forces / van der Waals’ forces 【1M】
(b) chromium / manganese 【1M】
Com Com
CrO (yellow) / MnO\s\up 6(- ) (purple) / Cr2O (orange)

bi n bi n
+6 +7 +6 【MUST be anion!】【1M】

(c) potassium bromide / KBr 【1M】
【because it is bonded by strong ionic bond while BBr 3 molecules are attracted by weak
intermolecular forces】
【1M】
(d) carbon is a reducing agent; it can be used to reduce copper(ll) oxide to copper by heating
the oxide with carbon / coke 【1M】
2CuO(s) + C(s) → CO2(g) + 2Cu(s) 【1M】
(e) phosphorus / white phosphorus / yellow phosphorus 【1M】
It is flammable / reactive and can combine with air / oxygen to form oxides. Storing it
in water can prevent it from the reaction with air.

【White phosphorus can catch fire in air automatically!】【1M】
104. (a) Diamond is a giant structure with covalent bonds / giant covalent structure / consists of
a large number of covalent bonds 【1M】
Since melting requires supply of a large amount of energy. Melting of tetrachloromethane
involves the breaking of weak van der Waals’ forces between
molecules / intermolecular forces. 【1M】
(b)There are delocalized electrons in solid sodium 【1M】
but the ions in solid sodium chloride are not free to move / solid sodium chloride has no
mobile ion. 【1M】
(c)Tetrachloromethane which is a covalent compound, does not possess any delocalized
electrons (ions) / exists as (discrete) molecules in liquid state, therefore is not an
electrical conductor. 【1M】
105. (a) isotope 【1M】
(b) One / 1 【1M】
(c) (1) H and D have the same electronic structure (arrangement / configuration) 【1M】
(DO NOT accept H and D have the same no. of electrons in their outermost shells)
(2)
must mark with D and O! 【1M】

(3) The reaction is exothermic / gives out heat / releases energy 【1M】
(4) Formula mass = 2 + 2 + 16
= 20 ( NO MARK for 20g) 【1M】
(5) 2D2(g) + O2(g) → 2D2O
In the mixture, no. of moles of D2 = no. of moles of O2

= 0.1 【1M*】
24
O2 is in excess,
therefore no. of moles of D2O produced = 0.1
24
Mass of D2O produced = 0.1 x 20 【1M*】
24
= 0.0833 g (0.083 - 0.084g) 【1M】
(If formula mass is 18, also award 1M for using 18 instead of 20 in calculation. Also
accept 0.08 g; deduct 1M for wrong / no unit)

106. (a) (1) R and S / K and Cl 【1M】

(2) Q and R / Si and Cl 【1M】
(b) (1) Compound formed by R and S
【1M】
Compound formed by Q and R / Q = Si ; R = Cl 【1M】
(2) The compound formed between Q and R / the covalent compound, because it is a
covalent compound, the molecules are held together by weak van der Waals’ forces /
intermolecular forces between molecules. 【1M】
【Also accept actual elements instead of PQRS】
107. (a) (1) Halogen(s) 【Correct spelling is required】【1M】

(2) (I) each has 7 electrons in its outermost shell OR they have the same no. of electrons
in their outermost shells 【1M】
【NO mark for “outer shell”】
(II) f has 8 electrons more than b
OR f has one (inner) electron shell more than b
OR f and b have different numbers of electron shells
OR f has 3 electron shells and b has 2 (1M)
【NO mark for “different no. of electrons”. Do not accept “layer of electrons” as
an alternative to shell】
OR electron diagrams showing f: (2,8,7) b: (2,7)
【 1 mark for (2), if only correct electronic structures of b and f are given as
answers.】
(b)because the metallic bond in element d is stronger 【1M】
(c)

【Accept C for a, Na for c and S for e.】

(2) Compound formed between c & e has a higher m.p. because it is an ionic
compound【NO mark for “molecule”】and the ions are held by strong electrostatic
forces / strong ionic bond 【1M】
Compound formed between a & e is a covalent compound and the molecules are held by
weak van der Waals’ forces/ intermolecular forces 【1M】
Com
108. (a) Cr2O bi n

【1M】
(b) The sodium sulphate solution provides ions for the conduction of electricity / acts as an
electrolyte / completes the circuit 【1M】
(c) (1) The orange colour becomes paler / colourless / fades 【1M】
(2) Green / brown / purple colour was observed 【1M】
Explanation: Under the influence of the electric field, cations in the deep blue solution are
Com
attracted to the negative pole (move to the left) and negative / Cr 2O ions are attracted
bi n
to the positive poles (move to the right). 【1M】

OR Under the influence of the electric field, the cations and anions are respectively
attracted towards the negative and positive poles (1M)
The orange negative ions and the blue positive ions mix / meet at B to give the green /
brown / purple colour. 【1M】
(d) reverse the polarity of the d.c. supply 【1M】
OR connect the left hand electrode to the positive pole and the right hand electrode to
the negative pole (1M)
Observation:
orange colour will appear at the left of A and blue colour will appear at the right of C.
【1M】
109. (a) Bromine exists as simple molecules with weak intermolecular attraction / WEAK van der
Waals’ forces. 【1M】
∴ it has low m.p.

(Do NOT accept bromine has weak covalent bond.)

In lead(ll) bromide, the attraction between ions is strong / ionic bond / PbBr 2 has strong
electrostatic attraction. 【1M】
∴ it has high m.p.
(Do NOT accept ‘lead(ll) bromide is an ionic compound’ / ‘ionic structure’)
【 Remarks: the difference in physical properties MUST be explained in terms of the
difference in forces or bonding】
(b) Lead is a metal / The bonding between lead atoms in solid is metallic bond. There exists
mobile / delocalized (freely-moving) electrons in lead ∴ it conducts electricity. 【1M】
In solid lead(ll) bromide, the ions are not mobile ∴ it does not conduct electricity. 【1M】
(c) Yes, when molten / in liquid state, (the Pb2+ and Br-) ions can move freely / are mobile
∴ it conducts electricity. 【1M】
110. (a) Quartz is a giant covalent network / covalent crystal. 【1M】

or The attraction between (Si and O) atoms in quartz is covalent bond (1M)
Carbon dioxide has a simple molecular structure and the attraction between CO2 molecules
is van der Waals’ forces 【1M】
Covalent bond is stronger than van der Waals’ forces / intermolecular force 【1M】
∴ quartz is a solid and CO2 is a gas
(b) diagram of a workable set-up 【1M】
Observation: lime water turns milky, no liquid residue remains (in the test tube)
【1M + 1M】
(c) (1) calcium carbonate 【1M】*
*correct spelling
(2) the materials for making glass are easily available / abundant in the earth crust 【1M】
or, glass can easily be manufactured by heating sand, limestone and sodium
hydroxide.
【1M】
(3) champagne contains a pressurized carbon dioxide solution.
Glass can withstand the pressure 【1M】
or the ethanol solution (champagne) can dissolve unpolymerized monomers in plastic (1M)

111. (a) electron diagram must show the dot or cross 【1M】
(b) Carbon dioxide is denser than air 【1M】

It can exclude air from the fuel / can blanket the fire from air / can remove the oxygen
【1M】
【NO MARK for remove the oxidant】
(c) silicon dioxide has a covalent network structure / giant covalent structure 【1M】
The attractions between CO2 molecule are van der Waals’ forces 【1M】
These forces are weaker than the strong covalent bonds between atoms in SiO2 【1M】
(1M for the structure of SiO 2, 1M for the attraction between CO 2 molecules; 1M for
comparing the strength of inter-particle attractions)
(d) (1) SiO2 + 2C → Si + CO2 【1M】
or SiO2 + C → Si + CO2 (1M)
(2) making computer chips / electronic parts / alloys / semi-conductors / silicone 【1M】
accept other uses of silicon
112. (a) atomic size (atomic radius) / electronegativity / metallic character 【1M】
(The physical property must gradual change across the period, DO NOT accept
‘conductivity / m.p. / b.p. / atomic mass’.)
(b) (1) Both Mg and Ca can burn in air 【1M】
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO 【1M】
or 2Ca + O2 → 2CaO (1M)
Alternative answer:
Both Mg and Ca react with (hot) water (1M)
Mg + 2H2O → Mg(OH)2 + H2 (1M)
or Ca + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + H2
(Accept other answers such as reaction with steam, dilute acids, chlorine etc.
e.g. Mg + H2O (steam) → MgO + H2 )
Com
(2) Both Br2 and Cl2 can react with SO (aq) bi n
Com
Br2 + SO + H2O → 2Br- + SO + 2H+

Com
bin
bi n
【1M】
Com Com
Or Cl2 + SO + H2O → 2Cl- + SO + 2H+

bi n bi n

Alternative answers:
Both Br2 and Cl2 can react with Kl(aq) (1M)
- -
Br2 + 2l → 2Br + l2 (1M)
- -
or Cl2 + 2l → 2Cl + l2
Both Br2 and Cl2 can react with ethene 【Section 7】 (1M)
Br2 + CH2 = CH2 → CH2BrCH2Br (1M)
or Cl2 + CH2 = CH2 → CH2ClCH2Cl
(DO NOT accept C2H4 or CH2CH2. The double bond of ethene MUST be shown.)
Accept other answers such as reaction with hydrogen, alkanes, sodium, Na 2S2O3 etc.)
(c) Anode because Li is a highly electropositive metal / (readily) donates / loses electrons.
(Mark the reason only when ‘anode’ is correct.) 【1M + 1M】
(d) The balloon falls to the ground 【1M】
because Xe is much denser than air 【1M】
(DO NOT accept ‘heavier’.)
113. (a)
【 All electrons must be shown in the electronic diagrams, DO NOT accept electron
arrangement ‘2,8,7’ 】
(b) (i) Method 1
Mass of Cl per formula unit = (135.2) (0.525)
= 70.98 【1M】*
Mass of S per formula unit = 64.22
No. of Cl atom per formula unit = 70.98 = 2.0

【1M】*
35.5
No. of S atom per formula unit = 64.22 = 2.0
32.1
Molecular formula: S2Cl2 / Cl2S2 / (SCl)2 / (ClS)2
【1M】
* step marks
Method 2 S Cl
mole ratio 47.5 : 52.5
32.1 35.5 【1M】*
= 1.48 : 1.48

= 1 : 1
Molecular formula: (SCl)x
__135.2__
X= (1M)*
32.1 + 35.5
= 2
Molecular formula: S2Cl2 / Cl2S2 / (SCl)2 / (ClS)2 (1M)
(ii)
【1M】
【DO NOT accept: structures based on S-Cl-Cl-S】
114. Chemical knowledge (5 marks)
。 When atoms of non-metals combine, they tend to share their (valence / outermost)
electrons to form molecules. 【1M】
。Electronic structure of a molecule e.g., HCl / Cl2 etc. 【1M】
(Any appropriate example)
。When metal and non-metal combine, atoms of the metal donate electrons (to atoms of non-
metal) to form cations / positive ions / metallic ions. 【1M】
。while atoms of the non-metal accept electrons to form anions / negative ions / non-metallic
ions. 【1M】
(or, award 1M for electron transfer, 1M for the formation if cation and anion)
。Electronic structure of an ionic compound e.g. NaCl etc. 【1M】
(Any appropriate example)
Effective communication (3 marks)

(i) The mark for effective communication should relate to the candidate’s knowledge in chemistry.
A candidate who wrote a paragraph which is totally unrelated to the question should deserve
zero mark both in chemical knowledge and in effective communication.
(ii) The table below illustrates the relationship between the mark for chemical knowledge and the
maximum mark for the effective communication.

maximum mark for

mark for chemical
effective
knowledge
communication
4 or above 3
3 or below 2
In cases where the mark for effective communication is 3, points (A), (B) and (C) below will be
marked. In cases where the mark for effective communication is 2, only points (B) and (C) will
be marked.
(iii) The 3 marks for effective communication are awarded as follows:
(A) the ability to present ideas in a precise manner (this mark should not be awarded to
answers which contained a lot of incorrect / superfluous materials); 【1M】
(B) the ability to present ideas in a systematic manner (i.e/, the answer is easy to follow);
【1M】
(C) the ability to present answer in paragraph form and to express ideas using full sentence.
【1M】
115. Chemical Knowledge (6 marks)

。For MgCl2, each magnesium atom donates / loses (two) electrons and each chlorine atom
accepts (one) electron to form an ionic compound / Mg transfers electrons to Cl 【1M】
【1M】
。In CCl4, the carbon atom shares (a pair of) electrons with (each of the four) chlorine atoms
to form a covalent compound. 【1M】
【1M】
。MgCl2 has a higher melting point than CCl 4 because the attraction / van der Waals’ forces
between molecules of CCl4 is weak 【1M】
and the attraction between ions in MgCl2 is strong. 【1M】

(0 mark if m.p. of CCl4 is higher than that of MgCl2)
Effective communication (3 marks)
116. Chemical knowledge (6 marks )

Na2O and MgO are ionic compounds. The cations and anions pack together to form a giant ionic
structure / lattice / crystal. 【1M】
The attraction between cations and anions in Na 2O and MgO is strong ionic bond / strong
electrostatic attraction exists between cations and anions. ∴ Na2O and MgO have high
melting points. 【1M】
SiO2 has covalent network structure / giant covalent structure. 【1M】

Melting of SiO2 requires the breaking of strong covalent bonds
between atoms. ∴SiO2 has a high melting point. 【1M】
SO2 has a simple molecular structure. 【1M】
Intermolecular attraction is weak van der Waals’ forces ∴ SiO2 has a low melting point /
exists as a gas at room temperature and pressure. 【1M】
117. (a) (i) CuSO4.5H2O → CuSO4 + 5H2O [1M]

Observation: Upon heating, the blue crystals turn white. [1M]
(ii) If the test tube is held with its mouth pointing upwards, the water condensed on the
upper part of the test tube will flow back to the hot test tube. The tube will crack.
[1M]
118. Chemical Knowledge [6M]

Similarity in Chemical properties (2M+2M)
Both Cl2 and Br2 can oxidise SO32- to SO42-
X2 + SO32- + H2O → 2X-(aq) + SO42- + 2H+
Both Cl2 and Br2 can undergo addition with alkenes
X2 + CH2 = CH2 → CH2XCH2X
Both Cl2 and Br2 and undergo substitution with alkanes
X2 + CH4 → CH3Cl + HX
Both Cl2 and Br2 can react with metals (e.g. Na) to give ionic halides
X2 + 2Na → 2NaX
Both Cl2 and Br2 can react with Fe2+ to give Fe3+
X2 + 2Fe2+ → 2X- + 2Fe3+
Both Cl2 and Br2 can react with I- to give I2

X2 + 2I- → 2X- + I2
Both Cl2 and Br2 can undergo disproportionation in alkalis
X2(g) + 2OH-(aq) → X-(aq) + OX-(aq) + H2O(l)
Trend in reactivity (1M + 1M)

Chlorine is more reactive than bromine.
The addition Cl2(g) to KBr(aq) gives a brown solution. But the addition of Br 2(aq) to KCl(aq)
gives no observable change.
Effective communication [3M]
119.
(c) Melting point of A is higher than that of B.
Ions of A are linked by strong ionic bonds / electrostatic force forming giant crystal
lattice. [1M]
Molecules of B are attracted by weak van der Waals’ forces / intermolecular forces.
[1M]
END OF EX. 2

Section - 2 Microscopic World

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F.

5 CE Chemistry Section 2 Microscopic World

2. Which of the following statements concerning helium is/are correct?

3. Consider the information concerning particle X and particle Y listed below:

5. Magnesium and calcium have similar chemical properties because

Copyright owner: Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority 1

D. their atoms have the same electronic arrangement.

7. Consider the information given in the table below:

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C. 18 protons, 40 neutrons and 18 electrons.

12. Which of the following particles is / are present in a hydrogen ion?

14. The electronic diagram of an atom of element X is shown below:

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B. Cl- and Ne D. Cl- and S2-

18. The chemical properties of an element depend on

20.* Consider the following table:

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B. Magnesium is a stronger reducing agent than sodium.

Directions: Ex. 30 and Ex. 31 refer to the following table.

30. Which of the following elements are likely to be metals?

31. The formula of the compound formed between X and Z is likely to be

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(3) X can conduct electricity in its molten state.

Directions: Ex. 35 and Ex. 36 refer to the following experiment:

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35. Which of the following statements concerning the experiment is INCORRECT?

(Only electrons in the outermost shells are shown.)

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40. Which of the following electron diagrams is correct?

42. Which of the following electronic structures is / are correct?

A. (1) only C. (2) and (3) only

(Only outermost shell electrons are shown.)

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45. One mole of calcium bromide contains

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(Only electrons in the outermost shells are shown.)

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61. Which of the following correctly describes the structure of quartz?

62. Consider the information listed below:

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concerning the structure of iodine is / are correct?

64. Argon exists as a gas at room temperature and pressure because

67. Consider the following information about four substances, W, X, Y and Z:

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(1) van der Waals’ forces

(Only electrons in the outermost shells are shown.)

Change of physical state Process

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No. of electrons No. of neutrons

Isotope Percentage abundance

76. Which of the following substances has a sharp boiling point?

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B. red wine D. liquid ammonia

80. Consider the information below:

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+6 +7 +6 【MUST be anion!】【1M】

【White phosphorus can catch fire in air automatically!】【1M】

107. (a) (1) Halogen(s) 【Correct spelling is required】【1M】